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First detection of Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from multiple locations in Hungary. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1624. [PMID: 36709348 PMCID: PMC9884279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitoid wasp, Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), is the natural enemy of a wide range of hard and soft tick species. While these encyrtid wasps are supposed to be distributed worldwide, only a few studies report on their actual distribution around the globe. Within a shotgun sequencing-based metagenome analysis, the occurrence of I. hookeri was screened at multiple Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) tick sampling points in Hungary to contribute to the assessment of the distribution patterns of the parasitoid wasps in Central Europe. To our knowledge, the first report of the species in Hungary and the description of the southernmost I. hookeri associated geoposition in Central Europe took place within our study. I. hookeri infested I. ricinus nymphs were detected at five sampling points in Hungary. The results show that the exact distribution range of I. hookeri is still barely studied. At the same time, unprecedented public health issues being brought about by climate change might require steps toward the exploitation of the tick biocontrol potential and as an ecological bioindicator role of the parasitoid wasp in the future.
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Callejas-Chavero A, Martínez-Hernández DG, Vargas-Mendoza CF, Flores-Martínez A. Herbivory in Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Cactaceae): Do Parasitoids Provide Indirect Defense or a Direct Advantage? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:47. [PMID: 36616177 PMCID: PMC9824105 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivory in diverse, complex ways, ranging from avoidance or tolerance to indirect defense mechanisms such as attracting natural enemies of herbivores, i.e., parasitoids or predators, to strengthen their defense. Defense provided by parasitoids to cultivated plants is well documented and is used in biological control programs. However, its effectiveness on wild plants under natural conditions has been little studied. Such is the case of the cactus Myrtilllocactus geometrizans (known in Mexico as garambullo), which is consumed by the soft-scale insect Toumeyella martinezae (herbivore) which, in turn, is host to the parasitoid wasp Mexidalgus toumeyellus, and mutualist with the ant Liometopum apiculatum, that tenders and protects it. This study explores the role of the parasitoid as an indirect defense, by examining its effect on both the herbivore and the plant, and how this interaction is affected by the presence of the mutualistic ant. We found that scales adversely affect the cactus' growth, flower, and fruit production, as well as its progeny's performance, as seedlings from scale-infested garambullo plants were shorter, and it also favors the presence of fungus (sooty mold). The parasitoid responded positively to herbivore abundance, but the presence of ants reduced the intensity of parasitism. Our results show that parasitoids can function as an indirect defense, but their effectiveness is reduced by the presence of the herbivore's mutualistic ant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Callejas-Chavero
- Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Diana Guadalupe Martínez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Carlos Fabian Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Arturo Flores-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
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Liu D, Niu M, Lu Y, Wei J, Zhang H. Taxon-specific ultraconserved element probe design for phylogenetic analyses of scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.984396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scale insects (Coccoidea) are morphologically specialized members of the order Hemiptera, with 56 families recognized to date. However, the phylogenetic relationships within and among families are poorly resolved. In this study, to further characterize the phylogenetic relationships among scale insects, an ultraconserved element (UCE) probe set was designed specifically for Coccoidea based on three low-coverage whole genome sequences along with three publicly available genomes. An in silico test including eight additional genomes was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the probe set. Most scale insect lineages were recovered by the phylogenetic analysis. This study recovered the monophyly of neococcoids. The newly developed UCE probe set has the potential to reshape and improve our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within and among families of scale insects at the genome level.
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Lin ZJ, Wang X, Wang J, Tan Y, Tang X, Werren JH, Zhang D, Wang X. Comparative analysis reveals the expansion of mitochondrial DNA control region containing unusually high G-C tandem repeat arrays in Nasonia vitripennis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1246-1257. [PMID: 33159940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ranges from 14 to 19 kbp, and the size difference is attributed to the AT-rich control region. Jewel wasps have a parasitoid lifestyle, which may affect mitochondria function and evolution. We sequenced, assembled, and annotated mitochondrial genomes in Nasonia and outgroup species. Gene composition and order are conserved within Nasonia, but they differ from other parasitoids by two large inversion events that were not reported before. We observed a much higher substitution rate relative to the nuclear genome and mitochondrial introgression between N. giraulti and N. oneida, which is consistent with previous studies. Most strikingly, N. vitripennis mtDNA has an extremely long control region (7665 bp), containing twenty-nine 217 bp tandem repeats and can fold into a super-cruciform structure. In contrast to tandem repeats commonly found in other mitochondria, these high-copy repeats are highly conserved (98.7% sequence identity), much longer in length (approximately 8 Kb), extremely GC-rich (50.7%), and CpG-rich (percent CpG 19.4% vs. 1.1% in coding region), resulting in a 23 kbp mtDNA beyond the typical size range in insects. These N. vitripennis-specific mitochondrial repeats are not related to any known sequences in insect mitochondria. Their evolutionary origin and functional consequences warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Jie Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31909, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America
| | - Jinbin Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology Research, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yongjun Tan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, United States of America
| | - Xueming Tang
- Institute of Biotechnology Research, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States of America
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, United States of America
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, United States of America; Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America.
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Chirinos DT, Kondo T. Description and Biological Studies of a New Species of Metaphycus Mercet, 1917 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), A Parasitoid of Capulinia linarosae Kondo & Gullan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 11:1179543319857962. [PMID: 31320808 PMCID: PMC6610401 DOI: 10.1177/1179543319857962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The guava cottony scale, Capulinia linarosae Kondo & Gullan (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), is an important pest of guava, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) in northern Colombia and Venezuela. A species of Metaphycus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the only known primary parasitoid associated with this insect pest. The parasitoid is herein described as M. marensis Chirinos & Kondo, sp. nov., based on morphological characteristics of the adult female and male. Biological studies on adult longevity, fecundity, host preference, and sex ratio were conducted. The maximum longevity of the female and the male were 8.0 and 6.5 days, respectively, when fed with diluted honey. On average, a fed mated female laid approximately 40 eggs. Adult females of M. marensis were shown to prefer to parasitize 11- to 15-day-old adult females of C. linarosae and do not parasitize first-instar nymphs of the host eriococcid. The female-to-male sex ratio of the parasitoid was 2.24: 1. When ovipositing females of M. marensis were given only small-sized individuals (second-instar nymphs) of C. linarosae, generally the resulting progeny was a single male wasp. This parasitoid species has arrhenotokous reproduction and is a facultative gregarious parasitoid. These results show a short adult longevity, as well as a relatively low fecundity of the female compared with studies conducted on other Metaphycus species. This study provides essential baseline information for future biological control programmes for C. linarosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorys T Chirinos
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica,
Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador
| | - Takumasa Kondo
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación
Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
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Qin Y, Zhou Q, Yu F, Wang X, Wei J, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Vogler AP. Host specificity of parasitoids (Encyrtidae) toward armored scale insects (Diaspididae): Untangling the effect of cryptic species on quantitative food webs. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7879-7893. [PMID: 30250670 PMCID: PMC6144978 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Host specificity of parasitoids may be measured by various specialization indices to assess the variation of interaction strength among species and the structure of the wider interaction network. However, the conclusions from analyses at the species and network levels may differ, which remains poorly explored. In addition, the recovery of cryptic species of hosts and parasitoids with molecular data may affect the structure of inferred interaction links. We quantified host specificity of hymenopteran parasitoids (family Encyrtidae) on armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) from a wide geographic sampling range across the Chinese Mainland based on both morphological and molecular species delimitation. Mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S markers detected high cryptic species diversity in the encyrtids and to a lesser degree in the diaspidids, which divided generalist morphospecies into complexes of specialists and generalists. One-to-one reciprocal host-parasite links were increased in the molecular data set, but different quantitative species-level indices produced contrasting estimates of specificity from various one-to-multiple and multiple-to-multiple host-parasite links. Network indices calculated from DNA-based species, compared to morphology-based species definitions, showed lower connectance and generality, but greater specialization and compartmentalization of the interaction network. We conclude that a high degree of cryptic species in host-parasitoid systems refines the true network structure and may cause us overestimating the stability of these interaction webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao‐Guang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Qing‐Song Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Fang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Xu‐Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiu‐Feng Wei
- College of AgricultureShanxi Agricultural UniversityShanxiChina
| | - Chao‐Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Yan‐Zhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Alfried P. Vogler
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotUK
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Liu NY, Wang JQ, Zhang ZB, Huang JM, Zhu JY. Unraveling the venom components of an encyrtid endoparasitoid wasp Diversinervus elegans. Toxicon 2017; 136:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen XY, Hopkins RJ, Zhao YP, Huang GH. A Place to Grow? Host Choice and Larval Performance of Microplitis similis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Host Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:642-648. [PMID: 28419344 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Host selection is a key stage in the lifecycle of parasitoids, and is critical to both their function in control and to the maintenance of their population. The solitary endoparasitoid Microplitis similis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a potential biological control agent of Spodoptera litura (F.) larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In this study, we examined the preference M. similis exhibits for different instars of the host, host instar effects on parasitoid development, and the weight gain and food consumption of different instars of parasitized larvae. In no-choice tests, parasitization rates were highest in second- and early third-instar larvae, and no fourth- or fifth-instar hosts were parasitized. When provided with a choice of first- to late third-instar host larvae, M. similis preferred to parasitize early third-instar host larvae (41%) with a selection coefficient of 0.37. All morphometric features of wasp offspring increased with increasing age of the host at parasitization. A lower proportion of females emerged from first-instar larvae than any other instar. Parasitized S. litura larvae showed a pronounced reduction in food consumption and weight gain. Microplitis similis may have the potential to significantly suppress population growth and the damage caused by S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yang Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Rd. 1, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China (; ; )
| | - R J Hopkins
- Natural Resource Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME44TB, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Pei Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Rd. 1, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China (; ; )
| | - Guo-Hua Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Rd. 1, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China (; ; )
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Kemmochi T, Fujimori S, Saito T. The leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) encapsulates its koinobiont parasitoid Halticoptera circulus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): implications for biological control. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:322-327. [PMID: 26639841 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The koinobiont parasitoid Halticoptera circulus (Walker) is a potential biological control agent of leafminers, but it has only rarely been collected from the invasive leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), in Japan. To understand why this is the case, parasitism and development of H. circulus in L. trifolii was compared with parasitism and development in two indigenous leafminer species, Liriomyza chinensis Kato and Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau). There was no significant difference in parasitism rates by H. circulus in the three leafminer species and the eggs and larvae successfully developed in L. chinensis and C. horticola. However, H. circulus failed to develop in L. trifolii, where developmental stages were encapsulated by host haemocytes. This parasitoid may be a good agent to control indigenous leafminers such as L. chinensis and C. horticola but is unlikely to be useful for the biological control of the invasive L. trifolii in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kemmochi
- Faculty of Agriculture,Shizuoka University,Ohya,Suruga,Shizuoka 422-8529,Japan
| | - S Fujimori
- Faculty of Agriculture,Shizuoka University,Ohya,Suruga,Shizuoka 422-8529,Japan
| | - T Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture,Shizuoka University,Ohya,Suruga,Shizuoka 422-8529,Japan
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Dall’Oglio OT, Ribeiro RC, Ramalho FDS, Fernandes FL, Wilcken CF, de Assis Júnior SL, Rueda RAP, Serrão JE, Zanuncio JC. Can the Understory Affect the Hymenoptera Parasitoids in a Eucalyptus Plantation? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151165. [PMID: 26954578 PMCID: PMC4783053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The understory in forest plantations can increase richness and diversity of natural enemies due to greater plant species richness. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the presence of the understory and climatic season in the region (wet or dry) can increase the richness and abundance of Hymenoptera parasitoids in Eucalyptus plantations, in the municipality of Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In each eucalyptus cultivation (five areas of cultivation) ten Malaise traps were installed, five with the understory and five without it. A total of 9,639 individuals from 30 families of the Hymenoptera parasitoids were collected, with Mymaridae, Scelionidae, Encyrtidae and Braconidae being the most collected ones with 4,934, 1,212, 619 and 612 individuals, respectively. The eucalyptus stands with and without the understory showed percentage of individuals 45.65% and 54.35% collected, respectively. The understory did not represent a positive effect on the overall abundance of the individuals Hymenoptera in the E. grandis stands, but rather exerted a positive effect on the specific families of the parasitoids of this order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onice Teresinha Dall’Oglio
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Campus Universitário do Tocantins (CUNTINS), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Frederico Wilcken
- Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (UNESP), 18610–307, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570–900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570–900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Camacho ER, Chong JH. General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae). JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 2015; 6:17. [PMID: 26823990 PMCID: PMC4725186 DOI: 10.1093/jipm/pmv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We summarize the economic importance, biology, and management of soft scales, focusing on pests of agricultural, horticultural, and silvicultural crops in outdoor production systems and urban landscapes. We also provide summaries on voltinism, crawler emergence timing, and predictive models for crawler emergence to assist in developing soft scale management programs. Phloem-feeding soft scale pests cause direct (e.g., injuries to plant tissues and removal of nutrients) and indirect damage (e.g., reduction in photosynthesis and aesthetic value by honeydew and sooty mold). Variations in life cycle, reproduction, fecundity, and behavior exist among congenerics due to host, environmental, climatic, and geographical variations. Sampling of soft scale pests involves sighting the insects or their damage, and assessing their abundance. Crawlers of most univoltine species emerge in the spring and the summer. Degree-day models and plant phenological indicators help determine the initiation of sampling and treatment against crawlers (the life stage most vulnerable to contact insecticides). The efficacy of cultural management tactics, such as fertilization, pruning, and irrigation, in reducing soft scale abundance is poorly documented. A large number of parasitoids and predators attack soft scale populations in the field; therefore, natural enemy conservation by using selective insecticides is important. Systemic insecticides provide greater flexibility in application method and timing, and have longer residual longevity than contact insecticides. Application timing of contact insecticides that coincides with crawler emergence is most effective in reducing soft scale abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Robayo Camacho
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 2200 Pocket Road, Florence, SC 29506 ( ; )
| | - Juang-Horng Chong
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 2200 Pocket Road, Florence, SC 29506 ( ; )
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