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Barrajon-Santos V, Nepel M, Hausmann B, Voglmayr H, Woebken D, Mayer VE. Dynamics and drivers of fungal communities in a multipartite ant-plant association. BMC Biol 2024; 22:112. [PMID: 38745290 PMCID: PMC11093746 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi and ants belong to the most important organisms in terrestrial ecosystems on Earth. In nutrient-poor niches of tropical rainforests, they have developed steady ecological relationships as a successful survival strategy. In tropical ant-plant mutualisms worldwide, where resident ants provide the host plants with defense and nutrients in exchange for shelter and food, fungi are regularly found in the ant nesting space, inhabiting ant-made dark-colored piles ("patches"). Unlike the extensively investigated fungus-growing insects, where the fungi serve as the primary food source, the purpose of this ant-fungi association is less clear. To decipher the roles of fungi in these structures within ant nests, it is crucial to first understand the dynamics and drivers that influence fungal patch communities during ant colony development. RESULTS In this study, we investigated how the ant colony age and the ant-plant species affect the fungal community in the patches. As model we selected one of the most common mutualisms in the Tropics of America, the Azteca-Cecropia complex. By amplicon sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region, we analyzed the patch fungal communities of 93 Azteca spp. colonies inhabiting Cecropia spp. trees. Our study demonstrates that the fungal diversity in patches increases as the ant colony grows and that a change in the prevalent fungal taxa occurs between initial and established patches. In addition, the ant species significantly influences the composition of the fungal community in established ant colonies, rather than the host plant species. CONCLUSIONS The fungal patch communities become more complex as the ant colony develops, due to an acquisition of fungi from the environment and a substrate diversification. Our results suggest a successional progression of the fungal communities in the patches during ant colony growth and place the ant colony as the main driver shaping such communities. The findings of this study demonstrate the unexpectedly complex nature of ant-plant mutualisms in tropical regions at a micro scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Barrajon-Santos
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maximilian Nepel
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Division of Clinical Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Voglmayr
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Woebken
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika E Mayer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Béchade B, Cabuslay CS, Hu Y, Mendonca CM, Hassanpour B, Lin JY, Su Y, Fiers VJ, Anandarajan D, Lu R, Olson CJ, Duplais C, Rosen GL, Moreau CS, Aristilde L, Wertz JT, Russell JA. Physiological and evolutionary contexts of a new symbiotic species from the nitrogen-recycling gut community of turtle ants. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1751-1764. [PMID: 37558860 PMCID: PMC10504363 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
While genome sequencing has expanded our knowledge of symbiosis, role assignment within multi-species microbiomes remains challenging due to genomic redundancy and the uncertainties of in vivo impacts. We address such questions, here, for a specialized nitrogen (N) recycling microbiome of turtle ants, describing a new genus and species of gut symbiont-Ischyrobacter davidsoniae (Betaproteobacteria: Burkholderiales: Alcaligenaceae)-and its in vivo physiological context. A re-analysis of amplicon sequencing data, with precisely assigned Ischyrobacter reads, revealed a seemingly ubiquitous distribution across the turtle ant genus Cephalotes, suggesting ≥50 million years since domestication. Through new genome sequencing, we also show that divergent I. davidsoniae lineages are conserved in their uricolytic and urea-generating capacities. With phylogenetically refined definitions of Ischyrobacter and separately domesticated Burkholderiales symbionts, our FISH microscopy revealed a distinct niche for I. davidsoniae, with dense populations at the anterior ileum. Being positioned at the site of host N-waste delivery, in vivo metatranscriptomics and metabolomics further implicate I. davidsoniae within a symbiont-autonomous N-recycling pathway. While encoding much of this pathway, I. davidsoniae expressed only a subset of the requisite steps in mature adult workers, including the penultimate step deriving urea from allantoate. The remaining steps were expressed by other specialized gut symbionts. Collectively, this assemblage converts inosine, made from midgut symbionts, into urea and ammonia in the hindgut. With urea supporting host amino acid budgets and cuticle synthesis, and with the ancient nature of other active N-recyclers discovered here, I. davidsoniae emerges as a central player in a conserved and impactful, multipartite symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Béchade
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Christian S Cabuslay
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Caroll M Mendonca
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bahareh Hassanpour
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan Y Lin
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546-4402, USA
| | - Yangzhou Su
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546-4402, USA
| | - Valerie J Fiers
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dharman Anandarajan
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Richard Lu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chandler J Olson
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 1325 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Christophe Duplais
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Gail L Rosen
- Ecological and Evolutionary Signal-Processing and Informatics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ludmilla Aristilde
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John T Wertz
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546-4402, USA
| | - Jacob A Russell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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3
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Symbiont genotype influences holobiont response to increased temperature. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18394. [PMID: 36319835 PMCID: PMC9626619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As coral reefs face warming oceans and increased coral bleaching, a whitening of the coral due to loss of microalgal endosymbionts, the possibility of evolutionary rescue offers some hope for reef persistence. In tightly linked mutualisms, evolutionary rescue may occur through evolution of the host and/or endosymbionts. Many obligate mutualisms are composed of relatively small, fast-growing symbionts with greater potential to evolve on ecologically relevant time scales than their relatively large, slower growing hosts. Numerous jellyfish species harbor closely related endosymbiont taxa to other cnidarian species such as coral, and are commonly used as a model system for investigating cnidarian mutualisms. We examined the potential for adaptation of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana to increased temperature via evolution of its microalgal endosymbiont, Symbiodinium microadriaticum. We quantified trait variation among five algal genotypes in response to three temperatures (26 °C, 30 °C, and 32 °C) and fitness of hosts infected with each genotype. All genotypes showed positive growth rates at each temperature, but rates of respiration and photosynthesis decreased with increased temperature. Responses varied among genotypes but were unrelated to genetic similarity. The effect of temperature on asexual reproduction and the timing of development in the host also depended on the genotype of the symbiont. Natural selection could favor different algal genotypes at different temperatures, affecting host fitness. This eco-evolutionary interaction may be a critical component of understanding species resilience in increasingly stressful environments.
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4
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Morrow KM, Pankey MS, Lesser MP. Community structure of coral microbiomes is dependent on host morphology. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:113. [PMID: 35902906 PMCID: PMC9331152 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of symbiosis has long been recognized on coral reefs, where the photosynthetic dinoflagellates of corals (Symbiodiniaceae) are the primary symbiont. Numerous studies have now shown that a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes also make-up part of the microbiome of corals. A subset of these prokaryotes is capable of fixing nitrogen, known as diazotrophs, and is also present in the microbiome of scleractinian corals where they have been shown to supplement the holobiont nitrogen budget. Here, an analysis of the microbiomes of 16 coral species collected from Australia, Curaçao, and Hawai'i using three different marker genes (16S rRNA, nifH, and ITS2) is presented. These data were used to examine the effects of biogeography, coral traits, and ecological life history characteristics on the composition and diversity of the microbiome in corals and their diazotrophic communities. RESULTS The prokaryotic microbiome community composition (i.e., beta diversity) based on the 16S rRNA gene varied between sites and ecological life history characteristics, but coral morphology was the most significant factor affecting the microbiome of the corals studied. For 15 of the corals studied, only two species Pocillopora acuta and Seriotopora hystrix, both brooders, showed a weak relationship between the 16S rRNA gene community structure and the diazotrophic members of the microbiome using the nifH marker gene, suggesting that many corals support a microbiome with diazotrophic capabilities. The order Rhizobiales, a taxon that contains primarily diazotrophs, are common members of the coral microbiome and were eight times greater in relative abundances in Hawai'i compared to corals from either Curacao or Australia. However, for the diazotrophic component of the coral microbiome, only host species significantly influenced the composition and diversity of the community. CONCLUSIONS The roles and interactions between members of the coral holobiont are still not well understood, especially critical functions provided by the coral microbiome (e.g., nitrogen fixation), and the variation of these functions across species. The findings presented here show the significant effect of morphology, a coral "super trait," on the overall community structure of the microbiome in corals and that there is a strong association of the diazotrophic community within the microbiome of corals. However, the underlying coral traits linking the effects of host species on diazotrophic communities remain unknown. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Morrow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
- Present address: Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, 6560 Braddock Rd, Alexandria, VA, 22312, USA
| | - M Sabrina Pankey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Michael P Lesser
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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5
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Abd El-Raheem AM, Abdelazeem Elmasry AM, Elbrense H, Vergara-Pineda S. Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus as Symbiotic Bacteria for Bio-Control Housefly ( Musca domestica L.). Pak J Biol Sci 2022; 25:586-601. [PMID: 36098165 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2022.586.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> The housefly poses a threat to the public health of humans and domestic animals since it can carry and transmit pathogens. Despite there are many attempts to control this insect, most of them depend on conventional pesticides. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of whole-cell suspension, cell-free supernatant and crude cells of the symbiotic bacteria <i>Photorhabdus</i> sp. and <i>Xenorhabdus</i> sp., as bio-control agents for housefly stages. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The <i>Photorhabdus</i> sp. and <i>Xenorhabdus</i> sp., were isolated from the entomopathogenic nematodes, <i>Heterorhabditis indica</i> and <i>Steinernema feltiae</i>, respectively. The phenotypic, as well as the enzymatic characterizations of both bacteria, were determined. In addition, histopathological changes of the alimentary canal of <i>M. domestica</i> adults treated with whole-cell suspensions (at 3×10<sup>8 </sup>cells mL<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>) of both bacteria were carefully examined using transmission electron microscopy. <b>Results:</b> The results showed that both symbiotic bacteria significantly suppressed larvae, pupae and adults of <i>M. domestica</i>, particularly when they were applied as whole-cell suspensions. For example, the highest concentration of whole-cell suspension, cell-free supernatant and crude cells of <i>Photorhabdus</i> sp., induced larval mortalities by 94.7, 64.0 and 45.3%, while those of <i>Xenorhabdus</i> sp., induced larval mortalities by 58.7, 46.7 and 30.7% at 96 hrs, respectively. The results also showed that whole-cell suspensions of both symbiotic bacteria caused severe histopathological changes in the ultrastructure of the treated adults' alimentary canal. <b>Conclusion:</b> Both symbiotic bacteria can be effectively used, particularly the whole-cell suspension, as bio-control agents against the housefly either in the larval or adult stage.
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Lei RF, Ma Q, Li YQ, Abudourousuli D, Wang S, Rouzi Z, Aosiman M, An DD, Li WJ. Bacillus suaedae sp. nov., isolated from the stem of Suaeda aralocaspica in north-west China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain, designated YZJH907-2T, was isolated from the stem of Suaeda aralocaspica, collected from the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut desert, Xinjiang, PR China. Cells of strain YZJH907-2T were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and rod-shaped. They formed white or colourless circular colonies with smooth convex surfaces. Strain YZJH907-2T grew at 4–50 °C (optimum, 28–30 °C), pH 7.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0–9.0) and with 0–10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3–7 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YZJH907-2T was 38.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that the strain was most closely related to
Bacillus alcalophilus
DSM 485T (97.37 %),
Bacillus kiskunsagensis
B16-24T (96.87 %) and
Bacillus bogoriensis
LBB3T (96.71 %). Average nucleotide identity values between YZJH907-2T and
B. alcalophilus
DSM 485Tand
B. bogoriensis
LBB3T were 69.2 and 69.0 %, respectively. Digital DNA–DNA hybridization values of YZJH907-2T with
B. alcalophilus
DSM 485T and
B. bogoriensis
LBB3T were 19.6 and 20.4 %, respectively. The cell wall of strain YZJH907-2T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the major and secondary isoprenoid quinones were MK-7 and MK-5, respectively. Results of fatty acids showed that anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0 were the predominant cellular fatty acids. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography analysis indicated that the polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycolipids. Based on the genomic, phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses, strain YZJH907-2T represented a novel species of the genus
Bacillus
, and thus the name Bacillus suaedae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YZJH907-2T (=CGMCC 1.18763T=KCTC 43335T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Feng Lei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Qin Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Yu-Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, PR China
| | - Dilireba Abudourousuli
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Soil Environment and Plant Nutrition of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Fertilizer Engineering Research Center, Harbin, 150086, PR China
| | - Zulihumaer Rouzi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Muyesaier Aosiman
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Deng-Di An
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, PR China
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Laveilhé A, Fochesato S, Lalaouna D, Heulin T, Achouak W. Phytobeneficial traits of rhizobacteria under the control of multiple molecular dialogues. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2083-2096. [PMID: 35502577 PMCID: PMC9249325 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonads play crucial roles in plant growth promotion and control of plant diseases. However, under natural conditions, other microorganisms competing for the same nutrient resources in the rhizosphere may exert negative control over their phytobeneficial characteristics. We assessed the expression of phytobeneficial genes involved in biocontrol, biostimulation and iron regulation such as, phlD, hcnA, acdS, and iron‐small regulatory RNAs prrF1 and prrF2 in Pseudomonas brassicacearum co‐cultivated with three phytopathogenic fungi, and two rhizobacteria in the presence or absence of Brassica napus, and in relation to iron availability. We found that the antifungal activity of P. brassicacearum depends mostly on the production of DAPG and not on HCN whose production is suppressed by fungi. We have also shown that the two‐competing bacterial strains modulate the plant growth promotion activity of P. brassicacearum by modifying the expression of phlD, hcnA and acdS according to iron availability. Overall, it allows us to better understand the complexity of the multiple molecular dialogues that take place underground between microorganisms and between plants and its rhizosphere microbiota and to show that synergy in favour of phytobeneficial gene expression may exist between different bacterial species. We assessed the expression of phytobeneficial genes, phlD, hcnA and acdS, and iron‐small regulatory RNAs prrF1 and prrF2 in Pseudomonas brassicacearum co‐cultivated with three phytopathogenic fungi, and two rhizobacteria in the presence or absence of Brassica napus, and in relation to iron availability. Our study illustrates that interkingdom and interspecies interactions in addition to external factors may affect the success of introduced beneficial microorganisms by modulating the expression of phytobeneficial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Laveilhé
- Lab Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Univ, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Sylvain Fochesato
- Lab Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Univ, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - David Lalaouna
- ARN UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Thierry Heulin
- Lab Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Univ, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Wafa Achouak
- Lab Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere (LEMiRE), CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Univ, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
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Pereira JDJ, Ikegami RN, Kawakami JT, Garavelo SM, Reis MM, Palomino SAP, Mangini S, Moreno CR, de Barros SF, Souza AR, Higuchi MDL. Distinct Microbial Communities in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Explanted Hearts Are Associated With Different Myocardial Rejection Outcomes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:732276. [PMID: 34912727 PMCID: PMC8668412 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.732276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) myocardial inflammation may be associated with external triggering factors such as infectious agents. Here, we searched if moderate/severe heart transplantation rejection is related to the presence of myocardial inflammation in IDCM explanted hearts, associated with microbial communities. Method Receptor myocardial samples from 18 explanted hearts were separated into groups according to post-transplant outcome: persistent moderate rejection (PMR; n = 6), moderate rejection (MR; n = 7) that regressed after pulse therapy, and no rejection (NR; n = 5)/light intensity rejection. Inflammation was quantified through immunohistochemistry (IHC), and infectious agents were evaluated by IHC, molecular biology, in situ hybridization technique, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results NR presented lower numbers of macrophages, as well as B cells (p = 0.0001), and higher HLA class II expression (p ≤ 0.0001). PMR and MR showed higher levels of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (p = 0.003) and hepatitis B core (p = 0.0009) antigens. NR presented higher levels of parvovirus B19 (PVB19) and human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) and a positive correlation between Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) and enterovirus genes. Molecular biology demonstrated the presence of M. pneumoniae, Bb, HHV6, and PVB19 genes in all studied groups. TEM revealed structures compatible with the cited microorganisms. Conclusions This initial study investigating on infectious agents and inflammation in the IDCM explanted hearts showed that the association between M. pneumoniae and hepatitis B core was associated with a worse outcome after HT, represented by MR and PMR, suggesting that different IDCM microbial communities may be contributing to post-transplant myocardial rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline de Jesus Pereira
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Nishiyama Ikegami
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Tiyeko Kawakami
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shérrira Menezes Garavelo
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Martins Reis
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely Aparecida Pinheiro Palomino
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandrigo Mangini
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Rodrigues Moreno
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samar Freschi de Barros
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Rodrigues Souza
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Higuchi
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, Departamento de Patologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ma Q, Lei RF, Li YQ, Abudourousuli D, Rouzi Z, Aosiman M, Liu F, Liu YY, An DD, Li WJ. Sanguibacter suaedae sp. nov., isolated from the root of Suaeda aralocaspica in north-west PR China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34797757 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain, designated YZGR15T, was isolated from the root of an annual halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica, collected from the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut desert, north-west PR China. Cells of the isolate were Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, irregular rods. Growth occurred at 4-42 °C (optimum, 30-37 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5) and in the presence of 0-9 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2-5 %). Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YZGR15T showed the highest sequence similarity to Sanguibacter keddieii (98.27 %), Sanguibacter antarcticus (98.20 %) and Sanguibacter inulinus (98.06 %). Results of genome analyses of strain YZGR15T indicated that the genome size was 3.16 Mb, with a genomic DNA G+C content of 71.9 mol%. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain YZGR15Tand three type strains were in the range of 76.5-77.8 % and 20.0-22.2 %, respectively. Analysis of the cellular component of strain YZGR15T revealed that the primary fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, C14 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 and the polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycolipids. The cell-wall characteristic amino acids were glutamic acid, alanine and an unknown amino acid. The whole-cell sugars for the strain were mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose and an unidentified sugar. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-9(H4). Based on the results of genomic, phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain YZGR15T represents a novel species of the genus Sanguibacter, for which the name Sanguibacter suaedae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YZGR15T (=CGMCC 1.18691T=KCTC 49659T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Rui-Feng Lei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Yu-Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Dilireba Abudourousuli
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Zulihumaer Rouzi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Muyesaier Aosiman
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Deng-Di An
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, PR China
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In Silico Analysis of Functionalized Hydrocarbon Production Using Ehrlich Pathway and Fatty Acid Derivatives in an Endophytic Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060435. [PMID: 34072611 PMCID: PMC8228540 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized hydrocarbons have various ecological and industrial uses, from signaling molecules and antifungal/antibacterial agents to fuels and specialty chemicals. The potential to produce functionalized hydrocarbons using the cellulolytic, endophytic fungus, Ascocoryne sarcoides, was quantified using genome-enabled, stoichiometric modeling. In silico analysis identified available routes to produce these hydrocarbons, including both anabolic- and catabolic-associated strategies, and determined correlations between the type and size of the hydrocarbons and culturing conditions. The analysis quantified the limits of the wild-type metabolic network to produce functionalized hydrocarbons from cellulose-based substrates and identified metabolic engineering targets, including cellobiose phosphorylase (CP) and cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHcyt). CP and PDHcyt activity increased the theoretical production limits under anoxic conditions where less energy was extracted from the substrate. The incorporation of both engineering targets resulted in near-complete conservation of substrate electrons in functionalized hydrocarbons. The in silico framework was integrated with in vitro fungal batch growth experiments to support O2 limitation and functionalized hydrocarbon production predictions. The metabolic reconstruction of this endophytic filamentous fungus describes pathways for both specific and general production strategies of 161 functionalized hydrocarbons applicable to many eukaryotic hosts.
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11
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Greenfield MJ, Lach L, Congdon BC, Anslan S, Tedersoo L, Field M, Abell SE. Consistent patterns of fungal communities within ant-plants across a large geographic range strongly suggest a multipartite mutualism. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn recent decades, multipartite mutualisms involving microorganisms such as fungi have been discovered in associations traditionally thought of as bipartite. Ant-plant mutualisms were long thought to be bipartite despite fungi being noticed in an epiphytic ant-plant over 100 years ago. We sequenced fungal DNA from the three distinct domatium chambers of the epiphytic ant-plant Myrmecodia beccarii to establish if fungal communities differ by chamber type across five geographic locations spanning 675 km. The three chamber types serve different ant-associated functions including ‘waste’ chambers, where ant workers deposit waste; ‘nursery’ chambers, where the brood is kept; and ‘ventilation’ chambers, that allow air into the domatium. Overall, fungi from the order Chaetothyriales dominated the chambers in terms of the proportion of operational taxonomic units (OTUs; 13.4%) and sequence abundances of OTUs (28% of the total); however a large portion of OTUs (28%) were unidentified at the order level. Notably, the fungal community in the waste chambers differed consistently from the nursery and ventilation chambers across all five locations. We identified 13 fungal OTUs as ‘common’ in the waste chambers that were rare or in very low sequence abundance in the other two chambers. Fungal communities in the nursery and ventilation chambers overlapped more than either did with the waste chambers but were also distinct from each other. Differences in dominance of the common OTUs drove the observed patterns in the fungal communities for each of the chamber types. This suggests a multipartite mutualism involving fungi exists in this ant-plant and that the role of fungi differs among chamber types.
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Nourabadi N, Nishiguchi MK. pH Adaptation Drives Diverse Phenotypes in a Beneficial Bacterium-Host Mutualism. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.611411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic variation can influence the evolution of specific phenotypes that contribute to the diversity of bacterial strains observed in the natural environment. Environmentally transmitted symbiotic bacteria are particularly vulnerable to abiotic fluctuations, given that they must accommodate the transition between the free-living state and the host's internal environment. This type of life history strategy can strongly influence the success of a symbiont, and whether adapting to changes outside the host will allow a greater capacity to survive in symbiosis with the host partner. One example of how environmental breadth is advantageous to the symbiosis is the beneficial association between Vibrio fischeri and sepiolid squids (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Since Vibrio bacteria are environmentally transmitted, they are subject to a wide variety of abiotic variables prior to infecting juvenile squids and must be poised to survive in the host light organ. In order to better understand how a changing abiotic factor (e.g., pH) influences the diversification of symbionts and their eventual symbiotic competence, we used an experimental evolution approach to ascertain how pH adaptation affects symbiont fitness. Results show that low pH adapted Vibrio strains have more efficient colonization rates compared to their ancestral strains. In addition, growth rates had significant differences compared to ancestral strains (pH 6.5–6.8, and 7.2). Bioluminescence production (a marker for symbiont competence) of pH evolved strains also improved at pH 6.5–7.2. Results imply that the evolution and diversification of Vibrio strains adapted to low pH outside the squid improves fitness inside the squid by allowing a higher success rate for host colonization and symbiotic competence.
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13
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Gut bacteria are essential for normal cuticle development in herbivorous turtle ants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:676. [PMID: 33514729 PMCID: PMC7846594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the evolutionary history of insects, the shift from nitrogen-rich carnivore/omnivore diets to nitrogen-poor herbivorous diets was made possible through symbiosis with microbes. The herbivorous turtle ants Cephalotes possess a conserved gut microbiome which enriches the nutrient composition by recycling nitrogen-rich metabolic waste to increase the production of amino acids. This enrichment is assumed to benefit the host, but we do not know to what extent. To gain insights into nitrogen assimilation in the ant cuticle we use gut bacterial manipulation, 15N isotopic enrichment, isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to demonstrate that gut bacteria contribute to the formation of proteins, catecholamine cross-linkers, and chitin in the cuticle. This study identifies the cuticular components which are nitrogen-enriched by gut bacteria, highlighting the role of symbionts in insect evolution, and provides a framework for understanding the nitrogen flow from nutrients through bacteria into the insect cuticle.
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Li YH, Huang YF, Chen TH, Wu SS, Tang HC, Hsiao CY, Huang LC, Chang JC, Chiu KP, Nai YS. Comparison of gut microbiota of healthy and diseased walking sticks, Phasmotaenia lanyuhensis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21749. [PMID: 33075172 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research on gut microbiota of phytophagous insects has shown to be important for the physiological functions of insect hosts; however, little is known about the changes in gut microbiota when they are suffering from environmental stress or pathogen infections. During rearing of Phasmotaenia lanyuhensis (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae), sluggish locomotion was usually followed by the death of the insect with a symptom of melanization in the front part of the abdomen. Therefore, the abnormal individuals were initially classified into moribund, light- and serious-symptom based on the level of abnormal physiological circumstances and melanization. The gut microbiota of these samples were further investigated by 16S metagenomic sequencing and the differences in bacterial abundance and structure of bacterial community were analyzed. A decrease in microbiota diversity was observed in the diseased P. lanyuhensis, with the abundance of phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicute relatively higher compared to those without symptom. Interestingly, principal component analysis based on the bacterial richness was correlated to the level of melanization symptom in the diseased P. lanyuhensis, suggested the change in bacterial microbiota involved in this abnormal circumstance. However, the factor that caused the initial alternation of microbiota remains to be identified. Additionally, the lack of bacterial diversity (i.e., absence of Meiothermus and Nubsella spp.) in P. lanyuhensis might reduce the fitness for surviving. This report provided the comprehensive microbiota analysis for P. lanyuhensis and concluded that either the relative abundance or the bacterial diversity of microbiota in the insect digestive system may influence the physiological functions of phytophagous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Li
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Han Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Shan Wu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chieh Tang
- Conservation and Research Center, Taipei Zoo, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Hsiao
- Conservation and Research Center, Taipei Zoo, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chun Huang
- Conservation and Research Center, Taipei Zoo, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chun Chang
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ping Chiu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shin Nai
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Hoang KL, Morran LT, Gerardo NM. Can a Symbiont (Also) Be Food? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2539. [PMID: 31787946 PMCID: PMC6854002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Hoang
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Levi T Morran
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Henning JA, Weston DJ, Pelletier DA, Timm CM, Jawdy SS, Classen AT. Relatively rare root endophytic bacteria drive plant resource allocation patterns and tissue nutrient concentration in unpredictable ways. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1423-1434. [PMID: 31657872 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant endophytic bacterial strains can influence plant traits such as leaf area and root length. Yet, the influence of more complex bacterial communities in regulating overall plant phenotype is less explored. Here, in two complementary experiments, we tested whether we can predict plant phenotype response to changes in microbial community composition. METHODS In the first study, we inoculated a single genotype of Populus deltoides with individual root endophytic bacteria and measured plant phenotype. Next, data from this single inoculation were used to predict phenotypic traits after mixed three-strain community inoculations, which we tested in the second experiment. RESULTS By itself, each bacterial endophyte significantly but weakly altered plant phenotype relative to noninoculated plants. In a mixture, bacterial strain Burkholderia BT03, constituted at least 98% of community relative abundance. Yet, plant resource allocation and tissue nutrient concentrations were disproportionately influenced by Pseudomonas sp. GM17, GM30, and GM41. We found a 10% increase in leaf mass fraction and an 11% decrease in root mass fraction when replacing Pseudomonas GM17 with GM41 in communities containing both Pseudomonas GM30 and Burkholderia BT03. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that interactions among endophytic bacteria may drive plant phenotype over the contribution of each strain individually. Additionally, we have shown that low-abundance strains contribute to plant phenotype challenging the assumption that the dominant strains will drive plant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah A Henning
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Dale A Pelletier
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Collin M Timm
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Biosciences, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - Sara S Jawdy
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Aimée T Classen
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- The Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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17
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Rader B, McAnulty SJ, Nyholm SV. Persistent symbiont colonization leads to a maturation of hemocyte response in the Euprymna scolopes/Vibrio fischeri symbiosis. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e858. [PMID: 31197972 PMCID: PMC6813443 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The binary association between the squid, Euprymna scolopes, and its symbiont, Vibrio fischeri, serves as a model system to study interactions between beneficial bacteria and the innate immune system. Previous research demonstrated that binding of the squid's immune cells, hemocytes, to V. fischeri is altered if the symbiont is removed from the light organ, suggesting that host colonization alters hemocyte recognition of V. fischeri. To investigate the influence of symbiosis on immune maturation during development, we characterized hemocyte binding and phagocytosis of V. fischeri and nonsymbiotic Vibrio harveyi from symbiotic (sym) and aposymbiotic (apo) juveniles, and wild-caught and laboratory-raised sym and apo adults. Our results demonstrate that while light organ colonization by V. fischeri did not alter juvenile hemocyte response, these cells bound a similar number of V. fischeri and V. harveyi yet phagocytosed only V. harveyi. Our results also indicate that long-term colonization altered the adult hemocyte response to V. fischeri but not V. harveyi. All hemocytes from adult squid, regardless of apo or sym state, both bound and phagocytosed a similar number of V. harveyi while hemocytes from both wild-caught and sym-raised adults bound significantly fewer V. fischeri, although more V. fischeri were phagocytosed by hemocytes from wild-caught animals. In contrast, hemocytes from apo-raised squid bound similar numbers of both V. fischeri and V. harveyi, although more V. harveyi cells were engulfed, suggesting that blood cells from apo-raised adults behaved similarly to juvenile hosts. Taken together, these data suggest that persistent colonization by the light organ symbiont is required for hemocytes to differentially bind and phagocytose V. fischeri. The cellular immune system of E. scolopes likely possesses multiple mechanisms at different developmental stages to promote a specific and life-long interaction with the symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Rader
- Department of MicrobiologySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinois
| | - Sarah J. McAnulty
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
| | - Spencer V. Nyholm
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
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Khojandi N, Haselkorn TS, Eschbach MN, Naser RA, DiSalvo S. Intracellular Burkholderia Symbionts induce extracellular secondary infections; driving diverse host outcomes that vary by genotype and environment. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2068-2081. [PMID: 31019270 PMCID: PMC6776111 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic associations impact and are impacted by their surrounding ecosystem. The association between Burkholderia bacteria and the soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a tractable model to unravel the biology underlying symbiont-endowed phenotypes and their impacts. Several Burkholderia species stably associate with D. discoideum and typically reduce host fitness in food-rich environments while increasing fitness in food-scarce environments. Burkholderia symbionts are themselves inedible to their hosts but induce co-infections with secondary bacteria that can serve as a food source. Thus, Burkholderia hosts are "farmers" that carry food bacteria to new environments, providing a benefit when food is scarce. We examined the ability of specific Burkholderia genotypes to induce secondary co-infections and assessed host fitness under a range of co-infection conditions and environmental contexts. Although all Burkholderia symbionts intracellularly infected Dictyostelium, we found that co-infections are predominantly extracellular, suggesting that farming benefits are derived from extracellular infection of host structures. Furthermore, levels of secondary infection are linked to conditional host fitness; B. agricolaris infected hosts have the highest level of co-infection and have the highest fitness in food-scarce environments. This study illuminates the phenomenon of co-infection induction across Dictyostelium associated Burkholderia species and exemplifies the contextual complexity of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Khojandi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Tamara S Haselkorn
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Madison N Eschbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA
| | - Rana A Naser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA
| | - Susanne DiSalvo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA.
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Zhao K, Li J, Huang T, Yuan Y, Lin J, Yue B, Wang X, Chu Y. Coexistence of Microbial Species in Structured Communities by Forming a Hawk-Dove Game Like Interactive Relationship. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:807. [PMID: 31057514 PMCID: PMC6477097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms evolve kinds of elaborate interaction models that can form relatively stable communities in a wide range of ecosystems. It is recognized that the spatial genetic structure of microbes in surface-attached environments lays a good foundation for the persistence of polymicrobial communities in adverse conditions. However, the interacting dynamics of microbes in facilitating the formation and stabilization of community structure still remains elusive. In this study, we identify a hawk-dove game like interspecific relationship between the two Gram-negative opportunistic pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which naturally coexist in insect gut and can cocolonize human tissues. Specifically, although P. aeruginosa had significant competitive advantage over cocultured K. pneumoniae on solid medium with rich nutrient factors, K. pneumoniae could resist the suppression of P. aeruginosa by enhancing the expression of membrane transporters induced by the extracellular metabolites of P. aeruginosa. By contrast, under the condition that K. pneumoniae had a growth advantage but P. aeruginosa met a metabolic burden in producing quorum-sensing-controlled extracellular products, the frequency of K. pneumoniae would be slightly higher than P. aeruginosa during the coexistence because K. pneumoniae was also capable of exploiting the extracellular metabolite from P. aeruginosa. In addition, P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing variant could reap benefits from K. pneumoniae in turn and reach a relatively stable two species equilibrium. These findings provide an explanation for the formation and maintenance of polymicrobial communities in different spatially structured environments, and thus may contribute to understanding the complex interspecific interactions of microbes in local communities and shed new light on the development of social microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelei Zhao
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiafu Lin
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinrong Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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Dossi FCA, da Silva EP, Cônsoli FL. Shifting the Balance: Heat Stress Challenges the Symbiotic Interactions of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera, Liviidae). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:195-203. [PMID: 30624116 DOI: 10.1086/699755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global warming may impact biodiversity by disrupting biological interactions, including long-term insect-microbe mutualistic associations. Symbiont-mediated insect tolerance to high temperatures is an ecologically important trait that significantly influences an insect's life history. Disruption of microbial symbionts that are required by insects would substantially impact their pest status. Diaphorina citri, a worldwide citrus pest, is associated with the mutualistic symbionts Candidatus Carsonella ruddii and Candidatus Profftella armatura. Wolbachia is also associated with D. citri, but its contribution to the host is unknown. Symbiont density is dependent on a range of factors, including the thermosensitivity of the host and/or symbiont to heat stress. Here, we predicted that short-term heat stress of D. citri would disrupt the host-symbiont phenological synchrony and differentially affect the growth and density of symbionts. We investigated the effects of exposing D. citri eggs to different temperatures for different periods of time on the growth dynamics of symbionts during the nymphal development of D. citri (first instar to fifth instar) by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Symbiont densities were assessed as the number of gene copies, using specific molecular markers: 16S rRNA for Carsonella and Profftella and ftsZ for Wolbachia. Statistical modeling of the copy numbers of symbionts revealed differences in their growth patterns, particularly in the early instars of heat-shocked insects. Wolbachia was the only symbiont to benefit from heat-shock treatment. Although the symbionts responded differently to heat stress, the lack of differences in symbiont densities between treated and control late nymphs suggests the existence of an adaptive genetic process to restore phenological synchrony during the development of immatures in preparation for adult life. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the potential deleterious effects of high temperatures on host-symbiont interactions. Our data also suggest that the effects of host exposure to high temperatures in symbiont growth are highly variable and dependent on the interactions among members of the community of symbionts harbored by a host. Such dependence points to unpredictable consequences for agroecosystems worldwide due to climate change-related effects on the ecological traits of symbiont-dependent insect pests.
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Persistent Interactions with Bacterial Symbionts Direct Mature-Host Cell Morphology and Gene Expression in the Squid-Vibrio Symbiosis. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00165-18. [PMID: 30320217 PMCID: PMC6172772 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00165-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In horizontally transmitted symbioses, structural, biochemical, and molecular features both facilitate host colonization by specific symbionts and mediate their persistent carriage. In the association between the squid Euprymna scolopes and its luminous bacterial partner Vibrio fischeri, the symbionts interact with two epithelial fields; they interact (i) transiently with the superficial ciliated field that potentiates colonization and regresses within days of colonization and (ii) persistently with the cells that line the internal crypts, whose ultrastructure changes in response to the symbionts. Development of the association creates conditions that promote the symbiotic partner over the lifetime of the host. To determine whether light organ maturation requires continuous interactions with V. fischeri or only the signaling that occurs during its initiation, we compared 4-week-old squid that were uncolonized with those colonized either persistently by wild-type V. fischeri or transiently by a V. fischeri mutant that triggers early events in morphogenesis but does not persist. Microscopic analysis of the light organs showed that, while morphogenesis of the superficial ciliated field is greatly accelerated by V. fischeri colonization, its eventual outcome is largely independent of colonization state. In contrast, the symbiont-induced changes in crypt cell shape require persistent host-symbiont interaction, reflected in the similarity between uncolonized and transiently colonized animals. Transcriptomic analyses reflected the microscopy results; host gene expression at 4 weeks was due primarily to the persistent interactions of host and symbiont cells. Further, the transcriptomic signature of specific pathways reflected the daily rhythm of symbiont release and regrowth and required the presence of the symbionts. IMPORTANCE A long-term relationship between symbiotic partners is often characterized by development and maturation of host structures that harbor the symbiont cells over the host's lifetime. To understand the mechanisms involved in symbiosis maintenance more fully, we studied the mature bobtail squid, whose light-emitting organ, under experimental conditions, can be transiently or persistently colonized by Vibrio fischeri or remain uncolonized. Superficial anatomical changes in the organ were largely independent of symbiosis. However, both the microanatomy of cells with which symbionts interact and the patterns of gene expression in the mature animal were due principally to the persistent interactions of host and symbiont cells rather than to a response to early colonization events. Further, the characteristic pronounced daily rhythm on the host transcriptome required persistent V. fischeri colonization of the organ. This experimental study provides a window into how persistent symbiotic colonization influences the form and function of host animal tissues.
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Hernandez-Doria JD, Sperandio V. Bacteriophage Transcription Factor Cro Regulates Virulence Gene Expression in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:607-617.e6. [PMID: 29746832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage-encoded genetic elements control bacterial biological functions. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains harbor lambda-phages encoding the Shiga-toxin (Stx), which is expressed during the phage lytic cycle and associated with exacerbated disease. Phages also reside dormant within bacterial chromosomes through their lysogenic cycle, but how this impacts EHEC virulence remains unknown. We find that during lysogeny the phage transcription factor Cro activates the EHEC type III secretion system (T3SS). EHEC lambdoid phages are lysogenic under anaerobic conditions when Cro binds to and activates the promoters of T3SS genes. Interestingly, the Cro sequence varies among phages carried by different EHEC outbreak strains, and these changes affect Cro-dependent T3SS regulation. Additionally, infecting mice with the related pathogen C. rodentium harboring the bacteriophage cro from EHEC results in greater T3SS gene expression and enhanced virulence. Collectively, these findings reveal the role of phages in impacting EHEC virulence and their potential to affect outbreak strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Hernandez-Doria
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA.
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How Does the Coral Microbiome Cause, Respond to, or Modulate the Bleaching Process? ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75393-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Stilwell MD, Cao M, Goodrich-Blair H, Weibel DB. Studying the Symbiotic Bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila in Individual, Living Steinernema carpocapsae Nematodes Using Microfluidic Systems. mSphere 2018; 3:e00530-17. [PMID: 29299529 PMCID: PMC5750387 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00530-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-microbe symbioses are ubiquitous in nature and scientifically important in diverse areas, including ecology, medicine, and agriculture. Steinernema nematodes and Xenorhabdus bacteria compose an established, successful model system for investigating microbial pathogenesis and mutualism. The bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is a species-specific mutualist of insect-infecting Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes. The bacterium colonizes a specialized intestinal pocket within the infective stage of the nematode, which transports the bacteria between insects that are killed and consumed by the pair for reproduction. Current understanding of the interaction between the infective-stage nematode and its bacterial colonizers is based largely on population-level, snapshot time point studies on these organisms. This limitation arises because investigating temporal dynamics of the bacterium within the nematode is impeded by the difficulty of isolating and maintaining individual living nematodes and tracking colonizing bacterial cells over time. To overcome this challenge, we developed a microfluidic system that enables us to spatially isolate and microscopically observe individual, living Steinernema nematodes and monitor the growth and development of the associated X. nematophila bacterial communities-starting from a single cell or a few cells-over weeks. Our data demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first direct, temporal, in vivo visual analysis of a symbiosis system and the application of this system to reveal continuous dynamics of the symbiont population in the living host animal. IMPORTANCE This paper describes an experimental system for directly investigating population dynamics of a symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, in its host-the infective stage of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Tracking individual and groups of bacteria in individual host nematodes over days and weeks yielded insight into dynamic growth and topology changes of symbiotic bacterial populations within infective juvenile nematodes. Our approach for studying symbioses between bacteria and nematodes provides a system to investigate long-term host-microbe interactions in individual nematodes and extrapolate the lessons learned to other bacterium-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Stilwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mengyi Cao
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee—Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Morella NM, Koskella B. The Value of a Comparative Approach to Understand the Complex Interplay between Microbiota and Host Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1114. [PMID: 28959258 PMCID: PMC5603614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryote immune system evolved and continues to evolve within a microbial world, and as such is critically shaped by-and in some cases even reliant upon-the presence of host-associated microbial species. There are clear examples of adaptations that allow the host to simultaneously tolerate and/or promote growth of symbiotic microbiota while protecting itself against pathogens, but the relationship between immunity and the microbiome reaches far beyond simple recognition and includes complex cross talk between host and microbe as well as direct microbiome-mediated protection against pathogens. Here, we present a broad but brief overview of how the microbiome is controlled by and interacts with diverse immune systems, with the goal of identifying questions that can be better addressed by taking a comparative approach across plants and animals and different types of immunity. As two key examples of such an approach, we focus on data examining the importance of early exposure on microbiome tolerance and immune system development and function, and the importance of transmission among hosts in shaping the potential coevolution between, and long-term stability of, host-microbiome associations. Then, by comparing existing evidence across short-lived plants, mouse model systems and humans, and insects, we highlight areas of microbiome research that are strong in some systems and absent in others with the hope of guiding future research that will allow for broad-scale comparisons moving forward. We argue that such an approach will not only help with identification of generalities in host-microbiome-immune interactions but also improve our understanding of the role of the microbiome in host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma M. Morella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Abstract
Viruses must establish an intimate relationship with their hosts and vectors in order to infect, replicate, and disseminate; hence, viruses can be considered as symbionts with their hosts. Symbiotic relationships encompass different lifestyles, including antagonistic (or pathogenic, the most well-studied lifestyle for viruses), commensal (probably the most common lifestyle), and mutualistic (important beneficial partners). Symbiotic relationships can shape the evolution of the partners in a holobiont, and placing viruses in this context provides an important framework for understanding virus-host relationships and virus ecology. Although antagonistic relationships are thought to lead to coevolution, this is not always clear in virus-host interactions, and impacts on evolution may be complex. Commensalism implies a hitchhiking role for viruses-selfish elements just along for the ride. Mutualistic relationships have been described in detail in the past decade, and they reveal how important viruses are in considering host ecology. Ultimately, symbiosis can lead to symbiogenesis, or speciation through fusion, and the presence of large amounts of viral sequence in the genomes of everything from bacteria to humans, including some important functional genes, illustrates the significance of viral symbiogenesis in the evolution of all life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Roossinck
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| | - Edelio R Bazán
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
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Tiveron MG, Pomerantzeff PMA, de Lourdes Higuchi M, Reis MM, de Jesus Pereira J, Kawakami JT, Ikegami RN, de Almeida Brandao CM, Jatene FB. Infectious agents is a risk factor for myxomatous mitral valve degeneration: A case control study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:297. [PMID: 28431520 PMCID: PMC5399830 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MVD) is not fully understood and may depend on time or environmental factors for which the interaction of infectious agents has not been documented. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effect of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp), Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Cp) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) on myxomatous mitral valve degeneration pathogenesis and establish whether increased in inflammation and collagen degradation in myxomatous mitral valve degeneration etiopathogenesis. METHODS An immunohistochemical test was performed to detect the inflammatory cells (CD20, CD45, CD68) and Mp, Bb and MMP9 antigens in two groups. The in situ hybridization was performed to detect Chlamydophila pneumoniae and the bacteria study was performed using transmission electron microscopy. Group 1 (n = 20), surgical specimen composed by myxomatous mitral valve degeneration, and group 2 (n = 20), autopsy specimen composed by normal mitral valve. The data were analyzed using SigmaStat version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The groups were compared using Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test. A correlation analysis was performed using Spearman's correlation test. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS By immunohistochemistry, there was a higher inflammatory cells/mm2 for CD20 and CD45 in group 1, and CD68 in group 2. Higher number of Mp and Cp antigens was observed in group 1 and more Bb antigens was detected in group 2. The group 1 exhibited a positive correlation between the Bb and MVD percentage, between CD45 and Mp, and between MMP9 with Mp. These correlations were not observed in the group 2. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of structures compatible with microorganisms that feature Borrelia and Mycoplasma characteristics. CONCLUSIONS The presence of infectious agents, inflammatory cells and collagenases in mitral valves appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of MVD. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was strongly related with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration. Despite of low percentage of Borrelia burgdorferi in MD group, this agent was correlated with myxomatous degeneration and this may occour due synergistic actions between these infectious agents likely contribute to collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Gradim Tiveron
- Program in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Sao Paulo, 05403-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria de Lourdes Higuchi
- Heart Institute of the Clinical Hospital, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Martins Reis
- Heart Institute of the Clinical Hospital, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Joyce Tieko Kawakami
- Heart Institute of the Clinical Hospital, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Nishiyama Ikegami
- Heart Institute of the Clinical Hospital, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Biscegli Jatene
- Heart Institute of the Clinical Hospital, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Defensive Symbionts Mediate Host–Parasite Interactions at Multiple Scales. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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29
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Jusino MA, Lindner DL, Banik MT, Rose KR, Walters JR. Experimental evidence of a symbiosis between red-cockaded woodpeckers and fungi. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160106. [PMID: 27009222 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cavity excavators, such as woodpeckers, are ecosystem engineers in many systems. Associations between cavity excavators and fungi have long been hypothesized to facilitate cavity excavation, but these relationships have not been experimentally verified. Fungi may help excavators by softening wood, while excavators may facilitate fungal dispersal. Here we demonstrate that excavators facilitate fungal dispersal and thus we report the first experimental evidence of a symbiosis between fungi and a cavity excavator, the red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW,Picoides borealis). Swab samples of birds showed that RCWs carry fungal communities similar to those found in their completed excavations. A 26-month field experiment using human-made aseptically drilled excavations in live trees, half of which were inaccessible to RCWs, demonstrated that RCWs directly alter fungal colonization and community composition. Experimental excavations that were accessible to RCWs contained fungal communities similar to natural RCW excavations, whereas inaccessible experimental excavations contained significantly different fungal communities. Our work demonstrates a complex symbiosis between cavity excavators and communities of fungi, with implications for forest ecology, wildlife management, and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Jusino
- US Forest Service, Center for Forest Mycology Research, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1405 Perry Street, 2125 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel L Lindner
- US Forest Service, Center for Forest Mycology Research, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Mark T Banik
- US Forest Service, Center for Forest Mycology Research, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Kevin R Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1405 Perry Street, 2125 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, 1320 Belman Road, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 1405 Perry Street, 2125 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5824-37. [PMID: 27451445 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01211-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Insect larvae killed by entomopathogenic nematodes are thought to contain bacterial communities dominated by a single bacterial genus, that of the nematode's bacterial symbiont. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to profile bacterial community dynamics in greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae cadavers killed by Heterorhabditis nematodes and their Photorhabdus symbionts. We found that, although Photorhabdus strains did initially displace an Enterococcus-dominated community present in uninfected G. mellonella insect larvae, the cadaver community was not static. Twelve days postinfection, Photorhabdus shared the cadaver with Stenotrophomonas species. Consistent with this result, Stenotrophomonas strains isolated from infected cadavers were resistant to Photorhabdus-mediated toxicity in solid coculture assays. We isolated and characterized a Photorhabdus-produced antibiotic from G. mellonella cadavers, produced it synthetically, and demonstrated that both the natural and synthetic compounds decreased G. mellonella-associated Enterococcus growth, but not Stenotrophomonas growth, in vitro Finally, we showed that the Stenotrophomonas strains described here negatively affected Photorhabdus growth in vitro Our results add an important dimension to a broader understanding of Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus biology and also demonstrate that interspecific bacterial competition likely characterizes even a theoretically monoxenic environment, such as a Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus-parasitized insect cadaver. IMPORTANCE Understanding, and eventually manipulating, both human and environmental health depends on a complete accounting of the forces that act on and shape microbial communities. One of these underlying forces is hypothesized to be resource competition. A resource that has received little attention in the general microbiological literature, but likely has ecological and evolutionary importance, is dead/decaying multicellular organisms. Metazoan cadavers, including those of insects, are ephemeral and nutrient-rich environments, where resource competition might shape interspecific macrobiotic and microbiotic interactions. This study is the first to use a next-generation sequencing approach to study the community dynamics of bacteria within a model insect cadaver system: insect larvae parasitized by entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. By integrating bioinformatic, biochemical, and classic in vitro microbiological approaches, we have provided mechanistic insight into how antibiotic-mediated bacterial interactions may shape community dynamics within insect cadavers.
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Abstract
In most animals, digestive tracts harbor the greatest number of bacteria in the animal that contribute to its health: by aiding in the digestion of nutrients, provisioning essential nutrients and protecting against colonization by pathogens. Invertebrates have been used to enhance our understanding of metabolic processes and microbe-host interactions owing to experimental advantages. This review describes how advances in DNA sequencing technologies have dramatically altered how researchers investigate microbe-host interactions, including 16S rRNA gene surveys, metagenome experiments, and metatranscriptome studies. Advantages and challenges of each of these approaches are described herein. Hypotheses generated through omics studies can be directly tested using site-directed mutagenesis, and findings from transposon studies and site-directed experiments are presented. Finally, unique structural aspects of invertebrate digestive tracts that contribute to symbiont specificity are presented. The combination of omics approaches with genetics and microscopy allows researchers to move beyond correlations to identify conserved mechanisms of microbe-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Graf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269;
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Schwartzman JA, Ruby EG. Stress as a Normal Cue in the Symbiotic Environment. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:414-424. [PMID: 27004825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All multicellular hosts form associations with groups of microorganisms. These microbial communities can be taxonomically diverse and dynamic, and their persistence is due to robust, and sometimes coevolved, host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. Chemical and physical sources of stress are prominently situated in this molecular exchange, as cues for cellular responses in symbiotic microbes. Stress in the symbiotic environment may arise from three sources: host tissues, microbe-induced immune responses, or other microbes in the host environment. The responses of microbes to these stresses can be general or highly specialized, and collectively may contribute to the stability of the symbiotic system. In this review, we highlight recent work that emphasizes the role of stress as a cue in the symbiotic environment of plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Schwartzman
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Edward G Ruby
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Beyond the Black Queen Hypothesis. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2085-91. [PMID: 26953598 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Black Queen Hypothesis, recently proposed to explain an evolution of dependency based on gene loss, is gaining ground. This paper focuses on how the evolution of dependency transforms interactions and the community. Using agent-based modeling we suggest that species specializing in the consumption of a common good escape competition and therefore favor coexistence. This evolutionary trajectory could open the way for novel long-lasting interactions and a need to revisit the classically accepted assembly rules. Such evolutionary events also reshape the structure and dynamics of communities, depending on the spatial heterogeneity of the common good production. Let Black be the new black!
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Symbiotic bacteria of helminths: what role may they play in ecosystems under anthropogenic stress? J Helminthol 2016; 90:647-657. [PMID: 26754963 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x15001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria are a common feature of many animals, particularly invertebrates, from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. These bacteria have increasingly been recognized as performing an important role in maintaining invertebrate health. Both ecto- and endoparasitic helminths have also been found to harbour a range of bacterial species which provide a similar function. The part symbiotic bacteria play in sustaining homeostasis of free-living invertebrates exposed to anthropogenic pressure (climate change, pollution), and the consequences to invertebrate populations when their symbionts succumb to poor environmental conditions, are increasingly important areas of research. Helminths are also susceptible to environmental stress and their symbiotic bacteria may be a key aspect of their responses to deteriorating conditions. This article summarizes the ecophysiological relationship helminths have with symbiotic bacteria and the role they play in maintaining a healthy parasite and the relevance of specific changes that occur in free-living invertebrate-bacteria interactions under anthropogenic pressure to helminths and their bacterial communities. It also discusses the importance of understanding the mechanistic sensitivity of helminth-bacteria relationships to environmental stress for comprehending the responses of parasites to challenging conditions.
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Abstract
Be it their pervasiveness, experimental tractability or their impact on human health and agriculture, nematode–bacterium associations are far-reaching research subjects. Although the omics hype did not spare them and helped reveal mechanisms of communication and exchange between the associated partners, a huge amount of knowledge still awaits to be harvested from their study. Here, I summarize and compare the kind of research that has been already performed on the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and on symbiotic nematodes, both marine and entomopathogenic ones. The emerging picture highlights how complementing genetic studies with ecological ones (in the case of well-established genetic model systems such as C. elegans) and vice versa (in the case of the yet uncultured Stilbonematinae) will deepen our understanding of how microbial symbioses evolved and how they impact our environment. Nematode–bacterium associations are major research subjects. Complementing genetic studies with ecological ones is necessary to boost our understanding of how microbial symbioses evolved and how they impact the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bulgheresi
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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36
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Polin S, Le Gallic JF, Simon JC, Tsuchida T, Outreman Y. Conditional Reduction of Predation Risk Associated with a Facultative Symbiont in an Insect. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143728. [PMID: 26618776 PMCID: PMC4664394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbionts are widespread among eukaryotes and their impacts on the ecology and evolution of their hosts are meaningful. Most insects harbour obligate and facultative symbiotic bacteria that can influence their phenotype. In the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, an astounding symbiotic-mediated phenotype has been recently observed: when infected with the symbiotic bacteria Rickettsiella viridis, young red aphid larvae become greener at adulthood and even darker green when co-infected with Rickettsiella viridis and Hamiltonella defensa. As body colour affects the susceptibility towards natural enemies in aphids, the influence of the colour change due to these facultative symbionts on the host survival in presence of predators was tested. Our results suggested that the Rickettsiella viridis infection may impact positively host survival by reducing predation risk. Due to results from uninfected aphids (i.e., more green ones attacked), the main assumption is that this symbiotic infection would deter the predatory ladybird feeding by reducing the profitability of their hosts rather than decreasing host detection through body colour change. Aphids co-infected with Rickettsiella viridis and Hamiltonella defensa were, however, more exposed to predation suggesting an ecological cost associated with multiple infections. The underlying mechanisms and ecological consequences of these symbiotic effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Polin
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, 35042, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Tsutomu Tsuchida
- Frontier Research Core for Life Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930–8555, Japan
| | - Yannick Outreman
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, 35042, Rennes, France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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Mosser T, Talagrand-Reboul E, Colston SM, Graf J, Figueras MJ, Jumas-Bilak E, Lamy B. Exposure to pairs of Aeromonas strains enhances virulence in the Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1218. [PMID: 26583012 PMCID: PMC4631986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonad virulence remains poorly understood, and is difficult to predict from strain characteristics. In addition, infections are often polymicrobial (i.e., are mixed infections), and 5-10% of such infections include two distinct aeromonads, which has an unknown impact on virulence. In this work, we studied the virulence of aeromonads recovered from human mixed infections. We tested them individually and in association with other strains with the aim of improving our understanding of aeromonosis. Twelve strains that were recovered in pairs from six mixed infections were tested in a virulence model of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. Nine isolates were weak worm killers (median time to death, TD50, ≥7 days) when administered alone. Two pairs showed enhanced virulence, as indicated by a significantly shortened TD50 after co-infection vs. infection with a single strain. Enhanced virulence was also observed for five of the 14 additional experimental pairs, and each of these pairs included one strain from a natural synergistic pair. These experiments indicated that synergistic effects were frequent and were limited to pairs that were composed of strains belonging to different species. The genome content of virulence-associated genes failed to explain virulence synergy, although some virulence-associated genes that were present in some strains were absent from their companion strain (e.g., T3SS). The synergy observed in virulence when two Aeromonas isolates were co-infected stresses the idea that consideration should be given to the fact that infection does not depend only on single strain virulence but is instead the result of a more complex interaction between the microbes involved, the host and the environment. These results are of interest for other diseases in which mixed infections are likely and in particular for water-borne diseases (e.g., legionellosis, vibriosis), in which pathogens may display enhanced virulence in the presence of the right partner. This study contributes to the current shift in infectiology paradigms from a premise that assumes a monomicrobial origin for infection to one more in line with the current pathobiome era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mosser
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Équipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Talagrand-Reboul
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Équipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Département d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie M Colston
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Joerg Graf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA ; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Maria J Figueras
- Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili Reus, Spain
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Équipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Département d'Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Brigitte Lamy
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Équipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, UMR 5569 HydroSciences Montpellier, Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France ; Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier Montpellier, France
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Lacey L, Grzywacz D, Shapiro-Ilan D, Frutos R, Brownbridge M, Goettel M. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future. J Invertebr Pathol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rodríguez-Ruano SM, Martín-Vivaldi M, Martín-Platero AM, López-López JP, Peralta-Sánchez JM, Ruiz-Rodríguez M, Soler JJ, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M. The Hoopoe's Uropygial Gland Hosts a Bacterial Community Influenced by the Living Conditions of the Bird. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139734. [PMID: 26445111 PMCID: PMC4596831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methods have revealed that symbiotic systems involving bacteria are mostly based on whole bacterial communities. Bacterial diversity in hoopoe uropygial gland secretion is known to be mainly composed of certain strains of enterococci, but this conclusion is based solely on culture-dependent techniques. This study, by using culture-independent techniques (based on the 16S rDNA and the ribosomal intergenic spacer region) shows that the bacterial community in the uropygial gland secretion is more complex than previously thought and its composition is affected by the living conditions of the bird. Besides the known enterococci, the uropygial gland hosts other facultative anaerobic species and several obligated anaerobic species (mostly clostridia). The bacterial assemblage of this community was largely invariable among study individuals, although differences were detected between captive and wild female hoopoes, with some strains showing significantly higher prevalence in wild birds. These results alter previous views on the hoopoe-bacteria symbiosis and open a new window to further explore this system, delving into the possible sources of symbiotic bacteria (e.g. nest environments, digestive tract, winter quarters) or the possible functions of different bacterial groups in different contexts of parasitism or predation of their hoopoe host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Magdalena Ruiz-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), Almería, Spain
| | - Juan J Soler
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional y Evolutiva, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), Almería, Spain
| | - Eva Valdivia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Cass BN, Himler AG, Bondy EC, Bergen JE, Fung SK, Kelly SE, Hunter MS. Conditional fitness benefits of the Rickettsia bacterial symbiont in an insect pest. Oecologia 2015; 180:169-79. [PMID: 26376661 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inherited bacterial symbionts are common in arthropods and can have strong effects on the biology of their hosts. These effects are often mediated by host ecology. The Rickettsia symbiont can provide strong fitness benefits to its insect host, Bemisia tabaci, under laboratory and field conditions. However, the frequency of the symbiont is heterogeneous among field collection sites across the USA, suggesting that the benefits of the symbiont are contingent on additional factors. In two whitefly genetic lines collected from the same location, we tested the effect of Rickettsia on whitefly survival after heat shock, on whitefly competitiveness at different temperatures, and on whitefly competitiveness at different starting frequencies of Rickettsia. Rickettsia did not provide protection against heat shock nor affect the competitiveness of whiteflies at different temperatures or starting frequencies. However, there was a strong interaction between Rickettsia infection and whitefly genetic line. Performance measures indicated that Rickettsia was associated with significant female bias in both whitefly genetic lines, but in the second whitefly genetic line it conferred no significant fitness benefits nor conferred any competitive advantage to its host over uninfected whiteflies in population cages. These results help to explain other reports of variation in the phenotype of the symbiosis. Furthermore, they demonstrate the complex nature of these close symbiotic associations and the need to consider these interactions in the context of host population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil N Cass
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Entomology and Insect Science, University of Arizona, 410 Forbes, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Anna G Himler
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 410 Forbes, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, The College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd., Box 44, Caldwell, ID, 83605, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Bondy
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 410 Forbes, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jacquelyn E Bergen
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 410 Forbes, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sierra K Fung
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 410 Forbes, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Suzanne E Kelly
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 410 Forbes, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Martha S Hunter
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 410 Forbes, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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Brown AMV, Howe DK, Wasala SK, Peetz AB, Zasada IA, Denver DR. Comparative Genomics of a Plant-Parasitic Nematode Endosymbiont Suggest a Role in Nutritional Symbiosis. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:2727-46. [PMID: 26362082 PMCID: PMC4607532 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial mutualists can modulate the biochemical capacity of animals. Highly coevolved nutritional mutualists do this by synthesizing nutrients missing from the host’s diet. Genomics tools have advanced the study of these partnerships. Here we examined the endosymbiont Xiphinematobacter (phylum Verrucomicrobia) from the dagger nematode Xiphinema americanum, a migratory ectoparasite of numerous crops that also vectors nepovirus. Previously, this endosymbiont was identified in the gut, ovaries, and eggs, but its role was unknown. We explored the potential role of this symbiont using fluorescence in situ hybridization, genome sequencing, and comparative functional genomics. We report the first genome of an intracellular Verrucomicrobium and the first exclusively intracellular non-Wolbachia nematode symbiont. Results revealed that Xiphinematobacter had a small 0.916-Mb genome with only 817 predicted proteins, resembling genomes of other mutualist endosymbionts. Compared with free-living relatives, conserved proteins were shorter on average, and there was large-scale loss of regulatory pathways. Despite massive gene loss, more genes were retained for biosynthesis of amino acids predicted to be essential to the host. Gene ontology enrichment tests showed enrichment for biosynthesis of arginine, histidine, and aromatic amino acids, as well as thiamine and coenzyme A, diverging from the profiles of relatives Akkermansia muciniphilia (in the human colon), Methylacidiphilum infernorum, and the mutualist Wolbachia from filarial nematodes. Together, these features and the location in the gut suggest that Xiphinematobacter functions as a nutritional mutualist, supplementing essential nutrients that are depleted in the nematode diet. This pattern points to evolutionary convergence with endosymbionts found in sap-feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana K Howe
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University
| | | | - Amy B Peetz
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Inga A Zasada
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Dee R Denver
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University
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Klassen JL. Microbial secondary metabolites and their impacts on insect symbioses. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 4:15-22. [PMID: 28043403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
All insects host communities of microbes that interact both with the insect and each other. Secondary metabolites are understood to mediate many of these interactions, although examples having robust genetic, chemical and/or ecological evidence are relatively rare. Here, I review secondary metabolites mediating community interactions in the beewolf, entomopathogenic nematode and fungus-growing ant symbioses, using the logic of Koch's postulates to emphasize well-validated symbiotic functions mediated by these metabolites. I especially highlight how these interaction networks are structured by both ecological and evolutionary processes, and how selection acting on secondary metabolite production can be multidimensional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Klassen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA.
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Kemen E. Microbe-microbe interactions determine oomycete and fungal host colonization. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:75-81. [PMID: 24845577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial organisms sharing habitats aim for maximum fitness that they can only reach by collaboration. Developing stable networks within communities are crucial and can be achieved by exchanging common goods and genes that benefit the community. Only recently was it shown that horizontal gene transfer is not only common between prokaryotes but also into eukaryotic organisms such as fungi and oomycetes benefiting communal stability. Eukaryotic plant symbionts and pathogens coevolve with the plant microbiome and can acquire the ability to communicate or even collaborate, facilitating communal host colonization. Understanding communal infection will lead to a mechanistic understanding in how new hosts can be colonized under natural conditions and how we can counteract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany.
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Afkhami ME, Rudgers JA, Stachowicz JJ. Multiple mutualist effects: conflict and synergy in multispecies mutualisms. Ecology 2014; 95:833-44. [PMID: 24933804 DOI: 10.1890/13-1010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most organisms interact with multiple mutualistic species that confer different functional benefits, yet current conceptual frameworks do not fully address this complexity. A network approach considers multiple mutualistic interactions within a functional type and has been largely nonmechanistic, with little attention to the fitness consequences of specific interactions. Alternatively, consumer-resource approaches have explicitly characterized the mechanisms and fitness consequences of resource exchange, but have not been extended to functionally divergent partners. First, we merge these approaches using graphical models to define the multiple mutualist effects (MMEs) that occur when a focal species has multiple partner mutualists. This approach mirrors food web research that has been advanced by studies of multiple predator effects as well as by detailed investigations of modules nested within larger networks. Second, we define the pathways through which a focal mutualist and two or more partner species could interact, reviewing examples of MMEs that span a range from positive to negative fitness effects. Third, given the potential for nonadditivity demonstrated by the existing literature, we pose new hypotheses for species-interaction outcomes by examining factors such as the extent of overlap in rewards exchanged among partners and their resulting network topologies. Our synthesis illustrates how the consideration of MMEs can improve the ability to predict the outcomes of losses or gains of mutualisms from ecosystems.
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Ogier JC, Pagès S, Bisch G, Chiapello H, Médigue C, Rouy Z, Teyssier C, Vincent S, Tailliez P, Givaudan A, Gaudriault S. Attenuated virulence and genomic reductive evolution in the entomopathogenic bacterial symbiont species, Xenorhabdus poinarii. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:1495-513. [PMID: 24904010 PMCID: PMC4079199 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus are symbionts of soil entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema. This symbiotic association constitutes an insecticidal complex active against a wide range of insect pests. Unlike other Xenorhabdus species, Xenorhabdus poinarii is avirulent when injected into insects in the absence of its nematode host. We sequenced the genome of the X. poinarii strain G6 and the closely related but virulent X. doucetiae strain FRM16. G6 had a smaller genome (500–700 kb smaller) than virulent Xenorhabdus strains and lacked genes encoding potential virulence factors (hemolysins, type 5 secretion systems, enzymes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, and toxin–antitoxin systems). The genomes of all the X. poinarii strains analyzed here had a similar small size. We did not observe the accumulation of pseudogenes, insertion sequences or decrease in coding density usually seen as a sign of genomic erosion driven by genetic drift in host-adapted bacteria. Instead, genome reduction of X. poinarii seems to have been mediated by the excision of genomic blocks from the flexible genome, as reported for the genomes of attenuated free pathogenic bacteria and some facultative mutualistic bacteria growing exclusively within hosts. This evolutionary pathway probably reflects the adaptation of X. poinarii to specific host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Ogier
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Sylvie Pagès
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Gaëlle Bisch
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Hélène Chiapello
- INRA Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Unité MIA-T, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Médigue
- CEA, Genoscope & CNRS, UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Zoé Rouy
- CEA, Genoscope & CNRS, UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Corinne Teyssier
- Université Montpellier 1, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques/UMR95 Qualisud, CIRAD-Persyst, France
| | - Stéphanie Vincent
- CEA, Genoscope & CNRS, UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Patrick Tailliez
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Alain Givaudan
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Sophie Gaudriault
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Clay
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; Bloomington IN USA
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48
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Gopal M, Gupta A, Thomas GV. Bespoke microbiome therapy to manage plant diseases. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:355. [PMID: 24348466 PMCID: PMC3847548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Information gathered with advanced nucleotide sequencing technologies, small molecule detection systems and computational biology is revealing that a community of microbes and their genes, now termed "the microbiome," located in gut and rhizosphere, is responsible for maintaining the health of human beings and plants, respectively. Within the complete microbiome a "core-microbiome" exists that plays the pivotal role in well being of humans and plants. Recent studies in medicine have shown that an artificial mixture of bacteria representing the core gut microbiome of healthy person when transferred into gut of diseased person results in re-establishment of normal microflora in the latter leading to alleviation from diseased condition. In agriculture, though not exactly in similar manner as in medicine, success in plant disease management has been achieved through transfer of microbiome by mixing disease suppressive soils with disease conducive soils. A study more similar to artificial gut microbiome transfer in medical field has been recently reported in agriculture, in which transfer of microbiome via soil solutions (filtered and unfiltered) has shown ability to alleviate drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the exact practice of transferring artificially cultivated core-microbiome as in medicine has not thus far been attempted in plant disease management. Nonetheless, as the gut and rhizosphere microbiome are known to share many common traits, there exists a good scope for accomplishing similar studies in agriculture. Based upon the information drawn from all recent works in microbiome studies of gut and rhizosphere, we propose that tailor-made core-microbiome transfer therapy can be a success in agriculture too and it could become a viable strategy for management of plant diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Gopal
- Microbiology Section, Central Plantation Crops Research InstituteKudlu, Kasaragod, India
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