1
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Mogi M, Ida T. Coulson–Fischer Wave Function on Self-consistent Field and Perturbation Correction. CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Mogi
- Chemistry Course, Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomonori Ida
- Chemistry Course, Division of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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2
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Hiberty PC. On The Nature of the Chemical Bond in Valence Bond Theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:090901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0095953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective outlines a panoramic description of the nature of the chemical bond according to valence bond theory. It describes single bonds, and charge-shift bonds (CSBs) in which the entire/most of the bond energy arises from the resonance between the covalent and ionic structures of the bond. Many CSBs are homonuclear bonds. Hypervalent molecules are CSBs. Then we describe multiply bonded molecules with emphasis on C2 and 3O2. The perspective outlines an effective methodology of peeling the electronic structure to the necessary minimum: a structure with a quadruple bond, and two minor structures with double bonds, which stabilize the quadruple bond by resonance. 3O2 is chosen because it is a persistent diradical. The persistence of 3O2 is due to the large CSB resonance interaction of the π-3-electron bonds. Subsequently, we describe the roles of π vs. σ in the geometric preferences in unsaturated molecules, and their Si-based analogs. Then, the perspective discusses bonding in clusters of univalent metal-atoms, which possess only parallel spins, and are nevertheless bonded due to multiple resonance interactions. The bond energy reaches ~40 kcal/mol for a pair of atoms (in n+1Cun; n~10-12). The final subsection discusses singlet excited states in ethene, ozone and SO2. It demonstrates the capability of the breathing-orbital VB method to yield an accurate description of a variety of excited states using 10 or less VB structures. Furthermore, the method underscores covalent structures which play a key role in the correct description and bonding of these excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry, Israel
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3
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Moisset JD, Fecteau CÉ, Johnson PA. Density matrices of seniority-zero geminal wavefunctions. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:214110. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scalar products and density matrix elements of closed-shell pair geminal wavefunctions are evaluated directly in terms of the pair amplitudes, resulting in an analog of Wick’s theorem for fermions or bosons. This expression is, in general, intractable, but it is shown how it becomes feasible in three distinct ways for Richardson–Gaudin (RG) states, the antisymmetrized geminal power, and the antisymmetrized product of strongly orthogonal geminals. Dissociation curves for hydrogen chains are computed with off-shell RG states and the antisymmetrized product of interacting geminals. Both are near exact, suggesting that the incorrect results observed with ground state RG states (a local maximum rather than smooth dissociation) may be fixable using a different RG state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul A. Johnson
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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4
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Joyce JP, Portillo RI, Rappé AK, Shores MP. Doublet Ground State in a Vanadium(II) Complex: Redox and Coordinative Noninnocence of Tripodal Ligand Architecture. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6376-6391. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin P. Joyce
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Romeo I. Portillo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Anthony K. Rappé
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Matthew P. Shores
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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5
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Carpenter BK, Ellison GB, Nimlos MR, Scheer AM. A Conical Intersection Influences the Ground State Rearrangement of Fulvene to Benzene. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1429-1447. [PMID: 35191307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rearrangement of fulvene to benzene is believed to play an important role in the formation of soot during hydrocarbon combustion. Previous work has identified two possible mechanisms for the rearrangement─a unimolecular path and a hydrogen-atom-assisted, bimolecular path. Computational results to date have suggested that the unimolecular mechanism faces a barrier of about 74 kcal/mol, which makes it unable to compete with the bimolecular mechanism under typical combustion conditions. This computed barrier is about 10 kcal/mol higher than the experimental value, which is an unusually large discrepancy for modern electronic structure theory. In the present work, we have reinvestigated the unimolecular mechanism computationally, and we have found a second transition state that is approximately 10 kcal/mol lower in energy than the previously identified one and, therefore, in excellent agreement with the experimental value. The existence of two transition states for the same rearrangement arises because there is a conical intersection between the two lowest singlet states which occurs in the vicinity of the reaction coordinates. The two possible paths around the cone on the lower adiabatic surface give rise to the two distinct saddle points. The lower barrier for the unimolecular mechanism now makes it competitive with the bimolecular one, according to our calculations. In support of this conclusion, we have reanalyzed some previous experimental results on anisole pyrolysis, which leads to benzene as a significant product and have shown that the unimolecular and bimolecular mechanisms for fulvene → benzene must be occurring competitively in that system. Finally, we have identified that similar conical intersections arise during the isomerizations of benzofulvene and isobenzofulvene to naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry K Carpenter
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park PL, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - G Barney Ellison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Mark R Nimlos
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Adam M Scheer
- Recurve Inc., 4014 South Lemay Avenue, Unit 22, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
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6
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Hiberty PC. Valence Bond Theory-Its Birth, Struggles with Molecular Orbital Theory, Its Present State and Future Prospects. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061624. [PMID: 33804038 PMCID: PMC8001733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This essay describes the successive births of valence bond (VB) theory during 1916–1931. The alternative molecular orbital (MO) theory was born in the late 1920s. The presence of two seemingly different descriptions of molecules by the two theories led to struggles between the main proponents, Linus Pauling and Robert Mulliken, and their supporters. Until the 1950s, VB theory was dominant, and then it was eclipsed by MO theory. The struggles will be discussed, as well as the new dawn of VB theory, and its future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (P.C.H.)
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Philippe C. Hiberty
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (P.C.H.)
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7
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Liu F, Filatov M, Martínez TJ. Analytical derivatives of the individual state energies in ensemble density functional theory. II. Implementation on graphical processing units (GPUs). J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0041389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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8
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Dunning TH, Xu LT, Cooper DL, Karadakov PB. Spin-Coupled Generalized Valence Bond Theory: New Perspect ives on the Electronic Structure of Molecules and Chemical Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2021-2050. [PMID: 33677960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spin-Coupled Generalized Valence Bond (SCGVB) theory provides the foundation for a comprehensive theory of the electronic structure of molecules. SCGVB theory offers a compelling orbital description of the electronic structure of molecules as well as an efficient and effective zero-order wave function for calculations striving for quantitative predictions of molecular structures, energetics, and other properties. The orbitals in the SCGVB wave function are usually semilocalized, and for most molecules, they can be interpreted using concepts familiar to all chemists (hybrid orbitals, localized bond pairs, lone pairs, etc.). SCGVB theory also provides new perspectives on the nature of the bonds in molecules such as C2, Be2 and SF4/SF6. SCGVB theory contributes unparalleled insights into the underlying cause of the first-row anomaly in inorganic chemistry as well as the electronic structure of organic molecules and the electronic mechanisms of organic reactions. The SCGVB wave function accounts for nondynamical correlation effects and, thus, corrects the most serious deficiency in molecular orbital (RHF) wave functions. Dynamical correlation effects, which are critical for quantitative predictions, can be taken into account using the SCGVB wave function as the zero-order wave function for multireference configuration interaction or coupled cluster calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Lu T Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - David L Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
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9
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Chen Z, Wu W. Ab initio valence bond theory: A brief history, recent developments, and near future. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:090902. [PMID: 32891101 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This Perspective presents a survey of several issues in ab initio valence bond (VB) theory with a primary focus on recent advances made by the Xiamen VB group, including a brief review of the earlier history of the ab initio VB methods, in-depth discussion of algorithms for nonorthogonal orbital optimization in the VB self-consistent field method and VB methods incorporating dynamic electron correlation, along with a concise overview of VB methods for complex systems and VB models for chemical bonding and reactivity, and an outlook of opportunities and challenges for the near future of the VB theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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10
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Alhameedi K, Chandler GS, Jayatilaka D. Roby-Gould bond indices as a tool for understanding chemical bonding from a mathematical and quantum mechanical perspective. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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11
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Zimmerman PM, Rask AE. Evaluation of full valence correlation energies and gradients. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:244117. [PMID: 31255060 DOI: 10.1063/1.5100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete-active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) wave functions are central to understanding strongly correlated molecules as they capture the entirety of electronic interactions within a subset of the orbital space. The most interesting case for CASSCF is the full valence limit, where all bonding and an equal number of virtual orbitals are included in the active space, and no approximation is made in selecting the important valence orbitals or electrons. While conventional algorithms require exponential computational time to evaluate full valence CASSCF, this article shows that the method of increments can do the same with polynomial effort, in a new method denoted iCASSCF. The method of increments can also provide density matrices and other necessary ingredients for the construction of the nuclear gradient. These goals are met through a many-body expansion that breaks the problem into smaller pieces that are subsequently reassembled to form close approximations of conventional CAS results. Practical demonstrations on a number of medium-sized molecules, with up to 116 valence electrons correlated in 116 orbitals, show the power of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alan E Rask
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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12
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Faulstich FM, Máté M, Laestadius A, Csirik MA, Veis L, Antalik A, Brabec J, Schneider R, Pittner J, Kvaal S, Legeza Ö. Numerical and Theoretical Aspects of the DMRG-TCC Method Exemplified by the Nitrogen Dimer. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:2206-2220. [PMID: 30802406 PMCID: PMC7002028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
this article, we investigate the numerical and theoretical aspects
of the coupled-cluster method tailored by matrix-product states. We
investigate formal properties of the used method, such as energy size
consistency and the equivalence of linked and unlinked formulation.
The existing mathematical analysis is here elaborated in a quantum
chemical framework. In particular, we highlight the use of what we
have defined as a complete active space-external space gap describing
the basis splitting between the complete active space and the external
part generalizing the concept of a HOMO–LUMO gap. Furthermore,
the behavior of the energy error for an optimal basis splitting, i.e.,
an active space choice minimizing the density matrix renormalization
group-tailored coupled-cluster singles doubles error, is discussed.
We show numerical investigations on the robustness with respect to
the bond dimensions of the single orbital entropy and the mutual information,
which are quantities that are used to choose a complete active space.
Moreover, the dependence of the ground-state energy error on the complete
active space has been analyzed numerically in order to find an optimal
split between the complete active space and external space by minimizing
the density matrix renormalization group-tailored coupled-cluster
error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M Faulstich
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Mihály Máté
- Strongly Correlated Systems "Lendület" Research Group , Wigner Research Center for Physics , H-1525 , P.O. Box 49, Budapest , Hungary.,Department of Physics of Complex Systems , Eötvös Loránd University , Pf. 32 , H-1518 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Andre Laestadius
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Mihály András Csirik
- Strongly Correlated Systems "Lendület" Research Group , Wigner Research Center for Physics , H-1525 , P.O. Box 49, Budapest , Hungary
| | - Libor Veis
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague 8 , Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Antalik
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague 8 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Mathematics and Physics , Charles University , 11636 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brabec
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague 8 , Czech Republic
| | - Reinhold Schneider
- Modeling, Simulation and Optimization in Science, Department of Mathematics , Technische Universität Berlin , Sekretariat MA 5-3, Straße des 17. Juni 136 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jiří Pittner
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry , Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , v.v.i., Dolejškova 3 , 18223 Prague 8 , Czech Republic
| | - Simen Kvaal
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Örs Legeza
- Strongly Correlated Systems "Lendület" Research Group , Wigner Research Center for Physics , H-1525 , P.O. Box 49, Budapest , Hungary
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13
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Xu LT, Thompson JVK, Dunning TH. Spin-Coupled Generalized Valence Bond Description of Group 14 Species: The Carbon, Silicon and Germanium Hydrides, XH n ( n = 1-4). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2401-2419. [PMID: 30855956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although elements in the same group in the Periodic Table tend to behave similarly, the differences in the simplest Group 14 hydrides-XH n (X = C, Si, Ge; n = 1-4)-are as pronounced as their similarities. Spin-coupled generalized valence bond (SCGVB) as well as coupled cluster [CCSD(T)] calculations are reported for all of the molecules in the CH n/SiH n/GeH n series to gain insights into the factors underlying these differences. It is found that the relative weakness of the recoupled pair bonds of SiH and GeH gives rise to the observed differences in the ground state multiplicities, molecular structures, and bond energies of SiH n and GeH n. A number of factors that influence the strength of the recoupled pair bonds in CH, SiH, and GeH were examined. Two factors were identified as potential contributors to the decrease in the strengths of these bonds from CH to SiH and GeH: (i) a decrease in the overlap between the orbitals involved in the bond and (ii) an increase in Pauli repulsion between the electrons in the two lobe orbitals centered on the X atoms. Finally, an analysis of the hybridization of the SCGVB orbitals in XH4 indicates that they are closer to sp hybrids than sp3 hybrids, which implies that the underlying cause of the tetrahedral structure of the XH4 molecules is not a direct result of the hybridization of the X atom orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu T Xu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195
| | - Jasper V K Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195
| | - Thom H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195
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14
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Zhang H, Zhou C, Mo Y, Wu W. Performance of the VBSCF method for pericyclic and π bond shift reactions. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:1123-1129. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chen Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
- Department of Chemistry; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo Michigan 49008 USA
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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15
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Small DW, Head-Gordon M. Independent amplitude approximations in coupled cluster valence bond theory: Incorporation of 3-electron-pair correlation and application to spin frustration in the low-lying excited states of a ferredoxin-type tetrametallic iron-sulfur cluster. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:144103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5046318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Small
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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16
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Ghosh S, Verma P, Cramer CJ, Gagliardi L, Truhlar DG. Combining Wave Function Methods with Density Functional Theory for Excited States. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7249-7292. [PMID: 30044618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We review state-of-the-art electronic structure methods based both on wave function theory (WFT) and density functional theory (DFT). Strengths and limitations of both the wave function and density functional based approaches are discussed, and modern attempts to combine these two methods are presented. The challenges in modeling excited-state chemistry using both single-reference and multireference methods are described. Topics covered include background, combining density functional theory with single-configuration wave function theory, generalized Kohn-Sham (KS) theory, global hybrids, range-separated hybrids, local hybrids, using KS orbitals in many-body theory (including calculations of the self-energy and the GW approximation), Bethe-Salpeter equation, algorithms to accelerate GW calculations, combining DFT with multiconfigurational WFT, orbital-dependent correlation functionals based on multiconfigurational WFT, building multiconfigurational wave functions from KS configurations, adding correlation functionals to multiconfiguration self-consistent-field (MCSCF) energies, combining DFT with configuration-interaction singles by means of time-dependent DFT, using range separation to combine DFT with MCSCF, embedding multiconfigurational WFT in DFT, and multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Pragya Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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17
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Yu K, Carter EA. Extending density functional embedding theory for covalently bonded systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10861-E10870. [PMID: 29203675 PMCID: PMC5754786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712611114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum embedding theory aims to provide an efficient solution to obtain accurate electronic energies for systems too large for full-scale, high-level quantum calculations. It adopts a hierarchical approach that divides the total system into a small embedded region and a larger environment, using different levels of theory to describe each part. Previously, we developed a density-based quantum embedding theory called density functional embedding theory (DFET), which achieved considerable success in metals and semiconductors. In this work, we extend DFET into a density-matrix-based nonlocal form, enabling DFET to study the stronger quantum couplings between covalently bonded subsystems. We name this theory density-matrix functional embedding theory (DMFET), and we demonstrate its performance in several test examples that resemble various real applications in both chemistry and biochemistry. DMFET gives excellent results in all cases tested thus far, including predicting isomerization energies, proton transfer energies, and highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps for local chromophores. Here, we show that DMFET systematically improves the quality of the results compared with the widely used state-of-the-art methods, such as the simple capped cluster model or the widely used ONIOM method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-5263
| | - Emily A Carter
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-5263
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18
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Karach I, Botvinik A, Truhlar DG, Wu W, Shurki A. Assessing the performance of ab initio classical valence bond methods for hydrogen transfer reactions. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Small DW, Head-Gordon M. Coupled cluster valence bond theory for open-shell systems with application to very long range strong correlation in a polycarbene dimer. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:024107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4991797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Small
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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20
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Lehtola S, Parkhill J, Head-Gordon M. Orbital optimisation in the perfect pairing hierarchy: applications to full-valence calculations on linear polyacenes. Mol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2017.1342009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susi Lehtola
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - John Parkhill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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21
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Zimmerman PM. Strong correlation in incremental full configuration interaction. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:224104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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22
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Zimmerman PM. Singlet–Triplet Gaps through Incremental Full Configuration Interaction. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4712-4720. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 North University
Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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23
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Lee J, Small DW, Epifanovsky E, Head-Gordon M. Coupled-Cluster Valence-Bond Singles and Doubles for Strongly Correlated Systems: Block-Tensor Based Implementation and Application to Oligoacenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:602-615. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David W. Small
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Evgeny Epifanovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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Fantuzzi F, de Sousa DWO, Nascimento MAC. The Nature of the Chemical Bond from a Quantum Mechanical Interference Perspective. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
| | - David Wilian Oliveira de Sousa
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
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25
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Lehtola S, Parkhill J, Head-Gordon M. Cost-effective description of strong correlation: Efficient implementations of the perfect quadruples and perfect hextuples models. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:134110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susi Lehtola
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - John Parkhill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Porterfield JP, Baraban JH, Troy TP, Ahmed M, McCarthy MC, Morgan KM, Daily JW, Nguyen TL, Stanton JF, Ellison GB. Pyrolysis of the Simplest Carbohydrate, Glycolaldehyde (CHO−CH2OH), and Glyoxal in a Heated Microreactor. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2161-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tyler P. Troy
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael C. McCarthy
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Morgan
- Department
of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125-1098, United States
| | | | - Thanh Lam Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - John F. Stanton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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28
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Vancoillie S, Malmqvist PÅ, Veryazov V. Potential Energy Surface of the Chromium Dimer Re-re-revisited with Multiconfigurational Perturbation Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:1647-55. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vancoillie
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O.
Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Åke Malmqvist
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O.
Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Valera Veryazov
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O.
Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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29
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Implications of the complete basis set limit in valence bond theory: a case study of molecular hydrogen. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Braida B, Hiberty PC. The Quadruple Bonding in C2 Reproduces the Properties of the Molecule. Chemistry 2016; 22:4116-28. [PMID: 26880488 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ever since Lewis depicted the triple bond for acetylene, triple bonding has been considered as the highest limit of multiple bonding for main elements. Here we show that C2 is bonded by a quadruple bond that can be distinctly characterized by valence-bond (VB) calculations. We demonstrate that the quadruply-bonded structure determines the key observables of the molecule, and accounts by itself for about 90% of the molecule's bond dissociation energy, and for its bond lengths and its force constant. The quadruply-bonded structure is made of two strong π bonds, one strong σ bond and a weaker fourth σ-type bond, the bond strength of which is estimated as 17-21 kcal mol(-1). Alternative VB structures with double bonds; either two π bonds or one π bond and one σ bond lie at 129.5 and 106.1 kcal mol(-1), respectively, above the quadruply-bonded structure, and they collapse to the latter structure given freedom to improve their double bonding by dative σ bonding. The usefulness of the quadruply-bonded model is underscored by "predicting" the properties of the (3)Σ+u state. C2's very high reactivity is rooted in its fourth weak bond. Thus, carbon and first-row main elements are open to quadruple bonding!
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry and, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benoit Braida
- UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, C. 137, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe C Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR CNRS 8000, Bat. 349, Université de Paris Sud, 91405, Orsay Cédex, France.
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Fantuzzi F, Nascimento MAC. Description of Polar Chemical Bonds from the Quantum Mechanical Interference Perspective. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 10:2322-32. [PMID: 26580752 DOI: 10.1021/ct500334f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Generalized Product Function Energy Partitioning (GPF-EP) method has been applied to a set of molecules, AH (A = Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F), CO and LiF with quite different dipole moments, in order to investigate the role played by the quantum interference effect in the formation of polar chemical bonds. The calculations were carried out with GPF wave functions treating all the core electrons as a single Hartree-Fock group and the bonding electrons at the Generalized Valence Bond Perfect-Pairing (GVB-PP) level, with the cc-pVTZ basis set. The results of the energy partitioning into interference and quasi-classical contributions along the respective Potential Energy Surfaces (PES) show that the main contribution to the depth of the potential wells comes from the interference term, which is an indication that all the molecules mentioned above form typical covalent bonds. In all cases, the stabilization promoted by the interference term comes from the kinetic contribution, in agreement with previous results. The analysis of the effect of quantum interference on the electron density reveals that while polarization effects (quasi-classical) tend to displace electronic density from the most polarizable atom toward the less polarizable one, interference (quantum effects) counteracts by displacing electronic density to the bond region, giving rise to the right electronic density and dipole moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
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33
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Ruscic B. Active Thermochemical Tables: Sequential Bond Dissociation Enthalpies of Methane, Ethane, and Methanol and the Related Thermochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:7810-37. [PMID: 25760799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) thermochemistry for the sequential bond dissociations of methane, ethane, and methanol systems were obtained by analyzing and solving a very large thermochemical network (TN). Values for all possible C-H, C-C, C-O, and O-H bond dissociation enthalpies at 298.15 K (BDE298) and bond dissociation energies at 0 K (D0) are presented. The corresponding ATcT standard gas-phase enthalpies of formation of the resulting CHn, n = 4-0 species (methane, methyl, methylene, methylidyne, and carbon atom), C2Hn, n = 6-0 species (ethane, ethyl, ethylene, ethylidene, vinyl, ethylidyne, acetylene, vinylidene, ethynyl, and ethynylene), and COHn, n = 4-0 species (methanol, hydroxymethyl, methoxy, formaldehyde, hydroxymethylene, formyl, isoformyl, and carbon monoxide) are also presented. The ATcT thermochemistry of carbon dioxide, water, hydroxyl, and carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms is also included, together with the sequential BDEs of CO2 and H2O. The provenances of the ATcT enthalpies of formation, which are quite distributed and involve a large number of relevant determinations, are analyzed by variance decomposition and discussed in terms of principal contributions. The underlying reasons for periodic appearances of remarkably low and/or unusually high BDEs, alternating along the dissociation sequences, are analyzed and quantitatively rationalized. The present ATcT results are the most accurate thermochemical values currently available for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Ruscic
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States.,Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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34
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Su TA, Li H, Steigerwald ML, Venkataraman L, Nuckolls C. Stereoelectronic switching in single-molecule junctions. Nat Chem 2015; 7:215-20. [PMID: 25698330 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new intersection between reaction chemistry and electronic circuitry is emerging from the ultraminiaturization of electronic devices. Over decades chemists have developed a nuanced understanding of stereoelectronics to establish how the electronic properties of molecules relate to their conformation; the recent advent of single-molecule break-junction techniques provides the means to alter this conformation with a level of control previously unimagined. Here we unite these ideas by demonstrating the first single-molecule switch that operates through a stereoelectronic effect. We demonstrate this behaviour in permethyloligosilanes with methylthiomethyl electrode linkers. The strong σ conjugation in the oligosilane backbone couples the stereoelectronic properties of the sulfur-methylene σ bonds that terminate the molecule. Theoretical calculations support the existence of three distinct dihedral conformations that differ drastically in their electronic character. We can shift between these three species by simply lengthening or compressing the molecular junction, and, in doing so, we can switch conductance digitally between two states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Su
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA
| | - Haixing Li
- Department of Applied Physics, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA
| | | | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA
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35
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Copan AV, Wiens AE, Nowara EM, Schaefer HF, Agarwal J. Peroxyacetyl radical: Electronic excitation energies, fundamental vibrational frequencies, and symmetry breaking in the first excited state. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:054303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4906490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas V. Copan
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Avery E. Wiens
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ewa M. Nowara
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jay Agarwal
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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36
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37
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Dunning TH, Xu LT, Takeshita TY. Fundamental aspects of recoupled pair bonds. I. Recoupled pair bonds in carbon and sulfur monofluoride. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:034113. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4905271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Lu T. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Tyler Y. Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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38
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Henderson TM, Bulik IW, Stein T, Scuseria GE. Seniority-based coupled cluster theory. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:244104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4904384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
| | - Ireneusz W. Bulik
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
| | - Tamar Stein
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
| | - Gustavo E. Scuseria
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
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39
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Rahm M, Christe KO. Quantifying the Nature of Lone Pair Domains. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3714-25. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Dunning TH, Woon DE, Leiding J, Chen L. The first row anomaly and recoupled pair bonding in the halides of the late p-block elements. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:359-68. [PMID: 23151313 PMCID: PMC3589100 DOI: 10.1021/ar300154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The dramatic differences between the properties of molecules formed from the late p-block elements of the first row of the periodic table (N–F) and those of the corresponding elements in subsequent rows is well recognized as the first row anomaly. Certain properties of the atoms, such as the relative energies and spatial extents of the ns and np orbitals, can explain some of these differences, but not others. In this Account, we summarize the results of our recent computational studies of the halides of the late p-block elements. Our studies point to a single underlying cause for many of these differences: the ability of the late p-block elements in the second and subsequent rows of the periodic table to form recoupled pair bonds and recoupled pair bond dyads with very electronegative ligands. Recoupled pair bonds form when an electron in a singly occupied ligand orbital recouples the pair of electrons in a doubly occupied lone pair orbital on the central atom, leading to a central atom-ligand bond. Recoupled pair bond dyads occur when a second ligand forms a bond with the orbital left over from the initial recoupled pair bond. Recoupled pair bonds and recoupled pair bond dyads enable the late p-block elements to form remarkably stable hypervalent compounds such as PF5 and SF6 and lead to unexpected excited states in smaller halides of the late p-block elements such as SF and SF2. Recoupled pair bonding also causes the Fn–1X–F bond energies to oscillate dramatically once the normal valences of the central atoms have been satisfied. In addition, recoupled pair bonding provides a lower-energy pathway for inversion in heavily fluorinated compounds (PF3 and PF2H, but not PH2F and PH3) and leads to unusual intermediates and products in reactions involving halogens and late p-block element compounds, such as (CH3)2S + F2. Although this Account focuses on the halides of the second row, late p-block elements, recoupled pair bonds and recoupled pair bond dyads are important in the chemistry of p-block elements beyond the second row (As, Se, and Br) and for compounds of these elements with other very electronegative ligands, such as OH and O. Knowledge of recoupled pair bonding is thus critical to understanding the properties and reactivity of molecules containing the late p-block elements beyond the first row.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David E. Woon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeff Leiding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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42
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Johnson PA, Ayers PW, Limacher PA, Baerdemacker SD, Neck DV, Bultinck P. A size-consistent approach to strongly correlated systems using a generalized antisymmetrized product of nonorthogonal geminals. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Su P, Wu W. Ab initio
nonorthogonal valence bond methods. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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44
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Singh R, Vince R. 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one: Chemical Profile of a Versatile Synthetic Building Block and its Impact on the Development of Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4642-86. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2004822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street Southeast,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street Southeast,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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45
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Quadruple bonding in C2 and analogous eight-valence electron species. Nat Chem 2012; 4:195-200. [PMID: 22354433 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triple bonding is conventionally considered to be the limit for multiply bonded main group elements, despite higher metal-metal bond orders being frequently observed for transition metals and lanthanides/actinides. Here, using high-level theoretical methods, we show that C(2) and its isoelectronic molecules CN(+), BN and CB(-) (each having eight valence electrons) are bound by a quadruple bond. The bonding comprises not only one σ- and two π-bonds, but also one weak 'inverted' bond, which can be characterized by the interaction of electrons in two outwardly pointing sp hybrid orbitals. A simple way of assessing the energy of the fourth bond is proposed and is found to be ~12-17 kcal mol(-1) for the isoelectronic species studied, and thus stronger than a hydrogen bond. In contrast, the analogues of C(2) that contain higher-row elements, such as Si(2) and Ge(2), exhibit only double bonding.
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46
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Henriques AM, Barbosa AGH. Chemical bonding and the equilibrium composition of Grignard reagents in ethereal solutions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12259-70. [PMID: 21995269 DOI: 10.1021/jp202762p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A thorough analysis of the electronic structure and thermodynamic aspects of Grignard reagents and its associated equilibrium composition in ethereal solutions is performed. Considering methylmagnesium halides containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine, we studied the neutral, charged, and radical species associated with their chemical equilibrium in solution. The ethereal solvents considered, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and ethyl ether (Et(2)O), were modeled using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) and also by explicit coordination to the Mg atoms in a cluster. The chemical bonding of the species that constitute the Grignard reagent is analyzed in detail with generalized valence bond (GVB) wave functions. Equilibrium constants were calculated with the DFT/M06 functional and GVB wave functions, yielding similar results. According to our calculations and existing kinetic and electrochemical evidence, the species R(•), R(-), (•)MgX, and RMgX(2)(-) must be present in low concentration in the equilibrium. We conclude that depending on the halogen, a different route must be followed to produce the relevant equilibrium species in each case. Chloride and bromide must preferably follow a "radical-based" pathway, and fluoride must follow a "carbanionic-based" pathway. These different mechanisms are contrasted against the available experimental results and are proven to be consistent with the existing thermodynamic data on the Grignard reagent equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Henriques
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
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47
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Wu W, Su P, Shaik S, Hiberty PC. Classical Valence Bond Approach by Modern Methods. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7557-93. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100228r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Peifeng Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Philippe C. Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Groupe de Chimie Théorique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cédex, France
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48
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Bytautas L, Henderson TM, Jiménez-Hoyos CA, Ellis JK, Scuseria GE. Seniority and orbital symmetry as tools for establishing a full configuration interaction hierarchy. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:044119. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3613706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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