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De Guia RM, Zatecka V, Rozman J, Prochazka J, Sedlacek R. Full Assessment of Lung Mechanics Using Computer-Controlled, Forced Oscillation Technique. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e488. [PMID: 35834677 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is a powerful and accurate method to quantify the mechanical properties of the airways and tissues of the respiratory system. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the measurement of mouse respiratory mechanical parameters. We present a procedure for mouse endotracheal intubation using a handcrafted intubation platform and confirmation module. The FlexiVentFX™ system (Scireq Inc.) is utilized for the thorough assessment of lung function with the FlexiWare™ software serving as a unit for the planning, experimentation, and analysis. The protocol has been standardized and adapted for use by our center for lung-function phenotyping of mouse models generated for the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). The simplified steps, technical considerations, and integrated hardware-software demonstration make this protocol adaptable and implementable for researchers interested in using FOT for lung-function evaluation. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Support Protocol 1: Assembly of the FlexiVentFX™ system for measurements Support Protocol 2: FlexiWare database management Support Protocol 3: A guide for the construction of intubation platform and confirmation module Basic Protocol 1: Mouse endotracheal intubation Basic Protocol 2: Assessment of mouse basal lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roldan Medina De Guia
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Zatecka
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rozman
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, Czech Republic
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Singh K, Pruski MA, Polireddy K, Jones NC, Chen Q, Yao J, Dar WA, McAllister F, Ju C, Eltzschig HK, Younes M, Moran C, Karmouty-Quintana H, Ying H, Bailey JM. Mst1/2 kinases restrain transformation in a novel transgenic model of Ras driven non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2020; 39:1152-1164. [PMID: 31570790 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer remains a highly lethal malignancy. Using the tamoxifen inducible Hnf1b:CreERT2 (H) transgenic mouse crossed to the LsL-KrasG12D (K) transgenic mouse, we recently discovered that an Hnf1b positive cell type in the lung is sensitive to adenoma formation when expressing a mutant KrasG12D allele. In these mice, we observe adenoma formation over a time frame of three to six months. To study specificity of the inducible Hnf1b:CreERT2 in the lung, we employed lineage tracing using an mTmG (G) reporter allele. This technique revealed recombined, GFP+ cells were predominantly SPC+. We further employed this technique in HKG mice to determine Hnf1b+ cells give rise to adenomas that express SPC and TTF1. Review of murine lung tissue confirmed a diagnosis of adenoma and early adenocarcinoma, a pathologic subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. Our expanded mouse model revealed loss of Mst1/2 promotes aggressive lung adenocarcinoma and large-scale proteomic analysis revealed upregulation of PKM2 in the lungs of mice with genetic deletion of Mst1/2. PKM2 is a known metabolic regulator in proliferating cells and cancer. Using a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, we show pharmacologic inhibition of Mst1/2 increases the abundance of PKM2, indicating genetic loss or pharmacologic inhibition of Mst1/2 directly modulates the abundance of PKM2. In conclusion, here we report a novel model of non-small cell lung cancer driven by a mutation in Kras and deletion of Mst1/2 kinases. Tumor development is restricted to a subset of alveolar type II cells expressing Hnf1b. Our data show loss of Mst1/2 regulates levels of a potent metabolic regulator, PKM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Melissa A Pruski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kishore Polireddy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Neal C Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qingzheng Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MDAnderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wasim A Dar
- Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MDAnderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mamoun Younes
- Department of Pathology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cesar Moran
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MDAnderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MDAnderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bailey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Kanellakis NI, Giannou AD, Pepe MAA, Agalioti T, Zazara DE, Giopanou I, Psallidas I, Spella M, Marazioti A, Arendt KAM, Lamort AS, Champeris Tsaniras S, Taraviras S, Papadaki H, Lilis I, Stathopoulos GT. Tobacco chemical-induced mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell lines pin the prolactin orthologue proliferin as a lung tumour promoter. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:1352-1362. [PMID: 30828726 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Nevertheless, syngeneic mouse models of the disease are sparse, and cell lines suitable for transplantable and immunocompetent mouse models of LADC remain unmet needs. We established multiple mouse LADC cell lines by repeatedly exposing two mouse strains (FVB, Balb/c) to the tobacco carcinogens urethane or diethylnitrosamine and by culturing out the resulting lung tumours for prolonged periods of time. Characterization of the resulting cell lines (n = 7) showed that they were immortal and phenotypically stable in vitro, and oncogenic, metastatic and lethal in vivo. The primary tumours that gave rise to the cell lines, as well as secondary tumours generated by transplantation of the cell lines, displayed typical LADC features, such as glandular architecture and mucin and thyroid transcription factor 1 expression. Moreover, these cells exhibited marked molecular similarity with human smokers' LADC, including carcinogen-specific Kras point mutations (KrasQ61R in urethane- and KrasQ61H in diethylnitrosamine-triggered cell lines) and Trp53 deletions and displayed stemness features. Interestingly, all cell lines overexpressed proliferin, a murine prolactin orthologue, which functioned as a lung tumour promoter. Furthermore, prolactin was overexpressed and portended poor prognosis in human LADC. In conclusion, we report the first LADC cell lines derived from mice exposed to tobacco carcinogens. These cells closely resemble human LADC and provide a valuable tool for the functional investigation of the pathobiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Kanellakis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Mario A A Pepe
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Theodora Agalioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Dimitra E Zazara
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giopanou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioannis Psallidas
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Magda Spella
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Antonia Marazioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Kristina A M Arendt
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Anne Sophie Lamort
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Stavros Taraviras
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Greece
| | - Helen Papadaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioannis Lilis
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Achaia, Greece
- Lung Carcinogenesis Group, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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Koinis F, Kotsakis A, Georgoulias V. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): no treatment advances in recent years. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:39-50. [PMID: 26958492 PMCID: PMC4758968 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2016.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with a distinct natural history and dismal prognosis. Given its predisposition for early dissemination, patients are commonly diagnosed with metastatic disease and chemotherapy is regarded as the cornerstone of approved treatment strategies. However, over the last 30 years there has been a distinct paucity of significant breakthroughs in SCLC therapy. Thus, SCLC is characterized as a recalcitrant neoplasm with limited therapeutic options. By employing well-established research approaches, proven to be efficacious in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a growing amount of data has shed light on the molecular biology of SCLC and enhanced our knowledge of the "drivers" of tumor cell survival and proliferation. New therapeutic targets have emerged, but no significant improvement in patients' survival has been demonstrated thus far. In a sense, the more we know, the more we fail. Nowadays this is starting to change and methodical research efforts are underway. It is anticipated that the next decade will see a revolution in the treatment of SCLC patients with the application of effective precision medicine and immunotherapy strategies.
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Pietanza MC, Byers LA, Minna JD, Rudin CM. Small cell lung cancer: will recent progress lead to improved outcomes? Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2244-55. [PMID: 25979931 PMCID: PMC4497796 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy with a unique natural history characterized by a short doubling time, high growth fraction, and early development of widespread metastases. Although a chemotherapy- and radiation-sensitive disease, SCLC typically recurs rapidly after primary treatment, with only 6% of patients surviving 5 years from diagnosis. This disease has been notable for the absence of major improvements in its treatment: Nearly four decades after the introduction of a platinum-etoposide doublet, therapeutic options have remained virtually unchanged, with correspondingly little improvement in survival rates. Here, we summarize specific barriers and challenges inherent to SCLC research and care that have limited progress in novel therapeutic development to date. We discuss recent progress in basic and translational research, especially in the development of mouse models, which will provide insights into the patterns of metastasis and resistance in SCLC. Opportunities in clinical research aimed at exploiting SCLC biology are reviewed, with an emphasis on ongoing trials. SCLC has been described as a recalcitrant cancer, for which there is an urgent need for accelerated progress. The NCI convened a panel of laboratory and clinical investigators interested in SCLC with a goal of defining consensus recommendations to accelerate progress in the treatment of SCLC, which we summarize here.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Catherine Pietanza
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
| | - Lauren Averett Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Development of ferret as a human lung cancer model by injecting 4-(Nmethyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Lung Cancer 2014; 82:390-6. [PMID: 24396883 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of new animal lung cancer models that are relevant to human lung carcino-genesis is important for lung cancer research. Previously we have shown the induction of lung tumor in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) exposed to both tobacco smoke and a tobacco carcinogen (4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, NNK). In the present study, we investigated whether NNK treatment alone induces both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the lungs of ferrets. METHODS We exposed ferrets to NNK by i.p. injection of NNK (50 mg/kg BW) once a month for four consecutive months and then followed up for 24, 26 and 32 weeks. The incidences of pulmonary pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions were assessed by histopathological examination. The expressions of 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ( 7 nAChR, which has been shown to promote lung carcinogenesis)and its related molecular biomarkers in lungs were examined by immunohistochemistry and/or Western blotting analysis. RESULTS Ferrets exposed to NNK alone developed both preneoplastic lesions (squamous metaplasia, dysplasia and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia) and tumors (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma), which are commonly seen in humans. The incidence of tumor induced by NNK was time-dependent in the ferrets (16.7%, 40.0% and 66.7% for 24, 26 and 32 weeks, respectively). 7 nAChR is highly expressed in the ferret bronchial/bronchiolar epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages in ferrets exposed to NNK, and in both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the ferrets. In addition, we observed the tendency for an increase in phospho-ERK and cyclin D1 protein levels (p = 0.081 and 0.080, respectively) in the lungs of ferrets exposed to NNK. CONCLUSION The development of both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in ferret lungs by injecting NNK alone provides a simple and highly relevant non-rodent model for studying biomarkers/molecular targets for the prevention, detection and treatment of lung carcinogenesis in humans.
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Paolini F, Massa S, Manni I, Franconi R, Venuti A. Immunotherapy in new pre-clinical models of HPV-associated oral cancers. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:534-43. [PMID: 23296123 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical, anal, penile and a sub-set of head and neck (HN) tumors are critical health problems caused by high risk Human Papilloma Viruses (HPVs), like HPV type 16. No specific/effective pharmacological treatments exist. A valid preventive vaccination as well as the immunotherapy of persistent infections, pre-cancerous lesions or early-stage cancers could drive the HPV disease burden down. These treatments might be featured through low-cost platforms like those based on DNA and plant biotechnologies to produce tailored and enhanced formulations taking profit from the use of plants as bio-factories and as a source of immune-stimulators. Finally, and regardless of the formulation type, pre-clinical tests and models are crucial to foresee efficacy of immunotherapy before clinical trials. In this study, we created an orthotopic mouse model for HPV-related oral tumors, a subset of HN tumors for which no models have been generated before. The model was obtained by inducing the stable expression of the HPV16 E7 protein into the mouse oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) AT-84 (AT-84 E7). The AT-84 E7 cells were injected into the mouth pavement of C3H mice via an extra-oral route to obtain orthotopic tumors. The model turned out to mimic the natural history of the human HPV oral cancer. From AT-84 E7, through engineering to express luciferase, the bioluminescent AT-84 E7-Luc cells were obtained for a fast and easy monitoring by imaging. The AT-84 E7 and the AT-84 E7-Luc tumors were used to test the efficacy of E7-based therapeutic vaccines that we had previously generated and that had been already proven to be active in mice against non-orthotopic E7-expressing tumors (TC-1 cells). In particular, we used genetic and plant-derived formulations based on attenuated HPV16 E7 variants either fused to plant virus genes with immunological activity or produced by tobacco plants. Mice were monitored by imaging allowing to test the size reduction of the mouth implanted experimental tumors in function of the different regimens used. The proposed tumor model is easy to handle and to reproduce and it is efficacious in monitoring immunotherapy. Furthermore, it is expected to be more predictive of clinical outcome of therapeutic vaccines than non-orthotopic models that are currently used. Finally, imaging offers unique opportunities to predict formulation efficacy through measuring tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paolini
- Laboratory of Virology; Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
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Lin C, Song H, Huang C, Yao E, Gacayan R, Xu SM, Chuang PT. Alveolar type II cells possess the capability of initiating lung tumor development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53817. [PMID: 23285300 PMCID: PMC3527621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying cells of tumor origin is a fundamental question in tumor biology. Answers to this central question will not only advance our understanding of tumor initiation and progression but also have important therapeutic implications. In this study, we aimed to uncover the cells of origin of lung adenocarcinoma, a major subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. To this end, we developed new mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma that enabled selective manipulation of gene activity in surfactant associated protein C (SPC)-expressing cells, including alveolar type II cells and bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) that reside at the bronchioalveolar duct junction (BADJ). Our findings showed that activation of oncogenic Kras alone or in combination with the removal of the tumor suppressor p53 in SPC⁺ cells resulted in development of alveolar tumors. Similarly, sustained EGF signaling in SPC⁺ cells led to alveolar tumors. By contrast, BASCs failed to proliferate or produce tumors under these conditions. Importantly, in a mouse strain in which Kras/p53 activity was selectively altered in type II cells but not BASCs, alveolar tumors developed while BADJs retained normal architecture. These results confirm and extend previous findings and support a model in which lung adenocarcinoma can initiate in alveolar type II cells. Our results establish the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which lung cancer initiates and progresses in a specific lung cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hai Song
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rhodora Gacayan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shan-Mei Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Tao Q, Fujimoto J, Men T, Ye X, Deng J, Lacroix L, Clifford JL, Mao L, Van Pelt CS, Lee JJ, Lotan D, Lotan R. Identification of the retinoic acid-inducible Gprc5a as a new lung tumor suppressor gene. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1668-82. [PMID: 18000218 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djm208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancers develop via multiple genetic and epigenetic changes, including inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. We previously cloned human G protein-coupled receptor family C type 5A (GPRC5A), whose expression is suppressed in some human lung carcinoma cells, and its mouse homolog Gprc5a. METHODS We generated Gprc5a knockout mice by homologous recombination and studied their phenotype by macroscopic observation and microscopic histologic analysis of embryos and lungs of 1- to 2-year-old mice. GPRC5A mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in surgical specimens of 18 human lung tumors and adjacent normal tissues and by analyzing previously published data from 186 lung tumor tissues of a variety of histologic types and 17 normal lung samples. Human embryonic kidney, human non-small-cell lung cancer, and mouse lung adenocarcinoma cells were transfected with a GPRC5A expression vector or a control vector, and colony formation in semisolid medium was assayed. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Homozygous knockout mice developed many more lung tumors at 1-2 years of age (incidence: 76% adenomas and 17% adenocarcinomas) than heterozygous (11% adenomas) or wild-type (10% adenomas) mice. Human GPRC5A mRNA levels were lower in most (11 of 18 [61%]) human lung tumors than in adjacent normal tissues. The mean GPRC5A mRNA level in adenocarcinoma (n = 139), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 21), small-cell lung cancer (n = 6), and carcinoid (n = 20) tissues was 46.2% (P = .014), 7.5% (P<.001), 5.3% (P<.001), and 1.8% (P<.001), respectively, that in normal lung tissues (n = 17) GPRC5A transfection suppressed colony formation in semisolid medium of immortalized human embryonic kidney, human non-small-cell lung cancer, and mouse lung adenocarcinoma cells by 91%, 91%, and 68%, respectively, compared with vector controls (all P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Gprc5a functions as a tumor suppressor in mouse lung, and human GPRC5A may share this property. The Gprc5a-deficient mouse is a novel model to study lung carcinogenesis and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Tao
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Giangreco A, Groot KR, Janes SM. Lung cancer and lung stem cells: strange bedfellows? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 175:547-53. [PMID: 17158280 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200607-984pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a significant disease with survival rates remaining poor despite numerous therapeutic advances during the last 30 years. Understanding lung cancer pathogenesis through murine modeling may improve future human therapies, and new data indicate that mutations within different endogenous stem cells situated throughout airways can drive cancer formation. Airway stem cells maintain prototumorigenic characteristics, including high proliferative capacity, multipotent differentiation, and a long lifespan relative to other cells. These cells localize to proximal airway submucosal glands/intercartilagenous rings, neuroepithelial bodies, and terminal bronchioles/bronchoalveolar duct junctions. Recent studies suggest that endogenous stem cell signaling and differentiation pathways are maintained within distinct cancer types, and that destabilization of this signaling machinery may initiate region-specific lung cancers. A better understanding of this relationship among stem cell regulation, cellular mutation, and lung cancer oncogenesis is critical for developing the next wave of lung cancer therapies.
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Mognetti B, Di Carlo F, Berta GN. Animal models in oral cancer research. Oral Oncol 2006; 42:448-60. [PMID: 16266822 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologically and clinically relevant animal models are essential in investigation of the progression of diseases and the elaboration of diagnostic or therapeutic protocols. The several rodent models used for in vivo evaluation for oral cancer employ chemical, transplantation and genetic (knockout and transgenic) induction methods. These models are described together with their advantages and disadvantages. Their optimization and application in future research may improve the early detection and treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mognetti
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biological and Clinical Science, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi, Orbassano (TO), Italy
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Di Giacomo G, Koss M, Capellini TD, Brendolan A, Pöpperl H, Selleri L. Spatio-temporal expression of Pbx3 during mouse organogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2006; 6:747-57. [PMID: 16434237 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pbx3 is a member of the Pbx family of TALE (three amino acid loop extension) class homeodomain transcription factors. These transcription factors are implicated in developmental and transcriptional gene regulation in numerous cell types through their abilities to form hetero-oligomeric DNA-binding complexes. Pbx3 was found to be expressed at high levels in the developing central nervous system (CNS), including a region of the medulla oblongata which is implicated in the control of respiration. Furthermore, as reported, Pbx3-deficient mice develop to term but die within a few hours of birth from central respiratory failure. In this study, we have characterized Pbx3 expression patterns during organogenesis in numerous tissues and organ systems other than the CNS, as a first step toward understanding the potentially overlapping functions of Pbx3 with other Pbx family members during vertebrate development. We have performed in situ hybridization on whole mount and sectioned mouse embryos from gestational day (E) 9 to E16.5. During early organogenesis, until E12.5, Pbx3 expression is found mostly in the embryonic head, forelimbs, and septum transversum, unlike Pbx1 and Pbx2 expression which is more widespread. Conversely, later in organogenesis, Pbx3 expression becomes more widely detectable throughout the developing embryo. Epithelial and mesenchymal tissues, as well as the CNS, represent major sites of Pbx3 expression. The enteric nervous system also expresses high levels of Pbx3, distinctively in the cells of the ganglia of Auerbach's myenteric nerve plexus, that also express Dlx2 and Notch1. Cartilage is also a site of Pbx3 expression. Interestingly, like Pbx1, Pbx3 is highly expressed in proliferating chondrocytes but is lost as chondrocytes become hypertrophic during endochondral ossification. Finally, Pbx3 is expressed only in the forelimb buds during early limb development, while the hindlimb bud is devoid of Pbx3. This finding leads us to add Pbx3 to the sparse list of early forelimb-specific molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Di Giacomo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cornell University Weill Medical School, New York, NY 10021, USA
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current article reviews recent advances in genetic susceptibility and chemoprevention of lung cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Linkage analysis has identified a locus on chromosome 6q23-25 that determines susceptibility to lung cancer in families with multiple members with cancer of the lung, throat, and larynx. Obligate gene carriers are sensitive to even small tobacco smoke exposure in terms of increased lung cancer risk. Variation in other genes, particularly those regulating the activation or inactivation of carcinogens, has been implicated in determining lung cancer risk. Epidemiologic and preclinical studies suggest that chemoprevention of lung cancer is an achievable goal. Early trials with beta-carotene supplementation, however, have revealed a harmful effect. Promising new agents must be evaluated in both preclinical models and in intermediate end point biomarker trials before being taken to large primary prevention trials, and lung cancer chemoprevention should only be attempted within controlled clinical trials. SUMMARY We are poised to learn a great deal about the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer, which will not only allow definition of groups with extremely high risk, but may also yield new insights into processes that determine innate susceptibility or resistance to lung carcinogenesis. Chemoprevention of lung cancer is not yet ready for clinical application. As a result of the large number of lung cancer deaths and the large number of at-risk individuals, even modestly effective chemoprevention could save many lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Keith
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine Division, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Colorado 80220, USA
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16
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Leung RK, Whittaker PA. RNA interference: from gene silencing to gene-specific therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:222-39. [PMID: 15908010 PMCID: PMC7112686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past 4 years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become widely used as an experimental tool to analyse the function of mammalian genes, both in vitro and in vivo. By harnessing an evolutionary conserved endogenous biological pathway, first identified in plants and lower organisms, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) reagents are used to bind to and promote the degradation of target RNAs, resulting in knockdown of the expression of specific genes. RNAi can be induced in mammalian cells by the introduction of synthetic double-stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) 21–23 base pairs (bp) in length or by plasmid and viral vector systems that express double-stranded short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) that are subsequently processed to siRNAs by the cellular machinery. RNAi has been widely used in mammalian cells to define the functional roles of individual genes, particularly in disease. In addition, siRNA and shRNA libraries have been developed to allow the systematic analysis of genes required for disease processes such as cancer using high throughput RNAi screens. RNAi has been used for the knockdown of gene expression in experimental animals, with the development of shRNA systems that allow tissue-specific and inducible knockdown of genes promising to provide a quicker and cheaper way to generate transgenic animals than conventional approaches. Finally, because of the ability of RNAi to silence disease-associated genes in tissue culture and animal models, the development of RNAi-based reagents for clinical applications is gathering pace, as technological enhancements that improve siRNA stability and delivery in vivo, while minimising off-target and nonspecific effects, are developed.
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Hollander MC, Philburn RT, Patterson AD, Velasco-Miguel S, Friedberg EC, Linnoila RI, Fornace AJ. Deletion of XPC leads to lung tumors in mice and is associated with early events in human lung carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13200-5. [PMID: 16141330 PMCID: PMC1201581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503133102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 3p and 1p deletions are among the most frequent genetic changes in human lung cancer and although candidate tumor suppressor genes have been identified in these regions, no causative correlations have been drawn between deletion or mutation of these and lung carcinogenesis. We identify XPC and Gadd45a as genes within each of these regions involved in lung tumor initiation and progression, respectively. One hundred percent of XPC-/- mice develop multiple spontaneous lung tumors with a minority progressing to non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma, occasionally with metastasis to adjacent lymph nodes. Deletion of Gadd45a alone does not lead to increased lung tumors in mice, but coupled with an XPC deletion, it results in lung tumor progression. Analysis of published data indicated allelic loss of XPC in most human lung tumors and allelic loss of Gadd45a in some human lung and other cancer types. Because DNA repair capacity is compromised in XPC+/- cells, it is possible that the loss of a single XPC allele in the human lung might confer a mutator phenotype. Coupled with cigarette carcinogens, decreased DNA repair would lead to additional mutations in genes such as p53 that are frequent targets in lung cancer.
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18
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Abstract
Sophisticated genetic technologies have led to the development of mouse models of human cancers that recapitulate important features of human oncogenesis. Many of these genetically engineered mouse models promise to be very relevant and relatively rapid systems for determining the efficacy of chemopreventive agents and their mechanisms of action. The validation of such models for chemoprevention will help the selection of appropriate agents for large-scale clinical trials and allow the testing of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Green
- Transgenic Oncogenesis Group, Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Besthesda, MD 20892, USA.
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