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Salama FM, Abd El-Ghani MM, Gaafar AE, Hasanin DM, Abd El-Wahab DA. Adaptive eco-physiological mechanisms of Alhagi graecorum in response to severe aridity in the Western Desert of Egypt. PLANT BIOSYSTEMS - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL DEALING WITH ALL ASPECTS OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 156:528-537. [DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2021.1887957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Salama
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - M. M. Abd El-Ghani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A. E. Gaafar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El Kharga, Egypt
| | - D. M. Hasanin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El Kharga, Egypt
| | - D. A. Abd El-Wahab
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El Kharga, Egypt
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Ishihara H, Moraes TA, Arrivault S, Stitt M. Assessing Protein Synthesis and Degradation Rates in Arabidopsis thaliana Using Amino Acid Analysis. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e114. [PMID: 34000100 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plants continually synthesize and degrade proteins, for example, to adjust protein content during development or during adaptation to new environments. In order to estimate global protein synthesis and degradation rates in plants, we developed a relatively simple and inexpensive method using a combination of 13 CO2 labeling and mass spectrometry-based analyses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants are subjected to a 24-hr 13 CO2 pulse followed by a 4-day 12 CO2 chase. Soluble alanine and serine from total protein and glucose from cell wall material are analyzed by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and their 13 C enrichment (%) is estimated. The rate of protein synthesis during the 13 CO2 pulse experiment is defined as the rate of incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins normalized by a correction factor for incomplete enrichment in free amino acid pools. The rate of protein degradation is estimated as the difference between the rate of protein synthesis and the relative growth rate calculated using the 13 C enrichment of glucose from cell wall material. Degradation rates are also estimated from the 12 CO2 pulse experiment. The following method description includes setting up and performing labeling experiments, preparation and measurement of samples, and calculation steps. In addition, an R script is provided for the calculations. 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Setting up the 13 CO2 labeling system and stable isotope labeling of Arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaves Basic Protocol 2: Extraction of soluble amino acids for GC-TOF-MS analysis Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of amino acids from total protein for GC-TOF-MS analysis Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of sugars from cell wall material for GC-TOF-MS analysis Basis Protocol 5: GC-TOF-MS analysis of 13 C-labeled samples and estimation of 13 C enrichment (%) Basis Protocol 6: Estimation of protein synthesis and degradation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ishihara
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thiago A Moraes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Martinez-Seidel F, Suwanchaikasem P, Nie S, Leeming MG, Pereira Firmino AA, Williamson NA, Kopka J, Roessner U, Boughton BA. Membrane-Enriched Proteomics Link Ribosome Accumulation and Proteome Reprogramming With Cold Acclimation in Barley Root Meristems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:656683. [PMID: 33995454 PMCID: PMC8121087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.656683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their sessile nature, plants rely on root systems to mediate many biotic and abiotic cues. To overcome these challenges, the root proteome is shaped to specific responses. Proteome-wide reprogramming events are magnified in meristems due to their active protein production. Using meristems as a test system, here, we study the major rewiring that plants undergo during cold acclimation. We performed tandem mass tag-based bottom-up quantitative proteomics of two consecutive segments of barley seminal root apexes subjected to suboptimal temperatures. After comparing changes in total and ribosomal protein (RP) fraction-enriched contents with shifts in individual protein abundances, we report ribosome accumulation accompanied by an intricate translational reprogramming in the distal apex zone. Reprogramming ranges from increases in ribosome biogenesis to protein folding factors and suggests roles for cold-specific RP paralogs. Ribosome biogenesis is the largest cellular investment; thus, the vast accumulation of ribosomes and specific translation-related proteins during cold acclimation could imply a divergent ribosomal population that would lead to a proteome shift across the root. Consequently, beyond the translational reprogramming, we report a proteome rewiring. First, triggered protein accumulation includes spliceosome activity in the root tip and a ubiquitous upregulation of glutathione production and S-glutathionylation (S-GSH) assemblage machineries in both root zones. Second, triggered protein depletion includes intrinsically enriched proteins in the tip-adjacent zone, which comprise the plant immune system. In summary, ribosome and translation-related protein accumulation happens concomitantly to a proteome reprogramming in barley root meristems during cold acclimation. The cold-accumulated proteome is functionally implicated in feedbacking transcript to protein translation at both ends and could guide cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinez-Seidel
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Willmitzer Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael G. Leeming
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Willmitzer Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Berin A. Boughton
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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4
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Cloutier M, Xiang D, Gao P, Kochian LV, Zou J, Datla R, Wang E. Integrative Modeling of Gene Expression and Metabolic Networks of Arabidopsis Embryos for Identification of Seed Oil Causal Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:642938. [PMID: 33889166 PMCID: PMC8056077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.642938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids in crop seeds are a major source for both vegetable oils and industrial applications. Genetic improvement of fatty acid composition and oil content is critical to meet the current and future demands of plant-based renewable seed oils. Addressing this challenge can be approached by network modeling to capture key contributors of seed metabolism and to identify underpinning genetic targets for engineering the traits associated with seed oil composition and content. Here, we present a dynamic model, using an Ordinary Differential Equations model and integrated time-course gene expression data, to describe metabolic networks during Arabidopsis thaliana seed development. Through in silico perturbation of genes, targets were predicted in seed oil traits. Validation and supporting evidence were obtained for several of these predictions using published reports in the scientific literature. Furthermore, we investigated two predicted targets using omics datasets for both gene expression and metabolites from the seed embryo, and demonstrated the applicability of this network-based model. This work highlights that integration of dynamic gene expression atlases generates informative models which can be explored to dissect metabolic pathways and lead to the identification of causal genes associated with seed oil traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cloutier
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Raju Datla
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Edwin Wang
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Health Genomics and Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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5
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Yang F, Schäufele R, Liu HT, Ostler U, Schnyder H, Gong XY. Gross and net nitrogen export from leaves of a vegetative C 4 grass. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153093. [PMID: 31841951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) mobilization from mature leaves plays a key role in supplying amino acids to vegetative and reproductive sinks. However, it is unknown if the mobilized N is predominantly sourced by net N-export (a senescence-related process) or other source of N-export from leaves. We used a new approach to partition gross and net N-export from leaf blades at different developmental stages in Cleistogenes squarrosa (a perennial C4 grass). Net N-export was determined as net loss of leaf N with age, while gross N-export was quantified from isotopic mass balances obtained following 24 h-long 15N-labeling with nitrate on 10-12 developmentally distinct (mature and senescing) leaves of individual major tillers. Net N-export was apparent only in older leaves (leaf no. > 7, with leaves numbered basipetally from the tip of the tiller and leaf no. 2 the youngest fully-expanded leaf), while gross N-export was largely independent of leaf age category and was ∼8.4 times greater than the net N-export of a tiller. At whole-tiller level, N import compensated 88 ± 14 (SE) % of gross N-export of all mature blades leading to a net N-export of 0.51 ± 0.07 (SE) μg h-1 tiller-1. N-import was equivalent to 0.09 ± 0.01 (SE) d-1 of total leaf N, similar to reported rates of leaf protein turnover. Gross N-export from all mature blades of a tiller was ∼1.9-times the total demand of the immature tissues of the same (vegetative) tiller. Significant N-export is evident in all mature blades, and is not limited to senescence conditions, implying a much shorter mean residence time of leaf N than that calculated from net N-export. Gross N-export contributes not only to the N demand of the immature tissues of the same tiller but also to N supply of other sinks, such as newly formed tillers. N dynamics at tiller level is integrated with that of the remainder of the shoot, thus highlights the importance of integration of leaf-, tiller-, and plant-scale N dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hai Tao Liu
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ostler
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354, Freising, Germany.
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Fort A, Mannion C, Fariñas-Franco JM, Sulpice R. Green tides select for fast expanding Ulva strains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134337. [PMID: 31518784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Green tides, the phenomenon whereby large volume of marine environment is taken over by the sea lettuce Ulva spp, are a seasonal occurrence thought to be caused mainly by anthropogenic eutrophication. The aggravation of green tide occurrence since the 1970s could however be due to the amplification of fast-growing strains within these areas. In this study, we compared the growth and metabolite content of 28 green tide Ulva strains against 100 non-green tide strains, under conditions close to those encountered in green tides areas. The aim was to determine whether the presence of specific characteristics intrinsic to green tide strains could in itself be a major factor for their reoccurrence. We confirmed that green tide strains have specific characteristics, with faster tissue expansion, higher protein and pigments, and lower starch content compared to non-green tide ones, thus highlighting a genetic component specific to green tide strains. Dry biomass accumulation, however, was not different between the two types of Ulva strains. Hence, we hypothesise that the selective pressure in green tide areas leads to the amplification of Ulva genotypes best adapted for this environment. Such selection of fast-growing strains would indicate that green tides are likely to become more prevalent and of higher magnitude over the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fort
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Conor Mannion
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Jose M Fariñas-Franco
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- National University of Ireland - Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Ryan Institute, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
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7
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Ishihara H, Moraes TA, Pyl ET, Schulze WX, Obata T, Scheffel A, Fernie AR, Sulpice R, Stitt M. Growth rate correlates negatively with protein turnover in Arabidopsis accessions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:416-429. [PMID: 28419597 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies with Arabidopsis accessions revealed that biomass correlates negatively to dusk starch content and total protein, and positively to the maximum activities of enzymes in photosynthesis. We hypothesized that large accessions have lower ribosome abundance and lower rates of protein synthesis, and that this is compensated by lower rates of protein degradation. This would increase growth efficiency and allow more investment in photosynthetic machinery. We analysed ribosome abundance and polysome loading in 19 accessions, modelled the rates of protein synthesis and compared them with the observed rate of growth. Large accessions contained less ribosomes than small accessions, due mainly to cytosolic ribosome abundance falling at night in large accessions. The modelled rates of protein synthesis resembled those required for growth in large accessions, but were up to 30% in excess in small accessions. We then employed 13 CO2 pulse-chase labelling to measure the rates of protein synthesis and degradation in 13 accessions. Small accessions had a slightly higher rate of protein synthesis and much higher rates of protein degradation than large accessions. Protein turnover was negligible in large accessions but equivalent to up to 30% of synthesised protein day-1 in small accessions. We discuss to what extent the decrease in growth in small accessions can be quantitatively explained by known costs of protein turnover and what factors may lead to the altered diurnal dynamics and increase of ribosome abundance in small accessions, and propose that there is a trade-off between protein turnover and maximisation of growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ishihara
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Thiago Alexandre Moraes
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Eva-Theresa Pyl
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - André Scheffel
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, Botany and Plant Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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8
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Xu L, Zhang W, Ali B, Islam F, Zhu J, Zhou W. Synergism of herbicide toxicity by 5-aminolevulinic acid is related to physiological and ultra-structural disorders in crickweed (Malachium aquaticum L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 125:53-61. [PMID: 26615151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Selection of effective herbicides to control weeds has been one of the major objectives of scientists. This study determines the differential tolerance or susceptibility of crickweed (Malachium aquaticum L.) to various concentration combinations of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (1, 10 and 100mg/L) and propyl 4-(2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate (ZJ0273) (100, 200, and 500mg/L). ALA was applied as pre- and post-treatment alone or in combination with ZJ0273. Results showed that ZJ0273 stress alone imposed negative effects on M. aquaticum seedling's growth, net photosynthetic rates and SPAD values, and the rate of decline was consistently increased with the increase in ZJ0273 concentration. The ZJ0273 treatment showed a gradual decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and increase in the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Changes in chloroplast swelling, increased number of plastoglobuli, disruption of thylakoid, disintegrated mitochondria and turbid nucleoplasm were noticed. Moreover, SDS-PAGE analysis of total proteins revealed that herbicide stress in the leaves was associated with the decrease or disappearance of some protein bands. Further, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) results showed that proteins in different spots were classified into three types for M. aquaticum. These results indicate that the combined treatment of ALA and ZJ0273 synergizes the herbicide toxicity which is different from its independent effects on M. aquaticum and thus, could improve weed control efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Jiading District Agro-Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Basharat Ali
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Faisal Islam
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinwen Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Weijun Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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9
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Nelson CJ, Li L, Millar AH. Quantitative analysis of protein turnover in plants. Proteomics 2014; 14:579-92. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clark J. Nelson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology; University of Western Australia; WA Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks; University of Western Australia; WA Australia
| | - Lei Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology; University of Western Australia; WA Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks; University of Western Australia; WA Australia
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology; University of Western Australia; WA Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks; University of Western Australia; WA Australia
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10
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Lehmeier CA, Wild M, Schnyder H. Nitrogen stress affects the turnover and size of nitrogen pools supplying leaf growth in a grass. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:2095-105. [PMID: 23757403 PMCID: PMC3729785 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.219311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nitrogen (N) stress on the pool system supplying currently assimilated and (re)mobilized N for leaf growth of a grass was explored by dynamic ¹⁵N labeling, assessment of total and labeled N import into leaf growth zones, and compartmental analysis of the label import data. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) plants, grown with low or high levels of N fertilization, were labeled with ¹⁵NO₃⁻/¹⁴NO₃⁻ from 2 h to more than 20 d. In both treatments, the tracer time course in N imported into the growth zones fitted a two-pool model (r² > 0.99). This consisted of a "substrate pool," which received N from current uptake and supplied the growth zone, and a recycling/mobilizing "store," which exchanged with the substrate pool. N deficiency halved the leaf elongation rate, decreased N import into the growth zone, lengthened the delay between tracer uptake and its arrival in the growth zone (2.2 h versus 0.9 h), slowed the turnover of the substrate pool (half-life of 3.2 h versus 0.6 h), and increased its size (12.4 μg versus 5.9 μg). The store contained the equivalent of approximately 10 times (low N) and approximately five times (high N) the total daily N import into the growth zone. Its turnover agreed with that of protein turnover. Remarkably, the relative contribution of mobilization to leaf growth was large and similar (approximately 45%) in both treatments. We conclude that turnover and size of the substrate pool are related to the sink strength of the growth zone, whereas the contribution of the store is influenced by partitioning between sinks.
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11
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Martin SF, Munagapati VS, Salvo-Chirnside E, Kerr LE, Le Bihan T. Proteome turnover in the green alga Ostreococcus tauri by time course 15N metabolic labeling mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:476-86. [PMID: 22077659 DOI: 10.1021/pr2009302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein synthesis and degradation determine the cellular levels of proteins, and their control hence enables organisms to respond to environmental change. Experimentally, these are little known proteome parameters; however, recently, SILAC-based mass spectrometry studies have begun to quantify turnover in the proteomes of cell lines, yeast, and animals. Here, we present a proteome-scale method to quantify turnover and calculate synthesis and degradation rate constants of individual proteins in autotrophic organisms such as algae and plants. The workflow is based on the automated analysis of partial stable isotope incorporation with (15)N. We applied it in a study of the unicellular pico-alga Ostreococcus tauri and observed high relative turnover in chloroplast-encoded ATPases (0.42-0.58% h(-1)), core photosystem II proteins (0.34-0.51% h(-1)), and RbcL (0.47% h(-1)), while nuclear-encoded RbcS2 is more stable (0.23% h(-1)). Mitochondrial targeted ATPases (0.14-0.16% h(-1)), photosystem antennae (0.09-0.14% h(-1)), and histones (0.07-0.1% h(-1)) were comparatively stable. The calculation of degradation and synthesis rate constants k(deg) and k(syn) confirms RbcL as the bulk contributor to overall protein turnover. This study performed over 144 h of incorporation reveals dynamics of protein complex subunits as well as isoforms targeted to different organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Martin
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, CH Waddington Building, The Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JD, United Kingdom
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12
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Yamori W, Nagai T, Makino A. The rate-limiting step for CO(2) assimilation at different temperatures is influenced by the leaf nitrogen content in several C(3) crop species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:764-77. [PMID: 21241332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Effects of nitrogen (N) supply on the limiting step of CO(2) assimilation rate (A) at 380 µmol mol(-1) CO(2) concentration (A(380) ) at several leaf temperatures were studied in several crops, since N nutrition alters N allocation between photosynthetic components. Contents of leaf N, ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and cytochrome f (cyt f) increased with increasing N supply, but the cyt f/Rubisco ratio decreased. Large leaf N content was linked to a high stomatal (g(s) ) and mesophyll conductance (g(m) ), but resulted in a lower intercellular (C(i) ) and chloroplast CO(2) concentration (C(c) ) because the increase in g(s) and g(m) was insufficient to compensate for change in A(380) . The A-C(c) response was used to estimate the maximum rate of RuBP carboxylation (V(cmax) ) and chloroplast electron transport (J(max) ). The J(max) /V(cmax) ratio decreased with reductions in leaf N content, which was consistent with the results of the cyt f/Rubisco ratio. Analysis using the C(3) photosynthesis model indicated that A(380) tended to be limited by RuBP carboxylation in plants grown at low N concentration, whereas it was limited by RuBP regeneration in plants grown at high N concentration. We conclude that the limiting step of A(380) depends on leaf N content and is mainly determined by N partitioning between Rubisco and electron transport components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamori
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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13
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Bienvenut WV, Espagne C, Martinez A, Majeran W, Valot B, Zivy M, Vallon O, Adam Z, Meinnel T, Giglione C. Dynamics of post-translational modifications and protein stability in the stroma of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts. Proteomics 2011; 11:1734-50. [PMID: 21462344 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The proteome of any system is a dynamic entity dependent on the intracellular concentration of the entire set of expressed proteins. In turn, this whole protein concentration will be reliant on the stability/turnover of each protein as dictated by their relative rates of synthesis and degradation. In this study, we have investigated the dynamics of the stromal proteome in the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by characterizing the half-life of the whole set of proteins. 2-DE stromal proteins profiling was set up and coupled with MS analyses. These identifications featuring an average of 26% sequence coverage and eight non-redundant peptides per protein have been obtained for 600 independent samples related to 253 distinct spots. An interactive map of the global stromal proteome, of 274 distinct protein variants is now available on-line at http://www.isv.cnrs-gif.fr/gel2dv2/. N-α-terminal-Acetylation (NTA) was noticed to be the most frequently detectable post-translational modification, and new experimental data related to the chloroplastic transit peptide cleavage site was obtained. Using this data set supplemented with series of pulse-chase experiments, elements directing the relationship between half-life and N-termini were analyzed. Positive correlation between NTA and protein half-life suggests that NTA could contribute to protein stabilization in the stroma.
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14
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Li Q. Advances in protein turnover analysis at the global level and biological insights. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:717-736. [PMID: 19757418 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a dynamic state of body constituents, a precursor of the modern term of proteome dynamics, was conceived over a century ago. But, not until recently can we examine the dynamics of individual "constituents" for example, proteins at a truly global level. The path of advancement in our understanding of protein turnover at the global level is marked by the introduction of some key technological innovations. These methods include the isotopic tracer technique in the 1930s, the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique in the 1970s, the sector mass spectrometer that could analyze isotopomers of peptides in the early 1990s, the 2D gel/MALDI-TOF proteomics technology in the late 1990s, the booming liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry proteomics technology in this decade, and the recently emerging protein-tagging approaches that offer single-cell resolution for protein turnover measurements. The long-standing inquiry raised in the 1950s about the existence of a dynamic state in different organisms at different physiological conditions can now be answered with an individual "constituent" resolution on a truly global scale. Now it appears that protein degradation is not necessarily an end to the protein function. Rather, it can be the start of a new function because protein degradation clears the way for the action of other proteins. Protein turnover participates in a multi-layer complex regulatory network and shares equal importance with gene transcription and protein translation. The advances in technologies for protein turnover analysis and the improved understanding of the biological role of protein turnover will likely help to solve some long-standing biomedical problems such as the tuberculosis disease that at the present day still affects one-third of the world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
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15
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Abstract
A simple, improved model of Rubisco synthesis and degradation in cereal leaves is developed using data obtained over the leaf lifespan to return maximum likelihood values for Rubisco proteolysis and biosynthesis. It assumes that the time course of leaf Rubisco content can be described using a log-normal curve, and degradation of the Rubisco pool occurs exponentially. Curve parameters give an insight into how Rubisco dynamics differ among treatments or genotypes; also, statistical analyses can be performed more easily, requiring fewer data and allowing more flexibility in sampling than previous studies. Predicted patterns of synthesis correlate well with independent rbc gene transcript data. Rubisco degradation is a first-order decay process, and biosynthesis correlates with leaf elongation rates. As Rubisco degradation takes place according to first-order kinetics, control of leaf Rubisco concentration must be exerted by adjustment of biosynthetic, rather than proteolytic, rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis John Irving
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
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16
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van Oijen M, Dreccer M, Firsching KH, Schnieders B. Simple equations for dynamic models of the effects of CO2 and O3 on light-use efficiency and growth of crops. Ecol Modell 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Takatsuka C, Inoue Y, Matsuoka K, Moriyasu Y. 3-methyladenine inhibits autophagy in tobacco culture cells under sucrose starvation conditions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:265-74. [PMID: 15047874 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) culture cells perform autophagy and degrade cellular proteins in response to sucrose starvation. When protein degradation is blocked by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64c, lysosomes containing particles of cytoplasm (autolysosomes) accumulate in the cells. Therefore, using light microscopy, we can determine whether cells have performed autophagy. In this study, we investigated whether or not 3-methyladenine (3-MA), which is a known inhibitor of autophagy in mammalian cells, blocks autophagy in tobacco culture cells. The accumulation of autolysosomes was blocked by the addition to the culture media of 5 mM 3-MA together with E-64c. We did not detect autolysosomes or structures thought to be involved with autophagy, such as autophagosomes, accumulating in these cells, as observed by electron microscopy. 3-MA blocked cellular protein degradation without any effect on cellular protease activity. In mammalian cells, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns 3-kinase) is a putative target of 3-MA. The PtdIns 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 also inhibited the accumulation of autolysosomes in tobacco culture cells. These results suggest that (1) 3-MA inhibits autophagy by blocking the formation of autophagosomes in tobacco culture cells, and (2) PtdIns 3-kinase is essential for autophagy in tobacco cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Takatsuka
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
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18
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Abstract
Much of plant physiology, growth, and development is controlled by the selective removal of short-lived regulatory proteins. One important proteolytic pathway involves the small protein ubiquitin (Ub) and the 26S proteasome, a 2-MDa protease complex. In this pathway, Ub is attached to proteins destined for degradation; the resulting Ub-protein conjugates are then recognized and catabolized by the 26S proteasome. This review describes our current understanding of the pathway in plants at the biochemical, genomic, and genetic levels, using Arabidopsis thaliana as the model. Collectively, these analyses show that the Ub/26S proteasome pathway is one of the most elaborate regulatory mechanisms in plants. The genome of Arabidopsis encodes more than 1400 (or >5% of the proteome) pathway components that can be connected to almost all aspects of its biology. Most pathway components participate in the Ub-ligation reactions that choose with exquisite specificity which proteins should be ubiquitinated. What remains to be determined is the identity of the targets, which may number in the thousands in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Smalle
- Department of Genetics, 445 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1574, USA
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19
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20
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Ho SL, Tong WF, Yu SM. Multiple mode regulation of a cysteine proteinase gene expression in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:57-66. [PMID: 10631249 PMCID: PMC58844 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/1999] [Accepted: 09/23/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In many plants, cysteine proteinases play essential roles in a variety of developmental and physiological processes. In rice (Oryza sativa), REP-1 is a primary cysteine proteinase responsible for the digestion of seed storage proteins to provide nutrients to support the growth of young seedlings. In the present study, the gene encoding REP-1 was isolated, characterized, and designated as OsEP3A. An OsEP3A-specific DNA probe was used to study the effect of various factors on the expression of OsEP3A in germinating seeds and vegetative tissues of rice. The expression of OsEP3A is hormonally regulated in germinating seeds, spatially and temporally regulated in vegetative tissues, and nitrogen-regulated in suspension-cultured cells. The OsEP3A promoter was linked to the coding sequence of the reporter gene, gusA, which encodes beta-glucuronidase (GUS), and the chimeric gene was introduced into the rice genome. The OsEP3A promoter is sufficient to confer nitrogen regulation of GUS expression in suspension-cultured cells. Histochemical studies also indicate that the OsEP3A promoter is sufficient to confer the hormonal regulation of GUS expression in germinating seeds. These studies demonstrate that in rice the REP-1 protease encoded by OsEP3A may play a role in various physiological responses and processes, and that multiple mechanisms regulate the expression of OsEP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Ho
- Department of Biology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11650, Taiwan, Republic of China
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21
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Adam Z. Protein stability and degradation in chloroplasts. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 32:773-783. [PMID: 8980530 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Adam
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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22
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Abstract
Proteolysis is essential for many aspects of plant physiology and development. It is responsible for cellular housekeeping and the stress response by removing abnormal/misfolded proteins, for supplying amino acids needed to make new proteins, for assisting in the maturation of zymogens and peptide hormones by limited cleavages, for controlling metabolism, homeosis, and development by reducing the abundance of key enzymes and regulatory proteins, and for the programmed cell death of specific plant organs or cells. It also has potential biotechnological ramifications in attempts to improve crop plants by modifying protein levels. Accumulating evidence indicates that protein degradation in plants is a complex process involving a multitude of proteolytic pathways with each cellular compartment likely to have one or more. Many of these have homologous pathways in bacteria and animals. Examples include the chloroplast ClpAP protease, vacuolar cathepsins, the KEX2-like proteases of the secretory system, and the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The ubiquitin-dependent pathway requires that proteins targeted for degradation become conjugated with chains of multiple ubiquitins; these chains then serve as recognition signals for selective degradation by the 26S proteasome, a 1.5 MDa multisubunit protease complex. The ubiquitin pathway is particularly important for developmental regulation by selectively removing various cell-cycle effectors, transcription factors, and cell receptors such as phytochrome A. From insights into this and other proteolytic pathways, the use of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and/or the addition of amino acid tags to selectively mark proteins for degradation have become recurring themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Vierstra
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
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23
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Abstract
Although information has rapidly developed concerning the intracellular localization of plant proteins, relatively few reports concern the intracellular location of endo- and exo-proteolytic activities. Relatively few proteases have been purified, characterized, and associated with a specific cellular location. With the exception of the processing proteases involved in transport of proteins across membranes, little progress has yet been made concerning determination of in vivo products of specific proteases. Information on the turnover of individual proteins and the assessment of rate-limiting steps in pathways as proteins are turned over is steadily appearing. Since chloroplasts are the major site of both protein synthesis and, during senescence, degradation, it was important to show unambiguously that chloroplasts can degrade their own constituents. Another important contribution was to obtain evidence that the chloroplasts contain proteases capable of degrading their constituents. This work has been more tenuous because of the low activities found and the possibility of contamination by vacuolar enzymes during the isolation of organelles. The possible targeting of cytoplasmic proteins for degradation by facilitating their transport into vacuoles is a field which hopefully will develop more rapidly in the future. Information on targeting of proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin (Ub) degradation pathway is developing rapidly. Future research must determine how much unity exists across the different eukaryotic systems. At present, it has important implications for protein turnover in plants, since apparently Ub is involved in the degradation of phytochrome. Little information has been developed regarding what triggers increased proteolysis with the onset of senescence, although it appears to involve protein synthesis. Thus far, the evidence indicates that the complement of proteases prior to senescence is sufficient to carry out the observed protein degradation. This field of study has great practical implications, e.g. maintaining photosynthesis during seed-fill in order to obtain greater crop yields. The current use of stay green' variants in the populations of several crop plants to produce increased yields shows the potential for future development. The near future should see exciting discoveries in these areas of research that will have far reaching effects on the construction of transgenic plants for future research accomplishments and agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Huffaker
- Plant Growth Laboratory and Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis 95616
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24
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Abstract
It is thought that an important function of protein turnover is to purge the cell of damaged, displaced or unwanted polypeptide molecules. A model combining kinetic equations for synthesis, degradation and alteration is employed to evaluate this proposed role for protein turnover. It is demonstrated that the degradative system need not be aimed exclusively at altered protein molecules for turnover to be capable of controlling the size both of the total population and of the altered subpopulation. These conclusions are relevant to the part played by turnover in metabolic homeostasis, adaptation and catastrophe, and for the notion of control of protein turnover through specific "tagging" of molecules destined for breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hilditch
- Plant and Cell Biology Department, AFRC Institute for Grassland and Animal Production, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, U.K
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25
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Ferreira RB, Davies DD. Is protein degradation correlated with either the charge or size of Lemna proteins? PLANTA 1986; 169:278-288. [PMID: 24232562 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/1986] [Accepted: 06/05/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented that the organelles of Lemna minor do not degrade as functional units. The proteins of Lemna show wide differences in their rates of degradation and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) has a particularly slow rate of degradation. Contrary to some earlier evidence, we found no correlation between the rate of soluble-protein degradation and either charge or size of proteins. We could find no correlation between protein degradation and subunit size in any of the organelles of Lemna.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Ferreira
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UK
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26
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Vierstra RD, Langan SM, Haas AL. Purification and initial characterization of ubiquitin from the higher plant, Avena sativa. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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27
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Hirschfeld KR, Goldschmidt EE. Chlorophyllase activity in chlorophyll-free citrus chromoplasts. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1983; 2:117-118. [PMID: 24257977 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chromoplast fractions from mature, chlorophyll-less 'Valencia' orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) flavedo (= the outer coloured layer of citrus peel) showed considerable chlorophyllase activity. Acetone powders prepared from chromoplast fractions had 2.5× higher specific activity than those prepared from whole flavedo. Exposure of mature, chlorophyll-less fruit to ethylene caused a 2.5 to 4.0 fold increase in chlorophyllase activity. Juice chromoplasts showed negligible chlorophyllase activity. The results suggest that chlorophyllase activity as well as its induction by ethylene are not dependent upon the presence of chlorophyll in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Hirschfeld
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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28
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Horner RD. Purification and comparison of nit-1 and wild-type NADPH:nitrate reductases of Neurospora crassa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Martinoia E, Heck U, J. Dalling M, Matile PH. Changes in Chloroplast Number and Chloroplast Constituents in Senescing Barley Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(83)80028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Weidner M, Küppers U. Metabolic Conversion of 14C-Aspartate, 14C-Malate and 14C-Mannitol by Tissue Disks of Laminaria hyperborea: Role of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(82)80181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Dungey NO, Davies DD. Protein turnover in the attached leaves of non-stressed and stressed barley seedlings. PLANTA 1982; 154:435-440. [PMID: 24276271 DOI: 10.1007/bf01267810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/1981] [Accepted: 10/23/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein turnover was examined, using tritiated water, in various 2-cm regions of 7-11-d-old, first leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Differences were found between the regions in their protein turnover and their responses to stress. The rate constant for degradation for total protein was the same throughout the leaf and the average half-life (t1/2) of protein=approx. 220 h. Only in the older regions did a 24-h pulse of(3)H2O preferentially label protein with a t1/2 (90 h) considerably shorter than the t1/2 for total protein. 'Soluble' protein was degraded faster than 'insoluble' protein and contained an appreciable short-lived protein component observable by short-pulse labelling. The rate of protein synthesis was greatest in the cells of the youngest region and declined as each region aged. The mean rate of protein synthesis over the 4-d period was 4 and 7 nmol h(-1) of amino-N with respect to the regions 1-3 and 7-9 cm from the leaf tip. Seedlings, stressed by adding polyethylene glycol (2.0 MPa) to the roots, showed a marked loss of protein from the older leaf regions with only small losses in the younger regions. Amino acids accumulated in the younger region continuously whereas in the older region little accumulation occurred until day 3 of stress when proline levels increased. Protein synthesis was decreased by between 30% and 50% in all leaf regions. In the region 1-3 cm from the leaf tip, the rate of protein degradation of total protein was enhanced and equalled the rate of degradation of 24-h-pulse-labelled protein which was not itself significantly affected by stress (t1/2=approx. 90 h). In the region 3-5 cm, the degradation of both 4-d and 24-h-labelled protein was enhanced by stress to rates similar to those found in the region 1-3 cm. This was largely through increases in the degradation of the 'insoluble' protein, but the degradation of 'soluble' protein was also raised. Protein degradation in the region 7-9 cm was not affected by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Dungey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UK
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32
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Schaefer J, Skokut T, Stejskal E, McKay R, Varner J. Estimation of protein turnover in soybean leaves using magic angle double cross-polarization nitrogen 15 nuclear magnetic resonance. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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33
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Jones DH, Northcote DH. Induction by hormones of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in bean-cell suspension cultures. Inhibition of superinduction by actinomycin D. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 116:117-25. [PMID: 7250115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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34
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Hydrolysis of radioactively-labelled ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase by an endopeptidase from the primary leaf of barley seedlings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(81)90269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Bisseling T, van Straten J, Houwaard F. Turnover of nitrogenase and leghemoglobin in root nodules of Pisum sativum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 610:360-70. [PMID: 6938244 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Turnover rates of the two nitrogenase components and leghemoglobin in root nodules of pea plants nodulated with Rhizobium leguminosarum were determined with three different methods: 1, Kinetics of 35S incorporation into protein; 2, pulse-chase experiments; 3, chloramphenicol inhibition of bacteroid protein synthesis. Methods 1 and 3 revealed that the turnover rates of the two nitrogenase components and leghemoglobin are identical to the average rate of bacteroid and plant nodule protein turnover. The t1/2 times of component I and II and leghemoglobin were about 2 days. Pulse-chase experiments with 35SO(2-)4 appeared to be rather unsuitable for determination of turnover rates in pea root nodules.
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36
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Physiological observations of extranuclear temperature-sensitive lethality in Nicotiana tabacum L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(80)80109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Shannon JD, Wallace W. Isolation and characterisation of peptide hydrolases from the maize root. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 102:399-408. [PMID: 393508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb04255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The maize root has two main proteinase and carboxypeptidase components. Proteinase I and carboxypeptidase I, which predominate in older plants, appear to have a serine group at their active sites and have been estimated to have molecular weights of approximately 54000 and 77000 respectively. Proteinase I, which has been purified up to 500-fold, degrades haemoglobin and azocasein with maximum activity at pH 4 and 9--10 respectively, while on maize root protein it gives most hydrolysis in the neutral pH range. The main portion of the nitrate-reductase-inactivating activity in the maize root extract is due to proteinase I. Carboxypeptidase I, like several other plant carboxypeptidases such as carboxypeptidase C which have now (IUB Recommendations 1978) been classified as serine carboxypeptidases (EC 3.4.16.1), has maximum activity around pH 5 and has esterase activity. A second group of proteases, proteinase II and carboxypeptidase II, separated from the above on carboxymethyl-cellulose, were shown to have different molecular weight properties and be equally sensitive to serine and thiol group inhibitors. Proteinase II degrades haemoglobin, but not azocasein and does not mediate nitrate reductase inactivation. Associated with this second group of proteases was a macromolecular component which inactivated nitrate reductase but, unlike the action of proteinase I, was not inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride or casein. It was inhibited by metal chelating agents which were without effect on nitrate reductase inactivation due to proteinase I.
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38
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39
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40
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Adler K, Brecht E, Meister A, Schmidt O, Süss KH. Die Chloroplasten-Thylakoid-Membran: Biogenese, Pigmentorganisation, Protein-Funktionsbeziehungen und Degeneration während der Seneszenz. Eine Übersicht. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02015427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Cooke RJ, Grego S, Oliver J, Davies DD. The effect of deuterium oxide on protein turnover in Lemna minor. PLANTA 1979; 146:229-236. [PMID: 24318064 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/1979] [Accepted: 03/14/1979] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lemna minor fronds transferred to a sterile culture medium containing 50% (v/v) deuterium oxide ((2)H2O) rapidly undergo a loss of soluble protein with a corresponding increase in free amino acids. The loss of protein is due to two factors: (i) the inhibition of protein synthesis for 4 h followed by a slower rate of synthesis than normal, (ii) a rapid 9-10 fold increase in protein degradation. In plants grown for longer periods (3-6 days) in 50% (2)H2O medium, protein synthesis is inhibited by 20% and the rate constant of degradation is 2-3 times that measured in fronds growing in normal (H2O containing) complete medium. The initial loss of protein is not due to the breakdown of any specific protein fraction. Investigation of several enzymes indicates that all proteins are catabolised in response to (2)H2O treatment. The implications of these results with regard to the interpretation of density-labelling experiments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cooke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, U.K
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42
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Feller U, Erismann K. Veränderungen des Gaswechsels und der Aktivitäten proteolytischer Enzyme während der Seneszenz von Weizenblättern (Triticum aestivum L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(78)80236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Wood PM. Interchangeable copper and iron proteins in algal photosynthesis. Studies on plastocyanin and cytochrome c-552 in Chlamydomonas. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 87:9-19. [PMID: 208838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interrelation of the copper protein plastocyanin, and a soluble c-type cytochrome, c-552, in photosynthetic electron transport has been studied in the genus Chlamydomonas. With C. reinhardtii the plastocyanin: cytochrome c-552 ratio could be changed from 300:1 less than 1:16 simply by omitting copper from the medium, without any other detectable change. Plastocyanin was indetectable in a second species, C. mundana, for which the cytochrome c-552 level was always very high. The properties of Levine's C. reinhardtii mutant lacking plastocyanin, ac-208, were studies and it was found that the photosynthetic capabilities of a suppressed phenotype and suppressed genotype could be explained by reference to the cytochrome c-552 levels. Both proteins were successfully used in reconstitution experiments with chloroplast fragments. Both showed very fast kinetics for reduction by purified Chlamydomonas cytochrome f, but the rate of electron transfer from one to the other was much slower. It is concluded that they constitute an interchangeable pair, and the rationale for this and possible analogies are both discussed.
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Amino acid pool and protein turnover during differentiation (spherulation) ofPhysarum polycephalum. Arch Microbiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00689347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Thomas H. Enzymes of nitrogen mobilization in detached leaves of Lolium temulentum during senescence. PLANTA 1978; 142:161-169. [PMID: 24408097 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/1978] [Accepted: 04/17/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the senescence of Lolium temulentum leaf sections in the dark, asparagine and glutamine accumulated as the level of soluble protein declined. During the first 3-4 days after detachment, when the rate of protein loss was maximal, a four-fold increase in acid protease activity (EC 3.4.4.?) occurred. Subsequently this activity was replaced by proteases with a higher pH optimum. There was also a pronounced and continued activation of glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) during senescence. Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.2), benzoylarginine-p-nitroanilide hydrolase (EC 3.4.?.?) and leucyl-p-nitroanilide hydrolase (EC 3.4.1.1) declined from high initial activities after 3-4 days. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT, EC 2.6.1.1) was fairly stable although a marked increase occurred in the activity of one of two major GOT isoenzymes over the first two days. Glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) was highly active in non-senescent leaves but fell sharply during the first three days of senescence. Little asparagine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.1) was detected. The role of these enzymes in the nitrogen metabolism of senescent detached leaves is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomas
- Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Plas Gogerddan, SY23 3EB, Aberystwyth, UK
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Huffaker RC, Miller BL. Reutilization of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1978; 11:139-52. [PMID: 747596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8106-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Thomas H. Ultrastructure, polypeptide composition and photochemical activity of chloroplasts during foliar senescence of a non-yellowing mutant genotype of Festuca pratensis Huds. PLANTA 1977; 137:53-60. [PMID: 24420518 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/1977] [Accepted: 06/20/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A study was made of the structure and function of senescent chloroplasts from a non-yellowing (NY) mutant of Festuca pratensis. Electron microscopy suggested that the stroma matrix was destroyed but that thylakoid membranes persisted in a loose, unstacked condition. By contrast, chloroplasts from the normal (Y) genotype lost both stroma and recognizable thylakoid systems. Fraction 1, the major protein of the stroma, disappeared from Y and NY at similar rates during senescence. The activities of photosystems I and II from NY also declined at a similar rate to Y photosystems. Polypeptides of chloroplast membranes were separated by SDS gel electrophoresis into at least 30 components. There was considerable heterogeneity in rates of breakdown of the different protein species of the membranes. Of the five major polypeptide components, two had kinetics of breakdown similar to those of stroma proteins and were lost from NY and Y at about the same rate, whereas the remaining three (one of which was tentatively identified as the apoprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex) were more stable in NY than in Y. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanism and function of chloroplast disintegration during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomas
- Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Plas Gogerddan, SY23 3EB, Aberystwyth, UK
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Genetic Control of the Content, Amino Acid Composition, and Processing Properties of Proteins in Wheat. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Storey R, Beevers L. Proteolytic activity in relationship to senescence and cotyledonary development in Pisum sativum L. PLANTA 1977; 137:37-44. [PMID: 24420515 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/1977] [Accepted: 06/14/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the weight and in the chlorophyll, free amino-acid and protein content of developing and senescing, vegetative and reproductive organs of Pisum sativum L. (cv. Burpeeana) were measured, and the proteolytic activity in extracts from the senescing leaf and the subtended pod was followed in relation to these changes. Protein content decreased in the ageing leaf and pod while it increased in the developing cotyledon. The proteolytic activity of the leaf did not increase as the leaf protein content decreased. In contrast, proteolytic activity in the subtended pod increased while the protein level decreased. The proteolytic activity in the extracts from the ageing organs was greater than the rates of protein loss. The proteolytic activity of leaf and pod extracts was greater on protein prepared from the respective organ than on non-physiological substrates. Proteolysis was increased by 2-mercaptoethanol and ethylenediaminetetraacetate but was not influenced by addition of ATP to the reaction mixture. The pH optimum was at 5.0. Free amino acids did not accumulate in the senescing leaf or pod when protein was degraded in each organ. It is suggested that these amino acids were quickly metabolized in situ or translocated to sink areas in the plant, especially to the developing seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Storey
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, 73019, Norman, OK, USA
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Ziegler I. Subcellular distribution of (35)S-sulfur in spinach leaves after application of (35)SO 4 (2-) , (35)SO 3 (2-) , and (35)SO 2. PLANTA 1977; 135:25-32. [PMID: 24419888 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/1976] [Accepted: 01/05/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
(35)SO2, (35)SO 3 (2-) , and (35)SO 4 (2-) , respectively, were applied to leaves of Spinacia oleracea L. for 60 min in the light. Thereafter, the specific activity was determined in the organelles separated by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In mitochondria and peroxisomes, the specific activity was equally distributed in their protein moieties. After application of (35)SO2 or (35)SO 3 (2-) , the chloroplast lamellae are characterized by elevated specific activity, which is not found after application of (35)SO 4 (2-) . Chloroplast stroma shows a low specific incorporation rate after application of either compound, which may be due to the low turnover rate of Fraction I protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ziegler
- Institut für Biochemie der Gesellschaft für Strahlen-und Umweltforschung mbH, München, Federal Republic of Germany
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