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Nucleic acid-based theranostics in type 1 diabetes. Transl Res 2019; 214:50-61. [PMID: 31491371 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Application of RNAi interference for type 1 diabetes (T1D) therapy bears tremendous potential. This review will discuss vehicles for oligonucleotide delivery, imaging modalities used for delivery monitoring, therapeutic targets, and different theranostic strategies that can be applied for T1D treatment.
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2
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Yang J, Zhang LJ, Wang F, Hong T, Liu Z. Molecular imaging of diabetes and diabetic complications: Beyond pancreatic β-cell targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:32-50. [PMID: 30529307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic non-communicable disease affecting over 400 million people worldwide. Diabetic patients are at a high risk of various complications, such as cardiovascular, renal, and other diseases. The pathogenesis of diabetes (both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) is associated with a functional impairment of pancreatic β-cells. Consequently, most efforts to manage and prevent diabetes have focused on preserving β-cells and their function. Advances in imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single-photon-emission computed tomography, have enabled noninvasive and quantitative detection and characterization of the population and function of β-cells in vivo. These advantages aid in defining and monitoring the progress of diabetes and determining the efficacy of anti-diabetic therapies. Beyond β-cell targeting, molecular imaging of biomarkers associated with the development of diabetes, e.g., lymphocyte infiltration, insulitis, and metabolic changes, may also be a promising strategy for early detection of diabetes, monitoring its progression, and occurrence of complications, as well as facilitating exploration of new therapeutic interventions. Moreover, molecular imaging of glucose uptake, production and excretion in specified tissues is critical for understanding the pathogenesis of diabetes. In the current review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in noninvasive imaging technologies for imaging of biomarkers beyond β-cells for early diagnosis of diabetes, investigation of glucose metabolism, and precise diagnosis and monitoring of diabetic complications for better management of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Long Jiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhaofei Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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3
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Zeng Y, Wang L, Zhou Z, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Mi P, Liu G, Zhou L. Gadolinium hybrid iron oxide nanocomposites for dual T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging of cell labeling. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:50-56. [PMID: 27840861 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00706f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of dual T1- and T2-weighted MRI contrast agents is developed for cell labeling and tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine & Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Liqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Zijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine
- School of Public Health
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361102
- China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine
- School of Public Health
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361102
- China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine
- School of Public Health
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361102
- China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine
- School of Public Health
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361102
- China
| | - Peng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine
- School of Public Health
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361102
- China
| | - Liming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine & Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
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4
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Correia Carreira S, Armstrong JPK, Okuda M, Seddon AM, Perriman AW, Schwarzacher W. Synthesis of Cationized Magnetoferritin for Ultra-fast Magnetization of Cells. J Vis Exp 2016:54785. [PMID: 28060256 PMCID: PMC5226398 DOI: 10.3791/54785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many important biomedical applications, such as cell imaging and remote manipulation, can be achieved by labeling cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Achieving sufficient cellular uptake of SPIONs is a challenge that has traditionally been met by exposing cells to elevated concentrations of SPIONs or by prolonging exposure times (up to 72 hr). However, these strategies are likely to mediate toxicity. Here, we present the synthesis of the protein-based SPION magnetoferritin as well as a facile surface functionalization protocol that enables rapid cell magnetization using low exposure concentrations. The SPION core of magnetoferritin consists of cobalt-doped iron oxide with an average particle diameter of 8.2 nm mineralized inside the cavity of horse spleen apo-ferritin. Chemical cationization of magnetoferritin produced a novel, highly membrane-active SPION that magnetized human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using incubation times as short as one minute and iron concentrations as lows as 0.2 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mitsuhiro Okuda
- Self Assembly Group, CIC nanoGUNE; Ikebasque, Basque Foundation for Science
| | - Annela M Seddon
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol
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5
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Correia Carreira S, Armstrong JPK, Seddon AM, Perriman AW, Hartley-Davies R, Schwarzacher W. Ultra-fast stem cell labelling using cationised magnetoferritin. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:7474-7483. [PMID: 26822466 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07144e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic cell labelling with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) facilitates many important biotechnological applications, such as cell imaging and remote manipulation. However, to achieve adequate cellular loading of SPIONs, long incubation times (24 hours and more) or laborious surface functionalisation are often employed, which can adversely affect cell function. Here, we demonstrate that chemical cationisation of magnetoferritin produces a highly membrane-active nanoparticle that can magnetise human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using incubation times as short as one minute. Magnetisation persisted for several weeks in culture and provided significant T2* contrast enhancement during magnetic resonance imaging. Exposure to cationised magnetoferritin did not adversely affect the membrane integrity, proliferation and multi-lineage differentiation capacity of hMSCs, which provides the first detailed evidence for the biocompatibility of magnetoferritin. The combination of synthetic ease and flexibility, the rapidity of labelling and absence of cytotoxicity make this novel nanoparticle system an easily accessible and versatile platform for a range of cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Correia Carreira
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK. and H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.
| | - J P K Armstrong
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - A M Seddon
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK. and H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.
| | - A W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - R Hartley-Davies
- Bioengineering, Innovation, and Research Hub, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St. Michael's Hospital, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EG, UK
| | - W Schwarzacher
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.
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Yuan Y, Ding Z, Qian J, Zhang J, Xu J, Dong X, Han T, Ge S, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhong K, Liang G. Casp3/7-Instructed Intracellular Aggregation of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Enhances T2 MR Imaging of Tumor Apoptosis. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2686-2691. [PMID: 27031226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Large magnetic nanoparticles or aggregates are advantageous in their magnetic resonance properties over ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles (NPs), but the former are cleared faster from the blood pool. Therefore, the "smart" strategy of intracellular aggregation of USPIO NPs is required for enhanced T2-weighted MR imaging. Herein, employing an enzyme-instructed condensation reaction, we rationally designed a small molecule Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-Cys(StBu)-Lys-CBT (1) to covalently modify USPIO NPs to prepare monodispersive Fe3O4@1 NPs. In vitro results showed that Fe3O4@1 NPs could be subjected to caspase 3 (Casp3)-instructed aggregation. T2 phantom MR imaging showed that the transverse molar relaxivity (r2) of Fe3O4@1 NPs with Casp3 or apoptotic HepG2 cells was significantly larger than those of control groups. In vivo tumor MR imaging results indicated that Fe3O4@1 NPs could be specifically applied for enhanced T2 MR imaging of tumor apoptosis. We propose that the enzyme-instructed intracellular aggregation of Fe3O4 NPs could be a novel strategy for the design of "smart" probes for efficient T2 MR imaging of in vivo biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhanling Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Junchao Qian
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinyong Xu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Xuejiao Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tao Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuchao Ge
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kai Zhong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Tracking Transplanted Stem Cells Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Nanoparticle Labeling Method in Urology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:231805. [PMID: 26413510 PMCID: PMC4564577 DOI: 10.1155/2015/231805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A reliable in vivo imaging method to localize transplanted cells and monitor their viability would enable a systematic investigation of cell therapy. Most stem cell transplantation studies have used immunohistological staining, which does not provide information about the migration of transplanted cells in vivo in the same host. Molecular imaging visualizes targeted cells in a living host, which enables determining the biological processes occurring in transplanted stem cells. Molecular imaging with labeled nanoparticles provides the opportunity to monitor transplanted cells noninvasively without sacrifice and to repeatedly evaluate them. Among several molecular imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high resolution and sensitivity of transplanted cells. MRI is a powerful noninvasive imaging modality with excellent image resolution for studying cellular dynamics.
Several types of nanoparticles including superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles have been used to magnetically label stem cells and monitor viability by MRI in the urologic field. This review focuses on the current role and limitations of MRI with labeled nanoparticles for tracking transplanted stem cells in urology.
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Wang P, Moore A. Theranostic MRI: the future for Type 1 diabetes management? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.13.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Clemente-Casares X, Santamaria P. Nanomedicine in autoimmunity. Immunol Lett 2014; 158:167-74. [PMID: 24406504 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology to the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases is already a reality and is causing a real revolution in how we design new therapies and vaccines. In this review we focus on the applications of nanotechnology in the field of autoimmunity. First, we review scenarios in which iron oxide nanoparticles have been used in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, mostly through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), both in animal models and patients. Second, we discuss the potential of nanoparticles as an immunotherapeutic platform for autoimmune diseases, for now exclusively in pre-clinical models. Finally, we discuss the potential of this field to generate the 'perfect drug' with the capacity to report on its therapeutic efficacy in real time, that is, the birth of theranostics in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Mamani JB, Malheiros JM, Cardoso EF, Tannús A, Silveira PH, Gamarra LF. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging tracking of C6 glioma cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2013; 10:164-70. [PMID: 23052451 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082012000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to monitor the migration of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-labeled C6 cells, which were used to induce glioblastoma tumor growth in an animal model, over time using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the goal of aiding in tumor prognosis and therapy. METHODS Two groups of male Wistar rats were used for the tumor induction model. In the first group (n=3), the tumors were induced via the injection of SPION-labeled C6 cells. In the second group (n=3), the tumors were induced via the injection of unlabeled C6 cells. Prussian Blue staining was performed to analyze the SPION distribution within the C6 cells in vitro. Tumor-inducing C6 cells were injected into the right frontal cortex, and subsequent tumor monitoring and SPION detection were performed using T2- and T2*-weighted MRI at a 2T field strength. In addition, cancerous tissue was histologically analyzed after performing the MRI studies. RESULTS The in vitro qualitative evaluation demonstrated adequate distribution and satisfactory cell labeling of the SPIONs. At 14 or 21 days after C6 injection, a SPION-induced T2- and T2*-weighted MRI signal reduction was observed within the lesion located in the left frontal lobe on parasagittal topography. Moreover, histological staining of the tumor tissue with Prussian Blue revealed a broad distribution of SPIONs within the C6 cells. CONCLUSION MRI analyses exhibit potential for monitoring the tumor growth of C6 cells efficiently labeled with SPIONs.
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Wang P, Moore A. Theranostic magnetic resonance imaging of type 1 diabetes and pancreatic islet transplantation. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2012; 2:151-62. [PMID: 23256077 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2012.08.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus results in impaired insulin production by pancreatic islets due to autoimmunity. Islet transplantation has recently emerged as a promising treatment for this disease. To visualize and monitor endogenous and transplanted islets, non-invasive strategies are currently being developed. These include strategies for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of microvascular changes during diabetes development, tracking the recruitment of diabetogenic T cells to the pancreas, and imaging of endogenous and transplanted islet mass. The combination of MR imaging agents with therapy is a novel state-of-the-art theranostic approach that has a tremendous potential for type 1 diabetes management. Though still in its infancy, theranostic MR imaging has shown certain encouraging progress. Here we provide an overview of the latest accomplishments in this area as it applies to changes in islet vasculature during diabetes development, monitoring autoimmune attack mediated by T cells, and imaging of transplanted islets. Future challenges and opportunities in the area of theranostic MRI are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Butler KS, Lovato DM, Adolphi NL, Belfon R, Fegan DL, Monson TC, Hathaway HJ, Huber DL, Tessier TE, Bryant HC, Flynn ER, Larson RS. Development of antibody-tagged nanoparticles for detection of transplant rejection using biomagnetic sensors. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1943-54. [PMID: 23069078 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is a life-saving procedure and the preferred method of treatment for a growing number of disease states. The advent of new immunosuppressants and improved care has led to great advances in both patient and graft survival. However, acute T-cell-mediated graft rejection occurs in a significant quantity of recipients and remains a life-threatening condition. Acute rejection is associated with decrease in long-term graft survival, demonstrating a need to carefully monitor transplant patients. Current diagnostic criteria for transplant rejection rely on invasive tissue biopsies or relatively nonspecific clinical features. A noninvasive way is needed to detect, localize, and monitor transplant rejection. Capitalizing on advances in targeted contrast agents and magnetic-based detection technology, we developed anti-CD3 antibody-tagged nanoparticles. T cells were found to bind preferentially to antibody-tagged nanoparticles, as identified through light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Using mouse skin graft models, we were also able to demonstrate in vivo vascular delivery of T-cell targeted nanoparticles. We conclude that targeting lymphocytes with magnetic nanoparticles is conducive to developing a novel, noninvasive strategy for identifying transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Butler
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Wuerfel E, Smyth M, Millward JM, Schellenberger E, Glumm J, Prozorovski T, Aktas O, Schulze-Topphoff U, Schnorr J, Wagner S, Taupitz M, Infante-Duarte C, Wuerfel J. Electrostatically Stabilized Magnetic Nanoparticles - An Optimized Protocol to Label Murine T Cells for in vivo MRI. Front Neurol 2011; 2:72. [PMID: 22203815 PMCID: PMC3240893 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel highly efficient protocol to magnetically label T cells applying electrostatically stabilized very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOP). Our long-term aim is to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate T cell dynamics in vivo during the course of neuroinflammatory disorders such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Encephalitogenic T cells were co-incubated with VSOP, or with protamine-complexed VSOP (VProt), respectively, at different conditions, optimizing concentrations and incubation times. Labeling efficacy was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry as well as histologically, and evaluated on a 7 T MR system. Furthermore, we investigated possible alterations of T cell physiology caused by the labeling procedure. T cell co-incubation with VSOP resulted in an efficient cellular iron uptake. T2 times of labeled cells dropped significantly, resulting in prominent hypointensity on T2*-weighted scans. Optimal labeling efficacy was achieved by VProt (1 mM Fe/ml, 8 h incubation; T2 time shortening of ∼80% compared to untreated cells). Although VSOP promoted T cell proliferation and altered the ratio of T cell subpopulations toward a CD4+ phenotype, no effects on CD4 T cell proliferation or phenotypic stability were observed by labeling in vitro differentiated Th17 cells with VProt. Yet, high concentrations of intracellular iron oxide might induce alterations in T cell function, which should be considered in cell tagging studies. Moreover, we demonstrated that labeling of encephalitogenic T cells did not affect pathogenicity; labeled T cells were still capable of inducing EAE in susceptible recipient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wuerfel
- Charité - University Medicine Berlin Berlin, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Due to their high magnetization, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles induce an important decrease in the transverse relaxation of water protons and are, therefore, very efficient negative MRI contrast agents. The knowledge and control of the chemical and physical characteristics of nanoparticles are of great importance. The choice of the synthesis method (microemulsions, sol-gel synthesis, laser pyrolysis, sonochemical synthesis or coprecipitation) determines the magnetic nanoparticle's size and shape, as well as its size distribution and surface chemistry. Nanoparticles can be used for numerous in vivo applications, such as MRI contrast enhancement and hyperthermia drug delivery. New developments focus on targeting through molecular imaging and cell tracking.
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Chaparro RJ, Dilorenzo TP. An update on the use of NOD mice to study autoimmune (Type 1) diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 6:939-55. [PMID: 20979558 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The widely used nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune (Type 1) diabetes mellitus shares multiple characteristics with the human disease, and studies employing this model continue to yield clinically relevant and important information. Here, we review some of the recent key findings obtained from NOD mouse investigations that have both advanced our understanding of disease pathogenesis and suggested new therapeutic targets and approaches. Areas discussed include antigen discovery, identification of genes and pathways contributing to disease susceptibility, development of strategies to image islet inflammation and the testing of therapeutics. We also review recent technical advances that, combined with an improved understanding of the NOD mouse model's limitations, should work to ensure its popularity, utility and relevance in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo José Chaparro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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16
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Liu G, Wang Z, Lu J, Xia C, Gao F, Gong Q, Song B, Zhao X, Shuai X, Chen X, Ai H, Gu Z. Low molecular weight alkyl-polycation wrapped magnetite nanoparticle clusters as MRI probes for stem cell labeling and in vivo imaging. Biomaterials 2011; 32:528-37. [PMID: 20869767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are potential probes for noninvasive cell tracking, but the design of safe probes coupled with high labeling efficiency is still an important objective for such application. In this study, an efficient SPIO probe has been developed for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) labeling and tracking. Different from many other systems involving high molecular polycations, we chose low molecular weight amphiphilic PEI2k to form stable nanocomplexes with SPIO nanoparticles. The probe can hold multiple SPIO nanoparticles with a controlled clustering structure, leading to much higher T(2) relaxivities compared to single SPIO nanoparticles. Labeled MSCs are unaffected in their viability, proliferation, or differentiation capacity. The iron uptake process in MSCs displays a time- and dose-dependent behavior. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the nanoprobes are internalized into the cytoplasm of MSCs. Subcutaneous injection of the labeled MSCs dispersed in a collagen type I hydrogel showed strong image contrast against unlabeled cells under a clinical 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner up to 19 days post-transplantation. This study provides an important alternative to label MSCs at optimized low dosages with high efficiency, and the probe may be useful to label other biologically important cells for imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Liu G, Yang H, Zhang XM, Shao Y, Jiang H. MR imaging for the longevity of mesenchymal stem cells labeled with poly-L-lysine-Resovist complexes. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2010; 5:53-8. [PMID: 20235146 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are emerging as ideal probes for noninvasive cell tracking. In this study, poly-L-lysine (PLL) was mixed with Resovist to form the PLL-Resovist complexes and the control of the complexes formed by PLL and Resovist and their subsequent properties was easily achievable. MSCs could be safely and efficiently labeled for MR imaging using PLL-Resovist complexes (w/w 0.01:1) and the labeled MSCs could be detected to have definite decreased signal intensity on T(2)-weight imaging until 20 days with standard 1.5 T MR equipment. This study describes a simple protocol to label MSCs using PLL-Resovist complexes and the results presented in our study can provide a basis for the application of PLL-Resovist complexes cell labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Department of pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
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18
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Klug G, Kampf T, Bloemer S, Bremicker J, Ziener CH, Heymer A, Gbureck U, Rommel E, Nöth U, Schenk WA, Jakob PM, Bauer WR. Intracellular and extracellular T1 and T2 relaxivities of magneto-optical nanoparticles at experimental high fields. Magn Reson Med 2010; 64:1607-15. [PMID: 20665826 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the T(1) and T(2) relaxation rates of rhodamine-labeled anionic magnetic nanoparticles determined at 7, 11.7, and 17.6 T both in solution and after cellular internalization. Therefore cells were incubated with rhodamine-labeled anionic magnetic nanoparticles and were prepared at decreasing concentrations. Additionally, rhodamine-labeled anionic magnetic nanoparticles in solution were used for extracellular measurements. T(1) and T(2) were determined at 7, 11.7, and 17.6 T. T(1) times were determined with an inversion-recovery snapshot-flash sequence. T(2) times were obtained from a multispin-echo sequence. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to determine the iron content in all samples, and r(1) and r(2) were subsequently calculated. The results were then compared with cells labeled with AMI-25 and VSOP C-200. In solution, the r(1) and r(2) of rhodamine-labeled anionic magnetic nanoparticles were 4.78/379 (7 T), 3.28/389 (11.7 T), and 2.00/354 (17.6 T). In cells, the r(1) and r(2) were 0.21/56 (7 T), 0.19/37 (11.7 T), and 0.1/23 (17.6 T). This corresponded to an 11- to 23-fold decrease in r(1) and an 8- to 15-fold decrease in r(2) . A decrease in r(1) was observed for AMI-25 and VSOP C-200. AMI-25 and VSOP exhibited a 2- to 8-fold decrease in r(2) . In conclusion, cellular internalization of iron oxide nanoparticles strongly decreased their T(1) and T(2) potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Klug
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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19
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Rivière C, Lecoeur C, Wilhelm C, Péchoux C, Combrisson H, Yiou R, Gazeau F. The MRI assessment of intraurethrally--delivered muscle precursor cells using anionic magnetic nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6920-8. [PMID: 19781763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Autografting of cultured myogenic precursor cells (MPC) is a therapeutic strategy for muscle disorders, including striated urethral sphincter insufficiency. Implantation of myofibers with their satellite cells into the urethra is a recently described method of MPC transfer aimed at generating a new sphincter in incontinent patients. In this study, we magnetically labeled muscle implants with dextran-free anionic iron oxide nanoparticles (AMNP). The aim was to evaluate the biocompatibility of the labeling procedure and its utility for non-invasive MRI follow-up of cell therapy in a female pig model. After adsorption of AMNP to the implant surface, various cell types, including MPC, were magnetically labeled within the implants. Magnetic labeling did not affect cell proliferation or differentiation. Autograft detection in vivo by 0.3-T MRI was possible for up to 1 month. Ex vivo, Perl's, anti-desmin and anti-myosin heavy chain staining confirmed the co-localization of AMNP and regenerated myofibers. AMNP labeling was thus useful for locating myofiber implant autografts in vivo and for ex vivo monitoring of the biology of this cell transfer method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rivière
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR CNRS 7057, University Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Condorcet, Case 7056, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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20
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Quantitative effects of cell internalization of two types of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles at 4.7 T and 7 T. Eur Radiol 2009; 20:275-85. [PMID: 19705124 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MRI coupled with the intravenous injection of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxides (USPIOs) is a promising tool for the study of neuroinflammation. Quantification of the approximate number of magnetically labelled macrophages may provide an effective and efficient method for monitoring inflammatory cells. The purpose of the present study was to characterise the relaxation properties of macrophages labelled with two types of USPIOs, at 4.7 T and 7 T. METHODS USPIO-labelled bone-marrow-derived macrophage phantoms were compared with phantoms of free dispersed USPIOs with the same global iron concentration, using multi-parametric (T1, T2 and T2) quantitative MRI. The same protocol was then evaluated in living mice after intracerebral injection of iron-labelled macrophages vs free iron oxide. RESULTS A linear relationship was observed among R1, R2 and R2 values and iron concentration in vitro at 4.7 T and at 7 T. At a given field, T1 and T2 relaxivities of both types of USPIOs decreased following internalisation into macrophages, while T2 relaxivities increased. CONCLUSION There was fair overall agreement between the theoretical number of injected cells and the number estimated from T2 quantification and in vitro calibration curves, supporting the validity of the present in vitro calibration curves for in vivo investigation.
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22
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Sensitive in vivo imaging of T cells using a membrane-bound Gaussia princeps luciferase. Nat Med 2009; 15:338-44. [PMID: 19219023 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new approach to bioluminescent T cell imaging using a membrane-anchored form of the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) enzyme, termed extGLuc, which we could stably express in both mouse and human primary T cells. In vitro, extGLuc+ cells emitted significantly higher bioluminescent signal when compared to cells expressing GLuc, Renilla luciferase (RLuc) or membrane-anchored RLuc (extRLuc). In vivo, mouse extGLuc+ T cells showed higher bioluminescent signal when compared to GLuc+ and RLuc+ T cells. Application of this imaging approach to human T cells genetically modified to express tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) enabled us to show in vivo CAR-mediated T cell accumulation in tumor, T cell persistence over time and concomitant imaging of T cells and tumor cells modified to express firefly luciferase. This sensitive imaging technology has application to many in vivo cell-based studies in a wide array of mouse models.
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23
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Smirnov P. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic anionic iron oxide nanoparticles: applications to in vivo trafficking of lymphocytes and cell-based anticancer therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 512:333-53. [PMID: 19347287 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-530-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
In current cancer research, the application of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with specificity to tumor antigens is regarded as a real therapeutic hope. The objective of imaging is to provide a follow-up of these killer cells in real time, in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms and action modes of lymphocytes on the tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the advantage of the innocuousness of the applied magnetic field. Moreover, it has an exceptional spatial resolution allowing the visualization of anatomical areas without in-depth limitations. These features make MRI particularly adapted for cellular imaging. The use of " (ultrasmall) superparamagnetic iron oxide " particles [(U) SPIO] offers the adequate sensitivity required for cellular imaging. To promote a sufficient capture of these particles in nonphagocytic cells and make the cell of interest " detectable " by MRI after its injection, an important challenge in cellular imaging is to develop improved cell-labeling techniques. Superparamagnetic anionic nanoparticles (iron oxides of 10-nm diameter) are adsorbed in a nonspecific way on the membrane of the majority of cells, allowing their spontaneous internalization in intracellular vesicles. This pathway of cellular labeling confers a particular status to these nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents; the cells labeled in this manner possess magnetic and contrast properties that allow their in vivo detection and follow-up by MRI. This chapter describes the synthesis, the potential use, and the features of cellular labeling with these types of anionic nanoparticles. We also focus on the MRI contrast properties of the labeled cells, as well as on the feasibility of in vivo detection of immunizing circulating cells by MRI, with direct implications in cell-based anticancer therapy using lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Smirnov
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301 CNRS, Equipe Imagerie et Spectroscopie par Résonance Magnétique du Petit Animal, Orléans, France
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Smirnov P, Poirier-Quinot M, Wilhelm C, Lavergne E, Ginefri JC, Combadière B, Clément O, Darrasse L, Gazeau F. In vivo single cell detection of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with a clinical 1.5 Tesla MRI system. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:1292-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Wilhelm C, Gazeau F. Universal cell labelling with anionic magnetic nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2008; 29:3161-74. [PMID: 18455232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic labelling of living cells creates opportunities for numerous biomedical applications, from individual cell manipulation to MRI tracking. Here we describe a non-specific labelling method based on anionic magnetic nanoparticles (AMNPs). These particles first adsorb electrostatically to the outer membrane before being internalized within endosomes. We compared the labelling mechanism, uptake efficiency and biocompatibility with 14 different cell types, including adult cells, progenitor cells, immune cells and tumour cells. A single model was found to describe cell/nanoparticle interactions and to predict uptake efficiency by all the cell types. The potential impact of the AMNP label on cell functions, in vitro and in vivo, is discussed according to cellular specificities. We also show that the same label provides sufficient magnetization for MRI detection and distal manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS et Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.
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26
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Visualization of antigen-specific human cytotoxic T lymphocytes labeled with superparamagnetic iron-oxide particles. Eur Radiol 2008; 18:1087-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-008-0874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Smirnov P, Gazeau F, Beloeil JC, Doan BT, Wilhelm C, Gillet B. Single-cell detection by gradient echo 9.4 T MRI: a parametric study. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2007; 1:165-74. [PMID: 17193693 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cell migration can be monitored in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging after intracellular contrast agent incorporation. This is due to the dephasing effect on proton magnetization of the local magnetic field created by a labelled cell. Anionic iron oxide nanoparticles (AMNP) are among the most efficient and non-toxic contrast agents to be spontaneously taken up by a wide variety of cells. Here we measured the iron load and magnetization of HeLa tumour cells labelled with AMNP, as a function of the external magnetic field. High-resolution gradient echo 9.4 T MRI detected individual labelled cells, whereas spin echo sequences were poorly sensitive. We then conducted a systematic study in order to determine the gradient echo sequence parameters (echo time, cell magnetization and resolution) most suitable for in vivo identification of single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Smirnov
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris 7, Denis Diderot and CNRS UMR 7057, 140, rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Clinical protocols in type 1 diabetic patients to optimize islet survival and function post-transplantation improved dramatically in the last decade, but it is clear that this approach still has potential limitations to provide long term insulin independency. Islet allografts administered in the liver via the portal vein are exposed to several factors contributing to a rapid loss of function that may reach 50% of the initial beta cell mass. Allo- and auto-immune reactions - an unique situation in clinical transplantation - are partially overcome with immunosuppressive regimen. Serological markers and T cell reactivities may correlate with graft failure. Most of the drugs that are used, including rapamycin (sirolimus) or the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus (FK506), have deleterious effects on beta function and/or insulin sensitivity. Immediate factors that limit initial islet engraftment have been elucidated, including instant blood mediated inflammatory reaction and angiogenesis. Newer interventions designed to promote islet survival, to prevent apoptosis, to promote islet growth and to protect islets in the long run from immunological injury are rapidly approaching clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reffet
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, Lyon (France)
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29
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Rivière C, Wilhelm C, Cousin F, Dupuis V, Gazeau F, Perzynski R. Internal structure of magnetic endosomes. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2007; 22:1-10. [PMID: 17334684 DOI: 10.1140/epje/e2007-00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The internal structure of biological vesicles filled with magnetic nanoparticles is investigated using the following complementary analyses: electronic transmission microscopy, dynamic probing by magneto-optical birefringence and structural probing by Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). These magnetic vesicles are magnetic endosomes obtained via a non-specific interaction between cells and anionic magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Thanks to a magnetic purification process, they are probed at two different stages of their formation within HeLa cells: (i) adsorption of nanoparticles onto the cellular membrane and (ii) their subsequent internalisation within endosomes. Differences in the microenvironment of the magnetic nanoparticles at those two different stages are highlighted here. The dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles adsorbed onto cellular membranes and confined within endosomes is respectively 3 and 5 orders of magnitude slower than for isolated magnetic nanoparticles in aqueous media. Interestingly, SANS experiments show that magnetic endosomes have an internal structure close to decorated vesicles, with magnetic nanoparticles locally decorating the endosome membrane, inside their inner-sphere. These results, important for future biomedical applications, suggest that multiple fusions of decorated vesicles are the biological processes underlying the endocytosis of that kind of nanometric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rivière
- Laboratoire des Liquides Ioniques et Interfaces Chargées, UMR CNRS-UPMC-ESPCI 7612, 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France
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30
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Srinivas M, Morel PA, Ernst LA, Laidlaw DH, Ahrens ET. Fluorine-19 MRI for visualization and quantification of cell migration in a diabetes model. Magn Reson Med 2007; 58:725-34. [PMID: 17899609 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This article describes an in vivo imaging method for visualizing and quantifying a specific cell population. Cells are labeled ex vivo with a perfluoropolyether nanoparticle tracer agent and then detected in vivo using (19)F MRI following cell transfer. (19)F MRI selectively visualizes only the labeled cells with no background, and a conventional (1)H image taken in the same imaging session provides anatomical context. Using the nonobese diabetic mouse, an established model of type 1 diabetes, (19)F MRI data were acquired showing the early homing behavior of diabetogenic T cells to the pancreas. A computational algorithm provided T cell counts in the pancreas. Approximately 2% of the transferred cells homed to the pancreas after 48 hr. The technique allows for both unambiguous detection of labeled cells and quantification directly from the in vivo images. The in vivo quantification and cell trafficking patterns were verified using (19)F spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy in excised pancreata. The labeling procedure did not affect T-cell migration in vivo. This imaging platform is applicable to many cell types and disease models and can potentially be used for monitoring the trafficking of cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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31
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Couvreur P, Vauthier C. Nanotechnology: intelligent design to treat complex disease. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1417-50. [PMID: 16779701 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this expert review is to discuss the impact of nanotechnology in the treatment of the major health threats including cancer, infections, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammations. Indeed, during the past 30 years, the explosive growth of nanotechnology has burst into challenging innovations in pharmacology, the main input being the ability to perform temporal and spatial site-specific delivery. This has led to some marketed compounds through the last decade. Although the introduction of nanotechnology obviously permitted to step over numerous milestones toward the development of the "magic bullet" proposed a century ago by the immunologist Paul Ehrlich, there are, however, unresolved delivery problems to be still addressed. These scientific and technological locks are discussed along this review together with an analysis of the current situation concerning the industrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Couvreur
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Université de Paris Sud, 5 Rue J.B. Clément, 92 296, Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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