1
|
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism is a very common and costly health problem. Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) can cause permanent damage to the venous system and lead to swelling, ulceration, gangrene, and other symptoms in the affected limb. In addition, more than half of the embolus of pulmonary embolism comes from venous thrombosis, which is the most serious cause of death, second only to ischemic heart disease and stroke patients. It can be seen that deep-vein thrombosis has become a serious disease affecting human health. In recent years, with the deepening of research, inflammatory response is considered to be an important pathway to trigger venous thromboembolism, in which the transcription factor NF-κB is the central medium of inflammation, and the NF-κB signaling pathway can regulate the pro-inflammatory and coagulation response. Thus, to explore the mechanism and make use of it may provide new solutions for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wang
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chucun Fang
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mengting Yao
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dongwen Wu
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Maga Chen
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianting Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Ganzhou City Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianwen Mo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Troncoso MF, Díaz-Vesga MC, Sanhueza-Olivares F, Riquelme JA, Müller M, Garrido L, Gabrielli L, Chiong M, Corbalan R, Castro PF, Lavandero S. Targeting VCAM-1: a therapeutic opportunity for vascular damage. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:207-223. [PMID: 36880349 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2187778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) is a transmembrane sialoglycoprotein detected in activated endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells involved in the adhesion and transmigration of inflammatory cells into damaged tissue. Widely used as a pro-inflammatory marker, its potential role as a targeting molecule has not been thoroughly explored. AREAS COVERED We discuss the current evidence supporting the potential targeting of VCAM-1 in atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension and ischemia/reperfusion injury. EXPERT OPINION There is emerging evidence that VCAM-1 is more than a biomarker and may be a promising therapeutic target for vascular diseases. While there are neutralizing antibodies that allow preclinical research, the development of pharmacological tools to activate or inhibit this protein are required to thoroughly assess its therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayarling F Troncoso
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magda C Díaz-Vesga
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fernanda Sanhueza-Olivares
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A Riquelme
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marioly Müller
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Garrido
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Division Surgery, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramon Corbalan
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Castro
- Division Surgery, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hill MA, Kwon JH, Gerry B, Hardy WA, Walkowiak OA, Kavarana MN, Nadig SN, Rajab TK. Immune Privilege of Heart Valves. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731361. [PMID: 34447390 PMCID: PMC8383064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune privilege is an evolutionary adaptation that protects vital tissues with limited regenerative capacity from collateral damage by the immune response. Classical examples include the anterior chamber of the eye and the brain. More recently, the placenta, testes and articular cartilage were found to have similar immune privilege. What all of these tissues have in common is their vital function for evolutionary fitness and a limited regenerative capacity. Immune privilege is clinically relevant, because corneal transplantation and meniscal transplantation do not require immunosuppression. The heart valves also serve a vital function and have limited regenerative capacity after damage. Moreover, experimental and clinical evidence from heart valve transplantation suggests that the heart valves are spared from alloimmune injury. Here we review this evidence and propose the concept of heart valves as immune privileged sites. This concept has important clinical implications for heart valve transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ashley Hill
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jennie H Kwon
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Brielle Gerry
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - William A Hardy
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Olivia Agata Walkowiak
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Minoo N Kavarana
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Satish N Nadig
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - T Konrad Rajab
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mo FE. Shear-Regulated Extracellular Microenvironments and Endothelial Cell Surface Integrin Receptors Intertwine in Atherosclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640781. [PMID: 33889574 PMCID: PMC8056009 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces imposed by blood flow shear stress directly modulate endothelial gene expression and functional phenotype. The production of extracellular matrix proteins and corresponding cell-surface integrin receptors in arterial endothelial cells is intricately regulated by blood flow patterns. Laminar blood flow promotes mature and atheroresistant endothelial phenotype, while disturbed flow induces dysfunctional and atheroprone endothelial responses. Here, we discuss how hemodynamic changes orchestrate the remodeling of extracellular microenvironments and the expression profile of the integrin receptors in endothelial cells leading to oxidative stress and inflammation. Targeting the interaction between matrix proteins and their corresponding integrins is a potential therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan-E Mo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bacci C, Wong V, Barahona V, Merna N. Cardiac and lung endothelial cells in response to fluid shear stress on physiological matrix stiffness and composition. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12659. [PMID: 32945052 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preconditioning of endothelial cells from different vascular beds has potential value for re-endothelialization and implantation of engineered tissues. Understanding how substrate stiffness and composition affects tissue-specific cell response to shear stress will aid in successful endothelialization of engineered tissues. We developed a platform to test biomechanical and biochemical stimuli. METHODS A novel polydimethylsiloxane-based parallel plate flow chamber enabled application of laminar fluid shear stress of 2 dynes/cm2 for 12 hours to microvascular cardiac and lung endothelial cells cultured on cardiac and lung-derived extracellular matrix. Optical imaging of cells was used to quantify cell changes in cell alignment. Analysis of integrin expression was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Application of fluid shear stress caused the greatest cell alignment in cardiac endothelial cells seeded on polystyrene and lung endothelial cells on polydimethylsiloxane. This resulted in elongation of the lung endothelial cells. αv and β3 integrin expression decreased after application of shear stress in both cell types. CONCLUSION Substrate stiffness plays an important role in regulating tissue-specific endothelial response to shear stress, which may be due to differences in their native microenvironments. Furthermore, cardiac and lung endothelial cell response to shear stress was significantly regulated by the type of coating used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cydnee Bacci
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Victor Barahona
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Nick Merna
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Riccardello GJ, Shastri DN, Changa AR, Thomas KG, Roman M, Prestigiacomo CJ, Gandhi CD. Influence of Relative Residence Time on Side-Wall Aneurysm Inception. Neurosurgery 2019; 83:574-581. [PMID: 28945849 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative residence time (RRT) is a marker of disturbed blood flow, marked by low magnitude and high oscillatory wall shear stress (WSS). The relation between solute residence time in proximity to the vascular endothelium and the atherosclerotic process is well appreciated in the literature. OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of RRT on side-wall aneurysm inception to better understand the role of atherosclerosis in aneurysm formation. METHODS Fourteen side-wall internal carotid artery aneurysms from the Aneurisk repository which met criteria for parent vessel reconstruction were reconstructed with Vascular Modeling Toolkit. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was carried out in Fluent. RRT was calculated in MATLAB (The MathWorks Inc, Natick, Massachusetts). We analyzed the results for correlations, defined as presence or absence of local elevations in RRT in specific regions of vasculature. RESULTS RRT was concluded to be negatively correlated with aneurysm inception in this study of side-wall internal carotid artery aneurysms, with 12/14 cases yielding the absence of local RRT elevations within or in close proximity of the removed ostium. Subsequent analysis of WSS showed that 11 of 14 aneurysms were formed in an atheroprotective environment, with only 1 of 14 formed in an atherogenic environment. Two models were found to be of indeterminate environment. CONCLUSION Atherogenesis and atherosclerosis have long been thought to be a major inciting factor responsible for the formation of aneurysms in the cerebral vasculature. We propose that inception of side-wall aneurysms occurs in hemodynamic environments that promote an atheroprotective endothelial phenotype and that the atheroprotective phenotype is therefore aneurysmogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Riccardello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Darshan N Shastri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Abhinav R Changa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Kiran G Thomas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Max Roman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Endothelial cells that line the lumen of blood vessels are at the interface between hemodynamic forces and vascular wall biology. Endothelial cells transduce mechanical and biological signals from blood flow into intracellular signaling cascades through a process called mechanotransduction. Mechanotransduction is an important part of normal cell functions, as well as endothelial dysfunction which leads to inflammation and pathological conditions. For example, atherosclerosis preferentially develops in regions of disturbed fluid flow and low shear stress. The nuclear lamina, which sits underneath the nuclear envelope, serves to maintain the nuclear structure while acting as a scaffold for heterochromatin and many transcriptional proteins. Defects in lamina and its associated proteins cause a variety of human diseases including accelerated aging diseases such as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome. The role of nuclear lamina in endothelial mechanotransduction, specifically how nuclear mechanics impact gene regulation under shear stress, is not fully understood. In one study, lamin A/C was silenced in bovine aortic endothelial cells to determine its role in both glucocorticoid receptor (GR) nuclear translocation and glucocorticoid response element (GRE) transcriptional activation in response to its natural ligand dexamethasone as well as fluid shear stress. Results suggest that absence of lamin A/C does not hinder passage of GR into the nucleus but nuclear lamina is important to properly regulate GRE transcription. Ongoing research continues to investigate how nuclear lamins contribute to endothelial mechanotransduction and to better understand the role of Lamin A in vascular aging and in the progression of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng M, Guo X, Pan R, Gao J, Zang B, Jin M. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Alleviates Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma in a Guinea Pig Model by Attenuateing the Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Signal Transduction. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:328. [PMID: 31024302 PMCID: PMC6459898 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is an effective ingredient of the Chinese herb Carthamus tinctorius L. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of HSYA on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in guinea pigs, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We established a guinea pig asthma model by intraperitoneal injection and atomized administration OVA. Guinea pigs were injected intraperitoneally with HSYA (50, 75, 112.5 mg/kg) once daily from days 2 to 22 before OVA administration. We examined biomarkers including lung function, pulmonary histopathology, immunoglobulin E (IgE), Th1/Th2 relative inflammatory mediators, and related pathways. Pathological changes in lung tissues were detected by hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff staining. Phosphorylation levels of JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38 MAPK, ERK MAPK, and inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα) were detected by western blot. plasma levels of total IgE, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and interleukin (IL)-3 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and interferon (IFN)-γ were detected by ELISA and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HSYA significantly reduced airway resistance, improved dynamic lung compliance, and attenuated the pathologic changes. HSYA also inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK MAPK, p38 MAPK, ERK MAPK, and IκBα, and inhibited the OVA-induced elevations of IgE, PAF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and the decreases in TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-3. These findings suggest that HSYA has a protective effect on OVA-induced asthma through inhibiting the Th1/Th2 cell imbalance and inhibiting activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjing Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxia Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mittal R, Jhaveri VM, Kay SIS, Greer A, Sutherland KJ, McMurry HS, Lin N, Mittal J, Malhotra AK, Patel AP. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases and Development of Treatment Modalities. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:19-32. [PMID: 29737266 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666180508111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The underlying pathology for cardiovascular disease is largely atherosclerotic in nature and the steps include fatty streak formation, plaque progression and plaque rupture. While there is optimal drug therapy available for patients with CVD, there are also underlying drug delivery obstacles that must be addressed. Challenges in drug delivery warrant further studies for the development of novel and more efficacious medical therapies. An extensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease in combination with current challenges in drug delivery serves as a platform for the development of novel drug therapeutic targets for CVD. The objective of this article is to review the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, first-line medical treatment for CVD, and key obstacles in an efficient drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Vasanti M Jhaveri
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Sae-In Samantha Kay
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida FL, United States
| | - Aubrey Greer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Kyle J Sutherland
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Hannah S McMurry
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Nicole Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Arul K Malhotra
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida FL, United States
| | - Amit P Patel
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sakamoto N, Ueki Y, Oi M, Kiuchi T, Sato M. Fluid shear stress suppresses ICAM-1-mediated transendothelial migration of leukocytes in coculture model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:403-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
11
|
Merna N, Wong AK, Barahona V, Llanos P, Kunar B, Palikuqi B, Ginsberg M, Rafii S, Rabbany SY. Laminar shear stress modulates endothelial luminal surface stiffness in a tissue-specific manner. Microcirculation 2018; 25:e12455. [PMID: 29665185 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cells form vascular beds in all organs and are exposed to a range of mechanical forces that regulate cellular phenotype. We sought to determine the role of endothelial luminal surface stiffness in tissue-specific mechanotransduction of laminar shear stress in microvascular mouse cells and the role of arachidonic acid in mediating this response. METHODS Microvascular mouse endothelial cells were subjected to laminar shear stress at 4 dynes/cm2 for 12 hours in parallel plate flow chambers that enabled real-time optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements of cell stiffness. RESULTS Lung endothelial cells aligned parallel to flow, while cardiac endothelial cells did not. This rapid alignment was accompanied by increased cell stiffness. The addition of arachidonic acid to cardiac endothelial cells increased alignment and stiffness in response to shear stress. Inhibition of arachidonic acid in lung endothelial cells and embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells prevented cellular alignment and decreased cell stiffness. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased endothelial luminal surface stiffness in microvascular cells may facilitate mechanotransduction and alignment in response to laminar shear stress. Furthermore, the arachidonic acid pathway may mediate this tissue-specific process. An improved understanding of this response will aid in the treatment of organ-specific vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Merna
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Andrew K Wong
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Victor Barahona
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Pierre Llanos
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Balvir Kunar
- Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brisa Palikuqi
- Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sina Y Rabbany
- Bioengineering Program, Fred DeMatteis School of Engineering and Applied Science, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amer MH, Rose FRAJ, Shakesheff KM, Modo M, White LJ. Translational considerations in injectable cell-based therapeutics for neurological applications: concepts, progress and challenges. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:23. [PMID: 29302358 PMCID: PMC5677964 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made during the past decade towards the clinical adoption of cell-based therapeutics. However, existing cell-delivery approaches have shown limited success, with numerous studies showing fewer than 5% of injected cells persisting at the site of injection within days of transplantation. Although consideration is being increasingly given to clinical trial design, little emphasis has been given to tools and protocols used to administer cells. The different behaviours of various cell types, dosing accuracy, precise delivery, and cell retention and viability post-injection are some of the obstacles facing clinical translation. For efficient injectable cell transplantation, accurate characterisation of cellular health post-injection and the development of standardised administration protocols are required. This review provides an overview of the challenges facing effective delivery of cell therapies, examines key studies that have been carried out to investigate injectable cell delivery, and outlines opportunities for translating these findings into more effective cell-therapy interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahetab H. Amer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | | | | | - Michel Modo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Lisa J. White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Giebe S, Cockcroft N, Hewitt K, Brux M, Hofmann A, Morawietz H, Brunssen C. Cigarette smoke extract counteracts atheroprotective effects of high laminar flow on endothelial function. Redox Biol 2017; 12:776-786. [PMID: 28432984 PMCID: PMC5397582 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and hemodynamic forces are key stimuli in the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. High laminar flow has an atheroprotective effect on the endothelium and leads to a reduced response of endothelial cells to cardiovascular risk factors compared to regions with disturbed or low laminar flow. We hypothesize that the atheroprotective effect of high laminar flow could delay the development of endothelial dysfunction caused by cigarette smoking. Primary human endothelial cells were stimulated with increasing dosages of aqueous cigarette smoke extract (CSEaq). CSEaq reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The main mediator of cellular adaption to oxidative stress, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its target genes heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 (HMOX1) or NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) were strongly increased by CSEaq in a dose-dependent manner. High laminar flow induced elongation of endothelial cells in the direction of flow, activated the AKT/eNOS pathway, increased eNOS expression, phosphorylation and NO release. These increases were inhibited by CSEaq. Pro-inflammatory adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), selectin E (SELE) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2/MCP-1) were increased by CSEaq. Low laminar flow induced VCAM1 and SELE compared to high laminar flow. High laminar flow improved endothelial wound healing. This protective effect was inhibited by CSEaq in a dose-dependent manner through the AKT/eNOS pathway. Low as well as high laminar flow decreased adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. Whereas, monocyte adhesion was increased by CSEaq under low laminar flow, this was not evident under high laminar flow. This study shows the activation of major atherosclerotic key parameters by CSEaq. Within this process, high laminar flow is likely to reduce the harmful effects of CSEaq to a certain degree. The identified molecular mechanisms might be useful for development of alternative therapy concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Giebe
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalia Cockcroft
- Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Hewitt
- Research & Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Brux
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Förstermann U, Xia N, Li H. Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2017; 120:713-735. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase. ROS at moderate concentrations have important signaling roles under physiological conditions. Excessive or sustained ROS production, however, when exceeding the available antioxidant defense systems, leads to oxidative stress. Animal studies have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the roles of vascular oxidative stress and NO in atherosclerosis. All established cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking enhance ROS generation and decrease endothelial NO production. Key molecular events in atherogenesis such as oxidative modification of lipoproteins and phospholipids, endothelial cell activation, and macrophage infiltration/activation are facilitated by vascular oxidative stress and inhibited by endothelial NO. Atherosclerosis develops preferentially in vascular regions with disturbed blood flow (arches, branches, and bifurcations). The fact that these sites are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and reduced endothelial NO production is a further indication for the roles of ROS and NO in atherosclerosis. Therefore, prevention of vascular oxidative stress and improvement of endothelial NO production represent reasonable therapeutic strategies in addition to the treatment of established risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Förstermann
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Ning Xia
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Huige Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endothelial lining of lesion-prone areas of the arterial vasculature is an important contributor to the pathobiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Endothelial cell dysfunction, in its broadest sense, encompasses a constellation of various nonadaptive alterations in functional phenotype, which have important implications for the regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis, local vascular tone and redox balance, and the orchestration of acute and chronic inflammatory reactions within the arterial wall. In this review, we trace the evolution of the concept of endothelial cell dysfunction, focusing on recent insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie its pivotal roles in atherosclerotic lesion initiation and progression; explore its relationship to classic, as well as more recently defined, clinical risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; consider current approaches to the clinical assessment of endothelial cell dysfunction; and outline some promising new directions for its early detection and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gimbrone
- From the Department of Pathology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Guillermo García-Cardeña
- From the Department of Pathology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Qian S, Hoggatt A, Jones-Hall YL, Ware CF, Herring P, Seye CI. Deletion of P2Y2 receptor reveals a role for lymphotoxin-α in fatty streak formation. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 85:11-20. [PMID: 27355755 PMCID: PMC5453728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Lymphotoxin alpha (LTα) is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions and genetic variations in the LTα pathway have been linked to myocardial infarction. Activation of the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) regulates the production of LTα. in vitro. We aimed to uncover a potential pathway linking purinergic receptor to LTα-mediated inflammatory processes pivotal to the early stages of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE−/−) deficient mice. Methods and results En face immunostaining revealed that P2Y2R and VCAM-1 are preferentially expressed in the atherosclerosis prone site of the mouse aortic sinus. Deletion of the P2Y2R gene suppresses VCAM-1 expression. Compared with ApoE−/−mice, ApoE−/−mice lacking the P2Y2R gene (ApoE−/−/P2Y2R−/−) did not develop fatty streak lesions when fed a standard chow diet for 15 weeks. Systemic and CD4+ T cell production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine lymphotoxin-alpha (LTα) were specifically inhibited in ApoE−/−/P2Y2R−/− mice. Anti-LTα preventive treatment was initiated in ApoE−/− mice with intraperitoneal administration of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 fusion protein (TNFR1-Fc) on 5 consecutive days before the disease onset. Remarkably, none of the TNFR1:Fc-treated ApoE−/− mice exhibited atherosclerotic lesions at any developmental stage. Significance ApoE−/− mice deficient in P2Y2R exhibit low endothelial cell VCAM-1 levels, decreased production of LTα and delayed onset of atherosclerosis. These data suggest that targeting this nucleotide receptor could be an effective therapeutic approach in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Qian
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MS 332, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - April Hoggatt
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MS 332, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Yava L Jones-Hall
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 725 Harrison Street VPTH 124, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2027, United States
| | - Carl F Ware
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Paul Herring
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MS 332, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Cheikh I Seye
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MS 332, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Quinlan C, Marks SD, Tullus K. Why are kids with lupus at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease? Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:861-83. [PMID: 26399239 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an aggressive multisystem autoimmune disease. Despite improvements in outcomes for adult patients, children with SLE continue to have a lower life expectancy than adults with SLE, with more aggressive disease, a higher incidence of lupus nephritis and there is an emerging awareness of their increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we discuss the evidence for an increased risk of CVD in SLE, its pathogenesis, and the clinical approach to its management.
Collapse
|
19
|
Steffensen LB, Mortensen MB, Kjolby M, Hagensen MK, Oxvig C, Bentzon JF. Disturbed Laminar Blood Flow Vastly Augments Lipoprotein Retention in the Artery Wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1928-35. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Atherosclerosis develops initially at branch points and in areas of high vessel curvature. Moreover, experiments in hypercholesterolemic mice have shown that the introduction of disturbed flow in straight, atherosclerosis-resistant arterial segments turns them highly atherosclerosis susceptible. Several biomechanical mechanisms have been proposed, but none has been demonstrated. In the present study, we examined whether a causal link exists between disturbed laminar flow and the ability of the arterial wall to retain lipoproteins.
Approach and Results—
Lipoprotein retention was detected at natural predilection sites of the murine thoracic aorta 18 hours after infusion of fluorescently labeled low-density lipoprotein. To test for causality between blood flow and the ability of these areas to retain lipoproteins, we manipulated blood flow in the straight segment of the common carotid artery using a constrictive collar. Disturbed laminar flow did not affect low-density lipoprotein influx, but increased the ability of the artery wall to bind low-density lipoprotein. Concordantly, disturbed laminar flow led to differential expression of genes associated with phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells, increased expression of proteoglycan core proteins associated with lipoprotein retention, and of enzymes responsible for chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan synthesis and sulfation.
Conclusions—
Blood flow regulates genes associated with vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation, as well as the expression and post-translational modification of lipoprotein-binding proteoglycan core proteins, and the introduction of disturbed laminar flow vastly augments the ability of a previously resistant, straight arterial segment to retain lipoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Bach Steffensen
- From the Department of Cardiology, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark (L.B.S., M.B.M., M.K., M.K.H., J.F.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and DANDRITE and Danish Diabetes Academy, Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Martin Bødtker Mortensen
- From the Department of Cardiology, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark (L.B.S., M.B.M., M.K., M.K.H., J.F.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and DANDRITE and Danish Diabetes Academy, Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Mads Kjolby
- From the Department of Cardiology, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark (L.B.S., M.B.M., M.K., M.K.H., J.F.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and DANDRITE and Danish Diabetes Academy, Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Mette Kallestrup Hagensen
- From the Department of Cardiology, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark (L.B.S., M.B.M., M.K., M.K.H., J.F.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and DANDRITE and Danish Diabetes Academy, Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- From the Department of Cardiology, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark (L.B.S., M.B.M., M.K., M.K.H., J.F.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and DANDRITE and Danish Diabetes Academy, Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- From the Department of Cardiology, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark (L.B.S., M.B.M., M.K., M.K.H., J.F.B.); Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (L.B.S., C.O.) and DANDRITE and Danish Diabetes Academy, Department of Biomedicine (M.K.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Najdanović JG, Cvetković VJ, Stojanović S, Vukelić-Nikolić MĐ, Stanisavljević MN, Živković JM, Najman SJ. The Influence of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Induced into Endothelial Cells on Ectopic Vasculogenesis and Osteogenesis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
21
|
Serrone JC, Gozal YM, Grossman AW, Andaluz N, Abruzzo T, Zuccarello M, Ringer A. Vertebrobasilar Fusiform Aneurysms. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2014; 25:471-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
Endothelial activation with increased expression of cellular adhesion molecules and chemokines critically contributes to vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. Redox-active transition metal ions play an important role in vascular oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the role of copper in endothelial activation and the potential anti-inflammatory effects of copper chelation by tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Incubating HAECs with cupric sulfate dose- and time-dependently increased mRNA and protein expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Copper also activated the redox-sensitive transcription factors, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), which was inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with TTM. Furthermore, TTM dose-dependently inhibited tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced activation of NF-κB and AP-1, as well as mRNA and protein expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and MCP-1, which was abolished by preincubating the cells with 5 µM TTM and 15 µM cupric sulfate. The inhibitory effect of TTM on TNFα-induced NF-κB activation was associated with decreased phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. These data suggest that intracellular copper causes activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and upregulation of inflammatory mediators in endothelial cells. Copper chelation by TTM may attenuate TNFα-induced endothelial activation and, hence, inhibit vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Supa'at I, Zakaria Z, Maskon O, Aminuddin A, Nordin NA. Effects of Swedish massage therapy on blood pressure, heart rate, and inflammatory markers in hypertensive women. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013:171852. [PMID: 24023571 DOI: 10.1155/2013/171852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Swedish Massage Therapy (SMT) is known for its therapeutic relaxation effects. Hypertension is associated with stress and elevated endothelial inflammatory markers. This randomized control trial measured the effects of whole body SMT (massage group) or resting (control group) an hour weekly for four weeks on hypertensive women. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before and after each intervention and endothelial inflammatory markers: vascular endothelial adhesion molecules 1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecules 1 (ICAM-1) were measured at baseline and after the last intervention. Massage group (n=8) showed significant systolic BP (SBP) reduction of 12 mmHg (P=0.01) and diastolic BP (DBP) reduction of 5 mmHg (P=0.01) after four sessions with no significant difference between groups. Reductions in HR were also seen in massage group after sessions 1, 3, and 4 with significant difference between groups. VCAM-1 showed significant reduction after four sessions: the massage group showed reduction of 998.05 ng/mL (P=0.03) and the control group of 375.70 ng/mL (P=0.01) with no significant differences between groups. There were no changes in ICAM-1. In conclusion, SMT or resting an hour weekly has effects on reducing BP, HR, and VCAM-1 in hypertensive women.
Collapse
|
24
|
Rennier K, Ji JY. The role of death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) in endothelial apoptosis under fluid shear stress. Life Sci 2013; 93:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
25
|
Gimbrone MA, García-Cardeña G. Vascular endothelium, hemodynamics, and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 22:9-15. [PMID: 22818581 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of atherosclerotic lesion formation to regions of disturbed blood flow associated with certain arterial geometries, in humans and experimental animals, suggests an important role for hemodynamic forces in the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. There is increasing evidence that the vascular endothelium, which is directly exposed to various fluid mechanical forces generated by pulsatile blood flow, can discriminate among these different biomechanical stimuli and transduce them into genetic regulatory programs that modulate endothelial function. In this brief review, we discuss how biomechanical stimuli generated by blood flow can influence endothelial functional phenotypes, and explore the working hypothesis of "atheroprone" hemodynamic environments as "local risk factors" in atherogenesis. In addition, we consider the therapeutic implications of the activation of "atheroprotective genes" and their role as "critical regulatory nodes" in vascular homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gimbrone
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vandrangi P, Sosa M, Shyy JY, Rodgers VG. Flow-dependent mass transfer may trigger endothelial signaling cascades. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35260. [PMID: 22558132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that fluid mechanical forces directly impact endothelial signaling pathways. But while this general observation is clear, less apparent are the underlying mechanisms that initiate these critical signaling processes. This is because fluid mechanical forces can offer a direct mechanical input to possible mechanotransducers as well as alter critical mass transport characteristics (i.e., concentration gradients) of a host of chemical stimuli present in the blood stream. However, it has recently been accepted that mechanotransduction (direct mechanical force input), and not mass transfer, is the fundamental mechanism for many hemodynamic force-modulated endothelial signaling pathways and their downstream gene products. This conclusion has been largely based, indirectly, on accepted criteria that correlate signaling behavior and shear rate and shear stress, relative to changes in viscosity. However, in this work, we investigate the negative control for these criteria. Here we computationally and experimentally subject mass-transfer limited systems, independent of mechanotransduction, to the purported criteria. The results showed that the negative control (mass-transfer limited system) produced the same trends that have been used to identify mechanotransduction-dominant systems. Thus, the widely used viscosity-related shear stress and shear rate criteria are insufficient in determining mechanotransduction-dominant systems. Thus, research should continue to consider the importance of mass transfer in triggering signaling cascades.
Collapse
|
27
|
Cook-Mills JM, Marchese ME, Abdala-Valencia H. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and signaling during disease: regulation by reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1607-38. [PMID: 21050132 PMCID: PMC3151426 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium is immunoregulatory in that inhibiting the function of vascular adhesion molecules blocks leukocyte recruitment and thus tissue inflammation. The function of endothelial cells during leukocyte recruitment is regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. In inflammatory sites and lymph nodes, the endothelium is stimulated to express adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte binding. Upon leukocyte binding, these adhesion molecules activate endothelial cell signal transduction that then alters endothelial cell shape for the opening of passageways through which leukocytes can migrate. If the stimulation of this opening is blocked, inflammation is blocked. In this review, we focus on the endothelial cell adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Expression of VCAM-1 is induced on endothelial cells during inflammatory diseases by several mediators, including ROS. Then, VCAM-1 on the endothelium functions as both a scaffold for leukocyte migration and a trigger of endothelial signaling through NADPH oxidase-generated ROS. These ROS induce signals for the opening of intercellular passageways through which leukocytes migrate. In several inflammatory diseases, inflammation is blocked by inhibition of leukocyte binding to VCAM-1 or by inhibition of VCAM-1 signal transduction. VCAM-1 signal transduction and VCAM-1-dependent inflammation are blocked by antioxidants. Thus, VCAM-1 signaling is a target for intervention by pharmacological agents and by antioxidants during inflammatory diseases. This review discusses ROS and antioxidant functions during activation of VCAM-1 expression and VCAM-1 signaling in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E Huron, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play a central role in the control of blood vessel function and circulatory system homeostasis. It is well known that that EC functions are regulated by chemical mediators, including hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters, but it has recently become apparent that EC functions are also controlled by hemodynamic forces such as shear stress and stretch (cyclic strain). ECs recognize shear stress and cyclic strain as mechanical stimuli, and transmit the signal into the interior of the cells, thereby triggering a variety of cellular responses that involve alterations in cell morphology, cell function, and gene expression. Impaired EC responses to shear stress and cyclic strain lead to vascular diseases, including hypertension, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. A great deal of research has already been conducted on the mechanotransduction of shear stress and cyclic strain, and its molecular mechanisms are gradually coming to be understood. However, much remains unclear, and further studies of mechanotransduction should increase our understanding of the molecular basis of the hemodynamic-force-mediated control of vascular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joji Ando
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yamamoto K, Ando J. New molecular mechanisms for cardiovascular disease:blood flow sensing mechanism in vascular endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:323-31. [PMID: 21757846 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10r29fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining blood vessels have a variety of functions and play a critical role in the homeostasis of the circulatory system. It has become clear that biomechanical forces generated by blood flow regulate EC functions. ECs are in direct contact with blood flow and exposed to shear stress, a frictional force generated by flowing blood. A number of recent studies have revealed that ECs recognize changes in shear stress and transmit signals to the interior of the cell, which leads to cell responses that involve changes in cell morphology, cell function, and gene expression. These EC responses to shear stress are thought to play important roles in blood flow-dependent phenomena such as vascular tone control, angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and atherogenesis. Much research has been done on shear stress sensing and signal transduction, and their molecular mechanisms are gradually becoming understood. However, much remains uncertain, and many candidates have been proposed for shear stress sensors. More extensive studies of vascular mechanobiology should increase our understanding of the molecular basis of the blood flow-mediated control of vascular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The structure and function of blood vessels adapt to environmental changes, for example, physical development and exercise. This phenomenon is based on the ability of endothelial cells (ECs) to sense and respond to blood flow. ECs are in direct contact with blood flow and exposed to shear stress. A number of recent studies have revealed that ECs recognize changes in shear stress and transmit signals to the interior of the cell, which leads to cellular responses that involve changes in cell morphology, cell function, and gene expression. Cultured human pulmonary artery ECs (HPAECs) showed Ca²(+) influx via an ATP-operated cation channel, P2X4, in response to shear stress. We have recently found that shear-induced activation of P2X4 requires endogenously released ATP and that shear stress induced HPAECs to release ATP, which was mediated by cell-surface ATP synthase located in caveolae. To gain insight into its significance, we generated a P2X4-deficient mouse. P2X4(-/-) mice do not exhibit normal EC responses to flow, such as Ca²(+) influx and subsequent production of NO, a potent vasodilator. Additionally, vessel dilation induced by acute increases in blood flow is markedly suppressed in P2X4(-/-) mice. Furthermore, P2X4(-/-) mice have higher blood pressure than wild-type mice. Moreover, no adaptive vascular remodeling is observed in the P2X4(-/-) mice. Thus, P2X4-mediated shear stress mechanotransduction plays an important role in the vascular homeostasis, including the control of blood pressure and vascular remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rouleau L, Rossi J, Leask RL. The response of human aortic endothelial cells in a stenotic hemodynamic environment: effect of duration, magnitude, and spatial gradients in wall shear stress. J Biomech Eng 2010; 132:071015. [PMID: 20590293 DOI: 10.1115/1.4001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the development and stability of coronary plaques. Endothelial cells alter their expression in response to wall shear stress (WSS). Straight/tubular and asymmetric stenosis models were designed to study the localized expression of atheroprone molecules and inflammatory markers due to the presence of the spatial wall shear stress gradients created by an eccentric plaque. The effects of steady wall shear stress duration (0-24 h) and magnitude (4.5-18 dynes/cm(2)) were analyzed in human abdominal aortic endothelial cells through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence analysis in straight/tubular models. Regional expression was assessed by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy in stenosis models. Under steady fully developed flow, endothelial cells exhibited a sustained increase in levels of atheroprotective genes with WSS duration and magnitude. The local response in the stenosis model showed that expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Kruppel-like factor 2 is magnitude rather than gradient dependent. A WSS magnitude dependent transient increase in translocation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB was observed. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and E-selectin exhibited a sustained increase in protein expression with time. The mRNA levels of these molecules were transiently upregulated and this was followed by a decrease in expression to levels lower than static controls. Regionally, increased inflammatory marker expression was observed in regions of WSS gradients both proximal and distal to the stenosis when compared with the uniform flow regions, whereas the atheroprotective markers were expressed to a greater extent in regions of elevated WSS magnitudes. The results from the straight/tubular model cannot explain the regional variation seen in the stenosis models. This may help explain the localization of inflammatory cells at the shoulders of plaques in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Rouleau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University, Montreal, QC Canada, H3A 2B2
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Martin D, Zaman A, Hacker J, Mendelow D, Birchall D. Analysis of haemodynamic factors involved in carotid atherosclerosis using computational fluid dynamics. Br J Radiol 2010; 82 Spec No 1:S33-8. [PMID: 20348534 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/59367266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis presents a massive healthcare burden in both the developing and developed world. There is mounting evidence relating to the involvement of haemodynamic factors in the pathogenesis of this process. This article aims to review the current understandings that have developed in this area, and to present a demonstrative case study obtained using state of the art computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology to model and analyse haemodynamic factors within the atheromatous carotid artery bifurcation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Martin
- Department of Neuroradiology, Newcastle Regional Neurosciences Centre, Newcastle, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rossi J, Rouleau L, Tardif JC, Leask RL. Effect of simvastatin on Kruppel-like factor2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and thrombomodulin expression in endothelial cells under shear stress. Life Sci 2010; 87:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and intracranial saccular aneurysms predictably localize in areas with complex arterial geometries such as bifurcations and curvatures. These sites are characterized by unique hemodynamic conditions that possibly influence the risk for these disorders. One hemodynamic parameter in particular has emerged as a key regulator of vascular biology—wall shear stress (WSS). Variations in geometry can change the distribution and magnitude of WSS, thus influencing the risk for vascular disorders. Computer simulations conducted using patient-specific data have suggested that departures from normal levels of WSS lead to aneurysm formation and progression. In addition, multiple studies indicate that disturbed flow and low WSS predispose patients to extracranial atherosclerosis, and particularly to carotid artery disease. Conversely, in the case of intracranial atherosclerosis, more studies are needed to provide a firm link between hemodynamics and atherogenesis. The recognition of WSS as an important factor in cerebral vascular disease may help to identify individuals at risk and guide treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Gunel
- 2Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rouleau L, Rossi J, Leask RL. Concentration and Time Effects of Dextran Exposure on Endothelial Cell Viability, Attachment, and Inflammatory Marker Expression In Vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:1451-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-9934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
36
|
O'Keeffe LM, Muir G, Piterina AV, McGloughlin T. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells exposed to physiological coronary wall shear stresses. J Biomech Eng 2009; 131:081003. [PMID: 19604015 DOI: 10.1115/1.3148191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is consistently found in bifurcations and curved segments of the circulatory system, indicating disturbed hemodynamics may participate in disease development. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that endothelial cells (ECs) alter their gene expression in response to their hemodynamic environment, in a manner that is highly dependent on the exact nature of the applied forces. This research exposes cultured ECs to flow patterns present in the coronary arterial network, in order to determine the role of hemodynamic forces in plaque initiation. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was examined as an indicator of plaque growth, as it participates in monocyte adhesion, which is one of the initial steps in the formation of fatty lesions. The hemodynamics of a healthy right and left coronary artery were determined by reconstructing 3D models from cineangiograms and employing computational fluid dynamic models to establish physiological coronary flow patterns. Wall shear stress (WSS) profiles selected from these studies were applied to ECs in a cone and plate bioreactor. The cone and plate system was specifically designed to be capable of reproducing the high frequency harmonics present in physiological waveforms. The shear stresses chosen represent those from regions prone to disease development and healthier arterial segments. The levels of the transcriptional and cell surface anchored VCAM-1 were quantified by flow cytometry and real time RT-PCR over a number of timepoints to obtain a complete picture of the relationship between this adhesion molecule and the applied shear stress. The WSS profiles from regions consistently displaying a higher incidence of plaques in vivo, induced greater levels of VCAM-1, particularly at the earlier timepoints. Conversely, the WSS profile from a straight section of vessel with undisturbed flow indicated no upregulation in VCAM-1 and a significant downregulation after 24 h, when compared with static controls. Low shear stress from the outer wall of a bifurcation induced four times the levels of VCAM-1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) after four hours when compared with levels of mRNA induced by WSS from a straight arterial section. This shear profile also induced prolonged expression of the surface protein of this molecule. The current study has provided insight into the possible influences of coronary hemodynamics on plaque localization, with VCAM-1 only significantly induced by the WSS from disease prone regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M O'Keeffe
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining blood vessel walls respond to shear stress, a fluid mechanical force generated by flowing blood, and the EC responses play an important role in the homeostasis of the circulatory system. Abnormal EC responses to shear stress impair various vascular functions and lead to vascular diseases, including hypertension, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Bioengineering approaches in which cultured ECs are subjected to shear stress in fluid-dynamically designed flow-loading devices have been widely used to analyze EC responses at the cellular and molecular levels. Remarkable progress has been made, and the results have shown that ECs alter their morphology, function, and gene expression in response to shear stress. Shear stress affects immature cells, as well as mature ECs, and promotes differentiation of bone-marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells and embryonic stem cells into ECs. Much research has been done on shear stress sensing and signal transduction, and their molecular mechanisms are gradually coming to be understood. However, much remains uncertain, and many candidates have been proposed for shear stress sensors. More extensive studies of vascular mechanobiology should increase our understanding of the molecular basis of the blood-flow-mediated control of vascular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joji Ando
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Heng BC, Hsu SH, Cowan CM, Liu A, Tai J, Chan Y, Sherman W, Basu S. Transcatheter injection-induced changes in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:1111-21. [PMID: 19650972 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x12483162197006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are being administered by direct intramyocardial (IM) injection into patients with myocardial dysfunction with an objective to improve clinical status. However, surprisingly little attention has been directed to qualifying hMSC functionality beyond simple viability. In particular, the transit of hMSCs through a small-caliber needle lumen, the final fluidic pathway for all IM injection devices, may be especially prone to inducing unwarranted effects on cell function. This study evaluated the changes in clonogenicity, gene expression, and cytokine secretion that may be induced in hMSC (20 million/ml) by injection through a 26-gauge Nitinol needle at two different flow rates compared to noninjected control samples. Results indicated that hMSC viability and colony forming unit (CFU) formation was not altered by changes in injection rate, although a trend toward lower titers was noted at the higher flow rate, for the specific batch of hMSCs studied. The gene expression and cytokine analysis data suggest that delivering a suspension of MSCs through narrow lumen needles may marginally alter certain gene expression programs, but that such in vitro effects are transient and not translated into measurable differences in protein production. Gene expression levels of four cytokines (bFGF, SDF-1, SCF, VEGF) were significantly different at 400 microl/min, and that of all cytokines were significantly different at 1600 microl/min when compared to controls (p < 0.05). These changes were less pronounced (statistically insignificant for most cases, p > 0.05) and, in certain instances directionally opposite, at 72 h. However, no differences in the amounts of secreted bFGF, VEGF, or TGF-beta were detectable at either of the two time points or flow rates. We infer that intramyocardial administration by transcatheter techniques is unlikely to interfere with the machinery required for cell replication or secretion of regulatory and other growth factors, which are the mainstays of MSC contribution to cardiac tissue repair and regeneration.
Collapse
|
39
|
Berry JE, Pettway GJ, Cordell KG, Jin T, Datta NS, McCauley LK. JunB as a potential mediator of PTHrP actions: new gene targets Ephrin B1 and VCAM-1. Oral Dis 2009; 14:713-26. [PMID: 19193201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is an integral mediator of physiologic and pathologic processes and has demonstrated actions in the periodontium. PTHrP functions via AP-1, and specifically through JunB. This study identified JunB-dependent downstream mediators of PTHrP using OCCM cementoblastic transfectants with JunB over- or reduced expression. Over-expressing cells showed an increase in proliferation, while the opposite was seen in siRNA transfected cells. Microarray analysis of over-expressing cells revealed more than 1000 regulated genes. Three genes were investigated in more detail. The PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTHR1) and ephrin B1 (EfnB1) were down-regulated, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was up-regulated with JunB over-expression. JunB siRNA transfectants had increased PTHR1, but reduced ephrin B1 and unaltered VCAM-1 in vitro. To validate these targets, parental OCCM cells and primary osteoblasts were treated with PTHrP, resulting in reduced PTHR1 and ephrin B1, and increased VCAM-1. Cell transfectants were implanted subcutaneously in vivo, and microarray analysis and RT-PCR performed. Over-expression of JunB down-regulated PTHR1 and ephrin B1, and increased VCAM-1. JunB siRNA transfectant implants had increased PTHR1 and ephrin B1, but no altered VCAM-1. These data highlight new gene targets for PTHrP and indicate JunB is a critical mediator of PTHrP actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Berry
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Silberman M, Barac YD, Yahav H, Wolfovitz E, Einav S, Resnick N, Binah O. Shear stress-induced transcriptional regulation via hybrid promoters as a potential tool for promoting angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2009; 12:231-42. [PMID: 19322670 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-009-9143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the key effects of fluid shear stress on vascular endothelial cells is modulation of gene expression. Promoter sequences termed shear stress response elements (SSREs) mediate the responsiveness of endothelial genes to shear stress. While previous studies showed that shear stress responsiveness is mediated by a single SSRE, these endogenous promoters often encode for multiple SSREs. Moreover, hybrid promoters encoding a single SSRE rarely respond to shear stress at the same magnitude as the endogenous promoter. Thus, to better understand the interplay between the various SSREs, and between SSREs and endothelial-specific sequences (ESS), we generated a series of constructs regulated by SSREs cassettes alone, or in combination with ESS, and tested their response to shear stress and endothelial specific expression. Among these constructs, the most responsive promoter (NR1/2) encoded a combination of two GAGACC/SSREs, the Sp1/Egr1 sequence, as well as a TPA response element (TRE). This construct was four- to five-fold more responsive to shear stress than a promoter encoding a single SSRE. The expression of constructs containing other SSRE combinations was unaffected or suppressed by shear stress. Addition of ESS derived from the Tie2 promoter, either 5' or 3' to NR1/2 resulted in shear stress transcriptional suppression, yet retained endothelial specific expression. Thus, the combination and localization order of the various SSREs in a single promoter is crucial in determining the pattern and degree of shear stress responsiveness. These shear stress responsive cassettes may prove beneficial in our attempt to time the expression of an endothelial transgene in the vasculature.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis preferentially develops at branches and curvatures of the arterial tree, where blood flow is disturbed from a laminar pattern, and wall shear stress is non-uniform and has an irregular distribution. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs), which form an interface between the flowing blood and the vessel wall, are exposed to blood flow-induced shear stress. There is increasing evidence suggesting that laminar blood flow and sustained high shear stress modulate the expression of EC genes and proteins that function to protect against atherosclerosis; in contrast, disturbed blood flow and the associated low and reciprocating shear stress upregulate proatherosclerotic genes and proteins that promote development of atherosclerosis. Understanding of the effects of shear stress on ECs will provide mechanistic insights into its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this review article is to summarize current findings on the effects of shear stress on ECs, in terms of their signal transduction, gene expression, structure, and function. These endothelial cellular responses have important relevance to understanding the pathophysiological effects of altered shear stress associated with atherosclerosis and thrombosis and their complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tsou JK, Gower RM, Ting HJ, Schaff UY, Insana MF, Passerini AG, Simon SI. Spatial regulation of inflammation by human aortic endothelial cells in a linear gradient of shear stress. Microcirculation 2008; 15:311-23. [PMID: 18464160 DOI: 10.1080/10739680701724359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a focal disease that develops at sites of low and oscillatory shear stress in arteries. This study aimed to understand how endothelial cells sense a gradient of fluid shear stress and transduce signals that regulate membrane expression of cell adhesion molecules and monocyte recruitment. METHODS Human aortic endothelial cells were stimulated with TNF-alpha and simultaneously exposed to a linear gradient of shear stress that increased from 0 to 16 dyne/cm2. Cell adhesion molecule expression and activation of NFkappa B were quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy with resolution at the level of a single endothelial cell. Monocyte recruitment was imaged using custom microfluidic flow chambers. RESULTS VCAM-1 and E-selectin upregulation was greatest between 2-4 dyne/cm2 (6 and 4-fold, respectively) and above 8 dyne/cm2 expression was suppressed below that of untreated endothelial cells. In contrast, ICAM-1 expression and NFkappa B nuclear translocation increased with shear stress up to a maximum at 9 dyne/cm2. Monocyte recruitment was most efficient in regions where E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression was greatest. CONCLUSIONS We found that the endothelium can sense a change in shear stress on the order of 0.25 dyne/cm2 over a length of approximately 10 cells, regulating the level of protein transcription, cellular adhesion molecule expression, and leukocyte recruitment during inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Tsou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Boussel L, Rayz V, McCulloch C, Martin A, Acevedo-Bolton G, Lawton M, Higashida R, Smith WS, Young WL, Saloner D. Aneurysm growth occurs at region of low wall shear stress: patient-specific correlation of hemodynamics and growth in a longitudinal study. Stroke 2008; 39:2997-3002. [PMID: 18688012 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.521617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Evolution of intracranial aneurysmal disease is known to be related to hemodynamic forces acting on the vessel wall. Low wall shear stress (WSS) has been reported to have a negative effect on endothelial cells normal physiology and may be an important contributor to local remodeling of the arterial wall and to aneurysm growth and rupture. METHODS Seven patient-specific models of intracranial aneurysms were constructed using MR angiography data acquired at two different time points (mean 16.4+/-7.4 months between the two time points). Numeric simulations of the flow in the baseline geometries were performed to compute WSS distributions. The lumenal geometries constructed from the two time points were manually coregistered, and the radial displacement of the wall was calculated on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This displacement, corresponding to the local growth of the aneurysm, was compared to the time-averaged wall shear stress (WSS TA) through the cardiac cycle at that location. For statistical analysis, radial displacement was considered to be significant if it was larger than half of the MR pixel resolution (0.3 mm). RESULTS Mean WSS TA values obtained for the areas with a displacement smaller and greater than 0.3 mm were 2.55+/-3.6 and 0.76+/-1.5 Pa, respectively (P<0.001). A linear correlation analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between WSS TA and surface displacement (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that aneurysm growth is likely to occur in regions where the endothelial layer lining the vessel wall is exposed to abnormally low wall shear stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loic Boussel
- Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, USA 94121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huang H, Liu T, Rose JL, Stevens RL, Hoyt DG. Sensitivity of mice to lipopolysaccharide is increased by a high saturated fat and cholesterol diet. J Inflamm (Lond) 2007; 4:22. [PMID: 17997851 PMCID: PMC2186306 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-4-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background It was hypothesized that a pro-atherogenic, high saturated fat and cholesterol diet (HCD) would increase the inflammatory response to E. coli endotoxin (LPS) and increase its concentration in plasma after administration to mice. Methods C57Bl/6 mice were fed a HCD or a control diet (CD) for 4 weeks, and then treated with saline, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg LPS/kg, ip. Liver injury (alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, collagen staining), circulating cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interferon-γ), factors that can bind LPS (serum amyloid A, apolipoprotein A1, LPS binding protein, and CD14), and plasma levels of LPS were measured. The hepatic response was assessed by measuring vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 proteins, and VCAM-1 and iNOS mRNAs. Hepatic mRNA encoding the LPS receptor, Toll like receptor 4, was also determined. Results Two mg LPS/kg killed 100% of mice fed HCD within 5 d, while no mice fed CD died. All mice treated with 0 to 1 mg LPS/kg survived 24 h. HCD increased plasma alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and the enzymes were increased more by LPS in HCD than CD mice. Induction of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ by LPS was greater with HCD than CD. Hepatic VCAM-1 and iNOS protein and mRNA were induced by LPS more in mice fed HCD than CD. Tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 caused by LPS was prolonged in HCD compared with CD mice. Despite the hepatic effects of HCD, diet had no effect on the LPS plasma concentration-time profile. HCD alone did not affect circulating levels of plasma apolipoprotein A1 or LPS binding protein. However, plasma concentrations of serum amyloid A and CD14, and hepatic toll-like receptor-4 mRNA were increased in mice fed HCD. Conclusion HCD increased the sensitivity of mice to LPS without affecting its plasma level. Although increased serum amyloid A and CD14 in the circulation may inhibit LPS actions, their overexpression, along with hepatic toll-like receptor-4 or other factors, may contribute to the heightened sensitivity to LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Division of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
da Silva RF, Chambaz C, Stergiopulos N, Hayoz D, Silacci P. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of preproendothelin-1 by plaque-prone hemodynamics. Atherosclerosis 2007; 194:383-90. [PMID: 17324434 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plaque-prone areas are exposed to a particular hemodynamic environment characterized by a low mean shear stress value and a cyclic reversal flow. This mechanical environment, also termed oscillatory shear stress (OSS), induces the expression of several pro-atherogenic genes in the endothelial cells including the preproendothelin-1 (ppET-1) gene. The present paper investigates the molecular mechanisms of this induction. METHODS AND RESULTS Several deletional mutants of ppET-1 gene promoter were cloned upstream of a luciferase gene and transiently transfected in bovine arterial endothelial cells that were further exposed to plaque-prone hemodynamics. After 24h of flow exposure, analysis of the transfected cells showed that a proximal promoter of 156 base pairs length retained OSS responsiveness. Mutation of an activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site present in this minimal promoter completely abolished its activation by OSS. Consistently, electrophoresis mobility shift assay revealed a sustained activation of AP-1 transcription factor in endothelial cells exposed to OSS. In addition to the transcriptional activation, we demonstrated that OSS also induces a stabilization of ppET-1mRNA through the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of this gene. Fluvastatin, a drug known to improve endothelial function, was shown to prevent OSS up-regulation of the ppET-1 gene expression. Under this flow condition, fluvastatin affects ppET-1 gene expression via inhibition of its promoter activity without affecting ppET-1mRNA stability. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrate that plaque-prone hemodynamic induces ppET-1 gene expression by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms via an activation of AP-1 transcriptional factor and stabilization of mRNA. The transcriptional up-regulation of ppET-1 was shown to be fluvastatin sensitive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Fernandes da Silva
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, Building AI 1232, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jones CI, Zhu H, Martin SF, Han Z, Li Y, Alevriadou BR. Regulation of Antioxidants and Phase 2 Enzymes by Shear-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species in Endothelial Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2007; 35:683-93. [PMID: 17340195 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-007-9279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to steady laminar shear stress activates the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) and upregulates the expression of several genes. The onset of shear is known to increase the EC reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and oxidative stress can activate the ARE. ARE-regulated genes include phase 2 enzymes, such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and antioxidants, such as glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase. We examined how shear stress affects the antioxidant/phase 2 enzyme activities and whether ROS mediate these effects. ROS production, measured by dichlorofluorescin fluorescence, depended on level and time of shear exposure and EC origin, and was inhibited by either an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor or a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavenger. Shear stress (10 dynes/cm2, 16 h) significantly increased the NQO1 activity, did not change significantly the glutathione (GSH) content, and significantly decreased the GR, GPx, GST and catalase activities in human umbilical vein ECs. Either eNOS inhibition or superoxide radical (O2*-)/ONOO- scavenging differentially modulated the shear effects on enzyme activities suggesting that the intracellular redox status coordinates the shear-induced expression of cytoprotective genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles I Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tong Q, Zheng L, Lin L, Li B, Wang D, Li D. Hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor promotes vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression via the PI-3K/Akt-NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:444-56. [PMID: 16709959 PMCID: PMC2643264 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0424oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor (HIMF), also known as FIZZ1 (found in inflammatory zone 1), is an important player in lung inflammation. However, the effects of HIMF on cell adhesion molecules involved in lung inflammation remain largely unknown. In the present work, we tested whether HIMF modulates vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression, and dissected the possible signaling pathways that link HIMF to VCAM-1 upregulation. Recombinant HIMF protein, instilled intratracheally into adult mouse lungs, results in a significant increase of VCAM-1 production in vascular endothelial, alveolar type II, and airway epithelial cells. In cultured mouse endothelial SVEC 4-10 and lung epithelial MLE-12 cells, we demonstrated that HIMF induces VCAM-1 expression via the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/Akt-nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway. Knockdown of HIMF expression by small interference RNA attenuated LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression in vitro. We showed that HIMF induced phosphorylation of the IkappaB kinase signalsome and, subsequently, IkappaBalpha, leading to activation of NF-kappaB. Meanwhile, VCAM-1 production was correspondingly upregulated. Blocking NF-kappaB signaling pathway by expression of dominant-negative mutants of IkappaB kinase and IkappaBalpha suppressed HIMF-induced VCAM-1 upregulation. HIMF also strongly induced phosphorylation of Akt. A dominant-negative mutant of PI-3K, Deltap85, as well as PI-3K inhibitor, LY294002, also blocked HIMF-induced NF-kappaB activation and attenuated VCAM-1 production. Furthermore, LY294002 pretreatment abolished HIMF-enhanced mononuclear cells adhesion to endothelial and epithelial cells. Our findings connect HIMF to signaling pathways that regulate inflammation, and thus reveal the critical roles that HIMF plays in lung inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Saint Louis University, 7th Floor, Desloge Towers, MO 63110-2539, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
This paper reviews a part of the state of the art of nanobioscience in Japan. The importance of combination and integration of interdisciplinary principles is emphasized for the development of nanobioscience. Biomagnetics, biomechanics, nanomachining, self-replicating cell model, neuronal network, drug delivery system, and tissue engineering are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoogo Ueno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hsieh PCH, Kenagy RD, Mulvihill ER, Jeanette JP, Wang X, Chang CMC, Yao Z, Ruzzo WL, Justice S, Hudkins KL, Alpers CE, Berceli S, Clowes AW. Bone morphogenetic protein 4: potential regulator of shear stress-induced graft neointimal atrophy. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43:150-8. [PMID: 16414402 PMCID: PMC1448168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Placement in baboons of a distal femoral arteriovenous fistula increases shear stress through aortoiliac polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts and induces regression of a preformed neointima. Atrophy of the neointima might be controlled by shear stress-induced genes, including the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). We have investigated the expression and function of BMPs 2, 4, and 5 in the graft neointima and in cultured baboon smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS Baboons received bilateral aortoiliac PTFE grafts and 8 weeks later, a unilateral femoral arteriovenous fistula. RESULTS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that high shear stress increased BMP2, 4, and 5 messenger RNA (mRNA) in graft intima between 1 and 7 days, while noggin (a BMP inhibitor) mRNA was decreased. BMP4 most potently (60% inhibition) inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated SMC proliferation compared with BMP2 and BMP5 (31% and 26%, respectively). BMP4 also increased SMC death by 190% +/- 10%. Noggin reversed the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of BMP4. Finally, Western blotting confirmed BMP4 protein upregulation by high shear stress at 4 days. BMP4 expression demonstrated by in situ hybridization was confined to endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased BMPs (particularly BMP4) coupled with decreased noggin may promote high shear stress-mediated graft neointimal atrophy by inhibiting SMC proliferation and increasing SMC death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C H Hsieh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6410, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Miyagi M, Miwa Y, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Morimoto S, Sasaguri T. Activator Protein-1 Mediates Shear Stress–Induced Prostaglandin D Synthase Gene Expression in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:970-5. [PMID: 15718494 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000159702.68591.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We attempted to determine the molecular mechanism of fluid shear stress-induced lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (l-PGDS) expression in vascular endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the promoter region of the l-PGDS gene by loading laminar shear stress (20 dyne/cm2), using a parallel-plate flow chamber, on endothelial cells transfected with luciferase reporter vectors containing the 5'-flanking regions of the human l-PGDS gene. A deletion mutant analysis revealed that a shear stress-responsive element resided in the region between -2607 and -2523 bp. A mutation introduced into the putative binding site for activator protein-1 (AP-1) within this region eliminated the response to shear stress. In an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, shear stress stimulated nuclear protein binding to the AP-1 binding site, which was supershifted by antibodies to c-Fos and c-Jun. Shear stress elevated the c-Jun phosphorylation level in a time-dependent manner, similar to that of l-PGDS gene expression. SP600125, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor, decreased the c-Jun phosphorylation, DNA binding of AP-1, and l-PGDS expression induced by shear stress. Additionally, an mRNA chase experiment using actinomycin D demonstrated that shear stress did not stabilize l-PGDS mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Shear stress induces l-PGDS expression by transcriptional activation through the AP-1 binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Miyagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|