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Steidl E, Neuhaus E, Shrestha M, Deichmann R, Weber K, Steinbach JP, Pilatus U, Hattingen E, Schüre JR. Pathological tissue changes in brain tumors affect the pH-sensitivity of the T1-corrected apparent exchange dependent relaxation (AREX) of the amide protons. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2025; 38:e5285. [PMID: 39467029 PMCID: PMC11602268 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 10/12/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024]
Abstract
Measuring the intracellular pH (pHi) is of interest for brain tumor diagnostics. Common metrics of CEST imaging like the amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MTRasym are pHi sensitive and allow differentiating malignant tumor from healthy tissue. Yet, the image contrast also depends on additional magnetization transfer effects and T1. In contrast, the apparent exchange-dependent relaxation (AREX) provides a T1 corrected exchange rate of the amide protons. As AREX still depends on amide proton density, its pHi sensitivity remains ambiguous. Hence, we conducted this study to assess the influence of pathologic tissue changes on the pHi sensitivity of AREX in vivo. Patients with newly diagnosed intra-axial brain tumors were prospectively recruited and underwent conventional MRI, quantitative T1 relaxometry, APT-CEST and 31P-MRS on a 3T MRI scanner. Tumors were segmented into contrast-enhancing tumor (CE), surrounding T2 hyperintensity (T2-H) and contralateral normal appearing white matter (CNAWM). T1 mapping and APT-CEST metrics were correlated with 31P-MRS-derived pHi maps (Pearson's correlation). Without differentiating tissue subtypes, pHi did not only correlate significantly with MTRasym (r = 0.46) but also with T1 (r = 0.49). Conversely, AREX only correlated poorly with pHi (r = 0.17). Analyzing different tissue subtypes separately revealed a tissue dependency of the pHi sensitivity of AREX with a significant correlation (r = 0.6) in CNAWM and no correlation in T2-H or CE (r = -0.11/-0.24). CE showed significantly increased MTRasym, pHi, and T1 compared with CNAWM (p < 0.001). In our study, the pHi sensitivity of AREX was limited to CNAWM. The lack of sensitivity in CE and T2-H is probably attributable to altered amide and water proton concentrations in these tissues. Conversely, the correlation of pHi with MTRasym may be explained by the coincidental contrast increase through increased T1 and amide proton density. Therefore, limited structural deviations from CNAWM might be a perquisite for the use of CEST contrasts as pHi-marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Steidl
- University Hospital, Institute of NeuroradiologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
- University Hospital, University Cancer Center (UCT)Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Elisabeth Neuhaus
- University Hospital, Institute of NeuroradiologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Manoj Shrestha
- Brain Imaging CenterGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Ralf Deichmann
- Brain Imaging CenterGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Katharina Weber
- University Hospital, University Cancer Center (UCT)Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
- University Hospital, Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute)Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI)Goethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Partner Site Frankfurt, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Joachim P. Steinbach
- University Hospital, Institute of NeurooncologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- University Hospital, Institute of NeuroradiologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Elke Hattingen
- University Hospital, Institute of NeuroradiologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Jan Rüdiger Schüre
- University Hospital, Institute of NeuroradiologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Clinic ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
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Chen H, Zhu MZ, Wang XT, Ai M, Li SS, Wan MY, Wang PY, Cai WW, Hou B, Xu F, Lang F, Qiu LY, Zhou YT. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 inhibits Lewis lung cancer cell migration via NHE1-sensitive metabolic reprograming. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:182-199. [PMID: 37921568 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
High prevalence and metastasis rates are characteristics of lung cancer. Glycolysis provides energy for the development and metastasis of cancer cells. The 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ) has been linked to reducing cancer risk and regulates various physiological functions. We hypothesized that 1,25(OH)2 D3 could be associated with the expression and activity of Na+ /H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) of Lewis lung cancer cells, thus regulating glycolysis as well as migration by actin reorganization. Followed by online public data analysis, Vitamin D3 receptor, the receptor of 1,25(OH)2 D3 has been proved to be abundant in lung cancers. We demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment suppressed transcript levels, protein levels, and activity of NHE1 in LLC cells. Furthermore, 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment resets the metabolic balance between glycolysis and OXPHOS, mainly including reducing glycolytic enzymes expression and lactate production. In vivo experiments showed the inhibition effects on tumor growth as well. Therefore, we concluded that 1,25(OH)2 D3 could amend the NHE1 function, which leads to metabolic reprogramming and cytoskeleton reconstruction, finally inhibits the cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Zhen Zhu
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Ting Wang
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ai
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory Animal Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Li
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yu Wan
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yao Wang
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Cai
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Hou
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xu
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Li-Ying Qiu
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Tao Zhou
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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Cho NS, Hagiwara A, Yao J, Nathanson DA, Prins RM, Wang C, Raymond C, Desousa BR, Divakaruni A, Morrow DH, Nghiemphu PL, Lai A, Liau LM, Everson RG, Salamon N, Pope WB, Cloughesy TF, Ellingson BM. Amine-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging in brain tumors. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4785. [PMID: 35704275 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amine-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly valuable as an amine- and pH-sensitive imaging technique in brain tumors, targeting the intrinsically high concentration of amino acids with exchangeable amine protons and reduced extracellular pH in brain tumors. Amine-weighted CEST MRI contrast is dependent on the glioma genotype, likely related to differences in degree of malignancy and metabolic behavior. Amine-weighted CEST MRI may provide complementary value to anatomic imaging in conventional and exploratory therapies in brain tumors, including chemoradiation, antiangiogenic therapies, and immunotherapies. Continual improvement and clinical testing of amine-weighted CEST MRI has the potential to greatly impact patients with brain tumors by understanding vulnerabilities in the tumor microenvironment that may be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Cho
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Akifumi Hagiwara
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jingwen Yao
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chencai Wang
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Catalina Raymond
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brandon R Desousa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ajit Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Danielle H Morrow
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Phioanh L Nghiemphu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Brain Tumor Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Brain Tumor Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard G Everson
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Noriko Salamon
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Whitney B Pope
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Brain Tumor Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Brain Tumor Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Cho NS, Sanvito F, Thakuria S, Wang C, Hagiwara A, Nagaraj R, Oshima S, Lopez Kolkovsky AL, Lu J, Raymond C, Liau LM, Everson RG, Patel KS, Kim W, Yang I, Bergsneider M, Nghiemphu PL, Lai A, Nathanson DA, Cloughesy TF, Ellingson BM. Multi-nuclear sodium, diffusion, and perfusion MRI in human gliomas. J Neurooncol 2023; 163:417-427. [PMID: 37294422 PMCID: PMC10322966 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is limited knowledge about the associations between sodium and proton MRI measurements in brain tumors. The purpose of this study was to quantify intra- and intertumoral correlations between sodium, diffusion, and perfusion MRI in human gliomas. METHODS Twenty glioma patients were prospectively studied on a 3T MRI system with multinuclear capabilities. Three mutually exclusive tumor volumes of interest (VOIs) were segmented: contrast-enhancing tumor (CET), T2/FLAIR hyperintense non-enhancing tumor (NET), and necrosis. Median and voxel-wise associations between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), normalized relative cerebral blood volume (nrCBV), and normalized sodium measurements were quantified for each VOI. RESULTS Both relative sodium concentration and ADC were significantly higher in areas of necrosis compared to NET (P = 0.003 and P = 0.008, respectively) and CET (P = 0.02 and P = 0.02). Sodium concentration was higher in CET compared to NET (P = 0.04). Sodium and ADC were higher in treated compared to treatment-naïve gliomas within NET (P = 0.006 and P = 0.01, respectively), and ADC was elevated in CET (P = 0.03). Median ADC and sodium concentration were positively correlated across patients in NET (r = 0.77, P < 0.0001) and CET (r = 0.84, P < 0.0001), but not in areas of necrosis (r = 0.45, P = 0.12). Median nrCBV and sodium concentration were negatively correlated across patients in areas of NET (r=-0.63, P = 0.003). Similar associations were observed when examining voxel-wise correlations within VOIs. CONCLUSION Sodium MRI is positively correlated with proton diffusion MRI measurements in gliomas, likely reflecting extracellular water. Unique areas of multinuclear MRI contrast may be useful in future studies to understand the chemistry of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Cho
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Sanvito
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shruti Thakuria
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chencai Wang
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akifumi Hagiwara
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raksha Nagaraj
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonoko Oshima
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alfredo L Lopez Kolkovsky
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Jianwen Lu
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catalina Raymond
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard G Everson
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kunal S Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marvin Bergsneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Phioanh L Nghiemphu
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (BTIL) Professor of Radiology, Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery Departments of Radiological Sciences, Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 615, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.
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Ion Channels in Gliomas-From Molecular Basis to Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032530. [PMID: 36768856 PMCID: PMC9916861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels provide the basis for the nervous system's intrinsic electrical activity. Neuronal excitability is a characteristic property of neurons and is critical for all functions of the nervous system. Glia cells fulfill essential supportive roles, but unlike neurons, they also retain the ability to divide. This can lead to uncontrolled growth and the formation of gliomas. Ion channels are involved in the unique biology of gliomas pertaining to peritumoral pathology and seizures, diffuse invasion, and treatment resistance. The emerging picture shows ion channels in the brain at the crossroads of neurophysiology and fundamental pathophysiological processes of specific cancer behaviors as reflected by uncontrolled proliferation, infiltration, resistance to apoptosis, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Ion channels are highly druggable, making them an enticing therapeutic target. Targeting ion channels in difficult-to-treat brain tumors such as gliomas requires an understanding of their extremely heterogenous tumor microenvironment and highly diverse molecular profiles, both representing major causes of recurrence and treatment resistance. In this review, we survey the current knowledge on ion channels with oncogenic behavior within the heterogeneous group of gliomas, review ion channel gene expression as genomic biomarkers for glioma prognosis and provide an update on therapeutic perspectives for repurposed and novel ion channel inhibitors and electrotherapy.
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Geng J, Jensen G, Jackson K, Pontsler J, Rengarajan V, Sun Y, Britt D, Huang Y. Versatile activity and morphological effects of zinc oxide submicron particles as anticancer agents. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:627-644. [PMID: 35350869 PMCID: PMC9118057 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Submicron particles (SMPs), as novel bionanomaterials, offer complementary benefits to their conventional nano-counterparts. Aim: To explore zinc oxide (ZnO) SMPs' bioimaging and anticancer potentials. Materials & methods: ZnO SMPs were synthesized into two shapes. Fluorescent spectrum and microscopy were studied for the bioimaging property. Wound healing and Live/Dead assays of glioblastoma cells were characterized for anticancer activities. Results: ZnO SMPs exhibited a high quantum yield (49%) with stable orange fluorescence emission. Both morphologies (most significant in the rod shape) showed tumor-selective properties in cytotoxicity, inhibition to cell migration and attenuating the cancer-upregulated genes. The tumor selectivity was attributed to particle degradation and surface properties on pH dependency. Conclusion: The authors propose that ZnO SMPs could be a promising anticancer drug with tunable, morphology-dependent properties for bioimaging and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Geng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, ENGR 402, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Gregory Jensen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, ENGR 402, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kyle Jackson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, ENGR 402, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jefferson Pontsler
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, ENGR 402, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Venkatakrishnan Rengarajan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, ENGR 402, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Utah State University, 3900 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - David Britt
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, ENGR 402, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, ENGR 402, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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7
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Letchuman V, Ampie L, Shah AH, Brown DA, Heiss JD, Chittiboina P. Syngeneic murine glioblastoma models: reactionary immune changes and immunotherapy intervention outcomes. Neurosurg Focus 2022; 52:E5. [PMID: 35104794 PMCID: PMC10851929 DOI: 10.3171/2021.11.focus21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain neoplasm with dismal 10-year survival rates of < 1%. Despite promising preliminary results from several novel therapeutic agents, clinical responses have been modest due to several factors, including tumor heterogeneity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and treatment resistance. Novel immunotherapeutics have been developed to reverse tumor-induced immunosuppression in patients with glioblastomas. In order to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, reliable in vivo syngeneic murine models are critical for the development of new targeted agents as these models demonstrate rapid tumor induction and reliable tumor growth over multiple generations. Despite the clear advantages of murine models, choosing an appropriate model from an immunological perspective can be difficult and have significant ramifications on the translatability of the results from murine to human trials. Herein, the authors reviewed the 4 most commonly used immunocompetent syngeneic murine glioma models (GL261 [C57BL/6], SB28 [C57BL/6], CT-2A [C57BL/6], and SMA-560 [VM/Dk]) and compared their strengths and weaknesses from an immunological standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Letchuman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leonel Ampie
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ashish H. Shah
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Desmond A. Brown
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John D. Heiss
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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8
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Hagiwara A, Bydder M, Oughourlian TC, Yao J, Salamon N, Jahan R, Villablanca JP, Enzmann DR, Ellingson BM. Sodium MR Neuroimaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:1920-1926. [PMID: 34446457 PMCID: PMC8583254 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sodium MR imaging has the potential to complement routine proton MR imaging examinations with the goal of improving diagnosis, disease characterization, and clinical monitoring in neurologic diseases. In the past, the utility and exploration of sodium MR imaging as a valuable clinical tool have been limited due to the extremely low MR signal, but with recent improvements in imaging techniques and hardware, sodium MR imaging is on the verge of becoming clinically realistic for conditions that include brain tumors, ischemic stroke, and epilepsy. In this review, we briefly describe the fundamental physics of sodium MR imaging tailored to the neuroradiologist, focusing on the basics necessary to understand factors that play into making sodium MR imaging feasible for clinical settings and describing current controversies in the field. We will also discuss the current state of the field and the potential future clinical uses of sodium MR imaging in the diagnosis, phenotyping, and therapeutic monitoring in neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hagiwara
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - M Bydder
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - T C Oughourlian
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program (T.C.O., B.M.E.)
| | - J Yao
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Department of Bioengineering (J.Y., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - N Salamon
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - R Jahan
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - J P Villablanca
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - D R Enzmann
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
| | - B M Ellingson
- From the UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory (A.H., M.B., T.C.O., J.Y., B.M.E.), Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers
- Department of Bioengineering (J.Y., B.M.E.), Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Radiological Sciences (A.H., M.B., J.Y., N.S., R.J., J.P.V., D.R.E., B.M.E.)
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program (T.C.O., B.M.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences (B.M.E.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Russell BL, Sooklal SA, Malindisa ST, Daka LJ, Ntwasa M. The Tumor Microenvironment Factors That Promote Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641428. [PMID: 34268109 PMCID: PMC8276693 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Through genetic and epigenetic alterations, cancer cells present the immune system with a diversity of antigens or neoantigens, which the organism must distinguish from self. The immune system responds to neoantigens by activating naïve T cells, which mount an anticancer cytotoxic response. T cell activation begins when the T cell receptor (TCR) interacts with the antigen, which is displayed by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Subsequently, accessory stimulatory or inhibitory molecules transduce a secondary signal in concert with the TCR/antigen mediated stimulus. These molecules serve to modulate the activation signal's strength at the immune synapse. Therefore, the activation signal's optimum amplitude is maintained by a balance between the costimulatory and inhibitory signals. This system comprises the so-called immune checkpoints such as the programmed cell death (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and is crucial for the maintenance of self-tolerance. Cancers often evade the intrinsic anti-tumor activity present in normal physiology primarily by the downregulation of T cell activation. The blockade of the immune checkpoint inhibitors using specific monoclonal antibodies has emerged as a potentially powerful anticancer therapy strategy. Several drugs have been approved mainly for solid tumors. However, it has emerged that there are innate and acquired mechanisms by which resistance is developed against these therapies. Some of these are tumor-intrinsic mechanisms, while others are tumor-extrinsic whereby the microenvironment may have innate or acquired resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. This review article will examine mechanisms by which resistance is mounted against immune checkpoint inhibitors focussing on anti-CTL4-A and anti-PD-1/PD-Ll since drugs targeting these checkpoints are the most developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L. Russell
- Department of Life & Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Innovation Hub, Buboo (Pty) Ltd, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Selisha A. Sooklal
- Department of Life & Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sibusiso T. Malindisa
- Department of Life & Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Monde Ntwasa
- Department of Life & Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
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10
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Sutthasupha P, Lungkaphin A. The potential roles of chitosan oligosaccharide in prevention of kidney injury in obese and diabetic conditions. Food Funct 2021; 11:7371-7388. [PMID: 32839793 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00302f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is closely associated with insulin resistance (IR). The most likely links between the two are obesity-mediated systemic low-grade chronic inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are all known to contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and eventually diabetic nephropathy (DN). Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of chitosan prepared by the deacetylation of chitin commonly found in exoskeletons of crustaceans such as shrimp and crab as well as the cell walls of fungi. COS has various biological effects including lipid lowering, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetes, and anti-oxidant effects. Therefore, COS is a potential new therapeutic agent for treatment of the obesity-induced DN condition. It is an abundant natural polymer and therefore freely available. This review includes information regarding the relationship between obesity, IR, T2DM, and DN as well as the potential usefulness of COS in controlling lipid and cholesterol metabolism, T2DM and kidney injury models in both in vivo and in vitro studies. However, evidence is limited regarding the effect of COS on the DN model. Further studies, especially in obesity-induced DN, are needed to support the mechanisms proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prempree Sutthasupha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. and Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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11
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Tarazona OA, Pourquié O. Exploring the Influence of Cell Metabolism on Cell Fate through Protein Post-translational Modifications. Dev Cell 2021; 54:282-292. [PMID: 32693060 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The connection between cell fate transitions and metabolic shifts is gaining momentum in the study of cell differentiation in embryonic development, adult stem cells, and cancer pathogenesis. Here, we explore how metabolic transitions influence post-translational modifications (PTMs), which play central roles in the activation of transcriptional programs. PTMs can control the function of transcription factors acting as master regulators of cell fate as well as activation or repression of cell identity genes by regulating chromatin state via histone tail modifications. It now becomes clear that cell metabolism is an integral part of the complex landscape of regulatory mechanisms underlying cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Tarazona
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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Wenger KJ, Steinbach JP, Bähr O, Pilatus U, Hattingen E. Lower Lactate Levels and Lower Intracellular pH in Patients with IDH-Mutant versus Wild-Type Gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:1414-1422. [PMID: 32646946 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Preclinical evidence points toward a metabolic reprogramming in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutated tumor cells with down-regulation of the expression of genes that encode for glycolytic metabolism. We noninvasively investigated lactate and Cr concentrations, as well as intracellular pH using 1H/phosphorus 31 (31P) MR spectroscopy in a cohort of patients with gliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty prospectively enrolled, mostly untreated patients with gliomas met the spectral quality criteria (World Health Organization II [n = 7], III [n = 16], IV [n = 7]; IDH-mutant [n = 23]; IDH wild-type [n = 7]; 1p/19q codeletion [n = 9]). MR imaging protocol included 3D 31P chemical shift imaging and 1H single-voxel spectroscopy (point-resolved spectroscopy sequence at TE = 30 ms and TE = 97 ms with optimized echo spacing for detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate) from the tumor area. Values for absolute metabolite concentrations were calculated (phantom replacement method). Intracellular pH was determined from 31P chemical shift imaging. RESULTS At TE = 97 ms, lactate peaks can be fitted with little impact of lipid/macromolecule contamination. We found a significant difference in lactate concentrations, lactate/Cr ratios, and intracellular pH when comparing tumor voxels of patients with IDH-mutant with those of patients with IDH wild-type gliomas, with reduced lactate levels and near-normal intracellular pH in patients with IDH-mutant gliomas. We additionally found evidence for codependent effects of 1p/19q codeletion and IDH mutations with regard to lactate concentrations for World Health Organization tumor grades II and III, with lower lactate levels in patients exhibiting the codeletion. There was no statistical significance when comparing lactate concentrations between IDH-mutant World Health Organization II and III gliomas. CONCLUSIONS We found indirect evidence for metabolic reprogramming in IDH-mutant tumors with significantly lower lactate concentrations compared with IDH wild-type tumors and a near-normal intracellular pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Wenger
- From the Departments of Neuroradiology (K.J.W., U.P., E.H.) .,German Cancer Consortium Partner Site (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Frankfurt am Main/Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J P Steinbach
- Neurooncology (J.P.S., O.B.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium Partner Site (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Frankfurt am Main/Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O Bähr
- Neurooncology (J.P.S., O.B.), University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium Partner Site (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Frankfurt am Main/Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - U Pilatus
- From the Departments of Neuroradiology (K.J.W., U.P., E.H.).,German Cancer Consortium Partner Site (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Frankfurt am Main/Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Hattingen
- From the Departments of Neuroradiology (K.J.W., U.P., E.H.).,German Cancer Consortium Partner Site (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Frankfurt am Main/Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (K.J.W., J.P.S., O.B., U.P., E.H.), Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Stovell MG, Mada MO, Carpenter TA, Yan JL, Guilfoyle MR, Jalloh I, Welsh KE, Helmy A, Howe DJ, Grice P, Mason A, Giorgi-Coll S, Gallagher CN, Murphy MP, Menon DK, Hutchinson PJ, Carpenter KL. Phosphorus spectroscopy in acute TBI demonstrates metabolic changes that relate to outcome in the presence of normal structural MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:67-84. [PMID: 30226401 PMCID: PMC6927074 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18799176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction is a key pathophysiological process in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although changes in brain glucose metabolism and extracellular lactate/pyruvate ratio are well known, it was hitherto unknown whether these translate to downstream changes in ATP metabolism and intracellular pH. We have performed the first clinical voxel-based in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) in 13 acute-phase major TBI patients versus 10 healthy controls (HCs), at 3T, focusing on eight central 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 cm3 voxels per subject. PCr/γATP ratio (a measure of energy status) in TBI patients was significantly higher (median = 1.09) than that of HCs (median = 0.93) (p < 0.0001), due to changes in both PCr and ATP. There was no significant difference in PCr/γATP between TBI patients with favourable and unfavourable outcome. Cerebral intracellular pH of TBI patients was significantly higher (median = 7.04) than that of HCs (median = 7.00) (p = 0.04). Alkalosis was limited to patients with unfavourable outcome (median = 7.07) (p < 0.0001). These changes persisted after excluding voxels with > 5% radiologically visible injury. This is the first clinical demonstration of brain alkalosis and elevated PCr/γATP ratio acutely after major TBI. 31P MRS has potential for non-invasively assessing brain injury in the absence of structural injury, predicting outcome and monitoring therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Stovell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marius O Mada
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Adrian Carpenter
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jiun-Lin Yan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mathew R Guilfoyle
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ibrahim Jalloh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen E Welsh
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan J Howe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Grice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Giorgi-Coll
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare N Gallagher
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David K Menon
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keri Lh Carpenter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Leslie TK, James AD, Zaccagna F, Grist JT, Deen S, Kennerley A, Riemer F, Kaggie JD, Gallagher FA, Gilbert FJ, Brackenbury WJ. Sodium homeostasis in the tumour microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188304. [PMID: 31348974 PMCID: PMC7115894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of sodium ions (Na+) is raised in solid tumours and can be measured at the cellular, tissue and patient levels. At the cellular level, the Na+ gradient across the membrane powers the transport of H+ ions and essential nutrients for normal activity. The maintenance of the Na+ gradient requires a large proportion of the cell's ATP. Na+ is a major contributor to the osmolarity of the tumour microenvironment, which affects cell volume and metabolism as well as immune function. Here, we review evidence indicating that Na+ handling is altered in tumours, explore our current understanding of the mechanisms that may underlie these alterations and consider the potential consequences for cancer progression. Dysregulated Na+ balance in tumours may open opportunities for new imaging biomarkers and re-purposing of drugs for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K Leslie
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew D James
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Fulvio Zaccagna
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James T Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Surrin Deen
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Aneurin Kennerley
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - William J Brackenbury
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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15
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Zhong S, Jeong JH, Chen Z, Chen Z, Luo JL. Targeting Tumor Microenvironment by Small-Molecule Inhibitors. Transl Oncol 2019; 13:57-69. [PMID: 31785429 PMCID: PMC6909103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a hypoxic, acidic, and immune/inflammatory cell–enriched milieu that plays crucial roles in tumor development, growth, progression, and therapy resistance. Targeting TME is an attractive strategy for the treatment of solid tumors. Conventional cancer chemotherapies are mostly designed to directly kill cancer cells, and the effectiveness is always compromised by their penetration and accessibility to cancer cells. Small-molecule inhibitors, which exhibit good penetration and accessibility, are widely studied, and many of them have been successfully applied in clinics for cancer treatment. As TME is more penetrable and accessible than tumor cells, a lot of efforts have recently been made to generate small-molecule inhibitors that specifically target TME or the components of TME or develop special drug-delivery systems that release the cytotoxic drugs specifically in TME. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent advances of small-molecule inhibitors that target TME for the tumor treatment. Tumor microenvironment (TME) is an indispensable part of tumor and is an important therapeutic target. TME is more penetrable and accessible than tumor cell area. Small-molecule inhibitors that target TME are very promising. The target efficiency can be improved by specific deliver and release systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangwei Zhong
- The Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ji-Hak Jeong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Zhikang Chen
- The Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Zihua Chen
- The Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Jun-Li Luo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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16
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Pedersen SF, Counillon L. The SLC9A-C Mammalian Na +/H + Exchanger Family: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:2015-2113. [PMID: 31507243 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers play pivotal roles in the control of cell and tissue pH by mediating the electroneutral exchange of Na+ and H+ across cellular membranes. They belong to an ancient family of highly evolutionarily conserved proteins, and they play essential physiological roles in all phyla. In this review, we focus on the mammalian Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs), the solute carrier (SLC) 9 family. This family of electroneutral transporters constitutes three branches: SLC9A, -B, and -C. Within these, each isoform exhibits distinct tissue expression profiles, regulation, and physiological roles. Some of these transporters are highly studied, with hundreds of original articles, and some are still only rudimentarily understood. In this review, we present and discuss the pioneering original work as well as the current state-of-the-art research on mammalian NHEs. We aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of core knowledge and recent insights into each family member, from gene organization over protein structure and regulation to physiological and pathophysiological roles. Particular attention is given to the integrated physiology of NHEs in the main organ systems. We provide several novel analyses and useful overviews, and we pinpoint main remaining enigmas, which we hope will inspire novel research on these highly versatile proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, LP2M, France, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - L Counillon
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, LP2M, France, and Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
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17
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Harguindey S, Polo Orozco J, Alfarouk KO, Devesa J. Hydrogen Ion Dynamics of Cancer and a New Molecular, Biochemical and Metabolic Approach to the Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Brain Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174278. [PMID: 31480530 PMCID: PMC6747469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of cancer has been slowly but steadily progressing during the last fifty years. Some tumors with a high mortality in the past are curable nowadays. However, there is one striking exception: glioblastoma multiforme. No real breakthrough has been hitherto achieved with this tumor with ominous prognosis and very short survival. Glioblastomas, being highly glycolytic malignancies are strongly pH-dependent and driven by the sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) and other proton (H+) transporters. Therefore, this is one of those pathologies where the lessons recently learnt from the new pH-centered anticancer paradigm may soon bring a promising change to treatment. This contribution will discuss how the pH-centric molecular, biochemical and metabolic perspective may introduce some urgently needed and integral novel treatments. Such a prospective therapeutic approach for malignant brain tumors is developed here, either to be used alone or in combination with more standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khalid O Alfarouk
- Al-Ghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42316, Saudi Arabia
- Alfarouk Biomedical Research LLC, Tampa, FL 33617, USA
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Foltra Medical Centre, 15886 Teo, Spain
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18
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Albatany M, Ostapchenko VG, Meakin S, Bartha R. Brain tumor acidification using drugs simultaneously targeting multiple pH regulatory mechanisms. J Neurooncol 2019; 144:453-462. [PMID: 31392597 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-invasively distinguishing aggressive from non-aggressive brain tumors is an important clinical challenge. Intracellular pH (pHi) regulation is essential for normal cell function and is normally maintained within a narrow range. Cancer cells are characterized by a reversed intracellular to extracellular pH gradient, compared to healthy cells, that is maintained by several distinct mechanisms. Previous studies have demonstrated acute pH modulation in glioblastoma detectable by chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after blocking individual pH regulatory mechanisms. The purpose of the current study was to simultaneously block five pH regulatory mechanisms while also providing glucose as an energy substrate. We hypothesized that this approach would increase the acute pH modulation effect allowing the identification of aggressive cancer. METHODS Using a 9.4 T MRI scanner, CEST spectra were acquired sensitive to pHi using amine/amide concentration independent detection (AACID). Twelve mice were scanned approximately 11 ± 1 days after implanting 105 U87 human glioblastoma multiforme cells in the brain, before and after intraperitoneal injection of a combination of five drugs (quercetin, cariporide, dichloroacetate, acetazolamide, and pantoprazole) with and without glucose. RESULTS Two hours after combination drug injection there was a significant 0.1 ± 0.03 increase in tumor AACID value corresponding to a 0.4 decrease in pHi. After injecting the drug combination with glucose the AACID value increased by 0.18 ± 0.03 corresponding to a 0.72 decrease in pHi. AACID values were also slightly increased in contralateral tissue. CONCLUSIONS The combined drug treatment with glucose produced a large acute CEST MRI contrast indicating tumor acidification, which could be used to help localize brain cancer and monitor tumor response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Albatany
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N65B7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N65B7, Canada
| | - Valeriy G Ostapchenko
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N65B7, Canada
| | - Susan Meakin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N65B7, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N65B7, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N65B7, Canada.
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19
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Tamtaji OR, Mirzaei H, Shamshirian A, Shamshirian D, Behnam M, Asemi Z. New trends in glioma cancer therapy: Targeting Na + /H + exchangers. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:658-665. [PMID: 31250444 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the oneof the most prevalent primarybrain tumors. There is a variety of oxidative stresses, inflammatory pathways, apoptosis signaling, and Na+ /H + exchangers (NHEs) involved in the pathophysiology of glioma. Previous studies have indicated a relationship between NHEs and some molecular pathways in glioma. NHEs, including NHE1, NHE5, and NHE9 affect apoptosis, tumor-associated macrophage inflammatory pathways, matrix metalloproteinases, cancer-cell growth, invasion, and migration of glioma. Also, inhibition of NHEs contributes to increased survival in animal models of glioma. Limited studies, however, have assessed the relationship between NHEs and molecular pathways in glioma. This review summarizes current knowledge and evidence regarding the relationship between NHEs and glioma, and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Shamshirian
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Danial Shamshirian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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20
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Mierke CT. The matrix environmental and cell mechanical properties regulate cell migration and contribute to the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:064602. [PMID: 30947151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The minimal structural unit of a solid tumor is a single cell or a cellular compartment such as the nucleus. A closer look inside the cells reveals that there are functional compartments or even structural domains determining the overall properties of a cell such as the mechanical phenotype. The mechanical interaction of these living cells leads to the complex organization such as compartments, tissues and organs of organisms including mammals. In contrast to passive non-living materials, living cells actively respond to the mechanical perturbations occurring in their microenvironment during diseases such as fibrosis and cancer. The transformation of single cancer cells in highly aggressive and hence malignant cancer cells during malignant cancer progression encompasses the basement membrane crossing, the invasion of connective tissue, the stroma microenvironments and transbarrier migration, which all require the immediate interaction of the aggressive and invasive cancer cells with the surrounding extracellular matrix environment including normal embedded neighboring cells. All these steps of the metastatic pathway seem to involve mechanical interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The pathology of cancer due to a broad heterogeneity of cancer types is still not fully understood. Hence it is necessary to reveal the signaling pathways such as mechanotransduction pathways that seem to be commonly involved in the development and establishment of the metastatic and mechanical phenotype in several carcinoma cells. We still do not know whether there exist distinct metastatic genes regulating the progression of tumors. These metastatic genes may then be activated either during the progression of cancer by themselves on their migration path or in earlier stages of oncogenesis through activated oncogenes or inactivated tumor suppressor genes, both of which promote the metastatic phenotype. In more detail, the adhesion of cancer cells to their surrounding stroma induces the generation of intracellular contraction forces that deform their microenvironments by alignment of fibers. The amplitude of these forces can adapt to the mechanical properties of the microenvironment. Moreover, the adhesion strength of cancer cells seems to determine whether a cancer cell is able to migrate through connective tissue or across barriers such as the basement membrane or endothelial cell linings of blood or lymph vessels in order to metastasize. In turn, exposure of adherent cancer cells to physical forces, such as shear flow in vessels or compression forces around tumors, reinforces cell adhesion, regulates cell contractility and restructures the ordering of the local stroma matrix that leads subsequently to secretion of crosslinking proteins or matrix degrading enzymes. Hence invasive cancer cells alter the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. From a mechanobiological point-of-view, the recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses such as cancer progression after the malignant transition of cancer cells from an epithelial and non-motile phenotype to a mesenchymal and motile (invasive) phenotype providing cellular motility. This transition can also be described as the physical attempt to relate this cancer cell transitional behavior to a T1 phase transition such as the jamming to unjamming transition. During the invasion of cancer cells, cell adaptation occurs to mechanical alterations of the local stroma, such as enhanced stroma upon fibrosis, and therefore we need to uncover underlying mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functional processes that reinforce the invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, these mechanisms may also be responsible for the awakening of dormant residual cancer cells within the microenvironment. Physicists were initially tempted to consider the steps of the cancer metastasis cascade as single events caused by a single mechanical alteration of the overall properties of the cancer cell. However, this general and simple view has been challenged by the finding that several mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment influence each other and continuously contribute to tumor growth and cancer progression. In addition, basement membrane crossing, cell invasion and transbarrier migration during cancer progression is explained in physical terms by applying physical principles on living cells regardless of their complexity and individual differences of cancer types. As a novel approach, the impact of the individual microenvironment surrounding cancer cells is also included. Moreover, new theories and models are still needed to understand why certain cancers are malignant and aggressive, while others stay still benign. However, due to the broad variety of cancer types, there may be various pathways solely suitable for specific cancer types and distinct steps in the process of cancer progression. In this review, physical concepts and hypotheses of cancer initiation and progression including cancer cell basement membrane crossing, invasion and transbarrier migration are presented and discussed from a biophysical point-of-view. In addition, the crosstalk between cancer cells and a chronically altered microenvironment, such as fibrosis, is discussed including the basic physical concepts of fibrosis and the cellular responses to mechanical stress caused by the mechanically altered microenvironment. Here, is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimentally and theoretically, have an impact on classical hallmarks of cancer and fibrosis and how they contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer and its progression by sensing and responding to the physical environmental properties through mechanotransduction processes. Finally, this review discusses various physical models of cell migration such as blebbing, nuclear piston, protrusive force and unjamming transition migration modes and how they contribute to cancer progression. Moreover, these cellular migration modes are influenced by microenvironmental perturbances such as fibrosis that can induce mechanical alterations in cancer cells, which in turn may impact the environment. Hence, the classical hallmarks of cancer need to be refined by including biomechanical properties of cells, cell clusters and tissues and their microenvironment to understand mechano-regulatory processes within cancer cells and the entire organism.
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21
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A non-catalytic function of carbonic anhydrase IX contributes to the glycolytic phenotype and pH regulation in human breast cancer cells. Biochem J 2019; 476:1497-1513. [PMID: 31072911 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The most aggressive and invasive tumor cells often reside in hypoxic microenvironments and rely heavily on rapid anaerobic glycolysis for energy production. This switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, along with up-regulation of the glucose transport system, significantly increases the release of lactic acid from cells into the tumor microenvironment. Excess lactate and proton excretion exacerbate extracellular acidification to which cancer cells, but not normal cells, adapt. We have hypothesized that carbonic anhydrases (CAs) play a role in stabilizing both intracellular and extracellular pH to favor cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we show that proton efflux (acidification) using the glycolytic rate assay is dependent on both extracellular pH (pHe) and CA IX expression. Yet, isoform-selective sulfonamide-based inhibitors of CA IX did not alter proton flux, which suggests that the catalytic activity of CA IX is not necessary for this regulation. Other investigators have suggested the CA IX co-operates with the MCT transport family to excrete protons. To test this possibility, we examined the expression patterns of selected ion transporters and show that members of this family are differentially expressed within the molecular subtypes of breast cancer. The most aggressive form of breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, appears to co-ordinately express the monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX). This supports a possible mechanism that utilizes the intramolecular H+ shuttle system in CA IX to facilitate proton efflux through MCT4.
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22
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Structural and Functional Changes in the Na +/H + Exchanger Isoform 1, Induced by Erk1/2 Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102378. [PMID: 31091671 PMCID: PMC6566726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is a plasma membrane transport protein that plays an important role in pH regulation in mammalian cells. Because of the generation of protons by intermediary metabolism as well as the negative membrane potential, protons accumulate within the cytosol. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated regulation of NHE1 is important in several human pathologies including in the myocardium in heart disease, as well as in breast cancer as a trigger for growth and metastasis. NHE1 has a N-terminal, a 500 amino acid membrane domain, and a C-terminal 315 amino acid cytosolic domain. The C-terminal domain regulates the membrane domain and its effects on transport are modified by protein binding and phosphorylation. Here, we discuss the physiological regulation of NHE1 by ERK, with an emphasis on the critical effects on structure and function. ERK binds directly to the cytosolic domain at specific binding domains. ERK also phosphorylates NHE1 directly at multiple sites, which enhance NHE1 activity with subsequent downstream physiological effects. The NHE1 cytosolic regulatory tail possesses both ordered and disordered regions, and the disordered regions are stabilized by ERK-mediated phosphorylation at a phosphorylation motif. Overall, ERK pathway mediated phosphorylation modulates the NHE1 tail, and affects the activity, structure, and function of this membrane protein.
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23
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Glioblastoma heterogeneity and the tumour microenvironment: implications for preclinical research and development of new treatments. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:625-638. [PMID: 30902924 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the deadliest form of brain cancer. Aside from inadequate treatment options, one of the main reasons glioblastoma is so lethal is the rapid growth of tumour cells coupled with continuous cell invasion into surrounding healthy brain tissue. Significant intra- and inter-tumour heterogeneity associated with differences in the corresponding tumour microenvironments contributes greatly to glioblastoma progression. Within this tumour microenvironment, the extracellular matrix profoundly influences the way cancer cells become invasive, and changes to extracellular (pH and oxygen levels) and metabolic (glucose and lactate) components support glioblastoma growth. Furthermore, studies on clinical samples have revealed that the tumour microenvironment is highly immunosuppressive which contributes to failure in immunotherapy treatments. Although technically possible, many components of the tumour microenvironment have not yet been the focus of glioblastoma therapies, despite growing evidence of its importance to glioblastoma malignancy. Here, we review recent progress in the characterisation of the glioblastoma tumour microenvironment and the sources of tumour heterogeneity in human clinical material. We also discuss the latest advances in technologies for personalised and in vitro preclinical studies using brain organoid models to better model glioblastoma and its interactions with the surrounding healthy brain tissue, which may play an essential role in developing new and more personalised treatments for this aggressive type of cancer.
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24
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Barbieri F, Verduci I, Carlini V, Zona G, Pagano A, Mazzanti M, Florio T. Repurposed Biguanide Drugs in Glioblastoma Exert Antiproliferative Effects via the Inhibition of Intracellular Chloride Channel 1 Activity. Front Oncol 2019; 9:135. [PMID: 30918838 PMCID: PMC6424887 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of in-depth knowledge about the molecular determinants of glioblastoma (GBM) occurrence and progression, combined with few effective and BBB crossing-targeted compounds represents a major challenge for the discovery of novel and efficacious drugs for GBM. Among relevant molecular factors controlling the aggressive behavior of GBM, chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) represents an emerging prognostic and predictive biomarker, as well as a promising therapeutic target. CLIC1 is a metamorphic protein, co-existing as both soluble cytoplasmic and membrane-associated conformers, with the latter acting as chloride selective ion channel. CLIC1 is involved in several physiological cell functions and its abnormal expression triggers tumor development, favoring tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. CLIC1 overexpression is associated with aggressive features of various human solid tumors, including GBM, in which its expression level is correlated with poor prognosis. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that modification of microglia ion channel activity, and CLIC1 in particular, contributes to the development of different neuropathological states and brain tumors. Intriguingly, CLIC1 is constitutively active within cancer stem cells (CSCs), while it seems less relevant for the survival of non-CSC GBM subpopulations and for normal cells. CSCs represent GBM development and progression driving force, being endowed with stem cell-like properties (self-renewal and differentiation), ability to survive therapies, to expand and differentiate, causing tumor recurrence. Downregulation of CLIC1 results in drastic inhibition of GBM CSC proliferation in vitro and in vivo, making the control of the activity this of channel a possible innovative pharmacological target. Recently, drugs belonging to the biguanide class (including metformin) were reported to selectively inhibit CLIC1 activity in CSCs, impairing their viability and invasiveness, but sparing normal stem cells, thus representing potential novel antitumor drugs with a safe toxicological profile. On these premises, we review the most recent insights into the biological role of CLIC1 as a potential selective pharmacological target in GBM. Moreover, we examine old and new drugs able to functionally target CLIC1 activity, discussing the challenges and potential development of CLIC1-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbieri
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ivan Verduci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Carlini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zona
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili, Università di Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldo Pagano
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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25
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Stéphanou A, Ballesta A. pH as a potential therapeutic target to improve temozolomide antitumor efficacy : A mechanistic modeling study. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00454. [PMID: 30705757 PMCID: PMC6349072 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive treatments including temozolomide (TMZ) administration, glioblastoma patient prognosis remains dismal and innovative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. A systems pharmacology approach was undertaken to investigate TMZ pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) incorporating the effect of local pH, tumor spatial configuration and micro-environment. A hybrid mathematical framework was designed coupling ordinary differential equations describing the intracellular reactions, with a spatial cellular automaton to individualize the cells. A differential drug impact on tumor and healthy cells at constant extracellular pH was computationally demonstrated as TMZ-induced DNA damage was larger in tumor cells as compared to normal cells due to less acidic intracellular pH in cancer cells. Optimality of TMZ efficacy defined as maximum difference between damage in tumor and healthy cells was reached for extracellular pH between 6.8 and 7.5. Next, TMZ PK-PD in a solid tumor was demonstrated to highly depend on its spatial configuration as spread cancer cells or fragmented tumors presented higher TMZ-induced damage as compared to compact tumor spheroid. Simulations highlighted that smaller tumors were less acidic than bigger ones allowing for faster TMZ activation and their closer distance to blood capillaries allowed for better drug penetration. For model parameters corresponding to U87 glioma cells, inter-cell variability in TMZ uptake play no role regarding the mean drug-induced damage in the whole cell population whereas this quantity was increased by inter-cell variability in TMZ efflux which was thus a disadvantage in terms of drug resistance. Overall, this study revealed pH as a new potential target to significantly improve TMZ antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annabelle Ballesta
- INSERM and Paris Sud universityUMRS 935Team “Cancer Chronotherapy and Postoperative Liver Functions”VillejuifFrance
- University of WarwickCoventryUK
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26
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Svec RL, Furiassi L, Skibinski CG, Fan TM, Riggins GJ, Hergenrother PJ. Tunable Stability of Imidazotetrazines Leads to a Potent Compound for Glioblastoma. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3206-3216. [PMID: 30296373 PMCID: PMC6243397 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Even
in the era of personalized medicine and immunotherapy, temozolomide
(TMZ), a small molecule DNA alkylating agent, remains the standard-of-care
for glioblastoma (GBM). TMZ has an unusual mode-of-action, spontaneously
converting to its active component via hydrolysis in vivo. While TMZ has been FDA approved for two decades, it provides little
benefit to patients whose tumors express the resistance enzyme MGMT
and gives rise to systemic toxicity through myelosuppression. TMZ
was first synthesized in 1984, but certain key derivatives have been
inaccessible due to the chemical sensitivity of TMZ, precluding broad
exploration of the link between imidazotetrazine structure and biological
activity. Here, we sought to discern the relationship between the
hydrolytic stability and anticancer activity of imidazotetrazines,
with the objectives of identifying optimal timing for prodrug activation
and developing suitable compounds with enhanced efficacy via increased
blood-brain barrier penetrance. This work necessitated the development
of new synthetic methods to provide access to previously unexplored
functionality (such as aliphatic, ketone, halogen, and aryl groups)
at the C8 position of imidazotetrazines. Through synthesis and evaluation
of a suite of compounds with a range of aqueous stabilities (from
0.5 to 40 h), we derive a predictive model for imidazotetrazine hydrolytic
stability based on the Hammett constant of the C8 substituent. Promising
compounds were identified that possess activity against a panel of
GBM cell lines, appropriate hydrolytic and metabolic stability, and
brain-to-serum ratios dramatically elevated relative to TMZ, leading
to lower hematological toxicity profiles and superior activity to
TMZ in a mouse model of GBM. This work points a clear path forward
for the development of novel and effective anticancer imidazotetrazines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine G. Skibinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | | | - Gregory J. Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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27
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Guan X, Luo L, Begum G, Kohanbash G, Song Q, Rao A, Amankulor N, Sun B, Sun D, Jia W. Elevated Na/H exchanger 1 (SLC9A1) emerges as a marker for tumorigenesis and prognosis in gliomas. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:255. [PMID: 30333031 PMCID: PMC6192309 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), encoded by the SLC9A1 gene (SoLute Carrier family 9A1) in humans, is the main H+ efflux mechanism in maintaining alkaline intracellular pH (pHi) and Warburg effects in glioma. However, to date, there are no clinical studies exploring pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 protein in cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated NHE1 expression in gliomas and its relationship with glioma clinical outcome. Methods The Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) dataset containing transcriptome sequencing data of 325 glioma samples and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with 698 glioma mRNAseq data were analyzed in this study. Mouse SB28 and GL26 intracranial syngeneic glioma models in C57BL/6 J mice were established to investigate NHE1 expression and impact of NHE1 protein inhibition with its inhibitor HOE642 on tumorigenesis and anti-PD1 therapy. Tumor angiogenesis, immunogenicity, and progression were assessed by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometric profiling. Results Analysis of SLC9A1 mRNA expression in two data sets, CGGA and TCGA, reveals significantly higher SLC9A1 mRNA levels in higher grade gliomas. The SLC9A1 mRNA expression was especially enriched in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2 wild-type glioblastoma (GBM) and in mesenchymal glioma subtypes. Worsened survival probabilities were correlated with the elevated SLC9A1 mRNA levels in gliomas. The underlying mechanisms include promoting angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Increased SLC9A1 mRNA expression was also associated with tumor-associated macrophage accumulation. NHE1 inhibitor HOE642 reduced glioma volume, invasion, and prolonged overall survival in mouse glioma models. Blockade of NHE1 protein also stimulated immunogenic tumor microenvironment via activating CD8 T-cell accumulation, increasing expression of interferon-gamma (Ifng), and sensitized animals to anti-PD-1 therapy. Conclusion Our findings strongly suggest that NHE1 protein emerges as a marker for tumorigenesis and prognosis in glioma. Blocking NHE1 protein is a novel strategy for adjuvant anti-cancer therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0923-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudong Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.,Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, 100050, China.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lanxin Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qingkun Song
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aparna Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Baoshan Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Pólo Dois Portos, Instituto National de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta da Almoinha, Dois Portos, Portugal
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 7016 Biomedical Science Tower 3 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. .,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China. .,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network, Beijing, 100050, China.
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28
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Guan X, Hasan MN, Begum G, Kohanbash G, Carney KE, Pigott VM, Persson AI, Castro MG, Jia W, Sun D. Blockade of Na/H exchanger stimulates glioma tumor immunogenicity and enhances combinatorial TMZ and anti-PD-1 therapy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1010. [PMID: 30262908 PMCID: PMC6160445 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The weak immunogenicity of gliomas presents a barrier for effective immunotherapy. Na/H exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) maintains alkaline intracellular pH (pHi) of glioma cells and acidic microenvironment. In addition, NHE1 is expressed in tumor-associated microglia and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and involved in protumoral communications between glioma and TAMs. Therefore, we hypothesize that NHE1 plays a role in developing tumor resistance and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 on combinatorial therapies. Here we show that temozolomide (TMZ) treatment stimulates NHE1 protein expression in two intracranial syngeneic mouse glioma models (SB28, GL26). Pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 potentiated the cytotoxic effects of TMZ, leading to reduced tumor growth and increased median survival of mice. Blockade of NHE1 stimulated proinflammatory activation of TAM and increased cytotoxic T cell infiltration into tumors. Combining TMZ, anti-PD-1 antibody treatment with NHE1 blockade significantly prolonged the median survival in the mouse glioma model. These results demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 protein presents a new strategy for potentiating TMZ-induced cytotoxicity and increasing tumor immunogenicity for immunotherapy to improve glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudong Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Md Nabiul Hasan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen E Carney
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victoria M Pigott
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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29
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Peretti M, Raciti FM, Carlini V, Verduci I, Sertic S, Barozzi S, Garré M, Pattarozzi A, Daga A, Barbieri F, Costa A, Florio T, Mazzanti M. Mutual Influence of ROS, pH, and CLIC1 Membrane Protein in the Regulation of G 1-S Phase Progression in Human Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2451-2461. [PMID: 30135216 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most lethal, aggressive, and diffuse brain tumor. The main challenge for successful treatment is targeting the cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulation responsible for tumor origin, progression, and recurrence. Chloride Intracellular Channel 1 (CLIC1), highly expressed in CSCs, is constitutively present in the plasma membrane where it is associated with chloride ion permeability. In vitro, CLIC1 inhibition leads to a significant arrest of GB CSCs in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, CLIC1 knockdown impairs tumor growth in vivo Here, we demonstrate that CLIC1 membrane localization and function is specific for GB CSCs. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) do not show CLIC1-associated chloride permeability, and inhibition of CLIC1 protein function has no influence on MSC cell-cycle progression. Investigation of the basic functions of GB CSCs reveals a constitutive state of oxidative stress and cytoplasmic alkalinization compared with MSCs. Both intracellular oxidation and cytoplasmic pH changes have been reported to affect CLIC1 membrane functional expression. We now report that in CSCs these three elements are temporally linked during CSC G1-S transition. Impeding CLIC1-mediated chloride current prevents both intracellular ROS accumulation and pH changes. CLIC1 membrane functional impairment results in GB CSCs resetting from an allostatic tumorigenic condition to a homeostatic steady state. In contrast, inhibiting NADPH oxidase and NHE1 proton pump results in cell death of both GB CSCs and MSCs. Our results show that CLIC1 membrane protein is crucial and specific for GB CSC proliferation, and is a promising pharmacologic target for successful brain tumor therapies. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(11); 2451-61. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peretti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Carlini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Verduci
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Sertic
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Barozzi
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy and Cogentech S.c.a.r.l., IFOM Via Adamello, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Garré
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy and Cogentech S.c.a.r.l., IFOM Via Adamello, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pattarozzi
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Daga
- IRCCS Policlinico San Martino and Dipartimento delle Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, Ospedale San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna & Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Policlinico San Martino and Dipartimento delle Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, Ospedale San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Albatany M, Li A, Meakin S, Bartha R. In vivo detection of acute intracellular acidification in glioblastoma multiforme following a single dose of cariporide. Int J Clin Oncol 2018; 23:812-819. [PMID: 29749579 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-018-1289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain cancer that is very difficult to treat. Clinically, it is important to be able to distinguish aggressive from non-aggressive brain tumors. Previous studies have shown that some drugs can induce a rapid change in intracellular pH that could help to identify aggressive cancer. The sodium proton exchanger (NHE1) plays a significant role in maintaining pH balance in the tumor microenvironment. Cariporide is a sodium proton exchange inhibitor that is well tolerated by humans in cardiac applications. We hypothesized that cariporide could selectively acidify brain tumors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether amine/amide concentration-independent detection (AACID) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI measurement of tumor pHi could detect acidification after cariporide injection. Using a 9.4T MRI scanner, CEST spectra were acquired in six mice approximately 14 days after implanting 105 U87 human glioblastoma multiforme cells in the brain, before and after administration of cariporide (dose: 6 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. Three additional mice were studied as controls and received only vehicle injection (DMSO + PBS). Repeated measures t test was used to examine changes in tumor and contralateral tissue regions of interest. Two hours after cariporide injection, there was a significant 0.12 ± 0.03 increase in tumor AACID value corresponding to a 0.48 decrease in pHi and no change in AACID value in contralateral tissue. A small but significant increase of 0.04 ± 0.017 in tumor AACID value was also observed following vehicle injection. This study demonstrates that acute CEST MRI contrast changes, indicative of intracellular acidification, after administration of cariporide could help localize glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Albatany
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Li
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Susan Meakin
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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Shah K, Raghavan S, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Development and validation of chemical features-based proton-coupled folate transporter/activity and reduced folate carrier/activity models (pharmacophores). J Mol Graph Model 2018; 81:125-133. [PMID: 29550744 PMCID: PMC5959037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
All clinically used antifolates lack transport selectivity for tumors over normal cells resulting in dose-limiting toxicities. There is growing interest in developing novel tumor-targeted cytotoxic antifolates with selective transport into tumors over normal cells via the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) over the ubiquitously expressed reduced folate carrier (RFC). A lack of X-ray crystal structures or predictive models for PCFT or RFC has hindered structure-aided drug design for PCFT-selective therapeutics. Four-point validated models (pharmacophores) were generated for PCFT/Activity (HBA, NI, RA, RA) and RFC/Activity (HBD, NI, HBA, HBA) based on inhibition (IC50) of proliferation of isogenic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to express only human PCFT or only RFC. Our results revealed substantial differences in structural features required for transport of novel molecules by these transporters which can be utilized for developing transporter-selective antifolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Shah
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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Gildea JJ, Xu P, Kemp BA, Carlson JM, Tran HT, Bigler Wang D, Langouët-Astrié CJ, McGrath HE, Carey RM, Jose PA, Felder RA. Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe2 gene variants increase sodium and bicarbonate transport in human renal proximal tubule cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189464. [PMID: 29642240 PMCID: PMC5895442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Salt sensitivity of blood pressure affects >30% of the hypertensive and >15% of the normotensive population. Variants of the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe2 gene, SLC4A5, are associated with increased blood pressure in several ethnic groups. SLC4A5 variants are also highly associated with salt sensitivity, independent of hypertension. However, little is known about how NBCe2 contributes to salt sensitivity, although NBCe2 regulates renal tubular sodium bicarbonate transport. We hypothesized that SLC4A5 rs10177833 and rs7571842 increase NBCe2 expression and human renal proximal tubule cell (hRPTC) sodium transport and may be a cause of salt sensitivity of blood pressure. OBJECTIVE To characterize the hRPTC ion transport of wild-type (WT) and homozygous variants (HV) of SLC4A5. METHODS AND RESULTS The expressions of NBCe2 mRNA and protein were not different between hRPTCs carrying WT or HV SLC4A5 before or after dopaminergic or angiotensin (II and III) stimulation. However, luminal to basolateral sodium transport, NHE3 protein, and Cl-/HCO3- exchanger activity in hRPTCs were higher in HV than WT SLC4A5. Increasing intracellular sodium enhanced the apical location of NBCe2 in HV hRPTCs (4.24±0.35% to 11.06±1.72% (P<0.05, N = 3, 2-way ANOVA, Holm-Sidak test)) as determined by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM). In hRPTCs isolated from kidney tissue, increasing intracellular sodium enhanced bicarbonate-dependent pH recovery rate and increased NBCe2 mRNA and protein expressions to a greater extent in HV than WT SLC4A5 (+38.00±6.23% vs HV normal salt (P<0.01, N = 4, 2-way ANOVA, Holm-Sidak test)). In hRPTCs isolated from freshly voided urine, bicarbonate-dependent pH recovery was also faster in those from salt-sensitive and carriers of HV SLC4A5 than from salt-resistant and carriers of WT SLC4A5. The faster NBCe2-specific bicarbonate-dependent pH recovery rate in HV SCL4A5 was normalized by SLC4A5- but not SLC4A4-shRNA. The binding of purified hepatocyte nuclear factor type 4A (HNF4A) to DNA was increased in hRPTCs carrying HV SLC4A5 rs7571842 but not rs10177833. The faster NBCe2-specific bicarbonate-dependent pH recovery rate in HV SCL4A5 was abolished by HNF4A antagonists. CONCLUSION NBCe2 activity is stimulated by an increase in intracellular sodium and is hyper-responsive in hRPTCs carrying HV SLC4A5 rs7571842 through an aberrant HNF4A-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Gildea
- The University of Virginia Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Peng Xu
- The University of Virginia Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Brandon A. Kemp
- The University of Virginia Department of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Julia M. Carlson
- The University of Virginia Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Hanh T. Tran
- The University of Virginia Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Dora Bigler Wang
- The University of Virginia Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | | | - Helen E. McGrath
- The University of Virginia Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Carey
- The University of Virginia Department of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Robin A. Felder
- The University of Virginia Department of Pathology, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
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Moore D, Walker SI, Levin M. Cancer as a disorder of patterning information: computational and biophysical perspectives on the cancer problem. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa8548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Oudin MJ, Weaver VM. Physical and Chemical Gradients in the Tumor Microenvironment Regulate Tumor Cell Invasion, Migration, and Metastasis. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:189-205. [PMID: 28424337 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis requires the invasion of tumor cells into the stroma and the directed migration of tumor cells through the stroma toward the vasculature and lymphatics where they can disseminate and colonize secondary organs. Physical and biochemical gradients that form within the primary tumor tissue promote tumor cell invasion and drive persistent migration toward blood vessels and the lymphatics to facilitate tumor cell dissemination. These microenvironment cues include hypoxia and pH gradients, gradients of soluble cues that induce chemotaxis, and ions that facilitate galvanotaxis, as well as modifications to the concentration, organization, and stiffness of the extracellular matrix that produce haptotactic, alignotactic, and durotactic gradients. These gradients form through dynamic interactions between the tumor cells and the resident fibroblasts, adipocytes, nerves, endothelial cells, infiltrating immune cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Malignant progression results from the integrated response of the tumor to these extrinsic physical and chemical cues. Here, we first describe how these physical and chemical gradients develop, and we discuss their role in tumor progression. We then review assays to study these gradients. We conclude with a discussion of clinical strategies used to detect and inhibit these gradients in tumors and of new intervention opportunities. Clarifying the role of these gradients in tumor evolution offers a unique approach to target metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Oudin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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Kaminota T, Yano H, Shiota K, Nomura N, Yaguchi H, Kirino Y, Ohara K, Tetsumura I, Sanada T, Ugumori T, Tanaka J, Hato N. Elevated Na +/H + exchanger-1 expression enhances the metastatic collective migration of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:101-107. [PMID: 28268168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells can migrate as collectives during invasion and/or metastasis; however, the precise molecular mechanisms of this form of migration are less clear compared with single cell migration following epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Elevated Na+/H+ exchanger1 (NHE1) expression has been suggested to have malignant roles in a number of cancer cell lines and in vivo tumor models. Furthermore, a metastatic human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell line (SASL1m) that was isolated based on its increased metastatic potential also exhibited higher NHE1 expression than its parental line SAS. Time-lapse video recordings indicated that both cell lines migrate as collectives, although with different features, e.g., SASL1m was much more active and changed the direction of migration more frequently than SAS cells, whereas locomotive activities were comparable. SASL1m cells also exhibited higher invasive activity than SAS in Matrigel invasion assays. shRNA-mediated NHE1 knockdown in SASL1m led to reduced locomotive and invasive activities, suggesting a critical role for NHE1 in the collective migration of SASL1m cells. SASL1m cells also exhibited a higher metastatic rate than SAS cells in a mouse lymph node metastasis model, while NHE1 knockdown suppressed in vivo SASL1m metastasis. Finally, elevated NHE1 expression was observed in human HNSCC tissue, and Cariporide, a specific NHE1 inhibitor, reduced the invasive activity of SASL1m cells, implying NHE1 could be a target for anti-invasion/metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Kaminota
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Kohei Shiota
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Noriko Nomura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Haruna Yaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Yui Kirino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Ohara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Issei Tetsumura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Tomoyoshi Sanada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Toru Ugumori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Naohito Hato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University Medical School, 454, Shitsukawa, To-on, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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Abstract
Frequently observed phenotypes of tumours include high metabolic activity, hypoxia and poor perfusion; these act to produce an acidic microenvironment. Cellular function depends on pH homoeostasis, and thus, tumours become dependent on pH regulatory mechanisms. Many of the proteins involved in pH regulation are highly expressed in tumours, and their expression is often of prognostic significance. The more acidic tumour microenvironment also has important implications with regard to chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic interventions. In addition, we review pH-sensing mechanisms, the role of pH regulation in tumour phenotype and the use of pH regulatory mechanisms as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McIntyre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Medical Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Medical Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Nejatollahi F, Bayat P, Moazen B. Cell growth inhibition and apoptotic effects of a specific anti-RTFscFv antibody on prostate cancer, but not glioblastoma, cells. F1000Res 2017; 6:156. [PMID: 28491282 PMCID: PMC5399964 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10803.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Single chain antibody (scFv) has shown interesting results in cancer immunotargeting approaches, due to its advantages over monoclonal antibodies. Regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) is one of the most important regulators of extracellular and intracellular pH in eukaryotic cells. In this study, the inhibitory effects of a specific anti-RTF scFv were investigated and compared between three types of prostate cancer and two types of glioblastoma cells.
Methods: A phage antibody display library of scFv was used to select specific scFvs against RTF using panning process. The reactivity of a selected scFv was assessed by phage ELISA. The anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of the antibody on prostate cancer (PC-3, Du-145 and LNCaP) and glioblastoma (U-87 MG and A-172) cell lines were investigated by MTT and Annexin V/PI assays.
Results: A specific scFv with frequency 35% was selected against RTF epitope. This significantly inhibited the proliferation of the prostate cells after 24 h. The percentages of cell viability (using 1000 scFv/cell) were 52, 61 and 73% for PC-3, Du-145 and LNCaP cells, respectively, compared to untreated cells. The antibody (1000 scFv/cell) induced apoptosis at 50, 40 and 25% in PC-3, Du-145 and LNCaP cells, respectively. No growth inhibition and apoptotic induction was detected for U-87 and A172 glioblastoma cells.
Conclusions: Anti-RTFscFv significantly reduced the proliferation of the prostate cancer cells. The inhibition of cell growth and apoptotic induction effects in PC-3 cells were greater than Du-145 and LNCaP cells. This might be due to higher expression of RTF antigen in PC-3 cells and/or better accessibility of RTF to scFv antibody. The resistance of glioblastoma cells to anti-RTF scFv offers the existence of mechanism(s) that abrogate the inhibitory effect(s) of the antibody to RTF. The results suggest that the selected anti-RTF scFv antibody could be an effective new alternative for prostate cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Nejatollahi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS research center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Recombinant Antibody Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Payam Bayat
- Recombinant Antibody Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Moazen
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS research center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Recombinant Antibody Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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38
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Focal photodynamic intracellular acidification as a cancer therapeutic. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:147-156. [PMID: 28215969 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells utilize an array of proton transporters to regulate intra- and extracellular pH to thrive in hypoxic conditions, and to increase tumor growth and metastasis. Efforts to target many of the transporters involved in cancer cell pH regulation have yielded promising results, however, many productive attempts to disrupt pH regulation appear to be non-specific to cancer cells, and more effective in some cancer cells than others. Following a review of the status of photodynamic cancer therapy, a novel light-activated process is presented which creates very focal, rapid, and significant decreases in only intracellular pH (pHi), leading to cell death. The light-activation of the H+ carrier, nitrobenzaldehyde, has been effective at initiating pH-induced apoptosis in non-cancerous and numerous cancerous cell lines in vitro, to include breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Also, this intracellular acidification technique caused significant reductions in tumor growth rate and enhanced survival in mice bearing triple negative breast cancer tumors. The efficacy of an NBA-upconverting nanoparticle to kill breast cancer cells in vitro is described, as well as a discussion of the potential intracellular mechanisms underlying the pH-induced apoptosis.
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Wenger KJ, Hattingen E, Franz K, Steinbach JP, Bähr O, Pilatus U. Intracellular pH measured by 31 P-MR-spectroscopy might predict site of progression in recurrent glioblastoma under antiangiogenic therapy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:1200-1208. [PMID: 28165649 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In solid tumors, changes in the expression/activity of plasma membrane ion transporters facilitate proton efflux and enable tumor cells to maintain a higher intracellular pH (pHi ), while the microenvironment (pHe ) is commonly more acidic. This supports various tumor-promoting mechanisms. We propose that these changes in pH take place before a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detectable brain tumor recurrence occurs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled 66 patients with recurrent glioblastoma, treated with bevacizumab. Patients received a baseline and 8-week follow-up MRI including 1 H/31 P MRSI (spectroscopy) on a 3T clinical scanner, until progressive disease according to Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria occurred. Fourteen patients showed a distant or diffuse tumor recurrence (subsequent tumor) during treatment and were therefore selected for further evaluation. At the site of the subsequent tumor, an area of interest for MRSI voxel selection was retrospectively defined on radiographically unaffected baseline MRI sequences. RESULTS Before treatment, pHi in the area of interest (subsequent tumor) was significantly higher than pHi of the contralateral normal-appearing tissue (control; P < 0.001). It decreased at the time of best response (P = 0.06), followed by a significant increase at progression (P = 0.03; baseline mean: 7.06, median: 7.068, SD: 0.032; best response mean: 7.044, median: 7.036, SD: 0.025; progression mean: 7.08, median: 7.095, SD 0.035). Until progression, the subsequent tumor was not detectable on standard MRI sequences. The area of existing tumor responded similar, but changes were not significant (decrease P = 0.22; increase P = 0.28). CONCLUSION Elevated pHi in radiographically unaffected tissue at baseline might precede MRI-detectable progression in patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1200-1208.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Wenger
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kea Franz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Bähr
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Stock C, Pedersen SF. Roles of pH and the Na +/H + exchanger NHE1 in cancer: From cell biology and animal models to an emerging translational perspective? Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 43:5-16. [PMID: 28007556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acidosis is characteristic of the solid tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells, because they are highly proliferative and anabolic, have greatly elevated metabolic acid production. To sustain a normal cytosolic pH homeostasis they therefore need to either extrude excess protons or to neutralize them by importing HCO3-, in both cases causing extracellular acidification in the poorly perfused tissue microenvironment. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is a ubiquitously expressed acid-extruding membrane transport protein, and upregulation of its expression and/or activity is commonly correlated with tumor malignancy. The present review discusses current evidence on how altered pH homeostasis, and in particular NHE1, contributes to tumor cell motility, invasion, proliferation, and growth and facilitates evasion of chemotherapeutic cell death. We summarize data from in vitro studies, 2D-, 3D- and organotypic cell culture, animal models and human tissue, which collectively point to pH-regulation in general, and NHE1 in particular, as potential targets in combination chemotherapy. Finally, we discuss the possible pitfalls, side effects and cellular escape mechanisms that need to be considered in the process of translating the plethora of basic research data into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lobo RC, Hubbard NE, Damonte P, Mori H, Pénzváltó Z, Pham C, Koehne AL, Go AC, Anderson SE, Cala PM, Borowsky AD. Glucose Uptake and Intracellular pH in a Mouse Model of Ductal Carcinoma In situ (DCIS) Suggests Metabolic Heterogeneity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:93. [PMID: 27630987 PMCID: PMC5005977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms for the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma remain unclear. Previously we showed that the transition to invasiveness in the mammary intraepithelial neoplastic outgrowth (MINO) model of DCIS does not correlate with its serial acquisition of genetic mutations. We hypothesized instead that progression to invasiveness depends on a change in the microenvironment and that precancer cells might create a more tumor-permissive microenvironment secondary to changes in glucose uptake and metabolism. Immunostaining for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) in tumor, normal mammary gland and MINO (precancer) tissue showed differences in expression. The uptake of the fluorescent glucose analog dye, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), reflected differences in the cellular distributions of glucose uptake in normal mammary epithelial cells (nMEC), MINO, and Met1 cancer cells, with a broad distribution in the MINO population. The intracellular pH (pHi) measured using the fluorescent ratio dye 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-155 carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) revealed expected differences between normal and cancer cells (low and high, respectively), and a mixed distribution in the MINO cells, with a subset of cells in the MINO having an increased rate of acidification when proton efflux was inhibited. Invasive tumor cells had a more alkaline baseline pHi with high rates of proton production coupled with higher rates of proton export, compared with nMEC. MINO cells displayed considerable variation in baseline pHi that separated into two distinct populations: MINO high and MINO low. MINO high had a noticeably higher mean acidification rate compared with nMEC, but relatively high baseline pHi similar to tumor cells. MINO low cells also had an increased acidification rate compared with nMEC, but with a more acidic pHi similar to nMEC. These findings demonstrate that MINO is heterogeneous with respect to intracellular pH regulation which may be associated with an acidified regional microenvironment. A change in the pH of the microenvironment might contribute to a tumor-permissive or tumor-promoting progression. We are not aware of any previous work showing that a sub-population of cells in in situ precancer exhibits a higher than normal proton production and export rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Lobo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Neil E Hubbard
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patrizia Damonte
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Mori
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zsófia Pénzváltó
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Pham
- Department of Human Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amanda L Koehne
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aiza C Go
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steve E Anderson
- Department of Human Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Cala
- Department of Human Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at DavisDavis, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at DavisSacramento, CA, USA
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Shin JJ, Aftab Q, Austin P, McQueen JA, Poon T, Li SC, Young BP, Roskelley CD, Loewen CJR. Systematic identification of genes involved in metabolic acid stress resistance in yeast and their potential as cancer targets. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1039-49. [PMID: 27519690 PMCID: PMC5047693 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of all primary and metastatic tumours is their high rate of glucose uptake and glycolysis. A consequence of the glycolytic phenotype is the accumulation of metabolic acid; hence, tumour cells experience considerable intracellular acid stress. To compensate, tumour cells upregulate acid pumps, which expel the metabolic acid into the surrounding tumour environment, resulting in alkalization of intracellular pH and acidification of the tumour microenvironment. Nevertheless, we have only a limited understanding of the consequences of altered intracellular pH on cell physiology, or of the genes and pathways that respond to metabolic acid stress. We have used yeast as a genetic model for metabolic acid stress with the rationale that the metabolic changes that occur in cancer that lead to intracellular acid stress are likely fundamental. Using a quantitative systems biology approach we identified 129 genes required for optimal growth under conditions of metabolic acid stress. We identified six highly conserved protein complexes with functions related to oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III and IV), mitochondrial tRNA biosynthesis [glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase complex], histone methylation (Set1C-COMPASS), lysosome biogenesis (AP-3 adapter complex), and mRNA processing and P-body formation (PAN complex). We tested roles for two of these, AP-3 adapter complex and PAN deadenylase complex, in resistance to acid stress using a myeloid leukaemia-derived human cell line that we determined to be acid stress resistant. Loss of either complex inhibited growth of Hap1 cells at neutral pH and caused sensitivity to acid stress, indicating that AP-3 and PAN complexes are promising new targets in the treatment of cancer. Additionally, our data suggests that tumours may be genetically sensitized to acid stress and hence susceptible to acid stress-directed therapies, as many tumours accumulate mutations in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes required for their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Shin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Qurratulain Aftab
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Pamela Austin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jennifer A McQueen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Tak Poon
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Shu Chen Li
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Barry P Young
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Christopher J R Loewen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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43
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Naz H, Shahbaaz M, Bisetty K, Islam A, Ahmad F, Hassan MI. Effect of pH on the structure, function, and stability of human calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV: combined spectroscopic and MD simulation studies. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:221-8. [PMID: 27032767 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMKIV) is a member of Ser/Thr protein kinase family. It is regulated by the calcium-calmodulin dependent signal through a secondary messenger, Ca(2+), which leads to the activation of its autoinhibited form. The over-expression and mutation in CAMKIV as well as change in Ca(2+) concentration is often associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. We have successfully cloned, expressed, and purified a functionally active kinase domain of human CAMKIV. To observe the effect of different pH conditions on the structural and functional properties of CAMKIV, we have used spectroscopic techniques such as circular diachroism (CD) absorbance and fluorescence. We have observed that within the pH range 5.0-11.5, CAMKIV maintained both its secondary and tertiary structures, along with its function, whereas significant aggregation was observed at acidic pH (2.0-4.5). We have also performed ATPase activity assays under different pH conditions and found a significant correlation between the structure and enzymatic activities of CAMKIV. In-silico validations were further carried out by modeling the 3-dimensional structure of CAMKIV and then subjecting it to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand its conformational behavior in explicit water conditions. A strong correlation between spectroscopic observations and the output of molecular dynamics simulation was observed for CAMKIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Naz
- a Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohd Shahbaaz
- b Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Krishna Bisetty
- b Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Asimul Islam
- a Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- a Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- a Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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Cicero AFG, Baggioni A. Berberine and Its Role in Chronic Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:27-45. [PMID: 27671811 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis [e.g. Berberis aquifolium (Oregon grape), Berberis vulgaris (barberry), Berberis aristata (tree turmeric)], Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), Xanthorhiza simplicissima (yellowroot), Phellodendron amurense [2] (Amur corktree), Coptis chinensis (Chinese goldthread), Tinospora cordifolia, Argemone mexicana (prickly poppy) and Eschscholzia californica (Californian poppy). In vitro it exerts significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In animal models berberine has neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective effects. In humans, its lipid-lowering and insulin-resistance improving actions have clearly been demonstrated in numerous randomized clinical trials. Moreover, preliminary clinical evidence suggest the ability of berberine to reduce endothelial inflammation improving vascular health, even in patients already affected by cardiovascular diseases. Altogether the available evidences suggest a possible application of berberine use in the management of chronic cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo F G Cicero
- Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Research Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Baggioni
- Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Research Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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45
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Fan SHY, Numata Y, Numata M. Endosomal Na+/H+ exchanger NHE5 influences MET recycling and cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:702-15. [PMID: 26700318 PMCID: PMC4750928 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-04-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuron-enriched Na+/H+ exchanger NHE5 is expressed in C6 glioma cells, acidifies recycling endosomes, and modulates cell surface abundance of receptor tyrosine kinases MET and EGFR. NHE5 depletion impairs MET recycling and facilitates degradation, thereby impairing cell migration and polarity. Increased recycling and elevated cell surface expression of receptors serve as a mechanism for persistent receptor-mediated signaling. We show that the neuron-enriched Na+/H+ exchanger NHE5 is abundantly expressed in C6 glioma cells and plays an important part in regulating cell surface expression of the receptor tyrosine kinases MET and EGF receptor. NHE5 is associated with transferrin receptor (TfR)- and Rab11-positive recycling endosomal membranes, and NHE5 knockdown by short hairpin RNA significantly elevates pH of TfR-positive recycling endosomes. We present evidence that NHE5 facilitates MET recycling to the plasma membrane, protects MET from degradation, and modulates HGF-induced phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Moreover, NHE5 depletion abrogates Rac1 and Cdc42 signaling and actin cytoskeletal remodeling. We further show that NHE5 knockdown impairs directed cell migration and causes loss of cell polarity. Our study highlights a possible role of recycling endosomal pH in regulating receptor-mediated signaling through vesicular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hung-Yi Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yuka Numata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Masayuki Numata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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46
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Abstract
Cation-coupled HCO3(-) transport was initially identified in the mid-1970s when pioneering studies showed that acid extrusion from cells is stimulated by CO2/HCO3(-) and associated with Na(+) and Cl(-) movement. The first Na(+)-coupled bicarbonate transporter (NCBT) was expression-cloned in the late 1990s. There are currently five mammalian NCBTs in the SLC4-family: the electrogenic Na,HCO3-cotransporters NBCe1 and NBCe2 (SLC4A4 and SLC4A5 gene products); the electroneutral Na,HCO3-cotransporter NBCn1 (SLC4A7 gene product); the Na(+)-driven Cl,HCO3-exchanger NDCBE (SLC4A8 gene product); and NBCn2/NCBE (SLC4A10 gene product), which has been characterized as an electroneutral Na,HCO3-cotransporter or a Na(+)-driven Cl,HCO3-exchanger. Despite the similarity in amino acid sequence and predicted structure among the NCBTs of the SLC4-family, they exhibit distinct differences in ion dependency, transport function, pharmacological properties, and interactions with other proteins. In epithelia, NCBTs are involved in transcellular movement of acid-base equivalents and intracellular pH control. In nonepithelial tissues, NCBTs contribute to intracellular pH regulation; and hence, they are crucial for diverse tissue functions including neuronal discharge, sensory neuron development, performance of the heart, and vascular tone regulation. The function and expression levels of the NCBTs are generally sensitive to intracellular and systemic pH. Animal models have revealed pathophysiological roles of the transporters in disease states including metabolic acidosis, hypertension, visual defects, and epileptic seizures. Studies are being conducted to understand the physiological consequences of genetic polymorphisms in the SLC4-members, which are associated with cancer, hypertension, and drug addiction. Here, we describe the current knowledge regarding the function, structure, and regulation of the mammalian cation-coupled HCO3(-) transporters of the SLC4-family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aalkjaer
- Department of Biomedicine, and the Water and Salt Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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Grillo-Hill BK, Choi C, Jimenez-Vidal M, Barber DL. Increased H⁺ efflux is sufficient to induce dysplasia and necessary for viability with oncogene expression. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25793441 PMCID: PMC4392478 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) dynamics is increasingly recognized as an important regulator of a range of normal and pathological cell behaviors. Notably, increased pHi is now acknowledged as a conserved characteristic of cancers and in cell models is confirmed to increase proliferation and migration as well as limit apoptosis. However, the significance of increased pHi for cancer in vivo remains unresolved. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we show that increased pHi is sufficient to induce dysplasia in the absence of other transforming cues and potentiates growth and invasion with oncogenic Ras. Using a genetically encoded biosensor we also confirm increased pHi in situ. Moreover, in Drosophila models and clonal human mammary cells we show that limiting H(+) efflux with oncogenic Raf or Ras induces acidosis and synthetic lethality. Further, we show lethality in invasive primary tumor cell lines with inhibiting H(+) efflux. Synthetic lethality with reduced H(+) efflux and activated oncogene expression could be exploited therapeutically to restrain cancer progression while limiting off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree K Grillo-Hill
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Changhoon Choi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Maite Jimenez-Vidal
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Diane L Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Oyenihi AB, Ayeleso AO, Mukwevho E, Masola B. Antioxidant strategies in the management of diabetic neuropathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:515042. [PMID: 25821809 PMCID: PMC4363503 DOI: 10.1155/2015/515042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycaemia (an abnormally high glucose concentration in the blood) resulting from defects in insulin secretion/action, or both, is the major hallmark of diabetes in which it is known to be involved in the progression of the condition to different complications that include diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy (diabetes-induced nerve damage) is the most common diabetic complication and can be devastating because it can lead to disability. There is an increasing body of evidence associating diabetic neuropathy with oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results from the production of oxygen free radicals in the body in excess of its ability to eliminate them by antioxidant activity. Antioxidants have different mechanisms and sites of actions by which they exert their biochemical effects and ameliorate nerve dysfunction in diabetes by acting directly against oxidative damage. This review will examine different strategies for managing diabetic neuropathy which rely on exogenous antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Babatunde Oyenihi
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, University Road, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ademola Olabode Ayeleso
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2002, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Mukwevho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2002, South Africa
| | - Bubuya Masola
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, University Road, Durban 4000, South Africa
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49
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Hansen DB, Garrido-Comas N, Salter M, Fern R. HCO3(-)-independent pH regulation in astrocytes in situ is dominated by V-ATPase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8039-47. [PMID: 25666621 PMCID: PMC4375461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.636597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of HCO3−-independent intracellular pH (pHi) regulation were examined in fibrous astrocytes within isolated neonatal rat optic nerve (RON) and in cultured cortical astrocytes. In agreement with previous studies, resting pHi in cultured astrocytes was 6.82 ± 0.06 and inhibition of the V-ATPase H+ pump by Cl− removal or via the selective inhibitor bafilomycin had only a small effect upon resting pHi and recovery following an acid load. In contrast, resting pHi in RON astrocytes was 7.10 ± 0.04, significantly less acidic than that in cultured cells (p < 0.001), and responded to inhibition of V-ATPase with profound acidification to the 6.3–6.5 range. Fluorescent immuno-staining and immuno-gold labeling confirmed the presence V-ATPase in the cell membrane of RON astrocyte processes and somata. Using ammonia pulse recovery, pHi recovery in RON astrocyte was achieved largely via V-ATPase with sodium-proton exchange (NHE) playing a minor role. The findings indicate that astrocytes in a whole-mount preparation such as the optic nerve rely to a greater degree upon V-ATPase for HCO3−-independent pHi regulation than do cultured astrocytes, with important functional consequences for the regulation of pH in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bloch Hansen
- From the Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth PL6 8BU
| | - Nestor Garrido-Comas
- the Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, and
| | - Mike Salter
- the Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Fern
- From the Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth PL6 8BU,
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50
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Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Rauch C, Muddathir AK, Adil HHB, Elhassan GO, Ibrahim ME, David Polo Orozco J, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ, Harguindey S. Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer question. Oncoscience 2014; 1:777-802. [PMID: 25621294 PMCID: PMC4303887 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire an unusual glycolytic behavior relative, to a large extent, to their intracellular alkaline pH (pHi). This effect is part of the metabolic alterations found in most, if not all, cancer cells to deal with unfavorable conditions, mainly hypoxia and low nutrient supply, in order to preserve its evolutionary trajectory with the production of lactate after ten steps of glycolysis. Thus, cancer cells reprogram their cellular metabolism in a way that gives them their evolutionary and thermodynamic advantage. Tumors exist within a highly heterogeneous microenvironment and cancer cells survive within any of the different habitats that lie within tumors thanks to the overexpression of different membrane-bound proton transporters. This creates a highly abnormal and selective proton reversal in cancer cells and tissues that is involved in local cancer growth and in the metastatic process. Because of this environmental heterogeneity, cancer cells within one part of the tumor may have a different genotype and phenotype than within another part. This phenomenon has frustrated the potential of single-target therapy of this type of reductionist therapeutic approach over the last decades. Here, we present a detailed biochemical framework on every step of tumor glycolysis and then proposea new paradigm and therapeutic strategy based upon the dynamics of the hydrogen ion in cancer cells and tissues in order to overcome the old paradigm of one enzyme-one target approach to cancer treatment. Finally, a new and integral explanation of the Warburg effect is advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cyril Rauch
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Unizah Pharmacy Collage, Qassim University, Unizah, AL-Qassim, King of Saudi Arabia
- Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
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