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Puig N, Rives J, Gil-Millan P, Miñambres I, Ginel A, Tauron M, Bonaterra-Pastra A, Hernández-Guillamon M, Pérez A, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Benitez S. Apolipoprotein J protects cardiomyocytes from lipid-mediated inflammation and cytotoxicity induced by the epicardial adipose tissue of diabetic patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116779. [PMID: 38776681 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients present increased volume and functional alterations in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). We aimed to analyze EAT from type 2 diabetic patients and the inflammatory and cytotoxic effects induced on cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we analyzed the cardioprotective role of apolipoprotein J (apoJ). EAT explants were obtained from nondiabetic patients (ND), diabetic patients without coronary disease (DM), and DM patients with coronary disease (DM-C) after heart surgery. Morphological characteristics and gene expression were evaluated. Explants were cultured for 24 h and the content of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and sphingolipid species in secretomes was evaluated by lipidomic analysis. Afterwards, secretomes were added to AC16 human cardiomyocytes for 24 h in the presence or absence of cardioprotective molecules (apoJ and HDL). Cytokine release and apoptosis/necrosis were assessed by ELISA and flow cytometry. The EAT from the diabetic samples showed altered expression of genes related to lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and inflammation. The secretomes from the DM samples presented an increased ratio of pro/antiatherogenic ceramide (Cer) species, while those from DM-C contained the highest concentration of saturated NEFA. DM and DM-C secretomes promoted inflammation and cytotoxicity on AC16 cardiomyocytes. Exogenous Cer16:0, Cer24:1, and palmitic acid reproduced deleterious effects in AC16 cells. These effects were attenuated by exogenous apoJ. Diabetic secretomes promoted inflammation and cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes. This effect was exacerbated in the secretomes of the DM-C samples. The increased content of specific NEFA and ceramide species seems to play a key role in inducing such deleterious effects, which are attenuated by apoJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - José Rives
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil-Millan
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and IR-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inka Miñambres
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and IR-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonino Ginel
- Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and IR-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Tauron
- Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, and IR-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bonaterra-Pastra
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luís Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
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Vanni E, Lindner K, Gavin AC, Montessuit C. Differential intracellular management of fatty acids impacts on metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14805. [PMID: 37684349 PMCID: PMC10491837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of glucose uptake in response to ischemic metabolic stress is important for cardiomyocyte function and survival. Chronic exposure of cardiomyocytes to fatty acids (FA) impairs the stimulation of glucose uptake, whereas induction of lipid droplets (LD) is associated with preserved glucose uptake. However, the mechanisms by which LD induction prevents glucose uptake impairment remain elusive. We induced LD with either tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR). Triacylglycerol biosynthesis enzymes were inhibited in cardiomyocytes exposed to FA ± LD inducers, either upstream (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases; GPAT) or downstream (diacylglycerol acyltransferases; DGAT) of the diacylglycerol step. Although both inhibitions reduced LD formation in cardiomyocytes treated with FA and LD inducers, only DGAT inhibition impaired metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake. DGAT inhibition in FA plus TPA-treated cardiomyocytes reduced triacylglycerol but not diacylglycerol content, thus increasing the diacylglycerol/triacylglycerol ratio. In cardiomyocytes exposed to FA alone, GPAT inhibition reduced diacylglycerol but not triacylglycerol, thus decreasing the diacylglycerol/triacylglycerol ratio, prevented PKCδ activation and improved metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake. Changes in AMP-activated Protein Kinase activity failed to explain variations in metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake. Thus, LD formation regulates metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake in a manner best reflected by the diacylglycerol/triacylglycerol ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Vanni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karina Lindner
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Claude Gavin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Montessuit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Döding A, Zimmermann S, Maghames A, Reimann M, Symmank J, Thürmer M, Gräler MH, Wolf M, Jacobs C, Koeberle A, Sigusch B, Schulze-Späte U. Immunometabolic capacities of nutritional fatty acids in regulation of inflammatory bone cell interaction and systemic impact of periodontal infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213026. [PMID: 37736098 PMCID: PMC10509849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Novel preventive strategies in periodontal disease target the bacterial-induced inflammatory host response to reduce associated tissue destruction. Strategies focus on the modulation of tissue-destroying inflammatory host response, particularly the reduction of inflammation and promotion of resolution. Thereby, nutrition is a potent immunometabolic non-pharmacological intervention. Human studies have demonstrated the benefit of olive oil-containing Mediterranean-style diets (MDs), the main component of which being mono-unsaturated fatty acid (FA) oleic acid (OA (C18:1)). Hence, nutritional OA strengthened the microarchitecture of alveolar trabecular bone and increased circulating pro-resolving lipid mediators following bacterial inoculation with periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, contrary to saturated FA palmitic acid (PA (C16:0)), which is abundant in Western-style diets. Additionally, the generalized distribution of inflammatory pathway mediators can occur in response to bacterial infection and compromise systemic tissue metabolism and bone homeostasis distant from the side of infection. Whether specific FA-enriched nutrition and periodontal inoculation are factors in systemic pathology that can be immune-modulatory targeted through dietary substitution is unknown and of clinical relevance. Methods Normal-weight C57BL/6-mice received OA-or PA-enriched diets (PA-ED, OA-ED, PA/OA-ED) or a normal-standard diet (n=12/group) for 16 weeks and were orally infected with P. gingivalis/placebo to induce periodontal disease. Using histomorphometry and LC-MS/MS, systemic bone morphology, incorporated immunometabolic FA-species, serological markers of bone metabolism, and stress response were determined in addition to bone cell inflammation and interaction in vitro. Results In contrast to OA-ED, PA-ED reduced systemic bone microarchitecture paralleled by increased lipotoxic PA-containing metabolite accumulation in bone. Substitution with OA reversed the bone-destructive impact of PA, which was accompanied by reduced diacylglycerols (DAG) and saturated ceramide levels. Further, PA-associated reduction in mineralization activity and concomitant pro-inflammatory activation of primary osteoblasts were diminished in cultures where PA was replaced with OA, which impacted cellular interaction with osteoclasts. Additionally, PA-ED increased osteoclast numbers in femurs in response to oral P. gingivalis infection, whereas OA-ED reduced osteoclast occurrence, which was paralleled by serologically increased levels of the stress-reducing lipokine PI(18:1/18:1). Conclusion OA substitution reverses the bone-destructive and pro-inflammatory effects of PA and eliminates incorporated lipotoxic PA metabolites. This supports Mediterranean-style OA-based diets as a preventive intervention to target the accumulation of PA-associated lipotoxic metabolites and thereby supports systemic bone tissue resilience after oral bacterial P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Döding
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Svenja Zimmermann
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ahmed Maghames
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reimann
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Judit Symmank
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Thürmer
- Chair of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus H. Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB) and Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Collin Jacobs
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernd Sigusch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schulze-Späte
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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Döding A, Hüfner M, Nachtsheim F, Iffarth V, Bölter A, Bastian A, Symmank J, Andreas N, Schädel P, Thürmer M, Becker K, Wolf M, Jacobs C, Kamradt T, Koeberle A, Werz O, Sigusch B, Schulze-Späte U. Mediterranean diet component oleic acid increases protective lipid mediators and improves trabecular bone in a Porphyromonas gingivalis inoculation model. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:380-395. [PMID: 36384158 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Therapeutic modulation of bacterial-induced inflammatory host response is being investigated in gingival inflammation and periodontal disease pathology. Therefore, dietary intake of the monounsaturated fatty acid (FA) oleic acid (OA (C18:1)), which is the main component of Mediterranean-style diets, and saturated FA palmitic acid (PA (C16:0)), which is a component of Western-style diets, was investigated for their modifying potential in an oral inoculation model of Porphyromonas gingivalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal-weight C57BL/6-mice received OA- or PA-enriched diets (PA-ED, OA-ED, PA/OA-ED) or normal standard diet for 16 weeks and were inoculated with P. gingivalis/placebo (n = 12/group). Gingival inflammation, alveolar bone structure, circulating lipid mediators, and in vitro cellular response were determined. RESULTS FA treatment of P. gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide-incubated gingival fibroblasts (GFbs) modified inflammatory activation, which only PA exacerbated with concomitant TNF-α stimulation. Mice exhibited no signs of acute inflammation in gingiva or serum and no inoculation- or nutrition-associated changes of the crestal alveolar bone. However, following P. gingivalis inoculation, OA-ED improved oral trabecular bone micro-architecture and enhanced circulating pro-resolving mediators resolvin D4 (RvD4) and 4-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (4-HDHA), whereas PA-ED did not. In vitro experiments demonstrated significantly improved differentiation in RvD4- and 4-HDHA-treated primary osteoblast cultures and reduced the expression of osteoclastogenic factors in GF. Further, P. gingivalis infection of OA-ED animals led to a serum composition that suppressed osteoclastic differentiation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results underline the preventive impact of Mediterranean-style OA-EDs by indicating their pro-resolving nature beyond anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Döding
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mira Hüfner
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Nachtsheim
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Viktoria Iffarth
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Bölter
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Asisa Bastian
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judit Symmank
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Schädel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Thürmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Collin Jacobs
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Sigusch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schulze-Späte
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center of Dental Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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5
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Granieri MC, Rocca C, De Bartolo A, Nettore IC, Rago V, Romeo N, Ceramella J, Mariconda A, Macchia PE, Ungaro P, Sinicropi MS, Angelone T. Quercetin and Its Derivative Counteract Palmitate-Dependent Lipotoxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Cardiomyocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3492. [PMID: 36834186 PMCID: PMC9958705 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac lipotoxicity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related cardiovascular disease. The flavonoid quercetin (QUE), a nutraceutical compound that is abundant in the "Mediterranean diet", has been shown to be a potential therapeutic agent in cardiac and metabolic diseases. Here, we investigated the beneficial role of QUE and its derivative Q2, which demonstrates improved bioavailability and chemical stability, in cardiac lipotoxicity. To this end, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were pre-treated with QUE or Q2 and then exposed to palmitate (PA) to recapitulate the cardiac lipotoxicity occurring in obesity. Our results showed that both QUE and Q2 significantly attenuated PA-dependent cell death, although QUE was effective at a lower concentration (50 nM) when compared with Q2 (250 nM). QUE decreased the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an important indicator of cytotoxicity, and the accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets triggered by PA. On the other hand, QUE protected cardiomyocytes from PA-induced oxidative stress by counteracting the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl groups (which are indicators of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, respectively) and intracellular ROS generation, and by improving the enzymatic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Pre-treatment with QUE also significantly attenuated the inflammatory response induced by PA by reducing the release of key proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α). Similar to QUE, Q2 (250 nM) also significantly counteracted the PA-provoked increase in intracellular lipid droplets, LDH, and MDA, improving SOD activity and decreasing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α. These results suggest that QUE and Q2 could be considered potential therapeutics for the treatment of the cardiac lipotoxicity that occurs in obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Granieri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Carmine Rocca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Anna De Bartolo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Immacolata Cristina Nettore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Scuola di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Naomi Romeo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Emidio Macchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Scuola di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Ungaro
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) “Gaetano Salvatore”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), 40126 Bologna, Italy
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6
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Yang Y, Lin C, Zheng Q, Zhang L, Li Y, Huang Q, Wu T, Zhao Z, Li L, Luo J, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Wang X, Xia C, Pang J. L-carnitine attenuated hyperuricemia-associated left ventricular remodeling through ameliorating cardiomyocytic lipid deposition. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1016633. [PMID: 36817129 PMCID: PMC9929955 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1016633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) is associated with left ventricular remodeling (LVR) and thereby causes the initiation and development of a large number of cardiovascular diseases. LVR is typically accompanied by cardiomyocyte energy metabolic disorder. The energy supply of cardiomyocytes is provided by glucose and fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Currently, the effect of HUA on cardiomyocytic FA metabolism is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that UA-induced cardiomyocyte injury is associated with cytoplasmic lipid deposition, which can be ameliorated by the FA metabolism-promoting drug L-carnitine (LC). UA suppresses carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1B (CPT1B), thereby inhibiting FA transport into the mitochondrial inner matrix for elimination. LC intervention can ameliorate HUA-associated left ventricular anterior wall thickening in mice. This study showed that FA transport dysfunction plays is a critical mechanism in both cardiomyocytic injury and HUA-associated LVR and promoting cytoplasmic FA transportation through pharmacological treatment by LC is a valid strategy to attenuate HUA-associated LVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuiting Lin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Leqi Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghua Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zean Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Luo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqing Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Good Clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenglai Xia
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Jianxin Pang, ; Chenglai Xia,
| | - Jianxin Pang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Jianxin Pang, ; Chenglai Xia,
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García-Ramos S, Fernandez I, Zaballos M. Lipid emulsions in the treatment of intoxications by local anesthesics and other drugs. Review of mechanisms of action and recommendations for use. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2022; 69:421-432. [PMID: 35871141 DOI: 10.1016/j.redare.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) have been used widely for the treatment of local anesthetic (LA) poisoning and have been proposed as a treatment for intoxication by other drugs. However, the degree of evidence for this kind of therapy is not strong, as it comes mostly from clinical cases. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the proposed mechanisms of action for ILEs in poisoning by LA and other drugs and to evaluate recent studies in animals that support the recommendations for their use and the experience in humans that support the use of ILESs in both LA and other drug poisoning. For this purpose, a search was performed in the Embase, Medline and Google Scholar databases covering relevant articles over the last 10 years. In the case of AL poisoning, we recommend applying the protocols dictated by international guidelines, knowing that the degree of evidence is not very high. In poisoning by other drugs, ILEs are recommended in serious situations induced by liposoluble xenobiotics that do not respond to standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S García-Ramos
- Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - I Fernandez
- Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Zaballos
- Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Toxicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Palioura D, Lazou A, Drosatos K. Krüppel-like factor (KLF)5: An emerging foe of cardiovascular health. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 163:56-66. [PMID: 34653523 PMCID: PMC8816822 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are DNA-binding transcriptional factors, which regulate various pathways that pertain to development, metabolism and other cellular mechanisms. KLF5 was first cloned in 1993 and by 1999, it was reported as the intestinal-enriched KLF. Beyond findings that have associated KLF5 with normal development and cancer, it has been associated with various types of cardiovascular (CV) complications and regulation of metabolic pathways in the liver, heart, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Specifically, increased KLF5 expression has been linked with cardiomyopathy in diabetes, end-stage heart failure, and as well as in vascular atherosclerotic lesions. In this review article, we summarize research findings about transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of KLF5, as well as the role of KLF5 in the biology of cells and organs that affect cardiovascular health either directly or indirectly. Finally, we propose KLF5 inhibition as an emerging approach for cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Palioura
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;,School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Karwi QG, Sun Q, Lopaschuk GD. The Contribution of Cardiac Fatty Acid Oxidation to Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Severity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113259. [PMID: 34831481 PMCID: PMC8621814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease via contributing and/or triggering significant cellular signaling and metabolic and structural alterations at the level of the heart and the whole body. The main cause of mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients is cardiovascular disease including diabetic cardiomyopathy. Therefore, understanding how diabetes increases the incidence of diabetic cardiomyopathy and how it mediates the major perturbations in cell signaling and energy metabolism should help in the development of therapeutics to prevent these perturbations. One of the significant metabolic alterations in diabetes is a marked increase in cardiac fatty acid oxidation rates and the domination of fatty acids as the major energy source in the heart. This increased reliance of the heart on fatty acids in the diabetic has a negative impact on cardiac function and structure through a number of mechanisms. It also has a detrimental effect on cardiac efficiency and worsens the energy status in diabetes, mainly through inhibiting cardiac glucose oxidation. Furthermore, accelerated cardiac fatty acid oxidation rates in diabetes also make the heart more vulnerable to ischemic injury. In this review, we discuss how cardiac energy metabolism is altered in diabetic cardiomyopathy and the impact of cardiac insulin resistance on the contribution of glucose and fatty acid to overall cardiac ATP production and cardiac efficiency. Furthermore, how diabetes influences the susceptibility of the myocardium to ischemia/reperfusion injury and the role of the changes in glucose and fatty acid oxidation in mediating these effects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qutuba G. Karwi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada; (Q.G.K.); (Q.S.)
| | - Qiuyu Sun
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada; (Q.G.K.); (Q.S.)
| | - Gary D. Lopaschuk
- 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-2170; Fax: +1-780-492-9753
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10
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Vaswani A, Alcazar Magana A, Zimmermann E, Hasan W, Raman J, Maier CS. Comparative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry lipidomics analysis of macaque heart tissue flash-frozen or embedded in optimal cutting temperature polymer (OCT): Practical considerations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9155. [PMID: 34169582 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Biobanks of patient tissues have emerged as essential resources in biomedical research. Optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT) blends have shown to provide stability to the embedded tissue and are compatible with spectroscopic methods, such as infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. Data derived from omics-methods are only useful if tissue damage caused by storage in OCT blends is minimal and well understood. In this context, we investigated the suitability of OCT storage for heart tissue destined for liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) lipidomic studies. METHODS To determine the compatibility of OCT storage with LC/MS/MS lipidomics studies. The lipid profiles of macaque heart tissue snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen or stored in an OCT blend were evaluated. RESULTS We have evaluated a lipid extraction protocol suitable for OCT-embedded tissue that is compatible with LC/MS/MS. We annotated and evaluated the profiles of 306 lipid species from tissues stored in OCT or liquid nitrogen. For most of the lipid species (95.4%), the profiles were independent of the storage conditions. However, 4.6% of the lipid species; mainly plasmalogens, were affected by the storage method. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that OCT storage is compatible with LC-MS/MS lipidomics of heart tissue, facilitating the use of biobanked tissue samples for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Vaswani
- Department of Chemistry at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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11
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Cole TR, Igumenova TI. Reactivity of Thiol-Rich Zn Sites in Diacylglycerol-Sensing PKC C1 Domain Probed by NMR Spectroscopy. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:728711. [PMID: 34447788 PMCID: PMC8382798 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.728711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved homology 1 (C1) domains are peripheral zinc finger domains that are responsible for recruiting their host signaling proteins, including Protein Kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes, to diacylglycerol-containing lipid membranes. In this work, we investigated the reactivity of the C1 structural zinc sites, using the cysteine-rich C1B regulatory region of the PKCα isoform as a paradigm. The choice of Cd2+ as a probe was prompted by previous findings that xenobiotic metal ions modulate PKC activity. Using solution NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, we found that Cd2+ spontaneously replaced Zn2+ in both structural sites of the C1B domain, with the formation of all-Cd and mixed Zn/Cd protein species. The Cd2+ substitution for Zn2+ preserved the C1B fold and function, as probed by its ability to interact with a potent tumor-promoting agent. Both Cys3His metal-ion sites of C1B have higher affinity to Cd2+ than Zn2+, but are thermodynamically and kinetically inequivalent with respect to the metal ion replacement, despite the identical coordination spheres. We find that even in the presence of the oxygen-rich sites presented by the neighboring peripheral membrane-binding C2 domain, the thiol-rich sites can successfully compete for the available Cd2+. Our results indicate that Cd2+ can target the entire membrane-binding regulatory region of PKCs, and that the competition between the thiol- and oxygen-rich sites will likely determine the activation pattern of PKCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tatyana I Igumenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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12
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The Glitazars Paradox: Cardiotoxicity of the Metabolically Beneficial Dual PPARα and PPARγ Activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 76:514-526. [PMID: 33165133 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The most common complications in patients with type-2 diabetes are hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia that can lead to cardiovascular disease. Alleviation of these complications constitutes the major therapeutic approach for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and PPARγ are used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, respectively. PPARs belong to the nuclear receptors superfamily and regulate fatty acid metabolism. PPARα ligands, such as fibrates, reduce circulating triglyceride levels, and PPARγ agonists, such as thiazolidinediones, improve insulin sensitivity. Dual-PPARα/γ agonists (glitazars) were developed to combine the beneficial effects of PPARα and PPARγ agonism. Although they improved metabolic parameters, they paradoxically aggravated congestive heart failure in patients with type-2 diabetes via mechanisms that remain elusive. Many of the glitazars, such as muraglitazar, tesaglitazar, and aleglitazar, were abandoned in phase-III clinical trials. The objective of this review article pertains to the understanding of how combined PPARα and PPARγ activation, which successfully targets the major complications of diabetes, causes cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, it aims to suggest interventions that will maintain the beneficial effects of dual PPARα/γ agonism and alleviate adverse cardiac outcomes in diabetes.
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13
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Bloise AMNDLG, Simões-Alves AC, Debora Santos A, Morio B, Costa-Silva JH. Cardiometabolic impacts of saturated fatty acids: are they all comparable? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 73:1-14. [PMID: 34229557 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1940885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In last decades, a phenomenon named nutrition transition has been observed in many countries around the world. It has been characterised by increased consumption of fat-rich diets, predisposing to cardiometabolic diseases and high prevalence of the obesity. In the dietary recommendations cited to prevent metabolic diseases, there is a consensus to decrease intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to less than 10% of total energy intake, as recommended by the Food Safety Authorities. However, fatty acids of different chain lengths may exhibit different cardiometabolic effects. Thus, our major aim was to review the cardiometabolic effects of different classes of SFA according to carbon chain length, i.e. short-, medium- and long-chains. The review emphasises that not all SFA may have harmful cardiometabolic effects since short- and medium-chain SFA can provide beneficial health effects and participate to the prevention of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Maria Nunes de Lira Gomes Bloise
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil
| | - Aiany Cibelle Simões-Alves
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil.,Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition (CarMeN), INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alves Debora Santos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Morio
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition (CarMeN), INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - João Henrique Costa-Silva
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, Brazil.,Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition (CarMeN), INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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14
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Thiele A, Luettges K, Ritter D, Beyhoff N, Smeir E, Grune J, Steinhoff JS, Schupp M, Klopfleisch R, Rothe M, Wilck N, Bartolomaeus H, Migglautsch AK, Breinbauer R, Kershaw EE, Grabner GF, Zechner R, Kintscher U, Foryst-Ludwig A. Pharmacological inhibition of adipose tissue adipose triglyceride lipase by Atglistatin prevents catecholamine-induced myocardial damage. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2488-2505. [PMID: 34061169 PMCID: PMC9890462 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Heart failure (HF) is characterized by an overactivation of β-adrenergic signalling that directly contributes to impairment of myocardial function. Moreover, β-adrenergic overactivation induces adipose tissue lipolysis, which may further worsen the development of HF. Recently, we demonstrated that adipose tissue-specific deletion of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) prevents pressure-mediated HF in mice. In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effects of a new pharmacological inhibitor of ATGL, Atglistatin, predominantly targeting ATGL in adipose tissue, on catecholamine-induced cardiac damage. METHODS AND RESULTS Male 129/Sv mice received repeated injections of isoproterenol (ISO, 25 mg/kg BW) to induce cardiac damage. Five days prior to ISO application, oral Atglistatin (2 mmol/kg diet) or control treatment was started. Two and twelve days after the last ISO injection cardiac function was analysed by echocardiography. The myocardial deformation was evaluated using speckle-tracking-technique. Twelve days after the last ISO injection, echocardiographic analysis revealed a markedly impaired global longitudinal strain, which was significantly improved by the application of Atglistatin. No changes in ejection fraction were observed. Further studies included histological-, WB-, and RT-qPCR-based analysis of cardiac tissue, followed by cell culture experiments and mass spectrometry-based lipidome analysis. ISO application induced subendocardial fibrosis and a profound pro-apoptotic cardiac response, as demonstrated using an apoptosis-specific gene expression-array. Atglistatin treatment led to a dramatic reduction of these pro-fibrotic and pro-apoptotic processes. We then identified a specific set of fatty acids (FAs) liberated from adipocytes under ISO stimulation (palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid), which induced pro-apoptotic effects in cardiomyocytes. Atglistatin significantly blocked this adipocytic FA secretion. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates cardioprotective effects of Atglistatin in a mouse model of catecholamine-induced cardiac damage/dysfunction, involving anti-apoptotic and anti-fibrotic actions. Notably, beneficial cardioprotective effects of Atglistatin are likely mediated by non-cardiac actions, supporting the concept that pharmacological targeting of adipose tissue may provide an effective way to treat cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Thiele
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Luettges
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Ritter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyhoff
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Elia Smeir
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Grune
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia S Steinhoff
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nicola Wilck
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation of Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany,Division of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bartolomaeus
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation of Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna K Migglautsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Anna Foryst-Ludwig
- Corresponding author. Tel: +49 30 450 525 373; fax: +49 30 450 525 901, E-mail:
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15
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García-Ramos S, Fernandez I, Zaballos M. Lipid emulsions in the treatment of intoxications by local anesthesics and other drugs. Review of mechanisms of action and recommendations for use. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2021; 69:S0034-9356(21)00143-2. [PMID: 34140161 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) have been used widely for the treatment of local anesthetic (LA) poisoning and have been proposed as a treatment for intoxication by other drugs. However, the degree of evidence for this kind of therapy is not strong, as it comes mostly from clinical cases. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the proposed mechanisms of action for ILEs in poisoning by LA and other drugs and to evaluate recent studies in animals that support the recommendations for their use and the experience in humans that support the use of ILESs in both LA and other drug poisoning. For this purpose, a search was performed in the Embase, Medline and Google Scholar databases covering relevant articles over the last 10 years. In the case of AL poisoning, we recommend applying the protocols dictated by international guidelines, knowing that the degree of evidence is not very high. In poisoning by other drugs, ILEs are recommended in serious situations induced by liposoluble xenobiotics that do not respond to standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S García-Ramos
- Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
| | - I Fernandez
- Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
| | - M Zaballos
- Servicio de Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España; Departamento de Toxicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
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16
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Sithara T, Drosatos K. Metabolic Complications in Cardiac Aging. Front Physiol 2021; 12:669497. [PMID: 33995129 PMCID: PMC8116539 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a process that can be accompanied by molecular and cellular alterations that compromise cardiac function. Although other metabolic disorders with increased prevalence in aged populations, such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, are associated with cardiovascular complications; aging-related cardiomyopathy has some unique features. Healthy hearts oxidize fatty acids, glucose, lactate, ketone bodies, and amino acids for producing energy. Under physiological conditions, cardiac mitochondria use fatty acids and carbohydrate mainly to generate ATP, 70% of which is derived from fatty acid oxidation (FAO). However, relative contribution of nutrients in ATP synthesis is altered in the aging heart with glucose oxidation increasing at the expense of FAO. Cardiac aging is also associated with impairment of mitochondrial abundance and function, resulting in accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of oxidant signaling that eventually leads to further mitochondrial damage and aggravation of cardiac function. This review summarizes the main components of pathophysiology of cardiac aging, which pertain to cardiac metabolism, mitochondrial function, and systemic metabolic changes that affect cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sithara
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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Karwi QG, Ho KL, Pherwani S, Ketema EB, Sun QY, Lopaschuk GD. Concurrent diabetes and heart failure: interplay and novel therapeutic approaches. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:686-715. [PMID: 33783483 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of developing heart failure, and the co-existence of both diseases worsens cardiovascular outcomes, hospitalization and the progression of heart failure. Despite current advancements on therapeutic strategies to manage hyperglycemia, the likelihood of developing diabetes-induced heart failure is still significant, especially with the accelerating global prevalence of diabetes and an ageing population. This raises the likelihood of other contributing mechanisms beyond hyperglycemia in predisposing diabetic patients to cardiovascular disease risk. There has been considerable interest in understanding the alterations in cardiac structure and function in the diabetic patients, collectively termed as "diabetic cardiomyopathy". However, the factors that contribute to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathies is not fully understood. This review summarizes the main characteristics of diabetic cardiomyopathies, and the basic mechanisms that contribute to its occurrence. This includes perturbations in insulin resistance, fuel preference, reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, cell death pathways, neurohormonal mechanisms, advanced glycated end-products accumulation, lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity, and posttranslational modifications in the heart of the diabetic. This review also discusses the impact of antihyperglycemic therapies on the development of heart failure, as well as how current heart failure therapies influence glycemic control in diabetic patients. We also highlight the current knowledge gaps in understanding how diabetes induces heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qutuba G Karwi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim L Ho
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simran Pherwani
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ezra B Ketema
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiu Yu Sun
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Increase in PKCα Activity during Heart Failure Despite the Stimulation of PKCα Braking Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072561. [PMID: 32272716 PMCID: PMC7177253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Heart failure (HF) is marked by dampened cardiac contractility. A mild therapeutic target that improves contractile function without desensitizing the β-adrenergic system during HF may improve cardiac contractility and potentially survival. Inhibiting protein kinase C α (PKCα) activity may fit the criteria of a therapeutic target with milder systemic effects that still boosts contractility in HF patients. PKCα activity has been observed to increase during HF. This increase in PKCα activity is perplexing because it is also accompanied by up-regulation of a molecular braking mechanism. Objective: I aim to explore how PKCα activity can be increased and maintained during HF despite the presence of a molecular braking mechanism. Methods and Results: Using a computational approach, I show that the local diacylglycerol (DAG) signaling is regulated through a two-compartment signaling system in cardiomyocytes. These results imply that after massive myocardial infarction (MI), local homeostasis of DAG signaling is disrupted. The loss of this balance leads to prolonged activation of PKCα, a key molecular target linked to LV remodeling and dysfunctional filling and ejection in the mammalian heart. This study also proposes an explanation for how DAG homeostasis is regulated during normal systolic and diastolic cardiac function. Conclusions: I developed a novel two-compartment computational model for regulating DAG homeostasis during Ang II-induced heart failure. This model provides a promising tool with which to study mechanisms of DAG signaling regulation during heart failure. The model can also aid in identification of novel therapeutic targets with the aim of improving the quality of life for heart failure patients.
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19
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Tuthill BF, Searcy LA, Yost RA, Musselman LP. Tissue-specific analysis of lipid species in Drosophila during overnutrition by UHPLC-MS/MS and MALDI-MSI. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:275-290. [PMID: 31900315 PMCID: PMC7053833 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets high in calories can be used to model metabolic diseases, including obesity and its associated comorbidities, in animals. Drosophila melanogaster fed high-sugar diets (HSDs) exhibit complications of human obesity including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiomyopathy, increased susceptibility to infection, and reduced longevity. We hypothesize that lipid storage in the high-sugar-fed fly's fat body (FB) reaches a maximum capacity, resulting in the accumulation of toxic lipids in other tissues or lipotoxicity. We took two approaches to characterize tissue-specific lipotoxicity. Ultra-HPLC-MS/MS and MALDI-MS imaging enabled spatial and temporal localization of lipid species in the FB, heart, and hemolymph. Substituent chain length was diet dependent, with fewer odd chain esterified FAs on HSDs in all sample types. By contrast, dietary effects on double bond content differed among organs, consistent with a model where some substituent pools are shared and others are spatially restricted. Both di- and triglycerides increased on HSDs in all sample types, similar to observations in obese humans. Interestingly, there were dramatic effects of sugar feeding on lipid ethers, which have not been previously associated with lipotoxicity. Taken together, we have identified candidate endocrine mechanisms and molecular targets that may be involved in metabolic disease and lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon F. Tuthill
- Department of Biological Sciences,Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY
| | - Louis A. Searcy
- Department of Chemistry,University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Richard A. Yost
- Department of Chemistry,University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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20
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Kalliora C, Kyriazis ID, Oka SI, Lieu MJ, Yue Y, Area-Gomez E, Pol CJ, Tian Y, Mizushima W, Chin A, Scerbo D, Schulze PC, Civelek M, Sadoshima J, Madesh M, Goldberg IJ, Drosatos K. Dual peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor-α/γ activation inhibits SIRT1-PGC1α axis and causes cardiac dysfunction. JCI Insight 2019; 5:129556. [PMID: 31393858 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α/γ agonists that were developed to target hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients, caused cardiac dysfunction or other adverse effects. We studied the mechanisms that underlie the cardiotoxic effects of a dual PPARα/γ agonist, tesaglitazar, in wild type and diabetic (leptin receptor deficient - db/db) mice. Mice treated with tesaglitazar-containing chow or high fat diet developed cardiac dysfunction despite lower plasma triglycerides and glucose levels. Expression of cardiac peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, had the most profound reduction among various fatty acid metabolism genes. Furthermore, we observed increased acetylation of PGC1α, which suggests PGC1α inhibition and lowered sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. This change was associated with lower mitochondrial abundance. Combined pharmacological activation of PPARα and PPARγ in C57BL/6 mice reproduced the reduction of PGC1α expression and mitochondrial abundance. Resveratrol-mediated SIRT1 activation attenuated tesaglitazar-induced cardiac dysfunction and corrected myocardial mitochondrial respiration in C57BL/6 and diabetic mice but not in cardiomyocyte-specific Sirt1-/- mice. Our data shows that drugs, which activate both PPARα and PPARγ lead to cardiac dysfunction associated with PGC1α suppression and lower mitochondrial abundance likely due to competition between these two transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Kalliora
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Kyriazis
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Oka
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Melissa J Lieu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yujia Yue
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine J Pol
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ying Tian
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wataru Mizushima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Adave Chin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Diego Scerbo
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,NYU Langone School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York, New York, USA
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Medical Care and Pneumology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- NYU Langone School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York, New York, USA
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Goldenberg JR, Carley AN, Ji R, Zhang X, Fasano M, Schulze PC, Lewandowski ED. Preservation of Acyl Coenzyme A Attenuates Pathological and Metabolic Cardiac Remodeling Through Selective Lipid Trafficking. Circulation 2019; 139:2765-2777. [PMID: 30909726 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.039610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic remodeling in heart failure contributes to dysfunctional lipid trafficking and lipotoxicity. Acyl coenzyme A synthetase-1 (ACSL1) facilitates long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) uptake and activation with coenzyme A (CoA), mediating the fate of LCFA. The authors tested whether cardiac ACSL1 overexpression aids LCFA oxidation and reduces lipotoxicity under pathological stress of transverse aortic constriction (TAC). METHODS Mice with cardiac restricted ACSL1 overexpression (MHC-ACSL1) underwent TAC or sham surgery followed by serial in vivo echocardiography for 14 weeks. At the decompensated stage of hypertrophy, isolated hearts were perfused with 13C LCFA during dynamic-mode 13C nuclear magnetic resonance followed by in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry analysis to assess intramyocardial lipid trafficking. In parallel, acyl CoA was measured in tissue obtained from heart failure patients pre- and postleft ventricular device implantation plus matched controls. RESULTS TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction was mitigated in MHC-ACSL1 hearts compared with nontransgenic hearts. At 14 weeks, TAC increased heart weight to tibia length by 46% in nontransgenic mice, but only 26% in MHC-ACSL1 mice, whereas ACSL1 mice retained greater ejection fraction (ACSL1 TAC: 65.8±7.5%; nontransgenic TAC: 45.9±7.3) and improvement in diastolic E/E'. Functional improvements were mediated by ACSL1 changes to cardiac LCFA trafficking. ACSL1 accelerated LCFA uptake, preventing C16 acyl CoA loss post-TAC. Long-chain acyl CoA was similarly reduced in human failing myocardium and restored to control levels by mechanical unloading. ACSL1 trafficked LCFA into ceramides without normalizing the reduced triglyceride storage in TAC. ACSL1 prevented de novo synthesis of cardiotoxic C16- and C24-, and C24:1 ceramides and increased potentially cardioprotective C20- and C22-ceramides post-TAC. ACLS1 overexpression activated AMP activated protein kinase at baseline, but during TAC, prevented the reduced LCFA oxidation in hypertrophic hearts and normalized energy state (phosphocreatine:ATP) and consequently, AMP activated protein kinase activation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of reduced acyl CoA in failing hearts of humans and mice, and suggests possible mechanisms for maintaining mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism by restoring long-chain acyl CoA through ASCL1 activation and mechanical unloading. By mitigating cardiac lipotoxicity, via redirected LCFA trafficking to ceramides, and restoring acyl CoA, ACSL1 delayed progressive cardiac remodeling and failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Goldenberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago (J.R.G., E.D.L.)
| | - Andrew N Carley
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University (A.N.C., M.F., E.D.L.), Columbus.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (A.N.C., M.F., E.D.L.), Columbus
| | - Ruiping Ji
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (R.J., X.Z., P.C.S.)
| | - Xiaokan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (R.J., X.Z., P.C.S.)
| | - Matt Fasano
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University (A.N.C., M.F., E.D.L.), Columbus.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (A.N.C., M.F., E.D.L.), Columbus
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York (R.J., X.Z., P.C.S.).,Department of Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany (P.C.S.)
| | - E Douglas Lewandowski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago (J.R.G., E.D.L.).,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University (A.N.C., M.F., E.D.L.), Columbus.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (A.N.C., M.F., E.D.L.), Columbus
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22
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Abstract
The experimental use of lipid emulsion for local anesthetic toxicity was originally identified in 1998. It was then translated to clinical practice in 2006 and expanded to drugs other than local anesthetics in 2008. Our understanding of lipid resuscitation therapy has progressed considerably since the previous update from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the scientific evidence has coalesced around specific discrete mechanisms. Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy provides a multimodal resuscitation benefit that includes both scavenging (eg, the lipid shuttle) and nonscavenging components. The intravascular lipid compartment scavenges drug from organs susceptible to toxicity and accelerates redistribution to organs where drug (eg, bupivacaine) is stored, detoxified, and later excreted. In addition, lipid exerts nonscavenging effects that include postconditioning (via activation of prosurvival kinases) along with cardiotonic and vasoconstrictive benefits. These effects protect tissue from ischemic damage and increase tissue perfusion during recovery from toxicity. Other mechanisms have diminished in favor based on lack of evidence; these include direct effects on channel currents (eg, calcium) and mass-effect overpowering a block in mitochondrial metabolism. In this narrative review, we discuss these proposed mechanisms and address questions left to answer in the field. Further work is needed, but the field has made considerable strides towards understanding the mechanisms.
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23
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Petan T, Jarc E, Jusović M. Lipid Droplets in Cancer: Guardians of Fat in a Stressful World. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081941. [PMID: 30081476 PMCID: PMC6222695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells possess remarkable abilities to adapt to adverse environmental conditions. Their survival during severe nutrient and oxidative stress depends on their capacity to acquire extracellular lipids and the plasticity of their mechanisms for intracellular lipid synthesis, mobilisation, and recycling. Lipid droplets, cytosolic fat storage organelles present in most cells from yeast to men, are emerging as major regulators of lipid metabolism, trafficking, and signalling in various cells and tissues exposed to stress. Their biogenesis is induced by nutrient and oxidative stress and they accumulate in various cancers. Lipid droplets act as switches that coordinate lipid trafficking and consumption for different purposes in the cell, such as energy production, protection against oxidative stress or membrane biogenesis during rapid cell growth. They sequester toxic lipids, such as fatty acids, cholesterol and ceramides, thereby preventing lipotoxic cell damage and engage in a complex relationship with autophagy. Here, we focus on the emerging mechanisms of stress-induced lipid droplet biogenesis; their roles during nutrient, lipotoxic, and oxidative stress; and the relationship between lipid droplets and autophagy. The recently discovered principles of lipid droplet biology can improve our understanding of the mechanisms that govern cancer cell adaptability and resilience to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Eva Jarc
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Maida Jusović
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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24
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Carpentier AC. Abnormal Myocardial Dietary Fatty Acid Metabolism and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34:605-614. [PMID: 29627307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at very high risk of hospitalization and death from heart failure. Increased prevalence of coronary heart disease, hypertension, autonomic neuropathy, and kidney failure all play a role in this increased risk. However, cardiac metabolic abnormalities are now recognized to play a role in this increased risk. Increased reliance on fatty acids to produce energy might predispose the diabetic heart to oxidative stress and ischemic damage. Intramyocellular accumulation of toxic lipid metabolites leads to a number of cellular abnormalities that might also contribute to cardiac remodelling and cardiac dysfunction. However, fatty acid availability from circulation and from intracellular lipid droplets to fuel the heart is critical to maintain its function. Fatty acids delivery to the heart is very complex and includes plasma nonesterified fatty acid flux as well as triglyceride-rich lipoprotein-mediated transport. Although many studies have shown a cross-sectional association between enhanced fatty acid delivery to the heart and reduction in left ventricular function in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes, these mechanisms change very rapidly during type 2 diabetes treatment. The present review focuses on the role of fatty acids in cardiac function, with particular emphasis on the possible role of early abnormalities of dietary fatty acid metabolism in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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25
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Ritterhoff J, Tian R. Metabolism in cardiomyopathy: every substrate matters. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:411-421. [PMID: 28395011 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac metabolism is highly adaptive to changes in fuel availability and the energy demand of the heart. This metabolic flexibility is key for the heart to maintain its output during the development and in response to stress. Alterations in substrate preference have been observed in multiple disease states; a clear understanding of their impact on cardiac function in the long term is critical for the development of metabolic therapies. In addition, the contribution of cellular metabolism to growth, survival, and other signalling pathways through the generation of metabolic intermediates has been increasingly noted, adding another layer of complexity to the impact of metabolism on cardiac function. In a quest to understand the complexity of the cardiac metabolic network, genetic tools have been engaged to manipulate cardiac metabolism in a variety of mouse models. The ability to engineer cardiac metabolism in vivo has provided tremendous insights and brought about conceptual innovations. In this review, we will provide an overview of the cardiac metabolic network and highlight alterations observed during cardiac development and pathological hypertrophy. We will focus on consequences of altered substrate preference on cardiac response to chronic stresses through energy providing and non-energy providing pathways.
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26
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Viglino C, Khoramdin B, Praplan G, Montessuit C. Pleiotropic Effects of Chronic Phorbol Ester Treatment to Improve Glucose Transport in Insulin-Resistant Cardiomyocytes. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4716-4727. [PMID: 28513986 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of glucose transport is an important determinant of myocardial susceptibility to ischemia and reperfusion. Stimulation of glucose transport is markedly impaired in cardiomyocytes exposed to free fatty acids (FFA). Deactivation of the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) by FFA contributes to glucose transport impairment, and could be corrected by chronic treatment with the phorbol ester TPA. However, TPA must have effects in addition to FAK reactivation to restore stimulated glucose transport. Chronic treatment with TPA improved basal and stimulated glucose transport in FFA-exposed, but not in control cardiomyocytes. Chronic FFA exposure induced the activation of PKCδ and PKCϵ. TPA markedly downregulated the expression of PKCα, PKCδ, and PKCϵ, suggesting that PKCδ or PKCϵ activation could contribute to inhibition of glucose transport by FFA. Rottlerin, a specific PKCδ inhibitor, improved glucose transport in FFA-exposed cardiomyocytes; and PKCδ was reduced in the particulate fraction of FFA + TPA-exposed cardiomyocytes. TPA also activated Protein Kinase D 1(PKD1) in FFA-exposed cardiomyocytes, as assessed by autophosphorylation of PKD1 on Y916. Pharmaceutical inhibition of PKD1 only partially prevented the improvement of glucose transport by TPA. Chronic TPA treatment also increased basal and stimulated glycolysis and favored accumulation of lipid droplets in FFA-exposed cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, basal and stimulated glucose transport in cardiomyocytes is reduced by chronic FFA exposure, but restored by concomitant treatment with a phorbol ester. The mechanism of action of phorbol esters may involve downregulation of PKCδ, activation of PKD1 and a general switch from fatty acid to glucose metabolism. J. Cell. Biochem. 9999: 4716-4727, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Viglino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bahareh Khoramdin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Praplan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Montessuit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Ji R, Akashi H, Drosatos K, Liao X, Jiang H, Kennel PJ, Brunjes DL, Castillero E, Zhang X, Deng LY, Homma S, George IJ, Takayama H, Naka Y, Goldberg IJ, Schulze PC. Increased de novo ceramide synthesis and accumulation in failing myocardium. JCI Insight 2017; 2:82922. [PMID: 28469091 PMCID: PMC5414571 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.82922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism may contribute to myocardial injury and remodeling. To determine whether accumulation of very long-chain ceramides occurs in human failing myocardium, we analyzed myocardial tissue and serum from patients with severe heart failure (HF) undergoing placement of left ventricular assist devices and controls. Lipidomic analysis revealed increased total and very long-chain ceramides in myocardium and serum of patients with advanced HF. After unloading, these changes showed partial reversibility. Following myocardial infarction (MI), serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT), the rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo pathway of ceramide synthesis, and ceramides were found increased. Blockade of SPT by the specific inhibitor myriocin reduced ceramide accumulation in ischemic cardiomyopathy and decreased C16, C24:1, and C24 ceramides. SPT inhibition also reduced ventricular remodeling, fibrosis, and macrophage content following MI. Further, genetic deletion of the SPTLC2 gene preserved cardiac function following MI. Finally, in vitro studies revealed that changes in ceramide synthesis are linked to hypoxia and inflammation. In conclusion, cardiac ceramides accumulate in the failing myocardium, and increased levels are detectable in circulation. Inhibition of de novo ceramide synthesis reduces cardiac remodeling. Thus, increased de novo ceramide synthesis contributes to progressive pathologic cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Ji
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hirokazu Akashi
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xianghai Liao
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter J Kennel
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danielle L Brunjes
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Xiaokan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lily Y Deng
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isaac J George
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Hiroo Takayama
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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28
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Abstract
The heart utilizes large amounts of fatty acids as energy providing substrates. The physiological balance of lipid uptake and oxidation prevents accumulation of excess lipids. Several processes that affect cardiac function, including ischemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, and most forms of heart failure lead to altered fatty acid oxidation and often also to the accumulation of lipids. There is now mounting evidence associating certain species of these lipids with cardiac lipotoxicity and subsequent myocardial dysfunction. Experimental and clinical data are discussed and paths to reduction of toxic lipids as a means to improve cardiac function are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Christian Schulze
- From the Divisions of Cardiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany, and Columbia University, New York, NY (P.C.S.); Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (I.J.G.).
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- From the Divisions of Cardiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany, and Columbia University, New York, NY (P.C.S.); Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (I.J.G.)
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- From the Divisions of Cardiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany, and Columbia University, New York, NY (P.C.S.); Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (I.J.G.)
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29
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Ross JS, Russo SB, Chavis GC, Cowart LA. Sphingolipid regulators of cellular dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systems overview. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2017; 9:553-569. [PMID: 29643939 PMCID: PMC5891157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climbing obesity rates have contributed to worldwide increases in obesity-associated diseases, including the metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sphingolipids, an important class of structural and signaling lipids, have emerged as key players in the development and pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. More specifically, sphingolipids have been demonstrated to play integral roles in lipotoxicity and other aspects of pathogenesis in T2DM, although the cellular mechanisms by which this occurs and by which sphingolipid metabolism is dysregulated in T2DM remain under investigation. This review summarizes current knowledge of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling in key organs and tissues affected by T2DM, including the pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, cardiovascular system and liver, and highlights areas that ripe for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Ross
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,USA
| | - Sarah B Russo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,USA
| | - Georgia C Chavis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,USA
| | - Lauren A Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425,USA
- Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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30
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Zlobine I, Gopal K, Ussher JR. Lipotoxicity in obesity and diabetes-related cardiac dysfunction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1555-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Kolwicz SC. Lipid partitioning during cardiac stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1861:1472-80. [PMID: 27040509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that fatty acids serve as the primary fuel substrate for the contracting myocardium. However, extensive research has identified significant changes in the myocardial oxidation of fatty acids during acute or chronic cardiac stress. As a result, the redistribution or partitioning of fatty acids due to metabolic derangements could have biological implications. Fatty acids can be stored as triacylglycerols, serve as critical components for biosynthesis of phospholipid membranes, and form the potent signaling molecules, diacylglycerol and ceramides. Therefore, the contribution of lipid metabolism to health and disease is more intricate than a balance of uptake and oxidation. In this review, the available data regarding alterations that occur in endogenous cardiac lipid pathways during the pathological stressors of ischemia-reperfusion and pathological hypertrophy/heart failure are highlighted. In addition, changes in endogenous lipids observed in exercise training models are presented for comparison. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Kolwicz
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington, School of Medicine, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
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32
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Drosatos K. Fatty old hearts: role of cardiac lipotoxicity in age-related cardiomyopathy. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2016; 6:32221. [PMID: 27558317 PMCID: PMC4996860 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v6.32221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cardiomyopathy accounts for a significant part of heart failure cases. Imbalance of the energetic equilibrium of the heart along with mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired β-adrenergic receptor signaling contributes in the aggravation of cardiac function in the elderly. In this review article, studies that correlate cardiac aging with lipotoxicity are summarized. The involvement of inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, β-adrenergic receptor desensitization, and mitochondrial dysfunction as underlying mechanisms for the lipid-driven age-related cardiomyopathy are presented with the aim to indicate potential therapeutic targets for cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Drosatos
- Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;
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33
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Sawicka M, Janowska J, Chudek J. Potential beneficial effect of some adipokines positively correlated with the adipose tissue content on the cardiovascular system. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:581-589. [PMID: 27513655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. However, in the case of heart failure, obese and overweight patients have a more favourable prognosis compared to patients who have a normal body weight. This phenomenon is referred to as the "obesity paradox," and it is explained by, among others, a positive effect of adipokines produced by adipose tissue, particularly by the tissue located in the direct vicinity of the heart and blood vessels. The favourable effect on the cardiovascular system is mostly associated with adiponectin and omentin, but the levels of these substances are reduced in obese patients. Among the adipokines which levels are positively correlated with the adipose tissue content, favourable activity is demonstrated by apelin, progranulin, chemerin, TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-)α, CTRP-3 (C1q/tumour necrosis factor (TNF) related protein), leptin, visfatin and vaspin. This activity is associated with the promotion of regeneration processes in the damaged myocardium, formation of new blood vessels, reduction of the afterload, improvement of metabolic processes in cardiomyocytes and myocardial contractile function, inhibition of apoptosis and fibrosis of the myocardium, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-atheromatous effects. The potential use of these properties in the treatment of heart failure and ischaemic heart disease, as well as in pulmonary hypertension, arterial hypertension and the limitation of the loss of cardiomyocytes during cardioplegia-requiring cardiosurgical procedures, is studied. The most advanced studies focus on analogues of apelin and progranulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sawicka
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, 9 Maria Skłodowska- Curie Street, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 18 Medyków Street, 40-027 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Joanna Janowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 18 Medyków Street, 40-027 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jerzy Chudek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 18 Medyków Street, 40-027 Katowice, Poland
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Drosatos K, Pollak NM, Pol CJ, Ntziachristos P, Willecke F, Valenti MC, Trent CM, Hu Y, Guo S, Aifantis I, Goldberg IJ. Cardiac Myocyte KLF5 Regulates Ppara Expression and Cardiac Function. Circ Res 2015; 118:241-53. [PMID: 26574507 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fatty acid oxidation is transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and under normal conditions accounts for 70% of cardiac ATP content. Reduced Ppara expression during sepsis and heart failure leads to reduced fatty acid oxidation and myocardial energy deficiency. Many of the transcriptional regulators of Ppara are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) in transcriptional regulation of Ppara. METHODS AND RESULTS We discovered that KLF5 activates Ppara gene expression via direct promoter binding. This is blocked in hearts of septic mice by c-Jun, which binds an overlapping site on the Ppara promoter and reduces transcription. We generated cardiac myocyte-specific Klf5 knockout mice that showed reduced expression of cardiac Ppara and its downstream fatty acid metabolism-related targets. These changes were associated with reduced cardiac fatty acid oxidation, ATP levels, increased triglyceride accumulation, and cardiac dysfunction. Diabetic mice showed parallel changes in cardiac Klf5 and Ppara expression levels. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac myocyte KLF5 is a transcriptional regulator of Ppara and cardiac energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Drosatos
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.).
| | - Nina M Pollak
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Christine J Pol
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Panagiotis Ntziachristos
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Florian Willecke
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Mesele-Christina Valenti
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Chad M Trent
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Yunying Hu
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Shaodong Guo
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.D., C.J.P., M.-C.V.); Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria (N.M.P.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine (P.N., I.A.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University-Langone School of Medicine (F.W., C.M.T., Y.H., I.J.G.); and Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple (S.G.)
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Wu C, Kato TS, Ji R, Zizola C, Brunjes DL, Deng Y, Akashi H, Armstrong HF, Kennel PJ, Thomas T, Forman DE, Hall J, Chokshi A, Bartels MN, Mancini D, Seres D, Schulze PC. Supplementation of l-Alanyl-l-Glutamine and Fish Oil Improves Body Composition and Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8:1077-87. [PMID: 26269566 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.115.002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle dysfunction and exercise intolerance are clinical hallmarks of patients with heart failure. These have been linked to a progressive catabolic state, skeletal muscle inflammation, and impaired oxidative metabolism. Previous studies suggest beneficial effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and glutamine on exercise performance and muscle protein balance. METHODS AND RESULTS In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 31 patients with heart failure were randomized to either l-alanyl-l-glutamine (8 g/d) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (6.5 g/d) or placebo (safflower oil and milk powder) for 3 months. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, 6-minute walk test, hand grip strength, functional muscle testing, echocardiography, and quality of life and lateral quadriceps muscle biopsy were performed at baseline and at follow-up. Oxidative capacity and metabolic gene expression were analyzed on muscle biopsies. No differences in muscle function, echocardiography, 6-minute walk test, or hand grip strength and a nonsignificant increase in peak VO2 in the treatment group were found. Lean body mass increased and quality of life improved in the active treatment group. Molecular analysis revealed no differences in muscle fiber composition, fiber cross-sectional area, gene expression of metabolic marker genes (PGC1α, CPT1, PDK4, and GLUT4), and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. CONCLUSIONS The combined supplementation of l-alanyl-l-glutamine and polyunsaturated fatty acid did not improve exercise performance or muscle function but increased lean body mass and quality of life in patients with chronic stable heart failure. These findings suggest potentially beneficial effects of high-dose nutritional polyunsaturated fatty acids and amino acid supplementations in patients with chronic stable heart failure. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01534663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Tomoko S Kato
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Ruiping Ji
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Cynthia Zizola
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Danielle L Brunjes
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Yue Deng
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Hirokazu Akashi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Hilary F Armstrong
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Peter J Kennel
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Tiffany Thomas
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Daniel E Forman
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Jennifer Hall
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Aalap Chokshi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Matthew N Bartels
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - Donna Mancini
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - David Seres
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.)
| | - P Christian Schulze
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (C.W., R.J., C.Z., D.L.B., Y.D., H.F.A., P.J.K., T.T., D.E.F., J.H., A.C., M.N.B., D.M., D.S., P.C.S.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (H.F.A.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Organ Transplantation, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (T.S.K.).
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Bosma M, Dapito DH, Drosatos-Tampakaki Z, Huiping-Son N, Huang LS, Kersten S, Drosatos K, Goldberg IJ. Sequestration of fatty acids in triglycerides prevents endoplasmic reticulum stress in an in vitro model of cardiomyocyte lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1841:1648-55. [PMID: 25251292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We used human cardiomyocyte-derived cells to create an in vitro model to study lipid metabolism and explored the effects of PPARγ; ACSL1 and ATGL on fatty acid-induced ER stress. Compared to oleate, palmitate treatment resulted in less intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets and more ER stress, as measured by upregulation of CHOP, ATF6 and GRP78 gene expression and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2a (EIF2a). Both ACSL1 and PPARγ adenovirus-mediated expression augmented neutral lipid accumulation and reduced palmitate-induced upregulation of ER stress markers to levels similar to those in the oleate and control treatment groups. This suggests that increased channeling of non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) towards storage in the form of neutral lipids in lipid droplets protects against palmitate-induced ER stress. Overexpression of ATGL in cells incubated with oleate-containing medium increased NEFA release and stimulated expression of ER stress markers. Thus, inefficient creation of lipid droplets as well greater release of stored lipids induces ER stress.
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Park M, Sabetski A, Kwan Chan Y, Turdi S, Sweeney G. Palmitate induces ER stress and autophagy in H9c2 cells: implications for apoptosis and adiponectin resistance. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:630-9. [PMID: 25164368 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between obesity and heart failure is well documented and recent studies have indicated that understanding the physiological role of autophagy will be of great significance. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is one component of cardiac remodeling which leads to heart failure and in this study we used palmitate-treated H9c2 cells as an in vitro model of lipotoxicity to investigate the role of autophagy in cell death. Temporal analysis revealed that palmitate (100 μM) treatment induced a gradual increase of intracellular lipid accumulation as well as apoptotic cell death. Palmitate induced autophagic flux, determined via increased LC3-II formation and p62 degradation as well as by detecting reduced colocalization of GFP with RFP in cells overexpressing tandem fluorescent GFP/RFP-LC3. The increased level of autophagy indicated by these measures were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Upon inhibiting autophagy using bafilomycin we observed an increased level of palmitate-induced cell death assessed by Annexin V/PI staining, detection of active caspase-3 and MTT cell viability assay. Interestingly, using TEM and p-PERK or p-eIF2α detection we observed increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in response to palmitate. Autophagy was induced as an adaptive response against ER stress since it was sensitive to ER stress inhibition. Palmitate-induced ER stress also induced adiponectin resistance, assessed via AMPK phosphorylation, via reducing APPL1 expression. This effect was independent of palmitate-induced autophagy. In summary, our data indicate that palmitate induces autophagy subsequent to ER stress and that this confers a prosurvival effect against lipotoxicity-induced cell death. Palmitate-induced ER stress also led to adiponecin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Park
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Elezaby A, Sverdlov AL, Tu VH, Soni K, Luptak I, Qin F, Liesa M, Shirihai OS, Rimer J, Schaffer JE, Colucci WS, Miller EJ. Mitochondrial remodeling in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific lipid overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 79:275-83. [PMID: 25497302 PMCID: PMC4301992 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity leads to metabolic heart disease (MHD) that is associated with a pathologic increase in myocardial fatty acid (FA) uptake and impairment of mitochondrial function. The mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in MHD, which results in oxidant production and decreased energetics, is poorly understood but may be related to excess FAs. Determining the effects of cardiac FA excess on mitochondria can be hindered by the systemic sequelae of obesity. Mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of the fatty acid transport protein FATP1 have increased cardiomyocyte FA uptake and develop MHD in the absence of systemic lipotoxicity, obesity or diabetes. We utilized this model to assess 1) the effect of cardiomyocyte lipid accumulation on mitochondrial structure and energetic function and 2) the role of lipid-driven transcriptional regulation, signaling, toxic metabolite accumulation, and mitochondrial oxidative stress in lipid-induced MHD. METHODS Cardiac lipid species, lipid-dependent signaling, and mitochondrial structure/function were examined from FATP1 mice. Cardiac structure and function were assessed in mice overexpressing both FATP1 and mitochondrial-targeted catalase. RESULTS FATP1 hearts exhibited a net increase (+12%) in diacylglycerol, with increases in several very long-chain diacylglycerol species (+160-212%, p<0.001) and no change in ceramide, sphingomyelin, or acylcarnitine content. This was associated with an increase in phosphorylation of PKCα and PKCδ, and a decrease in phosphorylation of AKT and expression of CREB, PGC1α, PPARα and the mitochondrial fusion genes MFN1, MFN2 and OPA1. FATP1 overexpression also led to marked decreases in mitochondrial size (-49%, p<0.01), complex II-driven respiration (-28.6%, p<0.05), activity of isolated complex II (-62%, p=0.05), and expression of complex II subunit B (SDHB) (-60% and -31%, p<0.01) in the absence of change in ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production was not increased in FATP1 mitochondria, and cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction were not attenuated by overexpression of catalase in mitochondria in FATP1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Excessive delivery of FAs to the cardiac myocyte in the absence of systemic disorders leads to activation of lipid-driven signaling and remodeling of mitochondrial structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Elezaby
- Boston University School of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Aaron L Sverdlov
- Boston University School of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Vivian H Tu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Kanupriya Soni
- Boston University School of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Ivan Luptak
- Boston University School of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Fuzhong Qin
- Boston University School of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Marc Liesa
- Boston University School of Medicine, Obesity and Nutrition Section, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Boston University School of Medicine, Obesity and Nutrition Section, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Jamie Rimer
- Washington University School of Medicine, Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Washington University School of Medicine, Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Wilson S Colucci
- Boston University School of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Edward J Miller
- Boston University School of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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Drosatos K, Schulze PC. Savings precede spending: fatty acid utilization relies on triglyceride formation for cardiac energetics. Circulation 2015; 130:1775-7. [PMID: 25385936 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Drosatos
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.); and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.C.S.)
| | - P Christian Schulze
- From the Metabolic Biology Laboratory, Temple University School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia, PA (K.D.); and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (P.C.S.).
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Ross JS, Russo SB, Chavis GC, Cowart LA. Sphingolipid regulators of cellular dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systems overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.14.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Simon JN, Chowdhury SAK, Warren CM, Sadayappan S, Wieczorek DF, Solaro RJ, Wolska BM. Ceramide-mediated depression in cardiomyocyte contractility through PKC activation and modulation of myofilament protein phosphorylation. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:445. [PMID: 25280528 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although ceramide accumulation in the heart is considered a major factor in promoting apoptosis and cardiac disorders, including heart failure, lipotoxicity and ischemia-reperfusion injury, little is known about ceramide's role in mediating changes in contractility. In the present study, we measured the functional consequences of acute exposure of isolated field-stimulated adult rat cardiomyocytes to C6-ceramide. Exogenous ceramide treatment depressed the peak amplitude and the maximal velocity of shortening without altering intracellular calcium levels or kinetics. The inactive ceramide analog C6-dihydroceramide had no effect on myocyte shortening or [Ca(2+)]i transients. Experiments testing a potential role for C6-ceramide-mediated effects on activation of protein kinase C (PKC) demonstrated evidence for signaling through the calcium-independent isoform, PKCε. We employed 2-dimensional electrophoresis and anti-phospho-peptide antibodies to test whether treatment of the cardiomyocytes with C6-ceramide altered myocyte shortening via PKC-dependent phosphorylation of myofilament proteins. Compared to controls, myocytes treated with ceramide exhibited increased phosphorylation of myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C), specifically at Ser273 and Ser302, and troponin I (cTnI) at sites apart from Ser23/24, which could be attenuated with PKC inhibition. We conclude that the altered myofilament response to calcium resulting from multiple sites of PKC-dependent phosphorylation contributes to contractile dysfunction that is associated with cardiac diseases in which elevations in ceramides are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N Simon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Liu L, Trent CM, Fang X, Son NH, Jiang H, Blaner WS, Hu Y, Yin YX, Farese RV, Homma S, Turnbull AV, Eriksson JW, Hu SL, Ginsberg HN, Huang LS, Goldberg IJ. Cardiomyocyte-specific loss of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) reproduces the abnormalities in lipids found in severe heart failure. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29881-91. [PMID: 25157099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) catalyzes the final step in triglyceride synthesis, the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to triglyceride. Dgat1(-/-) mice exhibit a number of beneficial metabolic effects including reduced obesity and improved insulin sensitivity and no known cardiac dysfunction. In contrast, failing human hearts have severely reduced DGAT1 expression associated with accumulation of DAGs and ceramides. To test whether DGAT1 loss alone affects heart function, we created cardiomyocyte-specific DGAT1 knock-out (hDgat1(-/-)) mice. hDgat1(-/-) mouse hearts had 95% increased DAG and 85% increased ceramides compared with floxed controls. 50% of these mice died by 9 months of age. The heart failure marker brain natriuretic peptide increased 5-fold in hDgat1(-/-) hearts, and fractional shortening (FS) was reduced. This was associated with increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and cluster of differentiation 36. We crossed hDgat1(-/-) mice with previously described enterocyte-specific Dgat1 knock-out mice (hiDgat1(-/-)). This corrected the early mortality, improved FS, and reduced cardiac ceramide and DAG content. Treatment of hDgat1(-/-) mice with the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist exenatide also improved FS and reduced heart DAG and ceramide content. Increased fatty acid uptake into hDgat1(-/-) hearts was normalized by exenatide. Reduced activation of protein kinase Cα (PKCα), which is increased by DAG and ceramides, paralleled the reductions in these lipids. Our mouse studies show that loss of DGAT1 reproduces the lipid abnormalities seen in severe human heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Chad M Trent
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | - Xiang Fang
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 230001 Hefei, China
| | - Ni-Huiping Son
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | - HongFeng Jiang
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | | | - Yunying Hu
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | - Yu-Xin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science Center, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Robert V Farese
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | | | - Jan W Eriksson
- Astra-Zeneca Company, 431 50 Mölndal, Sweden, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden, and
| | - Shi-Lian Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 230001 Hefei, China
| | | | - Li-Shin Huang
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- From the Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition and Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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Abstract
Cardiomyopathy, the presence of cardiac dysfunction independent of ischemic heart disease and/or hypertension, is becoming a more prominent condition in our diabetic patient population. Unfortunately, we do not yet understand the mechanism(s) responsible for causing diabetic cardiomyopathy. With the recent explosion in the obesity and Type 2 diabetes epidemic, our understanding of dyslipidemia and the adverse effects of lipid surplus on cellular and organ function has grown considerably. Numerous studies now illustrate that excess lipid accumulation may exert direct toxic effects on cellular function, a term coined 'lipotoxicity'. As obesity and Type 2 diabetes are significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease, cardiac lipotoxicity may represent a significant component mediating the diabetic cardiomyopathy phenotype. Therefore, a more complete understanding of how cardiac lipotoxicity is regulated and how different lipid metabolites cause cellular dysfunction may lead to the discovery of novel targets to treat cardiomyopathy in our diabetic patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Ussher
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum, Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Trent CM, Yu S, Hu Y, Skoller N, Huggins LA, Homma S, Goldberg IJ. Lipoprotein lipase activity is required for cardiac lipid droplet production. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:645-58. [PMID: 24493834 PMCID: PMC3966699 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m043471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent heart accumulates TGs and lipid droplets during fasting. The sources of heart lipids could be either FFAs liberated from adipose tissue or FAs from lipoprotein-associated TGs via the action of lipoprotein lipase (LpL). Because circulating levels of FFAs increase during fasting, it has been assumed that albumin transported FFAs are the source of lipids within heart lipid droplets. We studied mice with three genetic mutations: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor α deficiency, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) deficiency, and heart-specific LpL deletion. All three genetically altered groups of mice had defective accumulation of lipid droplet TGs. Moreover, hearts from mice treated with poloxamer 407, an inhibitor of lipoprotein TG lipolysis, also failed to accumulate TGs, despite increased uptake of FFAs. TG storage did not impair maximal cardiac function as measured by stress echocardiography. Thus, LpL hydrolysis of circulating lipoproteins is required for the accumulation of lipids in the heart of fasting mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Trent
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
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Drosatos-Tampakaki Z, Drosatos K, Siegelin Y, Gong S, Khan S, Van Dyke T, Goldberg IJ, Schulze PC, Schulze-Späte U. Palmitic acid and DGAT1 deficiency enhance osteoclastogenesis, while oleic acid-induced triglyceride formation prevents it. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1183-95. [PMID: 24272998 PMCID: PMC4945760 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with alterations in lipid metabolism as well as a change in bone homeostasis and osteoclastogenesis. We hypothesized that increased fatty acid levels affect bone health by altering precursor cell differentiation and osteoclast activation. Here we show that palmitic acid (PA, 16:0) enhances receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated osteoclastogenesis and is sufficient to induce osteoclast differentiation even in the absence of RANKL. TNFα expression is crucial for PA-induced osteoclastogenesis, as shown by increased TNFα mRNA levels in PA-treated cells and abrogation of PA-stimulated osteoclastogenesis by TNFα neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, oleic acid (OA, 18:1) does not enhance osteoclast differentiation, leads to increased intracellular triglyceride accumulation, and inhibits PA-induced osteoclastogenesis. Adenovirus-mediated expression of diacylglycerol acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), a gene involved in triglyceride synthesis, also inhibits PA-induced osteoclastogenesis, suggesting a protective role of DGAT1 for bone health. Accordingly, Dgat1 knockout mice have larger bone marrow-derived osteoclasts and decreased bone mass indices. In line with these findings, mice on a high-fat PA-enriched diet have a greater reduction in bone mass and structure than mice on a high-fat OA-enriched diet. Thus, we propose that TNFα mediates saturated fatty acid-induced osteoclastogenesis that can be prevented by DGAT activation or supplementation with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Drosatos-Tampakaki
- Division of Periodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Konstantinos Drosatos
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasemin Siegelin
- Division of Periodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shan Gong
- Division of Periodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulrike Schulze-Späte
- Division of Periodontics, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are both associated with lipotoxic cardiomyopathy exclusive of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Lipotoxicities have become a public health concern and are responsible for a significant portion of clinical cardiac disease. These abnormalities may be the result of a toxic metabolic shift to more fatty acid and less glucose oxidation with concomitant accumulation of toxic lipids. Lipids can directly alter cellular structures and activate downstream pathways leading to toxicity. Recent data have implicated fatty acids and fatty acyl coenzyme A, diacylglycerol, and ceramide in cellular lipotoxicity, which may be caused by apoptosis, defective insulin signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of protein kinase C, MAPK activation, or modulation of PPARs.
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Abstract
Fish oil (FO) supplementation may improve cardiac function in some patients with heart failure, especially those with diabetes. To determine why this occurs, we studied the effects of FO in mice with heart failure either due to transgenic expression of the lipid uptake protein acyl CoA synthetase 1 (ACS1) or overexpression of the transcription factor peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ via the cardiac-specific myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter. ACS1 mice and control littermates were fed 3 diets containing low-dose or high-dose FO or nonpurified diet (NPD) for 6 weeks. MHC-PPARγ mice were fed low-dose FO or NPD. Compared with control mice fed with NPD, ACS1, and MHC-PPARγ, mice fed with NPD had reduced cardiac function and survival with cardiac fibrosis. In contrast, ACS1 mice fed with high-dose FO had better cardiac function, survival, and less myocardial fibrosis. FO increased eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids and reduced saturated fatty acids in cardiac diacylglycerols. This was associated with reduced protein kinase C alpha and beta activation. In contrast, low-dose FO reduced MHC-PPARγ mice survival with no change in protein kinase C activation or cardiac function. Thus, dietary FO reverses fibrosis and improves cardiac function and survival of ACS1 mice but does not benefit all forms of lipid-mediated cardiomyopathy.
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Park M, Wu D, Park T, Choi CS, Li RK, Cheng KKY, Xu A, Sweeney G. APPL1 transgenic mice are protected from high-fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E795-804. [PMID: 23921137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00257.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
APPL1 (adaptor protein containing PH domain, PTB domain, and leucine zipper motif 1) has been established as an important mediator of insulin and adiponectin signaling. Here, we investigated the influence of transgenic (Tg) APPL1 overexpression in mice on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cardiomyopathy in mice. Wild-type (WT) mice fed an HFD for 16 wk showed cardiac dysfunction, determined by echocardiography, with decreased ejection fraction, decreased fractional shortening, and increased end diastolic volume. HFD-fed APPL1 Tg mice were significantly protected from this dysfunction. Speckle tracking echocardiography to accurately assess cardiac tissue deformation strain and wall motion also indicated dysfunction in WT mice and a similar improvement in Tg vs. WT mice on HFD. APPL1 Tg mice had less HFD-induced increase in circulating nonesteridied fatty acid levels and myocardial lipid accumulation. Lipidomic analysis using LC-MS-MS showed HFD significantly increased myocardial contents of distinct ceramide, sphingomyelin, and diacylglycerol (DAG) species, of which increases in C16:0 and C18:0 ceramides plus C16:0 and C18:1 DAGs were attenuated in Tg mice. A glucose tolerance test indicated less peripheral insulin resistance in response to HFD in Tg mice, which was also apparent by measuring cardiac Akt phosphorylation and cardiomyocyte glucose uptake. In summary, APPL1 Tg mice exhibit improved peripheral metabolism, reduced cardiac lipotoxicity, and improved insulin sensitivity. These cellular effects contribute to protection from HFD-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Park
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wende AR, Symons JD, Abel ED. Mechanisms of lipotoxicity in the cardiovascular system. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 14:517-31. [PMID: 23054891 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases account for approximately one third of all deaths globally. Obese and diabetic patients have a high likelihood of dying from complications associated with cardiovascular dysfunction. Obesity and diabetes increase circulating lipids that upon tissue uptake, may be stored as triglyceride, or may be metabolized in other pathways, leading to the generation of toxic intermediates. Excess lipid utilization or activation of signaling pathways by lipid metabolites may disrupt cellular homeostasis and contribute to cell death, defining the concept of lipotoxicity. Lipotoxicity occurs in multiple organs, including cardiac and vascular tissues, and a number of specific mechanisms have been proposed to explain lipotoxic tissue injury. In addition, recent data suggests that increased tissue lipids may also be protective in certain contexts. This review will highlight recent progress toward elucidating the relationship between nutrient oversupply, lipotoxicity, and cardiovascular dysfunction. The review will focus in two sections on the vasculature and cardiomyocytes respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Wende
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
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50
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Cadeddu C, Nocco S, Piano D, Deidda M, Cossu E, Baroni MG, Mercuro G. Early impairment of contractility reserve in patients with insulin resistance in comparison with healthy subjects. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:66. [PMID: 23590337 PMCID: PMC3637195 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin resistance (IR) is currently considered a crucial cardiovascular (CV) risk factor, which seems to play a dominant role in the evolution toward cardiac and vascular impairment. Early IR-induced cardiac dysfunction can be assessed by Doppler-derived myocardial systolic strain rate (SR) index, measured at baseline and after dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). Methods Thirty IR patients (HOMA-IR = 7 ± 5.2, age 52.6 ± 2.1 years), and 20 healthy, age and sex matched controls were studied. IR had been diagnosed in all patients in the 3 months preceding the study. Dobutamine echocardiography was performed in all subjects to exclude ischemic heart disease, and left ventricular contractile reserve (LVCR) was then assessed. LVCR was evaluated as an increase in the peak of an average longitudinal SR, measured in the basal and mid segments of 2 and 4 chamber ventricular walls. Results No significant differences between the 2 groups were revealed by baseline echocardiography. In contrast, after DSE a significant decrease of Delta SR was found in the IR group in comparison to the controls (0.54 ± 0.31 s−1vs 1.14 ± 0.45 s−1; p < 0.0001). Conclusions Our results show that IR, even if isolated and arising within a short time period, not only represents the initial phase of future diabetes, but may adversely affect heart function, as evidenced by the depressed LVCR. Our data strengthen the need for attention to be paid to IR state and for an early therapeutic approach.
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