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Mouse Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Expressing Adipogenic and Osteogenic Transcription Factors Suppress the Macrophage Inflammatory Response. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5846257. [PMID: 28191017 PMCID: PMC5278224 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5846257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor cell characteristics that can identify progenitor populations with specific functions in immunity are actively being investigated. Progenitors from bone marrow and adipose tissue regulate the macrophage (MΦ) inflammatory response by promoting the switch from an inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Conversely, mesenchymal progenitors from the mouse aorta (mAo) support and contribute to the MΦ response under inflammatory conditions. We used cell lines with purported opposing immune-regulatory function, a bone marrow derived mesenchymal progenitor cell line (D1) and a mouse aorta derived mesenchymal progenitor cell line (mAo). Their interaction and regulation of the MΦ cell response to the inflammatory mediator, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was examined by coculture. As expected, D1 cells suppressed NO, TNF-α, and IL-12p70 production but MΦ phagocytic activity remained unchanged. The mAo cells enhanced NO and TNF-α production in coculture and enhanced MΦ phagocytic activity. Using flow cytometry and PCR array, we then sought to identify sets of MSC-associated genes and markers that are expressed by these progenitor populations. We have determined that immune-supportive mesenchymal progenitors highly express chondrogenic and tenogenic transcription factors while immunosuppressive mesenchymal progenitors highly express adipogenic and osteogenic transcription factors. These data will be useful for the isolation, purification, and modification of mesenchymal progenitors to be used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Evans JF, Salvador V, George S, Trevino-Gutierrez C, Nunez C. Mouse aorta-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells contribute to and enhance the immune response of macrophage cells under inflammatory conditions. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:56. [PMID: 25889992 PMCID: PMC4414009 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal progenitor cells interact with immune cells and modulate inflammatory responses. The cellular characteristics required for this modulation are under fervent investigation. Upon interaction with macrophage cells, they can contribute to or suppress an inflammatory response. Current studies have focused on mesenchymal progenitors derived from bone marrow, adipose, and placenta. However, the arterial wall contains many mesenchymal progenitor cells, which during vascular disease progression have the potential to interact with macrophage cells. To examine the consequence of vascular-tissue progenitor cell-macrophage cell interactions in an inflammatory environment, we used a recently established mesenchymal progenitor cell line derived from the mouse aorta. Methods Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage (MΦ) cells and mouse aorta-derived mesenchymal progenitor (mAo) cells were cultured alone or co-cultured directly and indirectly. Cells were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) or exposed to the inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) or both. A Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-deficient macrophage cell line was used to determine the role of the mAo cells. To monitor inflammation, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) secretions were measured. Results Mesenchymal progenitor cells isolated from aorta and cloned by high proliferative capacity (mAo) can differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages and are positive for several commonly used mouse mesenchymal stem cell markers (that is, CD29, CD44, CD105, CD106, and Sca-1) but are negative for CD73 and ecto-5′-nucleotidase. In co-culture with MΦ cells, they increase MΦ oxidized-LDL uptake by 52.2%. In an inflammatory environment, they synergistically and additively contribute to local production of both NO and IL-6. After exposure to ox-LDL, the inflammatory response of MΦ cells to LPS and LPS/IFNγ is muted. However, when lipid-laden MΦ cells are co-cultured with mAo cell progenitors, the muted response is recovered and the contribution by the mAo cell progenitor is dependent upon cell contact. Conclusions The resident mesenchymal progenitor cell is a potential contributor to vascular inflammation when in contact with inflamed and lipid-laden MΦ cells. This interaction represents an additional target in vascular disease treatment. The potential for resident cells to contribute to the local immune response should be considered when designing therapeutics targeting inflammatory vascular disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0071-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Evans
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. .,Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 222 Station Plaza North Suite 501, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| | - Veronica Salvador
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| | - Sheela George
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
| | - Cristina Trevino-Gutierrez
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. .,Molloy College, 1000 Hempstead Avenue, Rockville Centre, NY, 11571, USA.
| | - Catherine Nunez
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. .,Molloy College, 1000 Hempstead Avenue, Rockville Centre, NY, 11571, USA.
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Balgobin S, Montoya TI, Shi H, Acevedo JF, Keller PW, Riegel M, Wai CY, Word RA. Estrogen alters remodeling of the vaginal wall after surgical injury in guinea pigs. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:138. [PMID: 24174572 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.112367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of pelvic organ support (i.e., pelvic organ prolapse) is common in menopausal women. Surgical reconstruction of pelvic organ prolapse is plagued with high failure rates. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of estrogen on biomechanical properties, lysyl oxidase (LOX), collagen content, and histomorphology of the vagina with or without surgical injury. Nulliparous ovariectomized guinea pigs were treated systemically with either 50 μg/kg/day estradiol (E2,) or vehicle. After 2 wk, vaginal surgery was performed, and animals were treated with either beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN, an irreversible LOX inhibitor), or vehicle to determine the role of LOX in recovery of the vaginal wall from injury with or without E2. Estradiol resulted in (i) significant growth, increased smooth muscle, and increased thickness of the vagina, (ii) increased distensibility without compromise of maximal force at failure, and (iii) increased total and cross-linked collagen. In the absence of E2, BAPN resulted in decreased collagen and vaginal wall strength in the area of the injury. In contrast, in E2-treated animals, increased distensibility, maximal forces, and total collagen were maintained despite BAPN. Interestingly, LOX mRNA was induced dramatically (9.5-fold) in the injured vagina with or without E2 at 4 days. By 21 days, however, LOX levels declined to near baseline in E2-deprived animals. LOX mRNA levels remained strikingly elevated (12-fold) at 21 days in the estrogenized vagina. The results suggest that prolonged E2 induced increases in LOX, and collagen cross-links may act to sustain a matrix environment that optimizes long-term surgical wound healing in the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Balgobin
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Animal Resource Center, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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ACTH promotes chondrogenic nodule formation and induces transient elevations in intracellular calcium in rat bone marrow cell cultures via MC2-R signaling. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:413-25. [PMID: 23358747 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is among several melanocortin peptide hormones that are derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC). ACTH has been found to enhance osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. We show that, in the presence of dexamethasone, ACTH dose-dependently increases chondrogenic nodule formation in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) from the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat. The nodules consist in condensed cells highly expressing alkaline phosphatase, Sox9 and type II collagen transcripts and a proteoglycan-rich matrix. Immunoblot analysis of crude membrane fractions has shown that these cells express three melanocortin receptors (MC-R), namely MC2-R, MC3-R and MC5-R and the melanocortin 2-receptor accessory protein (MRAP). To determine which of these receptors mediate ACTH-induced effects, we have used MC-R-specific peptides and the known agonist profiles of the receptors. Neither α-MSH, a strong agonist of MC5-R, nor γ2-MSH, a strong agonist of MC3-R, duplicates ACTH effects in rat BMSC. In addition, calcium flux has been examined as a mechanism for ACTH action at the MC2-R. Consistent with MC2-R and MRAP expression patterns in the BMSC cultures, ACTH-induced transient increases in intracellular calcium are increased with dexamethasone treatment. Neither α-MSH nor γ2-MSH affects calcium flux. Dexamethasone increases MC2-R and MRAP expression and POMC peptide expression and cleavage increasing the production of the lipolytic β-lipotropic hormone product. Therefore, the effects of ACTH in rat BMSC enriched for mesenchymal progenitors are consistent with an MC2-R signaling mechanism, with dexamethasone being capable of regulating components of the melanocortin system in these cells.
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Evans JF, Fernando A, Ragolia L. Functional melanocortin-2 receptors are expressed by mouse aorta-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:60-70. [PMID: 22306084 PMCID: PMC3485690 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A local melanocortin system is active during tissue injury and inflammation. Thus far this system has been described as autocrine in nature where local production of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides by leukocytes feeds back on melanocortin receptor (MC-R) expressing immune cells to quell inflammatory cytokine production. Here we present evidence that POMC peptides may generate extracellular matrix (ECM) changes by inducing matrix production by cells of the mesenchymal lineage through activation of the MC2-R. Using immunoblot, we determined that mouse aorta-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells express both MC2-R and MC3-R. These progenitors respond to treatment with ACTH by increasing collagen matrix synthesis as assessed by picrosirius red stain and (3)H-proline incorporation. ACTH also induces transient increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) as assessed using the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator, fura-2. The ACTH-induced changes in [Ca(2+)](i) are consistent with MC2-R signaling and consist of both an intracellular release and an extracellular influx of Ca(2+). Both mouse aortic mesenchymal progenitors and mouse macrophage cells express POMC and the prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) indicating they have the potential to contribute to the local production of POMC peptides. These data demonstrate functional MC2-R expression in mouse aorta-derived mesenchymal progenitors and implicate both macrophage and mesenchymal cells as relevant sources of local POMC peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Azo Compounds
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/genetics
- Collagen/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/drug effects
- Fura-2
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism
- Proprotein Convertase 1/genetics
- Proprotein Convertase 1/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F. Evans
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY 11501
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Anne Fernando
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY 11501
| | - Louis Ragolia
- Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY 11501
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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Sun DC, Li DH, Ji HC, Rao GZ, Liang LH, Ma AJ, Xie C, Zou GK, Song YL. In vitro culture and characterization of alveolar bone osteoblasts isolated from type 2 diabetics. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:502-9. [PMID: 22473318 PMCID: PMC3854304 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanisms of poor osseointegration following dental implants in type 2 diabetics, it is important to study the biological properties of alveolar bone osteoblasts isolated from these patients. We collected alveolar bone chips under aseptic conditions and cultured them in vitro using the tissue explants adherent method. The biological properties of these cells were characterized using the following methods: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) chemical staining for cell viability, Alizarin red staining for osteogenic characteristics, MTT test for cell proliferation, enzyme dynamics for ALP contents, radio-immunoassay for bone gla protein (BGP) concentration, and ELISA for the concentration of type I collagen (COL-I) in the supernatant. Furthermore, we detected the adhesion ability of two types of cells from titanium slices using non-specific immunofluorescence staining and cell count. The two cell forms showed no significant difference in morphology under the same culture conditions. However, the alveolar bone osteoblasts received from type 2 diabetic patients had slower growth, lower cell activity and calcium nodule formation than the normal ones. The concentration of ALP, BGP and COL-I was lower in the supernatant of alveolar bone osteoblasts received from type 2 diabetic patients than in that received from normal subjects (P < 0.05). The alveolar bone osteoblasts obtained from type 2 diabetic patients can be successfully cultured in vitro with the same morphology and biological characteristics as those from normal patients, but with slower growth and lower concentration of specific secretion and lower combining ability with titanium than normal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Cai Sun
- Department of Implant Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Iglesias L, Yeh JK, Castro-Magana M, Aloia JF. Effects of growth hormone on bone modeling and remodeling in hypophysectomized young female rats: a bone histomorphometric study. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:159-67. [PMID: 20652717 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-010-0210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency causes decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis, predisposing to fractures. We investigated the mechanism of action of GH on bone modeling and remodeling in hypophysectomized (HX) female rats. Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats at age 2 months were divided into three groups with 10 rats each: control (CON) group, HX group, and HX + GH (3 mg/kg daily s.c.) group, for a 4-week study. Hypophysectomy resulted in cessation of bone growth and decrease in cancellous bone mass. Periosteal bone formation decreased and bone turnover rate of endocortical and trabecular surfaces increased as compared to the CON group. GH administration for 4 weeks restored weight gain and bone growth and mitigated decrease in bone density after hypophysectomy. However, trabecular bone mass in the proximal tibial metaphysis remained lower in group HX + GH than in group CON. Dynamic histomorphometric analysis showed that bone modeling of periosteal bone formation and growth plate elongation was significantly higher in group HX + GH than in group HX. New bone formed beneath the growth plate was predominately woven bone in group CON and group HX + GH. Bone remodeling and modeling-remodeling mixed modes in the endocortical and PTM sites were enhanced by GH administration; both bone formation and resorption activities were significantly higher than in group HX. In conclusion, GH administration to HX rats reactivated modeling activities in modeling predominant sites and increased new bone formation. GH administration also increases remodeling activities in remodeling predominant sites, giving limited net gain in the bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysette Iglesias
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Winthrop University Hospital, 120 Professional Building Suite 210, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
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Appiagyei-Dankah Y, Tapiador CD, Evans JF, Castro-Magana M, Aloia JF, Yeh JK. Influence of growth hormone on bone marrow adipogenesis in hypophysectomized rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284:E566-73. [PMID: 12453825 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypophysectomized rat has been used as a model to study the effects of growth hormone deficiency on bone. Here, we have investigated the influence of growth hormone administration to hypophysectomized rats (HX) for 6 wk on accumulation of triglycerides in bone marrow and on the differentiation of primary marrow stromal cells into adipocytes under in vitro conditions. We found that hypophysectomy significantly increased triglyceride concentration in bone marrow, which was attenuated by growth hormone administration. Primary bone marrow stromal cells derived from HX rats also had more adipocytes at confluence compared with growth hormone-treated hypophysectomized (GH) rats. When stimulated with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine plus dexamethasone (IBMX-Dex), preadipocyte colony counts increased more significantly in GH rats. Markers of adipocyte differentiation were higher in HX than in control or GH rats at confluence. However, after stimulation with IBMX-Dex, increased expression of markers was seen in GH compared with HX rats. In conclusion, growth hormone administration to hypophysectomized rats attenuated triglyceride accumulation in bone marrow and inhibited the differentiation of stromal cells into adipocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Appiagyei-Dankah
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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Evans JF, Yeh JK, Aloia JF. Osteoblast-like cells of the hypophysectomized rat: a model of aberrant osteoblast development. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278:E832-8. [PMID: 10780939 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.5.e832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a previous work, we demonstrated that the osteoprogenitors derived from the marrow stroma of the hypophysectomized (HX) rat demonstrate enhanced proliferative and differentiation capacities when placed in an optimal microenvironment. In this study, we sought to investigate the potential of the trabecular osteoblast-like cells of the HX rat. These cells represent a more mature pool of osteoblasts than the progenitors derived from the marrow stroma. We examined all three stages of osteoblast development using trabecular osteoblast-like cells derived from age-matched intact rats as a control. Using thymidine incorporation and cell number as indicators of proliferation, we found that these cells, like the osteoprogenitors derived from the HX rat, demonstrate augmented proliferation when placed in culture. Additionally, type I collagen expression remained at significant levels past the end stages of proliferation, at which point it is expected to be downregulated. Matrix maturation markers, such as alkaline phosphatase activity and bone sialoprotein expression, however, were significantly lower than in the controls. Mineralization potential, as measured by mineralized nodule formation, Ca(2+) content, and OPN and OCN expression, was also significantly reduced. Our results have uncovered an aberrant model of osteoblast development in which proliferation is deregulated, resulting in a minimal capacity of these cells to develop into fully differentiated mineralizing osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Evans
- Department of Medicine, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York 11501, USA.
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