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Zeng F, Liao S, Kuang Z, Zhu Q, Wei H, Shi J, Zheng E, Xu Z, Huang S, Hong L, Gu T, Yang J, Yang H, Cai G, Moisyadi S, Urschitz J, Li Z, Wu Z. Genetically Engineered Pigs as Efficient Salivary Gland Bioreactors for Production of Therapeutically Valuable Human Nerve Growth Factor. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152378. [PMID: 35954224 PMCID: PMC9368069 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Farm animal salivary glands hold great potential as efficient bioreactors for production of human therapeutic proteins. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is naturally expressed in animal salivary glands and has been approved for human clinical treatment. This study aims to employ transgenic (TG) pig salivary gland as bioreactors for efficient synthesis of human NGF (hNGF). hNGF-TG pigs were generated by cloning in combination with piggyBac transposon-mediated gene transfer. These hNGF-TG pigs specifically expressed hNGF protein in their salivary glands and secreted it at high levels into saliva. Surgical and nonsurgical approaches were developed to efficiently collect saliva from hNGF-TG pigs. hNGF protein was successfully purified from collected saliva and was verified to be biologically active. In an additional step, the double-transgenic pigs, where the endogenous porcine NGF (pNGF) gene was replaced by another copy of hNGF transgene, were created by cloning combined with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homologous recombination. These double-transgenic pigs expressed hNGF but not pNGF, thus avoiding possible "contamination" of hNGF with pNGF protein during purification. In conclusion, TG pig salivary glands can be used as robust bioreactors for a large-scale synthesis of functional hNGF or other valuable proteins. This new animal pharming method will benefit both human health and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sha Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhe Kuang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingchun Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hengxi Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junsong Shi
- Guangdong Wens Pig Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527499, China;
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sixiu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Linjun Hong
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ting Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huaqiang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Stefan Moisyadi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (S.M.); (J.U.)
| | - Johann Urschitz
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; (S.M.); (J.U.)
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-2085284985 (Z.L.); +86-2085280369 (Z.W.)
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (F.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.K.); (Q.Z.); (H.W.); (E.Z.); (Z.X.); (S.H.); (L.H.); (T.G.); (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (G.C.)
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Aniamal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-2085284985 (Z.L.); +86-2085280369 (Z.W.)
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Delivery of human erythropoietin gene with an adeno-associated virus vector through parotid glands to treat renal anaemia in a swine model. Gene Ther 2017; 24:692-698. [PMID: 28753201 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anaemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease, for which there is presently no adequate treatment. The delivery of human erythropoietin (hEPO) cDNA to salivary glands reportedly increases red blood cell counts, haematocrit (HCT) and haemoglobin concentration, representing a potential new method of renal anaemia treatment. However, no studies have examined the effects of this method in an animal model of renal anaemia. Here we established a miniature pig animal model of renal anaemia through continuous feeding with adenine. In these animals, we delivered the AAV2hEPO gene to the parotid glands through Stensen's duct. As a control, we transferred AAVLacZ. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect hEPO in serum and saliva. Red blood counts and serum biochemistry were used to evaluate how hEPO gene administration affected renal anaemia. Compared with the control group, we found increased hEPO concentrations in parotid saliva and serum, respectively, at 2 and 6 weeks after AAV2hEPO administration to the anaemic animals. HCT and haemoglobin were also increased after AAV2hEPO was delivered; most serum indicators of renal damage were not changed over the time span of the experiment, suggesting the adenine-induced kidney damage had not been completely reversed. However, blood urea nitrogen and B2 microglobulin levels showed small but significant improvement. Overall, our present findings suggest that adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2)-mediated gene transduction of hEPO via the parotid gland is a promising potential alternative therapy for renal anaemia.
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Zeng F, Li Z, Zhu Q, Dong R, Zhao C, Li G, Li G, Gao W, Jiang G, Zheng E, Cai G, Moisyadi S, Urschitz J, Yang H, Liu D, Wu Z. Production of functional human nerve growth factor from the saliva of transgenic mice by using salivary glands as bioreactors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41270. [PMID: 28117418 PMCID: PMC5259756 DOI: 10.1038/srep41270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The salivary glands of animals have great potential to act as powerful bioreactors to produce human therapeutic proteins. Human nerve growth factor (hNGF) is an important pharmaceutical protein that is clinically effective in the treatment of many human neuronal and non-neuronal diseases. In this study, we generated 18 transgenic (TG) founder mice each carrying a salivary gland specific promoter-driven hNGF transgene. A TG mouse line secreting high levels of hNGF protein in its saliva (1.36 μg/mL) was selected. hNGF protein was successfully purified from the saliva of these TG mice and its identity was verified. The purified hNGF was highly functional as it displayed the ability to induce neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. Furthermore, it strongly promoted proliferation of TF1 cells, above the levels observed with mouse NGF. Additionally, saliva collected from TG mice and containing unpurified hNGF was able to significantly enhance the growth of TF1 cells. This study not only provides a new and efficient approach for the synthesis of therapeutic hNGF but also supports the concept that salivary gland from TG animals is an efficient system for production of valuable foreign proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qingchun Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rui Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guoling Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guo Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenchao Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gelong Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Stefan Moisyadi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 96822, USA
- Manoa BioSciences, 1717 Mott-Smith Dr. #3213, Honolulu, 96822, USA
| | - Johann Urschitz
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 96822, USA
| | - Huaqiang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Abstract
Salivary amylase is a glucose-polymer cleavage enzyme that is produced by the salivary glands. It comprises a small portion of the total amylase excreted, which is mostly made by the pancreas. Amylases digest starch into smaller molecules, ultimately yielding maltose, which in turn is cleaved into two glucose molecules by maltase. Starch comprises a significant portion of the typical human diet for most nationalities. Given that salivary amylase is such a small portion of total amylase, it is unclear why it exists and whether it conveys an evolutionary advantage when ingesting starch. This review will consider the impact of salivary amylase on oral perception, nutrient signaling, anticipatory metabolic reflexes, blood sugar, and its clinical implications for preventing metabolic syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A S Breslin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Baum BJ, Alevizos I, Chiorini JA, Cotrim AP, Zheng C. Advances in salivary gland gene therapy - oral and systemic implications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1443-54. [PMID: 26149284 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1064894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much research demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of gene transfer to salivary glands. Recently, the first clinical trial targeting a salivary gland was completed, yielding positive safety and efficacy results. AREAS COVERED There are two major disorders affecting salivary glands: radiation damage following treatment for head and neck cancers and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Salivary gland gene transfer has also been employed in preclinical studies using transgenic secretory proteins for exocrine (upper gastrointestinal tract) and endocrine (systemic) applications. EXPERT OPINION Salivary gland gene transfer is safe and can be beneficial in humans. Applications to treat and prevent radiation damage show considerable promise. A first-in-human clinical trial for the former was recently successfully completed. Studies on SS suffer from an inadequate understanding of its etiology. Proof of concept in animal models has been shown for exocrine and endocrine disorders. Currently, the most promising exocrine application is for the management of obesity. Endocrine applications are limited, as it is currently impossible to predict if systemically required transgenic proteins will be efficiently secreted into the bloodstream. This results from not understanding how secretory proteins are sorted. Future studies will likely employ ultrasound-assisted and pseudotyped adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Baum
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - John A Chiorini
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - Ana P Cotrim
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
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Susano MA, Leonor IB, Reis RL, Azevedo HS. Elastic biodegradable starch/ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol fibre-mesh scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Susano
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Isabel B. Leonor
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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Phillips CJ, Phillips CD, Goecks J, Lessa EP, Sotero-Caio CG, Tandler B, Gannon MR, Baker RJ. Dietary and flight energetic adaptations in a salivary gland transcriptome of an insectivorous bat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83512. [PMID: 24454705 PMCID: PMC3891661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that evolution of salivary gland secretory proteome has been important in adaptation to insectivory, the most common dietary strategy among Chiroptera. A submandibular salivary gland (SMG) transcriptome was sequenced for the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. The likely secretory proteome of 23 genes included seven (RETNLB, PSAP, CLU, APOE, LCN2, C3, CEL) related to M. lucifugus insectivorous diet and metabolism. Six of the secretory proteins probably are endocrine, whereas one (CEL) most likely is exocrine. The encoded proteins are associated with lipid hydrolysis, regulation of lipid metabolism, lipid transport, and insulin resistance. They are capable of processing exogenous lipids for flight metabolism while foraging. Salivary carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) is thought to hydrolyze insect lipophorins, which probably are absorbed across the gastric mucosa during feeding. The other six proteins are predicted either to maintain these lipids at high blood concentrations or to facilitate transport and uptake by flight muscles. Expression of these seven genes and coordinated secretion from a single organ is novel to this insectivorous bat, and apparently has evolved through instances of gene duplication, gene recruitment, and nucleotide selection. Four of the recruited genes are single-copy in the Myotis genome, whereas three have undergone duplication(s) with two of these genes exhibiting evolutionary 'bursts' of duplication resulting in multiple paralogs. Evidence for episodic directional selection was found for six of seven genes, reinforcing the conclusion that the recruited genes have important roles in adaptation to insectivory and the metabolic demands of flight. Intragenic frequencies of mobile- element-like sequences differed from frequencies in the whole M. lucifugus genome. Differences among recruited genes imply separate evolutionary trajectories and that adaptation was not a single, coordinated event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleton J. Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Caleb D. Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Goecks
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Math and Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Enrique P. Lessa
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cibele G. Sotero-Caio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernard Tandler
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Gannon
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona College, Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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Zolotukhin S. Metabolic hormones in saliva: origins and functions. Oral Dis 2013; 19:219-29. [PMID: 22994880 PMCID: PMC3530011 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The salivary proteome consists of thousands of proteins, which include, among others, hormonal modulators of energy intake and output. Although the functions of this prominent category of hormones in whole body energy metabolism are well characterized, their functions in the oral cavity, whether as a salivary component, or when expressed in taste cells, are less studied and poorly understood. The respective receptors for the majority of salivary metabolic hormones have been also shown to be expressed in salivary glands (SGs), taste cells, or other cells in the oral mucosa. This review provides a comprehensive account of the gastrointestinal hormones, adipokines, and neuropeptides identified in saliva, SGs, or lingual epithelium, as well as their respective cognate receptors expressed in the oral cavity. Surprisingly, few functions are assigned to salivary metabolic hormones, and these functions are mostly associated with the modulation of taste perception. Because of the well-characterized correlation between impaired oral nutrient sensing and increased energy intake and body mass index, a conceptually provocative point of view is introduced, whereupon it is argued that targeted changes in the composition of saliva could affect whole body metabolism in response to the activation of cognate receptors expressed locally in the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zolotukhin
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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9
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Rowzee AM, Perez-Riveros PJ, Zheng C, Krygowski S, Baum BJ, Cawley NX. Expression and secretion of human proinsulin-B10 from mouse salivary glands: implications for the treatment of type I diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59222. [PMID: 23554999 PMCID: PMC3598661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) mediated expression of therapeutic proteins from salivary glands can result in the delivery of biologically active proteins into the circulation where they impart their physiological function. In recent years, Ad vector delivery to salivary glands (SGs) has emerged as a viable option for gene therapy. Here, we engineered a variant of human proinsulin (hProinsulin-B10) into an Ad vector and demonstrated its ability to transduce cell lines, and express a bioactive protein that induces the phosphorylation of AKT, a key insulin signaling molecule. We also examined its expression in mice following delivery of the vector to the parotid gland (PTG), the submandibular gland (SMG) or to the liver via the tail vein and assessed transgenic protein expression and vector containment for each delivery method. In all cases, hProinsulin-B10 was expressed and secreted into the circulation. Lower levels of circulating hProinsulin-B10 were obtained from the PTG while higher levels were obtained from the tail vein and the SMG; however, vector particle containment was best when delivered to the SMG. Expression of hProinsulin-B10 in the SMG of chemically induced diabetic mice prevented excessive hyperglycemia observed in untreated mice. These results demonstrate that hProinsulin-B10 can be expressed and secreted into the circulation from SGs and can function physiologically in vivo. The ability to remediate a diabetic phenotype in a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus is the first step in an effort that may lead to a possible therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Rowzee
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paola J. Perez-Riveros
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Krygowski
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Baum
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Niamh X. Cawley
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zheng C, Voutetakis A, Goldstein B, Afione S, Rivera VM, Clackson T, Wenk ML, Boyle M, Nyska A, Chiorini JA, Vallant M, Irwin RD, Baum BJ. Assessment of the safety and biodistribution of a regulated AAV2 gene transfer vector after delivery to murine submandibular glands. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:247-55. [PMID: 21625005 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical gene transfer holds promise for the treatment of many inherited and acquired disorders. A key consideration for all clinical gene transfer applications is the tight control of transgene expression. We have examined the safety and biodistribution of a serotype 2, recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV2) vector that encodes a rapamycin-responsive chimeric transcription factor, which regulates the expression of a therapeutic transgene (human erythropoietin [hEpo]). The vector, AAV2-TF2.3w-hEpo (2.5 × 10(7)-2.5 × 10(10) particles), was administered once to a single submandibular gland of male and female mice and mediated hEpo expression in vivo following a rapamycin injection but not in its absence. Control (saline treated) and vector-treated animals maintained their weight, and consumed food and water, similarly. Vector delivery led to no significant toxicological effects as judged by hematology, clinical chemistry, and gross and microscopic pathology evaluations. On day 3 after vector delivery, vector copies were not only abundant in the targeted right submandibular gland but also detected in multiple other tissues. Vector was cleared from the targeted gland much more rapidly in female mice than in male mice. Overall, our results are consistent with the notion that administration of the AAV2-TF2.3w-hEpo vector to salivary glands posed no significant risk in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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11
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Passineau MJ, Fahrenholz T, Machen L, Zourelias L, Nega K, Paul R, MacDougall MJ, Mamaeva O, Steet R, Barnes J, Kingston HM, Benza RL. α-Galactosidase A expressed in the salivary glands partially corrects organ biochemical deficits in the fabry mouse through endocrine trafficking. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:293-301. [PMID: 20858137 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is caused by an X-linked deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A (GLA) and has been treated successfully with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Gene therapy has been proposed as an alternative to ERT due to the presumed advantages of continuous, endogenous production of the therapeutic enzyme. GLA production in the liver and its therapeutic efficacy in the Fabry mouse have been demonstrated previously with various viral vector systems. In consideration of the potential advantages of using the salivary glands as endogenous GLA biosynthesis sites, we explored the feasibility of this approach in the Fabry mouse. GLA -/0 or -/- mice received an adenoviral vector (2 × 10(10) or 1 × 10(9) viral particles) expressing GLA to the right submandibular gland via oral cannulation of the submandibular duct. Four days later, animals were sacrificed; saliva, plasma, kidney, liver, and brain were collected and assayed using ELISA, Western blot, and a GLA enzymatic activity assay using both traditional fluorescence methods and isotope dilution mass spectrometry by following the U.S. EPA Method 6800. GLA activity was significantly elevated in the serum and liver of both treatment groups, and improvement in the kidney was marginally significant (P < 0.069) in the high-dose group. Notably, we found that liver and salivary gland produce different glycoforms of the GLA transgene. Only small numbers of adenoviral genomes were observed in the livers of treated animals, but in four of 14 in the high-dose groups, liver levels of adenovirus exceeded 20 copies/μg, indicating that the sequestration in the salivary gland was imperfect at high doses. Taken together, these results indicate that the salivary gland-based gene therapy for Fabry disease is promising, and further studies with advanced viral vector gene delivery systems (e.g., adeno-associated virus) for long-term treatment appear to be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Passineau
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, West-Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
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12
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Adriaansen J, Perez P, Zheng C, Collins MT, Baum BJ. Human parathyroid hormone is secreted primarily into the bloodstream after rat parotid gland gene transfer. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:84-92. [PMID: 20977345 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoparathyroidism is a hormone deficiency syndrome that leads to low blood calcium levels and for which current replacement therapy is inadequate. Gene transfer to salivary glands leads to safe and abundant secretion of therapeutic protein into either saliva or the bloodstream. We previously reported the successful transduction of rat submandibular glands with an adenoviral vector encoding human parathyroid hormone (Ad.hPTH), but unfortunately most of the hPTH was secreted into saliva. Because submandibular and parotid glands are morphologically and functionally different, we hypothesized that hPTH sorting might be different in parotid glands. After 2 days, the pattern of hPTH secretion from transduced parotid glands of intact rats was reversed from that of transduced submandibular glands, that is, most transgenic hPTH was detected in serum (5 × 10(10) viral particles per gland; the saliva-to-serum ratio of total hPTH secreted was 0.04). Vector copies were localized to the targeted parotid glands, with none detected in liver or spleen. Ad.hPTH next was administered to parotid glands of parathyroidectomized rats. Two days after delivery no hPTH was detectable in saliva, but high levels were found in serum, leading to normalization of serum calcium and a significant increase in the urinary phosphorus-to-creatinine ratio. This study demonstrates for the first time differential sorting of transgenic hPTH between submandibular and parotid glands, suggesting that hPTH may be a valuable model protein for understanding the molecular basis of transgenic secretory protein sorting in these exocrine glands. We also show the clinical potential of salivary gland hPTH gene therapy for patients with hypoparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adriaansen
- Gene Transfer Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
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Mathison RD, Davison JS, Befus AD, Gingerich DA. Salivary gland derived peptides as a new class of anti-inflammatory agents: review of preclinical pharmacology of C-terminal peptides of SMR1 protein. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:49. [PMID: 20920210 PMCID: PMC2955637 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The limitations of steroidal and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have prompted investigation into other biologically based therapeutics, and identification of immune selective anti-inflammatory agents of salivary origin. The traditional view of salivary glands as accessory digestive structures is changing as their importance as sources of systemically active immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory factors is recognized. Salivary gland involvement in maintenance of whole body homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and thus constitutes a "neuroendocrine axis". The potent anti-inflammatory activities, both in vivo and in vitro, of the tripeptide Phe-Glu-Gly (FEG) are reviewed. FEG is a carboxyl terminal peptide of the prohormone SMR1 identified in the rat submandibular salivary gland, The D-isomeric form (feG) mimics the activity of its L-isomer FEG. Macropharmacologically, feG attenuates the cardiovascular and inflammatory effects of endotoxemia and anaphylaxis, by inhibition of hypotension, leukocyte migration, vascular leak, and disruption of pulmonary function and intestinal motility. Mechanistically, feG affects activated inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, by regulating integrins and inhibiting intracellular production of reactive oxygen species. Pharmacodynamically, feG is active at low doses (100 μg/kg) and has a long (9-12 hour) biological half life. As a therapeutic agent, feG shows promise in diseases characterized by over exuberant inflammatory responses such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and other acute inflammatory diseases. Arthritis, sepsis, acute pancreatitis, asthma, acute respiratory inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, and equine laminitis are potential targets for this promising therapeutic peptide. The term "Immune Selective Anti-Inflammatory Derivatives" (ImSAIDs) is proposed for salivary-derived peptides to distinguish this class of agents from corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Mathison
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Saliva by a Static Sorptive Extraction Method and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zheng C, Voutetakis A, Metzger M, Afione S, Cotrim AP, Eckhaus MA, Rivera VM, Clackson T, Chiorini JA, Donahue RE, Dunbar CE, Baum BJ. Evaluation of a rapamycin-regulated serotype 2 adeno-associated viral vector in macaque parotid glands. Oral Dis 2010; 16:269-77. [PMID: 20374510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary glands are useful target organs for local and systemic gene therapeutics. For such applications, the regulation of transgene expression is important. Previous studies by us in murine submandibular glands showed that a rapamycin transcriptional regulation system in a single serotype 2, adeno-associated viral (AAV2) vector was effective for this purpose. This study evaluated if such a vector was similarly useful in rhesus macaque parotid glands. METHODS A recombinant AAV2 vector (AAV-TF-RhEpo-2.3w), encoding rhesus erythropoietin (RhEpo) and a rapamycin-inducible promoter, was constructed. The vector was administered to macaques at either of two doses [1.5 x 10(11) (low dose) or 1.5 x 10(12) (high dose) vector genomes] via cannulation of Stensen's duct. Animals were followed up for 12-14 weeks and treated at intervals with rapamycin (0.1 or 0.5 mg kg(-1)) to induce gene expression. Serum chemistry, hematology, and RhEpo levels were measured at interval. RESULTS AAV-TF-RhEpo-2.3w administration led to low levels of rapamycin-inducible RhEpo expression in the serum of most macaques. In five animals, no significant changes were seen in serum chemistry and hematology values over the study. One macaque, however, developed pneumonia, became anemic and subsequently required euthanasia. After the onset of anemia, a single administration of rapamycin led to significant RhEpo production in this animal. CONCLUSION Administration of AAV-TF-RhEpo-2.3w to macaque parotid glands was generally safe, but led only to low levels of serum RhEpo in healthy animals following rapamycin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
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Perez P, Rowzee AM, Zheng C, Adriaansen J, Baum BJ. Salivary epithelial cells: an unassuming target site for gene therapeutics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:773-7. [PMID: 20219693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are classical exocrine glands whose external secretions result in the production of saliva. However, in addition to the secretion of exocrine proteins, salivary epithelial cells are also capable of secreting proteins internally, into the bloodstream. This brief review examines the potential for using salivary epithelial cells as a target site for in situ gene transfer, with an ultimate goal of producing therapeutic proteins for treating both systemic and upper gastrointestinal tract disorders. The review discusses the protein secretory pathways reported to be present in salivary epithelial cells, the viral gene transfer vectors shown useful for transducing these cells, model transgenic secretory proteins examined, and some clinical conditions that might benefit from such salivary gland gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Perez
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
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Baum BJ. In vivo veritas: the power of in situ manipulation of cells in a living animal. Focus on "Expression of plasmid DNA in the salivary gland epithelium: novel approaches to study dynamic cellular processes in live animals". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1333-5. [PMID: 19812369 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00437.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Voutetakis A, Zheng C, Metzger M, Cotrim AP, Donahue RE, Dunbar CE, Baum BJ. Sorting of transgenic secretory proteins in rhesus macaque parotid glands after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 19:1401-5. [PMID: 18764738 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously used viral vectors encoding either human growth hormone (hGH) or erythropoietin (hEPO) to study the sorting of transgenic proteins in mouse and minipig salivary glands. Whereas hGH (a regulated secretory pathway [RSP] protein) is secreted predominantly into saliva in both species, hEPO (a constitutive secretory pathway [CSP] protein) is found primarily in the bloodstream with mice, but overwhelmingly in saliva with minipigs. In view of the hEPO sorting difference, we have conducted a similar study in nonhuman primates. Specifically, we examined hGH and hEPO sorting after adenoviral (Ad) vector-mediated gene transfer to parotid glands of rhesus macaques, another large and important animal model. Two groups (n = 2 per dose group; total n = 8) of male macaques received either 10(10) particles per gland (low-dose group) or 10(11) particles per gland (high-dose group) of adenoviral (Ad) vectors encoding either hGH (AdhGH) or hEPO (Ad-hEPO) via intraoral cannulation of both parotid glands. All macaques tolerated administration of Ad vectors well, with no clinically significant changes observed in any hematological and serum chemistry parameters. In AdhGH-treated animals, hGH was secreted exclusively into saliva. In contrast, after AdhEPO delivery, hEPO was secreted both in serum and saliva, at levels intermediate between mice and minipigs. We conclude that RSP proteins are faithfully secreted into saliva in all model species tested, whereas patterns of CSP protein secretion are variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Voutetakis
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Racz GZ, Perez-Riveros P, Adriaansen J, Zheng C, Baum BJ. In vivo secretion of the mouse immunoglobulin G Fc fragment from rat submandibular glands. J Gene Med 2009; 11:580-7. [PMID: 19424985 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary glands have been proposed as target organs for gene therapy. They secrete endogenous, as well as transgenic proteins, in a polarized manner. Transgene-encoded regulated pathway proteins primarily follow the regulated pathway in rat salivary glands and are secreted into saliva in an exocrine manner. Conversely, constitutive pathway proteins generally are secreted more basolaterally and thus follow the endocrine route. In the present study, we studied in vivo the sorting of the mouse immunoglobulin G2b Fc fragment, which is physiologically secreted via the constitutive pathway. METHODS Adenoviral vectors encoding the Fc fragment and human growth hormone were delivered into rat and mouse submandibular glands in vivo to compare their serum-to-saliva distribution. We also compared the intracellular localization of the Fc fragment and growth hormone by confocal microscopy. RESULTS We found that the Fc fragment was secreted almost entirely into the bloodstream from rat and mouse submandibular glands via a constitutive or constitutive-like pathway. This sorting behaviour is clearly different from that of transgenic human growth hormone, which is secreted in a regulated pathway, both in neuroendocrine cells and as a transgenic protein from salivary gland cells. We also found that simultaneously expressed human growth hormone and the mouse Fc fragment do not appear to influence each other's sorting behaviour. The Fc fragment showed a primarily basal localization, whereas growth hormone showed an apical localization, in rat submandibular gland acinar cells. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the present study indicate that the mouse Fc fragment is a useful model protein for examining the basolateral versus apical secretory pathways employed by transgenic secretory proteins in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Z Racz
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Adriaansen J, Perez P, Goldsmith CM, Zheng C, Baum BJ. Differential sorting of human parathyroid hormone after transduction of mouse and rat salivary glands. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 19:1021-8. [PMID: 18694295 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer to salivary glands leads to abundant secretion of transgenic protein into either saliva or the bloodstream. This indicates significant clinical potential, depending on the route of sorting. The aim of this study was to probe the sorting characteristics of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) in two animal models for salivary gland gene transfer. PTH is a key hormone regulating calcium levels in the blood. A recombinant serotype 5 adenoviral vector carrying the hPTH cDNA was administered to the submandibular glands of mice and rats. Two days after delivery, high levels of hPTH were found in the serum of mice, leading to elevated serum calcium levels. Only low amounts of hPTH were found in the saliva. Two days after vector infusion into rats, a massive secretion of hPTH was measured in saliva, with little secretion into serum. Confocal microscopy showed hPTH in the glands, localized basolaterally in mice and apically in rats. Submandibular gland transduction was effective and the produced hPTH was biologically active in vivo. Whereas hPTH sorted toward the basolateral side in mice, in rats hPTH was secreted mainly at the apical side. These results indicate that the interaction between hPTH and the cell sorting machinery is different between mouse and rat salivary glands. Detailed studies in these two species should result in a better understanding of cellular control of transgenic secretory protein sorting in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adriaansen
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA.
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Samuni Y, Cawley NX, Zheng C, Cotrim AP, Loh YP, Baum BJ. Sorting behavior of a transgenic erythropoietin-growth hormone fusion protein in murine salivary glands. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:279-86. [PMID: 18303958 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands are useful gene transfer target sites for the production of therapeutic proteins, and can secrete proteins into both saliva and the bloodstream. The mechanisms involved in this differential protein sorting are not well understood, although it is believed, at least in part, to be based on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. We hypothesized that a transgenic protein, human erythropoietin (hEpo), normally sorted from murine salivary glands into the bloodstream, could be redirected into saliva by fusing it with human growth hormone (hGH). After transfection, the hEpo-hGH fusion protein was expressed and glycosylated in both HEK 293 and A5 cells. When packaged in an adenovirus serotype 5 vector and delivered to murine submandibular cells in vivo via retroductal cannulation, the hEpo-hGH fusion protein was also expressed, albeit at approximately 26% of the levels of hEpo expression. Importantly, in multiple experiments with different cohorts of mice, the hEpo-hGH fusion protein was sorted more frequently into saliva, versus the bloodstream, than was the hEpo protein (p < 0.001). These studies show it is possible to redirect the secretion of a transgenic constitutive pathway protein from salivary gland cells after gene transfer in vivo, a finding that may facilitate developing novel treatments for certain upper gastrointestinal tract disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Samuni
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Samuni Y, Zheng C, Cawley NX, Cotrim AP, Loh YP, Baum BJ. Sorting of growth hormone-erythropoietin fusion proteins in rat salivary glands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:136-9. [PMID: 18544341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine and exocrine cells secrete proteins in either a constitutive manner or via the regulated secretory pathway (RSP), but the specific sorting mechanisms involved are not fully understood. After gene transfer to rat salivary glands, the transgenic model proteins human growth hormone (hGH) and erythropoietin (hEpo) are secreted primarily into saliva (RSP; exocrine) and serum (constitutive; endocrine), respectively. We hypothesized that fusion of hGH at either the C-terminus or the N-terminus of hEpo would re-direct hEpo from the bloodstream into saliva. We constructed and expressed two fusion proteins, hEpo-hGH and hGH-hEpo, using serotype 5-adenoviral vectors, and delivered them to rat submandibular glands in vivo via retroductal cannulation. Both the hEpo-hGH and hGH-hEpo fusion proteins, but not hEpo alone, were secreted primarily into saliva (p<0.0001 and p=0.0083, respectively). These in vivo studies demonstrate for the first time that hGH, in an N- as well as C-terminal position, influences the secretion of a constitutive pathway protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Samuni
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, USA.
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Aras HC, Ekström J. Cholecystokinin- and gastrin-induced protein and amylase secretion from the parotid gland of the anaesthetized rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 134:89-96. [PMID: 16515811 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
I.V. infusion of pentagastrin (20 microg/kg/h) or cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 (1 microg/kg/h) for 10 min caused secretion of salivary proteins from the parotid gland in the anaesthetized rat without any accompanying overt fluid secretion. This "occult" response was revealed by a subsequent wash-out injection of methacholine (5 microg/kg, I.V.) 10 min after the end of the infusion period (aiming at avoiding synergistic interactions). While the fluid response to methacholine was unaffected by the preceding infusion of pentagastrin and CCK-8, the output of protein increased by 147% (pentagastrin) and 74% (CCK-8) and that of amylase by 45% (CCK-8) compared to the responses to methacholine upon saline infusion. Those increases were abolished by the CCK-A receptor blocker (lorglumide), but not by the CCK-B receptor blocker (itriglumide). Evisceration, combined sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation of the glands and assay under adrenoceptor blockade excluded contribution from the gastro-intestinal tract, central or ganglionic mechanisms and circulating catecholamines to the increase in protein/amylase. Furthermore, Western blot demonstrated CCK receptors for both A and B subtypes in normal and chronically denervated glands. In the submandibular gland, both pentagastrin and CCK-8 evoked a trace secretion of saliva but, under the present experimental set-up, no statistically significant increase in protein output. Thus, in addition to the autonomic nervous system, gastrointestinal hormones may, in some types of glands, be involved in the secretion of salivary gland proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Cevik Aras
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 15 D, 413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
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Macdonald LE, Wortley KE, Gowen LC, Anderson KD, Murray JD, Poueymirou WT, Simmons MV, Barber D, Valenzuela DM, Economides AN, Wiegand SJ, Yancopoulos GD, Sleeman MW, Murphy AJ. Resistance to diet-induced obesity in mice globally overexpressing OGH/GPB5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2496-501. [PMID: 15699348 PMCID: PMC548327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409849102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a glycoprotein hormone beta-subunit (OGH, also called GPB5) that, as a heterodimer with the alpha-subunit GPA2, serves as a second ligand for the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. Mice in which the OGH gene is deleted (OGH-/-) are indistinguishable from WT littermates in body weight, response to high-fat diet, metabolic parameters, body composition, and insulin tolerance. Mice engineered to transgenically globally overexpress OGH (OGH-TG) develop approximately 2-fold elevations in their basal thyroid levels and weigh slightly less than WT littermates despite increased food intake because of an increase in their metabolic rates. Moreover, when OGH-TG mice are challenged with a high-fat diet, they gain significantly less weight and body fat than their WT littermates. The OGH-TG mice also have reduced blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. In contrast to other approaches in which the thyroid axis is activated, OGH-TG mice exhibit only minor changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Our findings suggest that constitutive low-level activation of the thyroid axis (via OGH or other means) may provide a beneficial therapeutic approach for combating diet-induced obesity.
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Voutetakis A, Kok MR, Zheng C, Bossis I, Wang J, Cotrim AP, Marracino N, Goldsmith CM, Chiorini JA, Loh YP, Nieman LK, Baum BJ. Reengineered salivary glands are stable endogenous bioreactors for systemic gene therapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3053-8. [PMID: 14978265 PMCID: PMC365743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400136101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of critical-for-life organs (e.g., liver or lung) for systemic gene therapeutics can lead to serious safety concerns. To circumvent such issues, we have considered salivary glands (SGs) as an alternative gene therapeutics target tissue. Given the high secretory abilities of SGs, we hypothesized that administration of low doses of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors would allow for therapeutic levels of transgene-encoded secretory proteins in the bloodstream. We administered 10(9) particles of an AAV vector encoding human erythropoietin (hEPO) directly to individual mouse submandibular SGs. Serum hEPO reached maximum levels 8-12 weeks after gene delivery and remained relatively stable for 54 weeks (longest time studied). Hematocrit levels were similarly increased. Moreover, these effects proved to be vector dose-dependent, and even a dosage as low as 10(8) particles per animal led to significant increases in hEPO and hematocrit levels. Vector DNA was detected only within the targeted SGs, and levels of AAV copies within SGs were highly correlated with serum hEPO levels (r = 0.98). These results show that SGs appear to be promising targets with potential clinical applicability for systemic gene therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Voutetakis
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
The traditional understanding is that an entirely new complement of digestive enzymes is secreted by the pancreas into the small intestines with each meal. This is thought to be necessary because, like food itself, these enzymes are degraded during digestion. In this review we discuss experiments that bring this point of view into question. They suggest that digestive enzymes can be absorbed into blood, reaccumulated by the pancreas, and reutilized, instead of being reduced to their constituent amino acids in the intestines. This is called an enteropancreatic circulation of digestive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rothman
- Dept. of Physiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, USA.
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