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Sadiya A, Jakapure V, Kumar V. Ethnic Variability in Glucose and Insulin Response to Rice Among Healthy Overweight Adults: A Randomized Cross-Over Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:993-1002. [PMID: 37063254 PMCID: PMC10101220 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s404212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of ethnicity on postprandial glucose and insulin responses has been reported earlier and rice is a major contributor to the overall glycaemic load of Asian and Arab diets. This study aims to compare postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to rice among healthy overweight Asian, Arab and European participants. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, 47 healthy overweight participants (23 Asian, 16 Arab, and 8 European) consumed 75 grams of glucose beverage or ate 270 grams of cooked basmati rice (75 g of available carbohydrate) on two separate occasions, separated by a one 1-week washout period. Blood glucose and insulin levels were determined at fasting 0 (fasting), 30, 60, and 120 minutes and used to determine the incremental area under the curve (iAUC). RESULTS The three groups were matched on body mass index and gender. Although no differences were noted statistically in most clinical features, a wide range of variation was noted in age, systolic, diastolic blood pressure. The fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were highest among Asians, followed by Arabs and Europeans (p < 0.01). According to the HOMA-IR test and the Matsuda index, Asians have a higher insulin resistance than Arabs or Europeans when consuming a glucose beverage (p < 0.001) and rice (p < 0.01). Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to glucose beverage did not differ between ethnic groups (p = 0.28; p = 0.10). Based on an unadjusted regression model, European participants had significantly lower iAUC-glucose (p = 0.02) and iAUC-insulin (p = 0.01) after rice consumption than Asian participants. In the adjusted model, the difference between the two groups remained for iAUC-insulin (p = 0.04) but not for iAUC-glucose (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION Our study found that ethnic differences exist among healthy overweight adults in terms of insulin resistance, glycaemic response and insulinaemic response to rice. As a result of their high insulin resistance, Asian participants had a higher postprandial insulin spike than Europeans after eating rice. These findings could have substantial implications for nutrition recommendations based on ethnicity, particularly for Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Sadiya
- Lifestyle Clinic, Rashid Centre for Diabetes and Research, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City Ajman, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: Amena Sadiya, Rashid Centre for Diabetes and Research, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City Ajman, PO Box-5166, Ajman, United Arab Emirates, Email
| | - Vidya Jakapure
- Research Department, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City Ajman, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Laboratory, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City Ajman, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Yoshimura K, Hirano S, Takata H, Funakoshi S, Ohmi S, Amano E, Nishi Y, Inoue M, Fukuda Y, Hayashi H, Taguchi T, Yamada S, Miwa I, Terada Y, Fujimoto S. Plasma mannose level, a putative indicator of glycogenolysis, and glucose tolerance in Japanese individuals. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 8:489-495. [PMID: 28084015 PMCID: PMC5497030 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Mannose is a monosaccharide constituent of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Experiments in rats have shown previously that the plasma mannose level decreases after glucose load, but does not decrease in diabetic rats, and that hepatic glycogenolysis is a source of this plasma mannose; however, these results are not fully elucidated in humans. Plasma mannose levels before/after glucose loading in humans with various degrees of glucose intolerance were examined to analyze their association with clinical factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was carried out in Japanese individuals not taking diabetes medications. Participants were classified into normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus groups. Insulinogenic index as an index of insulin secretion, and Matsuda Index as an index of insulin sensitivity were calculated. Mannose was assayed by the established method using high-performance liquid chromatography after labeling. RESULTS After glucose load, the plasma mannose level decreased gradually in the normal glucose tolerance group, but did not decrease in the diabetes mellitus group. Plasma mannose changes during 120 min from baseline (M120 -M0 ) were significantly different among the three groups (normal glucose tolerance: -16.7 ± 1.7; impaired glucose metabolism: -9.0 ± 1.9; diabetes mellitus: -1.4 ± 1.8 μmol/L [n = 25 in each group], P < 0.0001). Plasma glucose 120 min after glucose loading (R2 = 0.412) or loge -insulinogenic index, loge -Matsuda Index and age (R2 = 0.230) were determinants of M120 -M0 in multiple regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS We clarified the relationship between plasma mannose level and glucose tolerance in humans. The present results are compatible with those using rats, in which mannose derived from glycogenolysis plays an important role in the alteration of mannose levels after glucose loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Yoshimura
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Seiki Hirano
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Shogo Funakoshi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Satoko Ohmi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Eri Amano
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nishi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Mari Inoue
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | | | - Hikari Hayashi
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadao Taguchi
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ichitomo Miwa
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshio Terada
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Shimpei Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
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El-Hattab AW, Emrick LT, Hsu JW, Chanprasert S, Jahoor F, Scaglia F, Craigen WJ. Glucose metabolism derangements in adults with the MELAS m.3243A>G mutation. Mitochondrion 2014; 18:63-9. [PMID: 25086207 PMCID: PMC4252755 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The m.3243A>G mutation in the mitochondrial gene MT-TL1 leads to a wide clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic carriers to MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) at the severe end. Diabetes mellitus (DM) occurs in mitochondrial diseases, with the m.3243A>G mutation being the most common mutation associated with mitochondrial DM. The pathogenesis of mitochondrial DM remains largely unknown, with previous studies suggesting that impaired insulin secretion is the major factor. In this study we used stable isotope infusion techniques to assess glucose metabolism in vivo and under physiological conditions in 5 diabetic and 11 non-diabetic adults with the m.3243A>G mutation and 10 healthy adult controls. Our results revealed increased glucose production due to increased gluconeogenesis in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects with the m.3243A>G mutation. In addition, diabetic subjects demonstrated insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, resulting in an inability to increase glucose oxidation which can explain the development of DM in these subjects. Non-diabetic subjects showed normal insulin sensitivity; and therefore, they were able to increase their glucose oxidation rate. The ability to increase glucose utilization can act as a compensatory mechanism that explains why these subjects do not have DM despite the higher rate of glucose production. These results suggest that increased gluconeogenesis is not enough to cause DM and the occurrence of combined insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency are needed to develop DM in individuals with the m.3243A>G mutation. Therefore, multiple defects in insulin and glucose metabolism are required for DM to occur in individuals with mitochondrial diseases. The results of this study uncover previously undocumented alterations in glucose metabolism in individuals with the m.3243A>G mutation that contribute significantly to our understanding of the pathogenesis of mitochondrial DM and can have significant implications for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lisa T Emrick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jean W Hsu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sirisak Chanprasert
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farook Jahoor
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - William J Craigen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Quantifying the contribution of the liver to glucose homeostasis: a detailed kinetic model of human hepatic glucose metabolism. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002577. [PMID: 22761565 PMCID: PMC3383054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of the liver in glucose homeostasis, a detailed mathematical model of human hepatic glucose metabolism is lacking so far. Here we present a detailed kinetic model of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism in human hepatocytes integrated with the hormonal control of these pathways by insulin, glucagon and epinephrine. Model simulations are in good agreement with experimental data on (i) the quantitative contributions of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism to hepatic glucose production and hepatic glucose utilization under varying physiological states. (ii) the time courses of postprandial glycogen storage as well as glycogen depletion in overnight fasting and short term fasting (iii) the switch from net hepatic glucose production under hypoglycemia to net hepatic glucose utilization under hyperglycemia essential for glucose homeostasis (iv) hormone perturbations of hepatic glucose metabolism. Response analysis reveals an extra high capacity of the liver to counteract changes of plasma glucose level below 5 mM (hypoglycemia) and above 7.5 mM (hyperglycemia). Our model may serve as an important module of a whole-body model of human glucose metabolism and as a valuable tool for understanding the role of the liver in glucose homeostasis under normal conditions and in diseases like diabetes or glycogen storage diseases.
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Nichols BL, Quezada-Calvillo R, Robayo-Torres CC, Ao Z, Hamaker BR, Butte NF, Marini J, Jahoor F, Sterchi EE. Mucosal maltase-glucoamylase plays a crucial role in starch digestion and prandial glucose homeostasis of mice. J Nutr 2009; 139:684-90. [PMID: 19193815 PMCID: PMC2666363 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.098434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is the major source of food glucose and its digestion requires small intestinal alpha-glucosidic activities provided by the 2 soluble amylases and 4 enzymes bound to the mucosal surface of enterocytes. Two of these mucosal activities are associated with sucrase-isomaltase complex, while another 2 are named maltase-glucoamylase (Mgam) in mice. Because the role of Mgam in alpha-glucogenic digestion of starch is not well understood, the Mgam gene was ablated in mice to determine its role in the digestion of diets with a high content of normal corn starch (CS) and resulting glucose homeostasis. Four days of unrestricted ingestion of CS increased intestinal alpha-glucosidic activities in wild-type (WT) mice but did not affect the activities of Mgam-null mice. The blood glucose responses to CS ingestion did not differ between null and WT mice; however, insulinemic responses elicited in WT mice by CS consumption were undetectable in null mice. Studies of the metabolic route followed by glucose derived from intestinal digestion of (13)C-labeled and amylase-predigested algal starch performed by gastric infusion showed that, in null mice, the capacity for starch digestion and its contribution to blood glucose was reduced by 40% compared with WT mice. The reduced alpha-glucogenesis of null mice was most probably compensated for by increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, maintaining prandial glucose concentration and total flux at levels comparable to those of WT mice. In conclusion, mucosal alpha-glucogenic activity of Mgam plays a crucial role in the regulation of prandial glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buford L. Nichols
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-300; CIEP-Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, 78360; Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009; and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Quezada-Calvillo
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-300; CIEP-Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, 78360; Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009; and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia C. Robayo-Torres
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-300; CIEP-Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, 78360; Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009; and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Zihua Ao
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-300; CIEP-Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, 78360; Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009; and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bruce R. Hamaker
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-300; CIEP-Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, 78360; Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009; and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Nancy F. Butte
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-300; CIEP-Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, 78360; Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009; and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Juan Marini
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-300; CIEP-Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, 78360; Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009; and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Farook Jahoor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-300; CIEP-Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, 78360; Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009; and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Erwin E. Sterchi
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030-300; CIEP-Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico, 78360; Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009; and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Jitomir J, Willoughby DS. Leucine for Retention of Lean Mass on a Hypocaloric Diet. J Med Food 2008; 11:606-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Jitomir
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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Takamiya T, Kadowaki T, Zaky WR, Ueshima H, Evans RW, Okamura T, Kashiwagi A, Nakamura Y, Kita Y, Tracy RP, Kuller LH, Sekikawa A. The determinants of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels differ for American and Japanese men aged 40-49. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 72:176-82. [PMID: 16325297 PMCID: PMC3660558 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were associated with higher incidence of type II diabetes. Elucidating the determinants of PAI-1 in various ethnicities may help to understand the susceptibility to developing diabetes. The aim of our study was to compare PAI-1 levels between Americans and the Japanese in the post-war generation and to elucidate the determinants of the PAI-1 levels. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on a total of 198 men aged 40-49 in the US (Body mass index (BMI): 27.0+/-3.3 kg/m(2)) and Japan (BMI: 23.3+/-3.1 kg/m(2)). Examination included physique measurement (BMI and waist girth), blood analysis (lipid profiles, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, and PAI-1), and life-style assessment by self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS PAI-1 levels were significantly lower in American than in Japanese men, even after adjustment for age, waist girth, cigarette smoking, habitual alcohol drinking, and other factors. In the Americans, waist girth, insulin, and cigarette smoking were significantly associated with PAI-1 levels, while waist girth and triglycerides were significantly associated with PAI-1 levels in the Japanese. CONCLUSIONS PAI-1 levels were significantly lower in American than in Japanese men and the determinants of PAI-1 levels differ for American and Japanese men aged 40-49.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takamiya
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Abstract
Debate about the optimum balance of macronutrients for adult weight maintenance or weight loss continues to expand. Often this debate centers on the relative merits or risks of carbohydrates vs. fats; however, there is increasing interest in the optimal level of dietary protein for weight loss. Diets with a reduced ratio of carbohydrates/protein are reported to be beneficial for weight loss, although diet studies appear to lack a fundamental hypothesis to support higher protein intakes. Presently, needs for dietary proteins are established by the recommended daily allowance (RDA) as the minimum level of protein necessary to maintain nitrogen balance. The RDA define the primary use of amino acids as substrates for synthesis of body proteins. There is emerging evidence that additional metabolic roles for some amino acids require plasma and intracellular levels above minimum needs for protein synthesis. The branched-chain amino acid leucine is an example of an amino acid with numerous metabolic roles that function in proportion with cellular concentration. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of metabolic roles of leucine and proposes a metabolic framework to evaluate the merits of a higher protein diet for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K Layman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA.
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