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Machado IF, Palmeira CM, Rolo AP. Preservation of Mitochondrial Health in Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030948. [PMID: 36979927 PMCID: PMC10046671 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a major cause of the development of complications in different clinical settings such as liver resection and liver transplantation. Damage arising from LIRI is a major risk factor for early graft rejection and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality after surgery. Although the mechanisms leading to the injury of parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells are not yet fully understood, mitochondrial dysfunction is recognized as a hallmark of LIRI that exacerbates cellular injury. Mitochondria play a major role in glucose metabolism, energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, calcium homeostasis and cell death. The diverse roles of mitochondria make it essential to preserve mitochondrial health in order to maintain cellular activity and liver integrity during liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). A growing body of studies suggest that protecting mitochondria by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, fission/fusion and mitophagy during liver I/R ameliorates LIRI. Targeting mitochondria in conditions that exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction, such as steatosis and aging, has been successful in decreasing their susceptibility to LIRI. Studying mitochondrial dysfunction will help understand the underlying mechanisms of cellular damage during LIRI which is important for the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes. In this review, we highlight the progress made in recent years regarding the role of mitochondria in liver I/R and discuss the impact of liver conditions on LIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo F. Machado
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Palmeira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela P. Rolo
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239-240-700
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Islam SMT, Palanisamy AP, Chedister GR, Schmidt MG, Lewin DNB, Chavin KD. Unsaturated or saturated dietary fat-mediated steatosis impairs hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy in mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284428. [PMID: 37167305 PMCID: PMC10174548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partial hepatectomy is a preferred treatment option for many patients with hepatocellular carcinoma however, pre-existing pathological abnormalities originating from hepatic steatosis can alter the decision to perform surgery or postoperative outcomes as a consequence of the impact steatosis has on liver regeneration. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the role of a saturated or unsaturated high fat diet-mediated steatosis on liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy. METHODS Mice were fed a low-fat control diet (CD, 13% fat), lard-based unsaturated (LD, 60% fat) or milk-based saturated high fat diet (MD, 60% fat) for 16 weeks at which time partial hepatectomy (approx. 70% resection) was performed. At days-2 and 7 post hepatectomy, one hour prior to euthanization, mice were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in order to monitor hepatic regeneration. Serum was collected and assessed for levels of ALT and AST. Resected and regenerated liver tissue were examined for inflammation-indicative markers employing RT-PCR, Western blots, and histological methods. RESULTS Mice fed LD or MD exhibited higher NAFLD scores, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil infiltration, macrophage accumulation, increased apoptosis, and elevated levels of serum ALT and AST activities, a decrease in the number of BrdU-incorporated-hepatocytes in the regenerated livers compared to the mice fed CD. Mice fed MD showed significantly lower percent of BrdU-incorporated hepatocytes and a higher trend of inflammation compared to the mice fed LD. CONCLUSION A diet rich in saturated or unsaturated fat results in NASH with decreased hepatic regeneration however unsaturated fat diet cause lower inflammation and higher regeneration than the saturated fat diet following partial hepatectomy in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Touhidul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Arun P Palanisamy
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Gabriel R Chedister
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael G Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - David N B Lewin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D Chavin
- Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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3
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Gao F, Qiu X, Wang K, Shao C, Jin W, Zhang Z, Xu X. Targeting the Hepatic Microenvironment to Improve Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: New Insights into the Immune and Metabolic Compartments. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1196-1214. [PMID: 35855339 PMCID: PMC9286916 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is mainly characterized by high activation of immune inflammatory responses and metabolic responses. Understanding the molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying development of hepatic IRI is critical for developing effective therapies for hepatic IRI. Recent advances in research have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of IRI. During IRI, hepatocyte injury and inflammatory responses are mediated by crosstalk between the immune cells and metabolic components. This crosstalk can be targeted to treat or reverse hepatic IRI. Thus, a deep understanding of hepatic microenvironment, especially the immune and metabolic responses, can reveal new therapeutic opportunities for hepatic IRI. In this review, we describe important cells in the liver microenvironment (especially non-parenchymal cells) that regulate immune inflammatory responses. The role of metabolic components in the diagnosis and prevention of hepatic IRI are discussed. Furthermore, recent updated therapeutic strategies based on the hepatic microenvironment, including immune cells and metabolic components, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Gao
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,6Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Qiu
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,6Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- 7Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Lishui Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Lishui, China
| | - Wenjian Jin
- 8Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- 6Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- 1Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,2Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, China.,3Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,4NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,5Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Wu S, Yao W, Chen C, Chen H, Huang F, Liu Y, Cai J, Yuan D, Hei Z. Connexin 32 deficiency protects the liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 876:173056. [PMID: 32147436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common complication in the clinical setting. Our previous study has shown that connexin 32 (Cx32) plays a major role in renal I/R injury; however, the role of Cx32 in hepatic I/R injury remains unknown. Liver tissue and serum samples from patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) were used to evaluate the function of Cx32 in OLT post-reperfusion injury. Then, partial hepatic ischemia was established in global Cx32 knockout mice and wild-type mice followed by reperfusion. Hepatic injury markers were examined. Cx32 small interfering RNA and the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α, tenovin-1 were used to examine the relationship between Cx32 and the p53/puma pathways in the BRL-3A and murine primary hepatocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model. Corresponding to liver damage, Cx32 was significantly induced both during OLT in human patients and partial hepatic I/R in mice. Cx32 KO mice exhibited less liver injury than controls. Cx32 deficiency significantly suppressed the p53/puma pathways and hepatocyte apoptosis. Similar results were observed in the BRL-3A and murine primary hepatocytes H/R model. Propofol protected against OLT post-reperfusion injury and hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting Cx32. In conclusion Cx32 is a novel regulator of hepatic I/R injury through the modulation of hepatocyte apoptosis and damage, largely via the p53/puma signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chaojin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Huixin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yiqian Liu
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Ziqing Hei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Donor Small-Droplet Macrovesicular Steatosis Affects Liver Transplant Outcome in HCV-Negative Recipients. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 2019:5862985. [PMID: 31187028 PMCID: PMC6521523 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5862985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No data are available on liver transplantation (LT) outcome and donor liver steatosis, classified as large droplet macrovesicular (Ld-MaS), small-droplet macrovesicular (Sd-MaS), and true microvesicular (MiS), taking into account the recipient Hepatitis C virus (HCV) status. AIM We investigate the impact of allograft steatosis reclassified according to the Brunt classification on early graft function and survival after LT. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 204 consecutive preischemia biopsies of grafts transplanted in our center during the period 2001-2011 according to recipient HCV status. RESULTS The median follow-up after LT was 7.5 years (range: 0.0-16.7). In negative recipients (n=122), graft loss was independently associated with graft Sd-MaS, in multivariable Cox regression models comprehending only pre-/intraoperative variables (HR=1.03, 95%CI=1.01-1.05; P=0.003) and when including indexes of early postoperative graft function (HR=1.04, 95%CI=1.02-1.06; P=0.001). Graft Sd-MaS>15% showed a risk for graft loss > 2.5-folds in both the models. Graft Sd-MaS>15% was associated with reduced graft ATP content and, only in HCV- recipients, with higher early post-LT serum AST peaks. CONCLUSIONS In HCV-negative recipients, allografts with >15% Sd-MaS have significantly reduced graft survival and show low ATP and higher AST peaks in the immediate posttransplant period. Donors with >15% Sd-MaS have significantly higher BMI, longer ICU stays, and lower PaO2.
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Liss KH, McCommis KS, Chambers KT, Pietka TA, Schweitzer GG, Park SL, Nalbantoglu ILK, Weinheimer CJ, Hall AM, Finck BN. The impact of diet-induced hepatic steatosis in a murine model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Liver Transpl 2018; 24:908-921. [PMID: 29729104 PMCID: PMC6097916 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has significantly increased over the past decade, and end-stage liver disease secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis has become 1 of the most common indications for liver transplantation. This both increases the demand for organs and decreases the availability of donor livers deemed suitable for transplantation. Although in the past many steatotic livers were discarded due to concerns over enhanced susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and organ failure, the discrepancy between supply and demand has resulted in increasing use of expanded criteria donor organs including steatotic livers. However, it remains controversial whether steatotic livers can be safely used for transplantation and how best to improve the performance of steatotic grafts. We aimed to evaluate the impact of diet-induced hepatic steatosis in a murine model of IRI. Using a diet of high trans-fat, fructose, and cholesterol (HTF-C) and a diet high in saturated fats, sucrose, and cholesterol (Western diet), we were able to establish models of mixed macrovesicular and microvesicular steatosis (HTF-C) and microvesicular steatosis (Western). We found that the presence of hepatic steatosis, whether it is predominantly macrovesicular or microvesicular, significantly worsens IRI as measured by plasma alanine aminotransferase levels and inflammatory cytokine concentration, and histological evaluation for necrosis. Additionally, we report on a novel finding in which hepatic IRI in the setting of steatosis results in the induction of the necroptosis factors, receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3, RIPK1, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like. These data lay the groundwork for additional experimentation to test potential therapeutic approaches to limit IRI in steatotic livers by using a genetically tractable system. Liver Transplantation 24 908-921 2018 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H.H. Liss
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kyle S. McCommis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kari T. Chambers
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Terri A. Pietka
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Sara L. Park
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - ILKe Nalbantoglu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Carla J. Weinheimer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Angela M. Hall
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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7
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Deng M, Wang D, He S, Xu R, Xie Y. SIRT1 confers protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes via regulation of uncoupling protein 2 expression. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7098-7104. [PMID: 28901505 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a novel targeted therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a major hurdle in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies indicate that mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP‑2) is involved in the progression of AMI. The present study uses lentivirus knockdown of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in H9c2 cells under hypoxia conditions, and revealed that levels of SIRT1 are accompanied by the expression of UCP‑2. Therefore, it was hypothesized that SIRT1 might be important in the development of myocardial infarction. The present study demonstrated that: i) exogenous expression of SIRT1 in vitro induced resistance to hypoxic injury in H9c2 cells, coinciding with a reduction in expression of UCP‑2; ii) knockdown of UCP‑2 conferred resistance to hypoxic injury in H9c2; iii) intraperitoneal injection of resveratrol and the resultant increase in SIRT1 levels may protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo, concomitant with decreased expression of UCP‑2. These findings provide direct evidence that the SIRT1/UCP‑2 axis might be important in myocardial infarction, and suggest that this axis may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Subei People's Hospital, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Daxin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Subei People's Hospital, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Shenghu He
- Department of Cardiology, Subei People's Hospital, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Rixin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Subei People's Hospital, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Subei People's Hospital, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
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Ditzel EJ, Li H, Foy CE, Perrera AB, Parker P, Renquist BJ, Cherrington NJ, Camenisch TD. Altered Hepatic Transport by Fetal Arsenite Exposure in Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:321-30. [PMID: 26890134 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can result in changes to drug metabolism and disposition potentiating adverse drug reactions. Furthermore, arsenite exposure during development compounds the severity of diet-induced fatty liver disease. This study examines the effects of arsenite potentiated diet-induced fatty liver disease on hepatic transport in male mice. Changes were detected for Mrp2/3/4 hepatic transporter gene expression as well as for Oatp1a4/2b1/1b2. Plasma concentrations of Mrp and Oatp substrates were increased in arsenic exposure groups compared with diet-only controls. In addition, murine embryonic hepatocytes and adult primary hepatocytes show significantly altered transporter expression after exposure to arsenite alone: a previously unreported phenomenon. These data indicate that developmental exposure to arsenite leads to changes in hepatic transport which could increase the risk for ADRs during fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Ditzel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Caroline E Foy
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Alec B Perrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Patricia Parker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Benjamin J Renquist
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Todd D Camenisch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Steele Children's Research Center, Arizona Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.,Sarver Heart Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.,Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Geng T, Sutter A, Harland MD, Law BA, Ross JS, Lewin D, Palanisamy A, Russo SB, Chavin KD, Cowart LA. SphK1 mediates hepatic inflammation in a mouse model of NASH induced by high saturated fat feeding and initiates proinflammatory signaling in hepatocytes. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2359-71. [PMID: 26482537 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m063511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steatohepatitis occurs in up to 20% of patients with fatty liver disease and leads to its primary disease outcomes, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanisms that mediate this inflammation are of major interest. We previously showed that overload of saturated fatty acids, such as that which occurs with metabolic syndrome, induced sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), an enzyme that generates sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). While data suggest beneficial roles for S1P in some contexts, we hypothesized that it may promote hepatic inflammation in the context of obesity. Consistent with this, we observed 2-fold elevation of this enzyme in livers from humans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and also in mice with high saturated fat feeding, which recapitulated the human disease. Mice exhibited activation of NFκB, elevated cytokine production, and immune cell infiltration. Importantly, SphK1-null mice were protected from these outcomes. Studies in cultured cells demonstrated saturated fatty acid induction of SphK1 message, protein, and activity, and also a requirement of the enzyme for NFκB signaling and increased mRNA encoding TNFα and MCP1. Moreover, saturated fat-induced NFκB signaling and elevation of TNFα and MCP1 mRNA in HepG2 cells was blocked by targeted knockdown of S1P receptor 1, supporting a role for this lipid signaling pathway in inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyu Geng
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Alton Sutter
- Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Michael D Harland
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Brittany A Law
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403
| | - Jessica S Ross
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - David Lewin
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Arun Palanisamy
- Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Sarah B Russo
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Kenneth D Chavin
- Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403
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Intereukin-10 and Kupffer cells protect steatotic mice livers from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur Cytokine Netw 2015; 25:69-76. [PMID: 25679269 DOI: 10.1684/ecn.2015.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Steatotic livers are more sensitive to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and are thus routinely rejected for transplantation because of their increased rate of primary nonfunction (PNF). Lean livers have less I/R-induced damage and inflammation due to Kupffer cells (KC), which are protective after total, warm, hepatic I/R with associated bowel congestion. This protection has been linked to KC-dependent expression of the potent anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). We hypothesized that pretreatment with exogenous IL-10 would protect the steatotic livers of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice from inflammation and injury induced by I/R. Lean and ob/ob mice were pretreated with either IL-10 or liposomally-encapsulated bisphosphonate clodronate (shown to deplete KC) prior to total, warm, hepatic I/R. IL-10 pretreatment increased survival of ob/ob animals at 24 hrs post-I/R from 30% to 100%, and significantly decreased serum ALT levels. At six hrs post-I/R, IL-10 pretreatment increased IL-10 mRNA expression, but suppressed up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β mRNA. However, ALT levels were elevated at six hrs post-I/R in KC-depleted animals. These data reveal that pretreatment with IL-10 protects steatotic livers undergoing I/R, and that phagocytically active KC retain a hepatoprotective role in the steatotic environment.
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11
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Palanisamy AP, Cheng G, Sutter AG, Liu J, Lewin DN, Chao J, Chavin K. Adenovirus-mediated eNOS expression augments liver injury after ischemia/reperfusion in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93304. [PMID: 24667691 PMCID: PMC3965553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (l/R) injury continues to be a critical problem. The role of nitric oxide in liver I/R injury is still controversial. This study examines the effect of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) over-expression on hepatic function following I/R. Adenovirus expressing human eNOS (Ad-eNOS) was administered by tail vein injection into C57BL/6 mice. Control mice received either adenovirus expressing LacZ or vehicle only. Sixty minutes of total hepatic ischemia was performed 3 days after adenovirus treatment, and mice were sacrificed after 6 or 24 hrs of reperfusion to assess hepatic injury. eNOS over expression caused increased liver injury as evidenced by elevated AST and ALT levels and decreased hepatic ATP content. While necrosis was not pervasive in any group, TUNEL demonstrated significantly increased apoptosis in Ad-eNOS infected livers. Western blotting demonstrated increased levels of protein nitration and upregulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins bax and p53. Our data suggest that over-expression of eNOS is detrimental in the setting of hepatic I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun P. Palanisamy
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department Of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gang Cheng
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department Of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alton G. Sutter
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department Of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Liu
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department Of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - David N. Lewin
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julie Chao
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Chavin
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department Of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Physical exercise prevents and mitigates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-induced liver mitochondrial structural and bioenergetics impairments. Mitochondrion 2014; 15:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Peralta C, Jiménez-Castro MB, Gracia-Sancho J. Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury: effects on the liver sinusoidal milieu. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1094-106. [PMID: 23811302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of liver damage occurring during surgical procedures including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, and represents the main underlying cause of graft dysfunction post-transplantation. Cellular and biochemical processes occurring during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion are diverse and complex, and include the deregulation of the healthy phenotype of all liver cellular components. Nevertheless, a significant part of these processes are still unknown or unclear. The present review aims at summarizing the current knowledge in liver ischemia-reperfusion, but specifically focusing on liver cell phenotype and paracrine interaction deregulations. Moreover, the most updated therapeutic strategies including pharmacological, genetic and surgical interventions, as well as some of the scientific controversies in the field will be described. Finally, the importance of considering the subclinical situation of liver grafts when translating basic knowledge to the bedside is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Peralta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Cheng G, Palanisamy AP, Evans ZP, Sutter AG, Jin L, Singh I, May H, Schmidt MG, Chavin KD. Cerulenin blockade of fatty acid synthase reverses hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75980. [PMID: 24086674 PMCID: PMC3785413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver or hepatic steatosis is a common health problem associated with abnormal liver function and increased susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the fatty acid synthase inhibitor cerulenin on hepatic function in steatotic ob/ob mice. Different dosages of cerulenin were administered intraperitoneally to ob/ob mice for 2 to 7 days. Body weight, serum AST/ALT, hepatic energy state, and gene expression patterns in ob/ob mice were examined. We found that cerulenin treatment markedly improved hepatic function in ob/ob mice. Serum AST/ALT levels were significantly decreased and hepatic ATP levels increased in treated obese mice compared to obese controls, accompanied by fat depletion in the hepatocyte. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ and uncoupling protein 2 were suppressed with cerulenin treatment and paralleled changes in AST/ALT levels. Hepatic glutathione content were increased in some cases and apoptotic activity in the steatotic livers was minimally changed with cerulenin treatment. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that fatty acid synthase blockade constitutes a novel therapeutic strategy for altering hepatic steatosis at non-stressed states in obese livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Divisions of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Arun P. Palanisamy
- Divisions of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zachary P. Evans
- Divisions of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alton G. Sutter
- Divisions of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lan Jin
- Divisions of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Harold May
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Chavin
- Divisions of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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15
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Liu Q, Izamis ML, Xu H, Berendsen T, Yarmush M, Uygun K. Strategies to rescue steatotic livers before transplantation in clinical and experimental studies. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4638-4650. [PMID: 23922462 PMCID: PMC3732837 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i29.4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The shortage of donor livers has led to an increased use of organs from expanded criteria donors. Included are livers with steatosis, a metabolic abnormality that increases the likelihood of graft complications post-transplantation. After a brief introduction on the etiology, pathophysiology, categories and experimental models of hepatic steatosis, we herein review the methods to rescue steatotic donor livers before transplantation applied in clinical and experimental studies. The methods span the spectrum of encouraging donor weight loss, employing drug therapy, heat shock preconditioning, ischemia preconditioning and selective anesthesia on donors, and the treatment on isolated grafts during preservation. These methods work at different stages of transplantation process, although share similar molecular mechanisms including lipid metabolism stimulation through enzymes or nuclear receptor e.g., peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor, or anti-inflammation through suppressing cytokines e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, or antioxidant therapies to alleviate oxidative stress. This similarity of molecular mechanisms implies possible future attempts to reinforce each approach by repeating the same treatment approach at several stages of procurement and preservation, as well as utilizing these alternative approaches in tandem.
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