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Yamamoto K, Harada N, Yasuda T, Hatoko T, Wada N, Lu X, Seno Y, Kurihara T, Yamane S, Inagaki N. Intestinal Morphology and Glucose Transporter Gene Expression under a Chronic Intake of High Sucrose. Nutrients 2024; 16:196. [PMID: 38257088 PMCID: PMC10820040 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sucrose is a disaccharide that is degraded into fructose and glucose in the small intestine. High-sucrose and high-fructose diets have been reported, using two-dimensional imaging, to alter the intestinal morphology and the expression of genes associated with sugar transport, such as sodium glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5). However, it remains unclear how high-fructose and high-sucrose diets affect the expression of sugar transporters and the intestinal morphology in the whole intestine. We investigate the influence of a chronic high-sucrose diet on the expression of the genes associated with sugar transport as well as its effects on the intestinal morphology using 3D imaging. High sucrose was found to increase GLUT2 and GLUT5 mRNA levels without significant changes in the intestinal morphology using 3D imaging. On the other hand, the delay in sucrose absorption by an α-glucosidase inhibitor significantly improved the intestinal morphology and the expression levels of SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 mRNA in the distal small intestine to levels similar to those in the proximal small intestine, thereby improving glycemic control after both glucose and sucrose loading. These results reveal the effects of chronic high-sugar exposure on glucose absorption and changes in the intestinal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Yamamoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuma Yasuda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hatoko
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Xuejing Lu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Youhei Seno
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- P.I.I.F. Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
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Hohman LS, Osborne LC. A gut-centric view of aging: Do intestinal epithelial cells contribute to age-associated microbiota changes, inflammaging, and immunosenescence? Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13700. [PMID: 36000805 PMCID: PMC9470900 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serve as both a physical and an antimicrobial barrier against the microbiota, as well as a conduit for signaling between the microbiota and systemic host immunity. As individuals age, the balance between these systems undergoes a myriad of changes due to age-associated changes to the microbiota, IECs themselves, immunosenescence, and inflammaging. In this review, we discuss emerging data related to age-associated loss of intestinal barrier integrity and posit that IEC dysfunction may play a central role in propagating age-associated alterations in microbiota composition and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S. Hohman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Lisa C. Osborne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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3
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Morrow NM, Hanson AA, Mulvihill EE. Distinct Identity of GLP-1R, GLP-2R, and GIPR Expressing Cells and Signaling Circuits Within the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703966. [PMID: 34660576 PMCID: PMC8511495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells directly integrate signals of nutrient content within the gut lumen with distant hormonal responses and nutrient disposal via the production and secretion of peptides, including glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2). Given their direct and indirect control of post-prandial nutrient uptake and demonstrated translational relevance for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, malabsorption and cardiometabolic disease, there is significant interest in the locally engaged circuits mediating these metabolic effects. Although several specific populations of cells in the intestine have been identified to express endocrine receptors, including intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and αβ and γδ T-cells (Glp1r+) and smooth muscle cells (Glp2r+), the definitive cellular localization and co-expression, particularly in regards to the Gipr remain elusive. Here we review the current state of the literature and evaluate the identity of Glp1r, Glp2r, and Gipr expressing cells within preclinical and clinical models. Further elaboration of our understanding of the initiating G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) circuits engaged locally within the intestine and how they become altered with high-fat diet feeding can offer insight into the dysregulation observed in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya M Morrow
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio A Hanson
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Montreal Diabetes Research Center CRCHUM-Pavillion R, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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4
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Fujiwara Y, Yamane S, Harada N, Ikeguchi-Ogura E, Usui R, Nakamura T, Iwasaki K, Suzuki K, Yabe D, Hayashi Y, Inagaki N. Carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8) negatively regulates GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine cells in response to long-chain fatty acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G617-G626. [PMID: 33533304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00312.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted from enteroendocrine preproglucagon (PPG)-expressing cells (traditionally known as L cells) in response to luminal nutrients that potentiates insulin secretion. Augmentation of endogenous GLP-1 secretion might well represent a novel therapeutic target for diabetes treatment in addition to the incretin-associated drugs currently in use. In this study, we found that PPG cells substantially express carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8), which has been reported to inhibit inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) binding to the IP3 receptor and subsequent Ca2+ efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal cells. In vitro experiments using STC-1 cells demonstrated that Car8 knockdown increases long-chain fatty acid (LCFA)-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. This effect was reduced in the presence of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor; in addition, Car8 knockdown increased the intracellular Ca2+ elevation caused by α-linolenic acid, indicating that CAR8 exerts its effect on GLP-1 secretion via the PLC/IP3/Ca2+ pathway. Car8wdl null mutant mice showed significant increase in GLP-1 response to oral corn oil administration compared with that in wild-type littermates, with no significant change in intestinal GLP-1 content. These results demonstrate that CAR8 negatively regulates GLP-1 secretion from PPG cells in response to LCFAs, suggesting the possibility of augmentation of postprandial GLP-1 secretion by CAR8 inhibition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study focused on the physiological significance of carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8) in GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine preproglucagon (PPG)-expressing cells. We found an inhibitory role of CAR8 in LCFA-induced GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach to diabetes and obesity through augmentation of postprandial GLP-1 secretion by CAR8 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujiwara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi-Ogura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Usui
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakamura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yabe
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Walrath T, Dyamenahalli KU, Hulsebus HJ, McCullough RL, Idrovo JP, Boe DM, McMahan RH, Kovacs EJ. Age-related changes in intestinal immunity and the microbiome. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:1045-1061. [PMID: 33020981 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0620-405rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vitally important site for the adsorption of nutrients as well as the education of immune cells. Homeostasis of the gut is maintained by the interplay of the intestinal epithelium, immune cells, luminal Ags, and the intestinal microbiota. The well-being of the gut is intrinsically linked to the overall health of the host, and perturbations to this homeostasis can have severe impacts on local and systemic health. One factor that causes disruptions in gut homeostasis is age, and recent research has elucidated how critical systems within the gut are altered during the aging process. Intestinal stem cell proliferation, epithelial barrier function, the gut microbiota, and the composition of innate and adaptive immune responses are all altered in advanced age. The aging population continues to expand worldwide, a phenomenon referred to as the "Silver Tsunami," and every effort must be made to understand how best to prevent and treat age-related maladies. Here, recent research about changes observed in the intestinal epithelium, the intestinal immune system, the microbiota, and how the aging gut interacts with and influences other organs such as the liver, lung, and brain are reviewed. Better understanding of these age-related changes and their impact on multi-organ interactions will aid the development of therapies to increase the quality of life for all aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Walrath
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kiran U Dyamenahalli
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holly J Hulsebus
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Juan-Pablo Idrovo
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Devin M Boe
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel H McMahan
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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6
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Kanemaru Y, Harada N, Shimazu-Kuwahara S, Yamane S, Ikeguchi E, Murata Y, Kiyobayashi S, Hatoko T, Inagaki N. Absence of GIP secretion alleviates age-related obesity and insulin resistance. J Endocrinol 2020; 245:13-20. [PMID: 31977316 PMCID: PMC7040458 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin secreted from enteroendocine K cells after nutrient ingestion. Fat strongly induces GIP secretion, and GIP hypersecretion is involved in high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Aging also induces GIP hypersecretion, but its effect on body weight gain and insulin sensitivity remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GIP on age-related body weight gain and insulin resistance using GIP-knockout homozygous (GIP-/-) and heterozygous (GIP+/-) mice, which have entirely absent and 50% reduced GIP secretion compared to wild-type (WT) mice, respectively. Under 12% fat-containing normal diet feeding condition, body weight was significantly lower in GIP-/- mice compared to that in WT and GIP+/- mice from 38 weeks of age, while there was no significant difference between WT and GIP+/- mice. Visceral and s.c. fat mass were also significantly lower in GIP-/- mice compared to those in WT and GIP+/- mice. During oral glucose tolerance test, blood glucose levels did not differ among the three groups. Insulin levels were significantly lower in GIP-/- mice than those in WT and GIP+/- mice. During insulin tolerance test, GIP-/- mice showed higher insulin sensitivity than that of WT and GIP+/- mice. Adiponectin mRNA levels were increased and leptin mRNA levels tended to be decreased in adipose tissue of GIP-/- mice. These results demonstrate that GIP is involved in age-related obesity and insulin resistance and that inhibition of GIP secretion alleviates age-related fat mass gain and insulin resistance under carbohydrate-based diet feeding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kanemaru
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoko Shimazu-Kuwahara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Related Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sakura Kiyobayashi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hatoko
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed to N Inagaki:
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