1
|
Zhou W, Su P, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu L. Exploration of the molecular linkage between endometriosis and Crohn disease by bioinformatics methods. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38097. [PMID: 38758892 PMCID: PMC11098239 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis (EMT) is a common disease in reproductive-age woman and Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder in gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies reported that patients with EMT had an increased risk of CD. However, the linkage between EMT and CD remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanism of EMT and CD. METHODS The microarray data of EMT and CD were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. Common genes of EMT and CD were obtained to perform the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene Genomes enrichments. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed by Cytoscape software and the hub genes were identified by CytoHubba plug-in. Finally we predicted the transcription factors (TFs) of hub genes and constructed a TFs-hub genes regulation network. RESULTS A total of 50 common genes were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene Genomes enrichment showed that the common genes mainly enriched in MAPK pathway, VEGF pathway, Wnt pathway, TGF-beta pathway, and Ras pathway. Fifteen hub genes were collected from the protein-protein interaction network, including FMOD, FRZB, CPE, SST, ISG15, EFEMP1, KDR, ADRA2A, FZD7, AQP1, IGFBP5, NAMPT, PLUA, FGF9, and FHL2. Among them, FGF9, FZD7, IGFBP5, KDR, and NAMPT were both validated in the other 2 datasets. Finally TFs-hub genes regulation network were constructed. CONCLUSION Our findings firstly revealed the linkage between EMT and CD, including inflammation, angiogenesis, immune regulation, and cell behaviors, which may lead to the risk of CD in EMT. FGF9, FZD7, IGFBP5, KDR, and NAMPT may closely relate to the linkage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Six Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peizhu Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaotao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Six Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Y, Zhang K, Geng W, Chen B, Wang D, Wang Z, Tian W, Li H, Zhang Y, Jiang R, Li Z, Tian Y, Kang X, Liu X. Evolutionary analysis and functional characterization reveal the role of the insulin-like growth factor system in a diversified selection of chickens (Gallus gallus). Poult Sci 2022; 102:102411. [PMID: 36587453 PMCID: PMC9816805 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an indispensable role in embryonic and postnatal development in mammals. However, the effects of the system on growth, carcass, and egg-laying traits, and diversified selection have not been systematically studied in chickens. In the present study, firstly the composition and gene structures of the chicken IGF system were investigated using phylogenetic tree and conserved synteny analysis. Then the effects of the genetic variations in the IGF system genes on breeding of specialized varieties were explored by principal component analysis. In addition, the spatiotemporal expression properties of the genes in this system were analyzed by RT-qPCR and the functions of the genes in egg production performance and growth were explored by association study. Moreover, the effects of IGF-binding proteins 3 (IGFBP3) on skeletal muscle development in chicken were investigated by cell cycle analysis, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. The results showed that the chicken IGF system included 13 members which could be classified into 3 groups based on their amino acid sequences: IGF binding proteins 1 to 5 and 7 (IGFBP1-5 and 7) belonged to the first group; IGF 1 and 2 (IGF1 and IGF2), and IGF 1 and 2 receptor (IGF1R and IGF2R) belonged to the second group; and IGF2 binding proteins 1-3 (IGF2BP1-3) belonged to the third group. The IGF2BP1 and 3, and IGFBP2, 3, and 7 genes likely contributed more to the formation of both the specialized meat-type and egg-type lines, whereas IGFBP1 and 5 likely contributed more to the formation of the egg-type lines. The SNPs in the IGF2BP3 and IGFBP2 and 5 genes were significantly associated with egg number, and SNPs in the IGFBP3 promoter region were significantly associated with body weight, breast muscle weight and leg muscle weight. The IGFBP3 inhibited proliferation but promoted differentiation of chicken primary myoblasts (CPMs). These results provide insights into the roles of the IGF system in the diversified selection of chickens. The SNPs associated with egg-laying performance, growth, and carcass traits could be used as genetic markers for breeding selection of chickens in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wanzhuo Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Botong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Weihua Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China,Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martire D, Garnier S, Sagnol S, Bourret A, Marchal S, Chauvet N, Guérin A, Forgues D, Berrebi D, Chardot C, Bellaiche M, Rendu J, Kalfa N, Faure S, de Santa Barbara P. Phenotypic switch of smooth muscle cells in paediatric chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4028-4039. [PMID: 33656779 PMCID: PMC8051695 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth Muscle Cells (SMC) are unique amongst all muscle cells in their capacity to modulate their phenotype. Indeed, SMCs do not terminally differentiate but instead harbour a remarkable capacity to dedifferentiate, switching between a quiescent contractile state and a highly proliferative and migratory phenotype, a quality often associated to SMC dysfunction. However, phenotypic plasticity remains poorly examined in the field of gastroenterology in particular in pathologies in which gut motor activity is impaired. Here, we assessed SMC status in biopsies of infants with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) syndrome, a life-threatening intestinal motility disorder. We showed that CIPO-SMCs harbour a decreased level of contractile markers. This phenotype is accompanied by an increase in Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) expression. We showed that this modulation occurs without origin-related differences in CIPO circular and longitudinal-derived SMCs. As we characterized PDGFRA as a marker of digestive mesenchymal progenitors during embryogenesis, our results suggest a phenotypic switch of the CIPO-SMC towards an undifferentiated stage. The development of CIPO-SMC culture and the characterization of SMC phenotypic switch should enable us to design therapeutic approaches to promote SMC differentiation in CIPO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Martire
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah Garnier
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Visceral Paediatric Surgery Unit, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Sagnol
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Annick Bourret
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Marchal
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert Chauvet
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Guérin
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Forgues
- Visceral Paediatric Surgery Unit, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Berrebi
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Marc Bellaiche
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - John Rendu
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble Alpes, Biochimie Génétique et Moléculaire, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Kalfa
- Visceral Paediatric Surgery Unit, CHU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Faure
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
The antimicrobial peptide derived from insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5, AMP-IBP5, regulates keratinocyte functions through Mas-related gene X receptors. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:117-125. [PMID: 28554590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their microbicidal properties, host defense peptides (HDPs) display various immunomodulatory functions, including keratinocyte production of cytokines/chemokines, proliferation, migration and wound healing. Recently, a novel HDP named AMP-IBP5 (antimicrobial peptide derived from insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5) was shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogens, even at concentrations comparable to those of human β-defensins and LL-37. However, the immunomodulatory role of AMP-IBP5 in cutaneous tissue remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether AMP-IBP5 triggers keratinocyte activation and to clarify its mechanism. METHODS Production of cytokines/chemokines and growth factors was determined by appropriate ELISA kits. Cell migration was assessed by in vitro wound closure assay, whereas cell proliferation was analyzed using BrdU incorporation assay complimented with XTT assay. MAPK and NF-κB activation was determined by Western blotting. Intracellular cAMP levels were assessed using cAMP enzyme immunoassay kit. RESULTS Among various cytokines/chemokines and growth factors tested, AMP-IBP5 selectively increased the production of IL-8 and VEGF. Moreover, AMP-IBP5 markedly enhanced keratinocyte migration and proliferation. AMP-IBP5-induced keratinocyte activation was mediated by Mrg X1-X4 receptors with MAPK and NF-κB pathways working downstream, as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of MrgX1-X4 siRNAs and ERK-, JNK-, p38- and NF-κB-specific inhibitors. We confirmed that AMP-IBP5 indeed induced MAPK and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, AMP-IBP5-induced VEGF but not IL-8 production correlated with an increase in intracellular cAMP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in addition to its antimicrobial function, AMP-IBP5 might contribute to wound healing process through activation of keratinocytes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Jia Z, Diao S, Lin X, Lian X, Wang L, Dong R, Liu D, Fan Z. IGFBP5 enhances osteogenic differentiation potential of periodontal ligament stem cells and Wharton's jelly umbilical cord stem cells, via the JNK and MEK/Erk signalling pathways. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:618-27. [PMID: 27484838 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-mediated tissue regeneration represents a promising strategy for repair of tissue defects, but its molecular mechanisms remain unclear, restricting the use of MSCs. Our previous study indicated that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) exerted a valuable effect on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, but its molecular mechanisms underlying directed differentiation remained unclear. In this study, we have investigated the molecular role of IGFBP5 in regulating this osteogenic differentiation potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were isolated from periodontal ligament tissue. Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord stem cells (WJCMSCs) was obtained commercially. Lentiviral IGFBP5 shRNA was used to silence IGFBP5. Retroviruses expressing wild-type IGFBP5 were used to overexpress IGFBP5 in the WJCMSCs. Recombinant human IGFBP5 protein (rhIGFBP5) was used to treat PDLSCs for 24 h. Western blot analysis was used to detect the MAPK signalling pathway, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red staining and quantitative calcium analysis were used to study osteogenic differentiation potentials. RESULTS Overexpression of IGFBP5 or rhIGFBP5 increased expression levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and 2 (p-MEK1/2) and phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-Erk1/2) in both WJCMSCs and PDLSCs. Consistently, silenced IGFBP5 was found to effectively inhibit expression of p-JNK, p-Erk1/2 and p-MEK1/2 in PDLSCs and WJCMSCs. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK by its inhibitor, SP600125, or MEK/Erk signalling by its inhibitor, PD98059, dramatically blocked IGFBP5-enhanced ALP activity and in vitro mineralization in both PDLSCs and WJCMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that IGFBP5 promoted osteogenic differentiation potentials of PDLSCs and WJCMSCs via the JNK and MEK/Erk signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University School of Stomatology, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Jia
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University School of Stomatology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Diao
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Lian
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Shijitan hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| | - Dayong Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Medical University School of Stomatology, Tianjin, China. .,Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li C, Vu K, Hazelgrove K, Kuemmerle JF. Increased IGF-IEc expression and mechano-growth factor production in intestinal muscle of fibrostenotic Crohn's disease and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G888-99. [PMID: 26428636 PMCID: PMC4669353 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00414.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The igf1 gene is alternatively spliced as IGF-IEa and IGF-IEc variants in humans. In fibrostenotic Crohn's disease, the fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1 induces IGF-IEa expression and IGF-I production in intestinal smooth muscle and results in muscle hyperplasia and collagen I production that contribute to stricture formation. Mechano-growth factor (MGF) derived from IGF-IEc induces skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy following stress. We hypothesized that increased IGF-IEc expression and MGF production mediated smooth muscle hypertrophy also characteristic of fibrostenotic Crohn's disease. IGF-IEc transcripts and MGF protein were increased in muscle cells isolated from fibrostenotic intestine under regulation by endogenous TGF-β1. Erk5 and MEF2C were phosphorylated in vivo in fibrostenotic muscle; both were phosphorylated and colocalized to nucleus in response to synthetic MGF in vitro. Smooth muscle-specific protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin, γ-smooth muscle actin, and smoothelin was increased in affected intestine. Erk5 inhibition or MEF2C siRNA blocked smooth muscle-specific gene expression and hypertrophy induced by synthetic MGF. Conditioned media of cultured fibrostenotic muscle induced muscle hypertrophy that was inhibited by immunoneutralization of endogenous MGF or pro-IGF-IEc. The results indicate that TGF-β1-dependent IGF-IEc expression and MGF production in patients with fibrostenotic Crohn's disease regulates smooth muscle cell hypertrophy a critical factor that contributes to intestinal stricture formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- 1Department of Medicine, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Kent Vu
- 1Department of Medicine, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Krystina Hazelgrove
- 1Department of Medicine, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - John F. Kuemmerle
- 1Department of Medicine, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and ,2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bolte C, Ren X, Tomley T, Ustiyan V, Pradhan A, Hoggatt A, Kalin TV, Herring BP, Kalinichenko VV. Forkhead box F2 regulation of platelet-derived growth factor and myocardin/serum response factor signaling is essential for intestinal development. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7563-75. [PMID: 25631042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.609487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the forkhead box F2 gene expression have been reported in numerous pathologies, and Foxf2(-/-) mice are perinatal lethal with multiple malformations; however, molecular mechanisms pertaining to Foxf2 signaling are severely lacking. In this study, Foxf2 requirements in murine smooth muscle cells were examined using a conditional knock-out approach. We generated novel Foxf2-floxed mice, which we bred to smMHC-Cre-eGFP mice to generate a mouse line with Foxf2 deleted specifically from smooth muscle. These mice exhibited growth retardation due to reduced intestinal length as well as inflammation and remodeling of the small intestine. Colons of Tg(smMHC-Cre-eGFP(+/-));Foxf2(-/-) mice had expansion of the myenteric nerve plexus and increased proliferation of smooth muscle cells leading to thickening of the longitudinal smooth muscle layer. Foxf2 deficiency in colonic smooth muscle was associated with increased expression of Foxf1, PDGFa, PDGFb, PDGF receptor α, and myocardin. FOXF2 bound to promoter regions of these genes indicating direct transcriptional regulation. Foxf2 repressed Foxf1 promoter activity in co-transfection experiments. We also show that knockdown of Foxf2 in colonic smooth muscle cells in vitro and in transgenic mice increased myocardin/serum response factor signaling and increased expression of contractile proteins. Foxf2 attenuated myocardin/serum response factor signaling in smooth muscle cells through direct binding to the N-terminal region of myocardin. Our results indicate that Foxf2 signaling in smooth muscle cells is essential for intestinal development and serum response factor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Bolte
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Xiaomeng Ren
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Tatiana Tomley
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Vladimir Ustiyan
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Arun Pradhan
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - April Hoggatt
- the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - B Paul Herring
- the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hayashi Y, Asuzu DT, Gibbons SJ, Aarsvold KH, Bardsley MR, Lomberk GA, Mathison AJ, Kendrick ML, Shen KR, Taguchi T, Gupta A, Rubin BP, Fletcher JA, Farrugia G, Urrutia RA, Ordog T. Membrane-to-nucleus signaling links insulin-like growth factor-1- and stem cell factor-activated pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76822. [PMID: 24116170 PMCID: PMC3792098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (mouse: Kitl, human: KITLG) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), acting via KIT and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), respectively, are critical for the development and integrity of several tissues. Autocrine/paracrine KITLG-KIT and IGF1-IGF1R signaling are also activated in several cancers including gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), the most common sarcoma. In murine gastric muscles, IGF1 promotes Kitl-dependent development of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), the non-neoplastic counterpart of GIST, suggesting cooperation between these pathways. Here, we report a novel mechanism linking IGF1-IGF1R and KITLG-KIT signaling in both normal and neoplastic cells. In murine gastric muscles, the microenvironment for ICC and GIST, human hepatic stellate cells (LX-2), a model for cancer niches, and GIST cells, IGF1 stimulated Kitl/KITLG protein and mRNA expression and promoter activity by activating several signaling pathways including AKT-mediated glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition (GSK3i). GSK3i alone also stimulated Kitl/KITLG expression without activating mitogenic pathways. Both IGF1 and GSK3i induced chromatin-level changes favoring transcriptional activation at the Kitl promoter including increased histone H3/H4 acetylation and H3 lysine (K) 4 methylation, reduced H3K9 and H3K27 methylation and reduced occupancy by the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2. By pharmacological or RNA interference-mediated inhibition of chromatin modifiers we demonstrated that these changes have the predicted impact on KITLG expression. KITLG knock-down and immunoneutralization inhibited the proliferation of GIST cells expressing wild-type KIT, signifying oncogenic autocrine/paracrine KITLG-KIT signaling. We conclude that membrane-to-nucleus signaling involving GSK3i establishes a previously unrecognized link between the IGF1-IGF1R and KITLG-KIT pathways, which is active in both physiologic and oncogenic contexts and can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David T. Asuzu
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Simon J. Gibbons
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kirsten H. Aarsvold
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Bardsley
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gwen A. Lomberk
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Mathison
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Kendrick
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - K. Robert Shen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Takahiro Taguchi
- Division of Human Health and Medical Science, Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Anu Gupta
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Rubin
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Raul A. Urrutia
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Seurin D, Lombet A, Babajko S, Godeau F, Ricort JM. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins increase intracellular calcium levels in two different cell lines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59323. [PMID: 23527161 PMCID: PMC3602172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are six related secreted proteins that share IGF-dependent and -independent functions. If the former functions begin to be well described, the latter are somewhat more difficult to investigate and to characterize. At the cellular level, IGFBPs were shown to modulate numerous processes including cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms implicated remain largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that IGFBP-3, but not IGFBP-1 or IGFBP-5, increase intracellular calcium concentration in MCF-7 cells (Ricort J-M et al. (2002) FEBS lett 527: 293–297). Methodology/Principal Findings We perform a global analysis in which we studied, by two different approaches, the binding of each IGFBP isoform (i.e., IGFBP-1 to -6) to the surface of two different cellular models, MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells and C2 myoblast proliferative cells, as well as the IGFBP-induced increase of intracellular calcium concentration. Using both confocal fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, we showed that all IGFBPs bind to MCF-7 cell surface. By contrast, only four IGFBPs can bind to C2 cell surface since neither IGFBP-2 nor IGFBP-4 were detected. Among the six IGFBPs tested, only IGFBP-1 did not increased intracellular calcium concentration whatever the cellular model studied. By contrast, IGFBP-2, -3, -4 and -6, in MCF-7 cells, and IGFBP-3, -5 and -6, in C2 proliferative cells, induce a rapid and transient increase in intracellular free calcium concentration. Moreover, IGFBP-2 and -3 (in MCF-7 cells) and IGFBP-5 (in C2 cells) increase intracellular free calcium concentration by a pertussis toxin sensitive signaling pathway. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that IGFBPs are able to bind to cell surface and increase intracellular calcium concentration. By characterizing the IGFBPs-induced cell responses and intracellular couplings, we highlight the cellular specificity and complexity of the IGF-independent actions of these IGF binding proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Seurin
- INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Babajko
- INSERM U872, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - François Godeau
- INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ricort
- LBPA, ENS de Cachan, CNRS, Cachan, France
- UMR204, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Riehl TE, Ee X, Stenson WF. Hyaluronic acid regulates normal intestinal and colonic growth in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G377-88. [PMID: 22556141 PMCID: PMC3423109 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00034.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a component of the extracellular matrix, affects gastrointestinal epithelial proliferation in injury models, but its role in normal growth is unknown. We sought to determine the effects of exogenous HA on intestinal and colonic growth by intraperitoneal injection of HA twice a week into C57BL/6 mice from 3 to 8 wk of age. Similarly, to determine the effects of endogenous HA on intestinal and colonic growth, we administered PEP-1, a peptide that blocks the binding of HA to its receptors, on the same schedule. In mice treated with exogenous HA, villus height and crypt depth in the intestine, crypt depth in the colon, and epithelial proliferation in the intestine and colon were increased. In mice treated with PEP-1, intestinal and colonic length were markedly decreased and crypt depth and villus height in the intestine, crypt depth in the colon, and epithelial proliferation in the intestine and colon were decreased. Administration of HA was associated with increased levels of EGF (intestine) and IGF-I (colon), whereas administration of PEP-1 was associated with decreased levels of IGF-I (intestine) and epiregulin (colon). Exogenous HA increases intestinal and colonic epithelial proliferation, resulting in hyperplasia. Blocking the binding of endogenous HA to its receptors results in decreased intestinal and colonic length and a mucosal picture of hypoplasia, suggesting that endogenous HA contributes to the regulation of normal intestinal and colonic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terrence E Riehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thomson ABR, Chopra A, Clandinin MT, Freeman H. Recent advances in small bowel diseases: Part II. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3353-74. [PMID: 22807605 PMCID: PMC3396188 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i26.3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As is the case in all areas of gastroenterology and hepatology, in 2009 and 2010 there were many advances in our knowledge and understanding of small intestinal diseases. Over 1000 publications were reviewed, and the important advances in basic science as well as clinical applications were considered. In Part II we review six topics: absorption, short bowel syndrome, smooth muscle function and intestinal motility, tumors, diagnostic imaging, and cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kuemmerle JF. Insulin-like growth factors in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2012; 41:409-23, vii. [PMID: 22682638 PMCID: PMC3372868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a major source of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) that are present in the circulation and have important endocrine activities relating to energy metabolism, body size, carcinogenesis, and various organ-specific functions. Although IGFs have only minor effects on the normal liver itself, production of IGFs and IGFBPs in a tissue-specific manner in the gastrointestinal tract exert important regulatory effects on cellular proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. IGFs and IGFBPs play important regulatory roles in the response of both the liver and the gastrointestinal tract to inflammation and in the development of neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F Kuemmerle
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
López-Menduiña M, Martín AI, Castillero E, Villanúa MA, López-Calderón A. Short-term growth hormone or IGF-I administration improves the IGF-IGFBP system in arthritic rats. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:22-29. [PMID: 22244673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adjuvant-induced arthritis is an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis that inhibits the GH-IGF-I axis and decreases body weight gain and muscle mass. Although chronic GH or IGF-I treatment increases body weight gain in arthritic rats, muscle resistance to GH and IGF-I is a very common complication in inflammatory diseases. In this study we examine the effect of short-term administration of rhGH and rhIGF-I on liver and muscle IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and -5 as well as on the ubiquitin-ligases MuRF1 and atrogin-1 in the muscle of arthritic rats. DESIGN Arthritis was induced in adult male Wistar rats by an intradermal injection of 4 mg of Freund's adjuvant. Fifteen days after adjuvant injection, 300 μg/kg of rhGH or 200 μg/kg of rhIGF or saline was administrated 18 and 3h before decapitation. A pair-fed group injected with saline was included in order to discard a possible effect of decreased food intake. Gene expression of IGF-I, GHR, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 were quantified using RT-PCR. In serum, IGF-I was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and IGFBP-3 by ligand blot. RESULTS Arthritis decreased serum IGF-I and IGF mRNA in liver (P<0.05), but not in skeletal muscle. In arthritic rats, rhGH increased serum IGF-I and liver IGF-I mRNA similar to the levels of pair-fed rats. Arthritis increased atrogin-1, MuRF1, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 mRNA in muscle (P<0.01). IGFBP-3 mRNA was downregulated by rhIGF-I, but not by rhGH, administration in control and arthritic rats (P<0.05). Administration of rhGH and rhIGF-I increased IGFBP-5 in the gastrocnemius of arthritic rats. CONCLUSIONS Short-term rhGH and rhIGF-I administration was found to increase muscle IGFBP-5 mRNA, whereas only rhIGF-I administration decreased muscle IGFBP-3 mRNA in control and arthritic rats. These data suggest that arthritis does not induce GH or IGF-I resistance in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M López-Menduiña
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Avda. Complutense s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mahavadi S, Flynn RS, Grider JR, Qiao L, Murthy KS, Hazelgrove KB, Kuemmerle JF. Amelioration of excess collagen IαI, fibrosis, and smooth muscle growth in TNBS-induced colitis in IGF-I(+/-) mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:711-9. [PMID: 20722057 PMCID: PMC2990779 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strictures occur in ≈ 30% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and are characterized by intestinal smooth muscle hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and fibrosis due to excess extracellular matrix production including collagen. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression is increased in smooth muscle cells of the muscularis propria in CD and in animal models of CD, including trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. While upregulated IGF-I is conjectured to cause smooth muscle cell growth and collagen production in the inflamed intestine, its role in the development of fibrosis has not been directly demonstrated. METHODS Colitis was induced in IGF-I(+/-) or wildtype C57BL/6J mice by rectal administration of TNBS or ethanol vehicle. After 7 days, colonic smooth muscle cells were isolated and used to prepare RNA or protein lysates. Transcript levels of IGF-IEa, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, IGFBP-5, TGF-β1, and collagen IαI were measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Corresponding protein levels were measured by Western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fibrosis was measured using digital image analysis of Masson's trichrome-stained histologic sections. RESULTS In IGF-I(+/-) mice, which express significantly lower levels of IGF-I than wildtype, the response to TNBS-induced colitis: upregulation of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 muscle growth, and collagen IαI expression, the resulting collagen deposition, and fibrosis are all significantly diminished compared to C57BL/6J wildtype controls. TGF-β1 expression and its increase following TNBS administration are not altered in IGF-I(+/-) mice compared to wildtype. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that IGF-I is a key regulator in intestinal smooth muscle hyperplasia and excess collagen production that leads to fibrosis and long term to stricture formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341
| | - Robert S. Flynn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341
| | - John R. Grider
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341
| | - Liya Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341
| | - Krystina B. Hazelgrove
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341
| | - John F. Kuemmerle
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0341
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Flynn RS, Mahavadi S, Murthy KS, Grider JR, Kellum JM, Akbari H, Kuemmerle JF. Endogenous IGFBP-3 regulates excess collagen expression in intestinal smooth muscle cells of Crohn's disease strictures. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:193-201. [PMID: 20848532 PMCID: PMC4863983 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stricture formation occurs in ≈30% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and is a significant cause of morbidity. Strictures are characterized by intestinal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, and fibrosis due to excess net extracellular matrix production, including collagen. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has profibrotic effects in many tissues due to its ability to regulate collagen expression and extracellular matrix dynamics. We previously showed that both insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and TGF-β1 are expressed by normal human intestinal smooth muscle cells, bind to, and activate TGF-βRII/I receptors in these cells. METHODS Smooth muscle cells isolated from the muscularis propria of patients were used to prepare RNA, protein lysates, or placed into primary culture. IGFBP-3, TGF-β1, and collagen IαI expression was measured with quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunoblot. RESULTS Expression and production of IGFBP-3, TGF-β1, and collagen IαI were significantly increased specifically in smooth muscle cells isolated from regions of strictured intestine in CD compared to nonstrictured histologically normal resection margin. IGFBP-3 and TGF-β1 regulated collagen IαI expression and production via a TGF-βRII/I-dependent and Smad2/3-dependent mechanism. Upregulated (excess) collagen IαI expression and production in smooth muscle cells of strictures and basal collagen IαI in smooth muscle cells of normal margin were inhibited by immunoneutralization of IGFBP-3 or TGF-β1. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that upregulated endogenous IGFBP-3 and TGF-β1 expression regulates excess collagen IαI production and contributes to fibrosis and stricture formation in CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Flynn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sunila Mahavadi
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Karnam S. Murthy
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John R. Grider
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John M. Kellum
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Homayoon Akbari
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John F. Kuemmerle
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|