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Kam NW, Lau CY, Che CM, Lee VHF. Nasopharynx Battlefield: Cellular Immune Responses Mediated by Midkine in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and COVID-19. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4850. [PMID: 37835544 PMCID: PMC10571800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that the severe respiratory illness coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is often associated with a cytokine storm that results in dysregulated immune responses. Prolonged COVID-19 positivity is thought to disproportionately affect cancer patients. With COVID-19 disrupting the delivery of cancer care, it is crucial to gain momentum and awareness of the mechanistic intersection between these two diseases. This review discusses the role of the cytokine midkine (MK) as an immunomodulator in patients with COVID-19 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), both of which affect the nasal cavity. We conducted a review and analysis of immunocellular similarities and differences based on clinical studies, research articles, and published transcriptomic datasets. We specifically focused on ligand-receptor pairs that could be used to infer intercellular communication, as well as the current medications used for each disease, including NPC patients who have contracted COVID-19. Based on our findings, we recommend close monitoring of the MK axis to maintain the desirable effects of therapeutic regimens in fighting both NPC and COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngar-Woon Kam
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.-W.K.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ltd., Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Cho-Yiu Lau
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.-W.K.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ltd., Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Ltd., Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Victor Ho-Fun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (N.-W.K.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
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2
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Majaj M, Weckbach LT. Midkine—A novel player in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1003104. [PMID: 36204583 PMCID: PMC9530663 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a 13-kDa heparin-binding cytokine and growth factor with anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic, pro-inflammatory and anti-infective functions, that enable it to partake in a series of physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the past, research revolving around MK has concentrated on its roles in reproduction and development, tissue protection and repair as well as inflammatory and malignant processes. In the recent few years, MK's implication in a wide scope of cardiovascular diseases has been rigorously investigated. Nonetheless, there is still no broadly accepted consensus on whether MK exerts generally detrimental or favorable effects in cardiovascular diseases. The truth probably resides somewhere in-between and depends on the underlying physiological or pathophysiological condition. It is therefore crucial to thoroughly examine and appraise MK's participation in cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we introduce the MK gene and protein, its multiple receptors and signaling pathways along with its expression in the vascular system and its most substantial functions in cardiovascular biology. Further, we recapitulate the current evidence of MK's expression in cardiovascular diseases, addressing the various sources and modes of MK expression. Moreover, we summarize the most significant implications of MK in cardiovascular diseases with particular emphasis on MK's advantageous and injurious functions, highlighting its ample diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Also, we focus on conflicting roles of MK in a number of cardiovascular diseases and try to provide some clarity and guidance to MK's multifaceted roles. In summary, we aim to pave the way for MK-based diagnostics and therapies that could present promising tools in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Majaj
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Centre, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology und Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Marina Majaj ;
| | - Ludwig T. Weckbach
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Centre, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology und Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e. V, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ludwig T. Weckbach
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3
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Zannad F, Ferreira JP, Butler J, Filippatos G, Januzzi JL, Sumin M, Zwick M, Saadati M, Pocock SJ, Sattar N, Anker SD, Packer M. Effect of empagliflozin on circulating proteomics in heart failure: mechanistic insights into the EMPEROR programme. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:4991-5002. [PMID: 36017745 PMCID: PMC9769969 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve cardiovascular outcomes in diverse patient populations, but their mechanism of action requires further study. The aim is to explore the effect of empagliflozin on the circulating levels of intracellular proteins in patients with heart failure, using large-scale proteomics. METHODS AND RESULTS Over 1250 circulating proteins were measured at baseline, Week 12, and Week 52 in 1134 patients from EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved, using the Olink® Explore 1536 platform. Statistical and bioinformatical analyses identified differentially expressed proteins (empagliflozin vs. placebo), which were then linked to demonstrated biological actions in the heart and kidneys. At Week 12, 32 of 1283 proteins fulfilled our threshold for being differentially expressed, i.e. their levels were changed by ≥10% with a false discovery rate <1% (empagliflozin vs. placebo). Among these, nine proteins demonstrated the largest treatment effect of empagliflozin: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, transferrin receptor protein 1, carbonic anhydrase 2, erythropoietin, protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2, thymosin beta-10, U-type mitochondrial creatine kinase, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4, and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 4. The changes of the proteins from baseline to Week 52 were generally concordant with the changes from the baseline to Week 12, except empagliflozin reduced levels of kidney injury molecule-1 by ≥10% at Week 52, but not at Week 12. The most common biological action of differentially expressed proteins appeared to be the promotion of autophagic flux in the heart, kidney or endothelium, a feature of 6 proteins. Other effects of differentially expressed proteins on the heart included the reduction of oxidative stress, inhibition of inflammation and fibrosis, and the enhancement of mitochondrial health and energy, repair, and regenerative capacity. The actions of differentially expressed proteins in the kidney involved promotion of autophagy, integrity and regeneration, suppression of renal inflammation and fibrosis, and modulation of renal tubular sodium reabsorption. CONCLUSIONS Changes in circulating protein levels in patients with heart failure are consistent with the findings of experimental studies that have shown that the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are likely related to actions on the heart and kidney to promote autophagic flux, nutrient deprivation signalling and transmembrane sodium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiez Zannad
- Corresponding author. Tel: +33 3 83 15 73 15, Fax: +33 3 83 15 73 24, Emails: ;
| | - João Pedro Ferreira
- Corresponding author. Tel: +33 3 83 15 73 15, Fax: +33 3 83 15 73 24, Emails: ;
| | - Javed Butler
- Heart and Vascular Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, 34 Live Oak St Ste 501, Dallas, TX 75204, USA,University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- Heart Failure Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Mikras Asias 75, Athina 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - James L Januzzi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114USA,The Baim Institute for Clinical Research, 930 Commonwealth Ave #3, Boston, MA 02215USA
| | - Mikhail Sumin
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Binger Str. 173, 55218 Ingelheim am RheinGermany
| | - Matthias Zwick
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400 Biberach an der RissGermany
| | - Maral Saadati
- Elderbrook Solutions GmbH on behalf of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stuart J Pocock
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HTUK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF, UK School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TAUK
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany,Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor University Medical Center, 621 N Hall St, Dallas, TX 75226, USA,Imperial College, London, Exhibition Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2BX, UK
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Midkine release during hemodialysis is predictive of hypervolemia and associates with excess (cardiovascular) mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease: a prospective study. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:2407-2420. [PMID: 35211826 PMCID: PMC9372127 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background In end-stage renal disease, a high cardiovascular risk profile and endothelial damage prevails. The heparin-binding growth factor midkine stimulates neo-angiogenesis in ischemic diseases, coordinates neutrophil influx, and raises blood pressure through stimulated angiotensin synthesis. Methods We determined changes of midkine serum levels during hemodialysis sessions under the assumption that endothelial cell-derived midkine is released. Periprocedural differences (∆midkine) were calculated and correlated with cardiovacular biomarkers and fluid status (clinical assessment, V. cava collapse, comet tail phenomenon), cardiovascular morbidities, mortality rates. Blood was collected before and after dialysis from hemodialysis patients (n = 171; diabetes: n = 70; hypervolemia: n = 83; both: n = 32). Results Baseline midkine levels were ~ fourfold elevated compared to healthy controls (n = 100). Further, on average a tenfold rise was detected during dialysis, the extent of which was partially related to non-fractionated heparin application (r2 = 0.17). Inter-individual differences were highly reproducible. Hypervolemic patients responded with a less than average rise in midkine levels during dialysis (p < 0.02), this difference became more obvious with co-existing diabetes (p < 0.001 for long dialysis-free interval) and was confirmed in an independently enrolled dialysis cohort (n = 88). In Kaplan Meier survival curves, low delta midkine levels correlated with cardiovascular/overall mortality rates, similar to elevated uPAR levels, whereas other markers (NTproANP, galectin, tenascin-C) were less predictive. Following intervention with successful fluid removal in hypervolemic dialysis patients to optimize fluid homeostasis, midkine values increased (p < 0.002), which was not observed in patients that failed to decrease weight. Conclusion Thus, for dialysis patients inadequate periprocedural midkine upregulation is linked with hypervolemia and associates with cardiovascular events. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11255-022-03141-4.
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Ketenci S, Aynacıoğlu AŞ. The growth factor/cytokine midkine may participate in cytokine storm and contribute to the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected patients. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8475858 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-021-00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly become a global challenge, creating major challenges to health systems in almost every country in the world it has turned into a pandemic. COVID-19 poses a risky clinical situation that can range from mild illness to severe respiratory failure, requiring admission to intensive care.
Main body
It is known that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a cytokine storm in some critically ill patients. However, more and more evidence showed that there is a dramatic increase in cytokine levels in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Midkine (MK) is involved in various physiological and pathological processes, which some of them are desired and beneficial such as controlling tissue repair and antimicrobial effects, but some others are harmful such as promoting inflammation, carcinogenesis, and chemoresistance. Also, MK is expressed in inflammatory cells and released by endothelial cells under hypoxic conditions.
Conclusions
Considering all this information, there are strong data that midkine, an important cytokine known to increase in inflammatory diseases, may be overexpressed in patients who are positive for COVID-19. The overexpression of MK reveals a picture leading to fibrosis and damage in the lung. Therefore, questions arise about how the expression of MK changes in COVID-19 patients and can we use it as an inflammation biomarker or in the treatment protocol in the future.
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Zhang ZZ, Wang G, Yin SH, Yu XH. Midkine: A multifaceted driver of atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:251-257. [PMID: 34331952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis constitutes the pathological basis of life-threatening events, including heart attack and stroke. Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor and forms a small protein family with pleiotrophin. Under inflammatory or hypoxic conditions, midkine expression is up-regulated. Upon binding to its receptors, midkine can activate multiple signal pathways to regulate cell survival and migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and oncogenesis. Circulating midkine levels are significantly increased in patients with essential hypertension, obesity or severe peripheral artery disease. Importantly, midkine exerts a proatherogenic effect by altering multiple pathophysiological processes involving atherogenesis, including macrophage lipid accumulation, vascular inflammation, neointima formation, insulin resistance and macrophage apoptosis. Midkine represents a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis-associated diseases. This review described the structure characteristics, expression patterns and signal transduction pathways of midkine with an emphasis on its role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Zhen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang 421005, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Shan-Hui Yin
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, Hainan, China.
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7
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Grivas D, González-Rajal Á, de la Pompa JL. Midkine-a Regulates the Formation of a Fibrotic Scar During Zebrafish Heart Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:669439. [PMID: 34026760 PMCID: PMC8138450 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.669439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike the hearts of mammals, the adult zebrafish heart regenerates after injury. Heart cryoinjury in zebrafish triggers the formation of a fibrotic scar that gradually degrades, leading to regeneration. Midkine-a (Mdka) is a multifunctional cytokine that is activated after cardiac injury. Here, we investigated the role of mdka in zebrafish heart regeneration. We show that mdka expression was induced at 1-day post-cryoinjury (dpci) throughout the epicardial layer, whereas by 7 dpci expression had become restricted to the epicardial cells covering the injured area. To study the role of mdka in heart regeneration, we generated mdka-knock out (KO) zebrafish strains. Analysis of injured hearts showed that loss of mdka decreased endothelial cell proliferation and resulted in an arrest in heart regeneration characterized by retention of a collagenous scar. Transcriptional analysis revealed increases in collagen transcription and intense TGFβ signaling activity. These results reveal a critical role for mdka in fibrosis regulation during heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Grivas
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.,Developmental Biology, Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Álvaro González-Rajal
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Xu JY, Chang W, Sun Q, Peng F, Yang Y. Pulmonary midkine inhibition ameliorates sepsis induced lung injury. J Transl Med 2021; 19:91. [PMID: 33639987 PMCID: PMC7913048 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Midkine is a multi-functional molecule participating in a various key pathological process. We aimed to evaluate the change of midkine in sepsis and its association with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) system, as well as the mechanism by which midkine induced in sepsis and lung injury. Methods The peripheral blood sample of septic patients on admission was obtained and measured for midkine, ACE and angiotensin II. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model was used, and adeno-associated virus (AAV) was stilled trans-trachea for regional targeting midkine expression, comparing the severity of lung injury. Furthermore, we studied the in vitro mechanism of midkine activates ACE system by using inhibitors targeting candidate receptors of midkine, and its effects on the vascular endothelial cells. Results Plasma midkine was significantly elevated in sepsis, and was closely associated with ACE system. Both circulating and lung midkine was increased in CLP mouse, and was related to severe lung injury. Regional interfering midkine expression in lung tissue by AAV could alleviate acute lung injury in CLP model. In vitro study elucidated that Notch 2 participated in the activation of ACE system and angiotensin II release, induced by midkine and triggered vascular endothelial injury by angiotensin II induced reactive oxygen species production. Conclusions Midkine inhibition ameliorates sepsis induced lung injury, which might via ACE/Ang II pathway and the participation of Notch 2 in the stimulation of ACE. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02605681. Registered 12 November 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd., Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd., Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd., Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Peng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd., Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd., Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Z, Xu L, Xu X, Niu Y, Saadeldeen F, Kang W. Effects and mechanisms of iridoid glycosides from Patrinia scabiosaefolia on improving insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mariero LH, Torp M, Heiestad CM, Baysa A, Li Y, Valen G, Vaage J, Stensløkken K. Inhibiting nucleolin reduces inflammation induced by mitochondrial DNA in cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia and reoxygenation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4360-4372. [PMID: 31412132 PMCID: PMC6887679 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cellular debris causes sterile inflammation after myocardial infarction. Mitochondria constitute about 30 percent of the human heart. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a damage-associated-molecular-pattern that induce injurious sterile inflammation. Little is known about mtDNA's inflammatory signalling pathways in cardiomyocytes and how mtDNA is internalized to associate with its putative receptor, toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We hypothesized that mtDNA can be internalized in cardiomyocytes and induce an inflammatory response. Adult mouse cardiomyocytes were exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation and extracellular DNA. Microscale thermophoresis was used to demonstrate binding between nucleolin and DNA. KEY RESULTS Expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα were upregulated by mtDNA, but not by nuclear DNA (nDNA), in cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Blocking the RNA/DNA binding protein nucleolin with midkine reduced expression of IL-1β/TNFα and the nucleolin inhibitor AS1411 reduced interleukin-6 release in adult mouse cardiomyocytes. mtDNA bound 10-fold stronger than nDNA to nucleolin. In HEK293-NF-κB reporter cells, mtDNA induced NF-κB activity in normoxia, while CpG-DNA and hypoxia-reoxygenation, synergistically induced TLR9-dependent NF-κB activity. Protein expression of nucleolin was found in the plasma membrane of cardiomyocytes and inhibition of nucleolin with midkine inhibited cellular uptake of CpG-DNA. Inhibition of endocytosis did not reduce CpG-DNA uptake in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS mtDNA, but not nDNA, induce an inflammatory response in mouse cardiomyocytes during hypoxia-reoxygenation. In cardiomyocytes, nucleolin is expressed on the membrane and blocking nucleolin reduce inflammation. Nucleolin might be a therapeutic target to prevent uptake of immunogenic DNA and reduce inflammation. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Henrik Mariero
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - May‐Kristin Torp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Christina Mathisen Heiestad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Anton Baysa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Yuchuan Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Guro Valen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive CareOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Kåre‐Olav Stensløkken
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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11
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Weckbach LT, Grabmaier U, Uhl A, Gess S, Boehm F, Zehrer A, Pick R, Salvermoser M, Czermak T, Pircher J, Sorrelle N, Migliorini M, Strickland DK, Klingel K, Brinkmann V, Abu Abed U, Eriksson U, Massberg S, Brunner S, Walzog B. Midkine drives cardiac inflammation by promoting neutrophil trafficking and NETosis in myocarditis. J Exp Med 2019; 216:350-368. [PMID: 30647120 PMCID: PMC6363424 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy is frequently caused by myocarditis. However, the pathogenesis of myocarditis remains incompletely understood. Here, we report the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in cardiac tissue of patients and mice with myocarditis. Inhibition of NET formation in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) of mice substantially reduces inflammation in the acute phase of the disease. Targeting the cytokine midkine (MK), which mediates NET formation in vitro, not only attenuates NET formation in vivo and the infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) but also reduces fibrosis and preserves systolic function during EAM. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) acts as the functionally relevant receptor for MK-induced PMN recruitment as well as NET formation. In summary, NETosis substantially contributes to the pathogenesis of myocarditis and drives cardiac inflammation, probably via MK, which promotes PMN trafficking and NETosis. Thus, MK as well as NETs may represent novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiac inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig T Weckbach
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany .,Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Grabmaier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Uhl
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gess
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felicitas Boehm
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Annette Zehrer
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robert Pick
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Melanie Salvermoser
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Czermak
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Pircher
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Noah Sorrelle
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Mary Migliorini
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease, Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dudley K Strickland
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease, Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Abu Abed
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Urs Eriksson
- Cardioimmunology, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, Gesundheitsversorgung Zürcher Oberland-Zurich Regional Health Center, Wetzikon, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Brunner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany .,Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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12
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Weckbach LT, Preissner KT, Deindl E. The Role of Midkine in Arteriogenesis, Involving Mechanosensing, Endothelial Cell Proliferation, and Vasodilation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2559. [PMID: 30158425 PMCID: PMC6163309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces in blood circulation such as shear stress play a predominant role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes related to vascular responses or vessel remodeling. Arteriogenesis, defined as the growth of pre-existing arterioles into functional collateral arteries compensating for stenosed or occluded arteries, is such a process. Midkine, a pleiotropic protein and growth factor, has originally been identified to orchestrate embryonic development. In the adult organism its expression is restricted to distinct tissues (including tumors), whereby midkine is strongly expressed in inflamed tissue and has been shown to promote inflammation. Recent investigations conferred midkine an important function in vascular remodeling and growth. In this review, we introduce the midkine gene and protein along with its cognate receptors, and highlight its role in inflammation and the vascular system with special emphasis on arteriogenesis, particularly focusing on shear stress-mediated vascular cell proliferation and vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig T Weckbach
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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13
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Segers VFM, Brutsaert DL, De Keulenaer GW. Cardiac Remodeling: Endothelial Cells Have More to Say Than Just NO. Front Physiol 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 29695980 PMCID: PMC5904256 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a highly structured organ consisting of different cell types, including myocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and inflammatory cells. This pluricellularity provides the opportunity of intercellular communication within the organ, with subsequent optimization of its function. Intercellular cross-talk is indispensable during cardiac development, but also plays a substantial modulatory role in the normal and failing heart of adults. More specifically, factors secreted by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells modulate cardiac performance and either positively or negatively affect cardiac remodeling. The role of endothelium-derived small molecules and peptides—for instance NO or endothelin-1—has been extensively studied and is relatively well defined. However, endothelial cells also secrete numerous larger proteins. Information on the role of these proteins in the heart is scattered throughout the literature. In this review, we will link specific proteins that modulate cardiac contractility or cardiac remodeling to their expression by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. The following proteins will be discussed: IL-6, periostin, tenascin-C, thrombospondin, follistatin-like 1, frizzled-related protein 3, IGF-1, CTGF, dickkopf-3, BMP-2 and−4, apelin, IL-1β, placental growth factor, LIF, WISP-1, midkine, and adrenomedullin. In the future, it is likely that some of these proteins can serve as markers of cardiac remodeling and that the concept of endothelial function and dysfunction might have to be redefined as we learn more about other factors secreted by ECs besides NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk L Brutsaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Ma MC, Chen YJ, Chiu TJ, Lan J, Liu CT, Chen YC, Tien HH, Chen YY. Positive expression of Midkine predicts early recurrence and poor prognosis of initially resectable combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:227. [PMID: 29486735 PMCID: PMC5830052 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-surgical prognosis is usually poor for combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (CHCC-CC), a rare primary liver cancer. Although midkine (MK) is a prognostic biomarker for several known cancers, it is not known whether it can be used as such in resectable CHCC-CC. This study examined whether MK expression can predict recurrence and survival in patients with resectable CHCC-CC. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 52 patients with resectable CHCC-CC who had received curative hepatic resections. MK expression was assessed in post-surgical immunohistochemical studies of specimens in paraffin blocks. Clinical outcomes were analyzed from medical records. Results Two-year disease-free and three-year overall survival rates were 42.1% and 44.6%. MK was expressed in 30 patients. Univariate analysis showed patients positively expressing MK had a significantly poorer 2-year disease free and three-year overall survival. Multivariate analysis found positive MK expression independently predicted recurrence. Conclusions Positive expression of MK predicts poor prognosis in patients with resectable CHCC-CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chun Ma
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, E-Da hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Jan Chiu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Kaohsiung Chang Gung Cholangiocarcinoma and Pancreatic Cancer Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Jui Lan
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ting Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ho Tien
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yang Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Kaohsiung Chang Gung Cholangiocarcinoma and Pancreatic Cancer Group, Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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15
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Abstract
Midkine (MDK) is a heparin-binding growth factor that is normally expressed in mid-gestational development mediating mesenchymal and epithelial interactions. As organisms age, expression of MDK diminishes; however, in adults, MDK expression is associated with acute and chronic pathologic conditions such as myocardial infarction and heart failure (HF). The role of MDK is not clear in cardiovascular disease and currently there is no consensus if it plays a beneficial or detrimental role in HF. The lack of clarity in the literature is exacerbated by differing roles that circulating and myocardial MDK play in signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes (some of which have yet to be elucidated). Of particular interest, serum MDK is elevated in adults with chronic heart failure and higher circulating MDK is associated with worse cardiac function. In addition, pediatric HF patients have higher levels of myocardial MDK. This review focuses on what is known about the effect of exogenous versus myocardial MDK in various cardiac disease models in an effort to better clarify the role of midkine in HF.
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16
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Enroth S, Bosdotter Enroth S, Johansson Å, Gyllensten U. Effect of genetic and environmental factors on protein biomarkers for common non-communicable disease and use of personally normalized plasma protein profiles (PNPPP). Biomarkers 2015; 20:355-64. [PMID: 26551787 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1093546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the impact of genetic and lifestyle factors on protein biomarkers and develop personally normalized plasma protein profiles (PNPPP) controlling for non-disease-related variance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proximity extension assays were used to measure 145 proteins in 632 controls and 344 cases with non-communicable diseases. RESULTS Genetic and lifestyle factors explained 20-88% of the variation in healthy controls. Adjusting for these factors reduced the number of candidate biomarkers by 63%. CONCLUSION PNPPP efficiently controls for non-disease-related variance, allowing both for efficient discovery of novel biomarkers and for covariate-independent linear cut-offs suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Enroth
- a Department of Immunology , Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden and
| | | | - Åsa Johansson
- a Department of Immunology , Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden and
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- a Department of Immunology , Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden and
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17
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Bădilă E, Daraban AM, Ţintea E, Bartoş D, Alexandru N, Georgescu A. Midkine proteins in cardio-vascular disease. Where do we come from and where are we heading to? Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:464-71. [PMID: 26101065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Midkine is a recently identified new growth factor/cytokine with pleiotropic functions in the human organism. First discovered in the late eighties, midkines have now become the subject of numerous studies in cardiovascular, neurologic, renal diseases and also various types of cancers. We summarize here the most important functions of midkine in cardiovascular diseases, emphasizing its role in inflammation and its antiapoptotic and proangiogenetic effects. Midkine has multiple roles in the organism, with the specific feature of being either beneficial or harmful depending on which tissue it acts on. Even though midkine has been shown to have cardiac protective effects against acute ischemia/reperfusion injury and to inhibit cardiac remodeling, it also promotes intimal hyperplasia and vascular stenosis. As such, different therapeutic strategies are currently being evaluated, consisting of administering either midkine proteins or midkine inhibitors depending on the desired outcome. More data is gathering to suggest that these novel therapies could become an adjunctive to standard cardiovascular therapy. Nonetheless, much is still to be learned about midkine. The encouraging results up till now require further studying in order to fully understand the complete profile of its mechanism of action and the clinical safety and efficacy of novel therapeutic opportunities offered by midkine molecular targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeta Bădilă
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ana Maria Daraban
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Emma Ţintea
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Bartoş
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Alexandru
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Danieli P, Malpasso G, Ciuffreda MC, Cervio E, Calvillo L, Copes F, Pisano F, Mura M, Kleijn L, de Boer RA, Viarengo G, Rosti V, Spinillo A, Roccio M, Gnecchi M. Conditioned medium from human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells limits infarct size and enhances angiogenesis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:448-58. [PMID: 25824141 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The paracrine properties of human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMCs) have not been fully elucidated. The goal of the present study was to elucidate whether hAMCs can exert beneficial paracrine effects on infarcted rat hearts, in particular through cardioprotection and angiogenesis. Moreover, we aimed to identify the putative active paracrine mediators. hAMCs were isolated, expanded, and characterized. In vitro, conditioned medium from hAMC (hAMC-CM) exhibited cytoprotective and proangiogenic properties. In vivo, injection of hAMC-CM into infarcted rat hearts limited the infarct size, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ventricular remodeling, and strongly promoted capillary formation at the infarct border zone. Gene array analysis led to the identification of 32 genes encoding for the secreted factors overexpressed by hAMCs. Among these, midkine and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine were also upregulated at the protein level. Furthermore, high amounts of several proangiogenic factors were detected in hAMC-CM by cytokine array. Our results strongly support the concept that the administration of hAMC-CM favors the repair process after acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Danieli
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Malpasso
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maria Chiara Ciuffreda
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisabetta Cervio
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura Calvillo
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francesco Copes
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Federica Pisano
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manuela Mura
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lennaert Kleijn
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gianluca Viarengo
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marianna Roccio
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Massimiliano Gnecchi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, and Transfusion Service, Center for the Study and Cure of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Jones DR. Measuring midkine: the utility of midkine as a biomarker in cancer and other diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:2925-39. [PMID: 24460734 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a pleiotropic growth factor prominently expressed during embryogenesis but down-regulated to neglible levels in healthy adults. Many published studies have demonstrated striking MK overexpression compared with healthy controls in various pathologies, including ischaemia, inflammation, autoimmunity and, most notably, in many cancers. MK expression is detectable in biopsies of diseased, but not healthy, tissues. Significantly, because it is a soluble cytokine, elevated MK is readily apparent in the blood and other body fluids such as urine and CSF, making MK a relatively convenient, accessible, non-invasive and inexpensive biomarker for population screening and early disease detection. The first diagnostic tests that quantify MK are just now receiving regulatory clearance and entering the clinic. This review examines the current state of knowledge pertaining to MK as a biomarker and highlights promising indications and clinical settings where measuring MK could make a difference to patient treatment. I also raise outstanding questions about reported variants of MK as well as MK's bio-distribution in vivo. Answering these questions in future studies will enhance our understanding of the significance of measured MK levels in both patients and healthy subjects, and may reveal further opportunities for measuring MK to diagnose disease. MK has already proven to be a biomarker that can significantly improve detection, management and treatment of cancer, and there is significant promise for developing further MK-based diagnostics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Jones
- Cellmid Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Dianat N, Le Viet B, Gobbo E, Auger N, Bièche I, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Griscelli F. Midkine lacking its last 40 amino acids acts on endothelial and neuroblastoma tumor cells and inhibits tumor development. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:213-24. [PMID: 25492619 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MDK) is a member of a new family of neurotrophic factors considered as rate-limiting growth and angiogenic factors implicated in the onset, invasion, and metastatic process of neuronal tumors, including neuroblastoma. We showed that all neuroblastoma cell lines highly expressed MDK, indicating that it is a critical player in tumor development, which may henceforth represent an attractive therapeutic target. We showed that the knockdown of MDK expression by siRNA led to a marked and significant decrease in neuroblastoma (IGR-N91 and SH-SY5Y) cell proliferation in vitro. Using a new strategy, we then evaluated the antitumor effect of a truncated MDK protein, lacking the C-terminal 81-121 portion of the molecule (MDKΔ81-121), which may act as a dominant-negative effector for its mitogenic, angiogenic, and tumorigenic activities by heterodimerizing with the wild-type protein. In vitro studies showed that MDKΔ81-121 selectively inhibited MDK-dependent tumor cells and was able to strongly reduce endothelial cell proliferation and migration and to induce ER stress-mediated apoptosis. We then investigated the effects of MDKΔ81-121 in vivo using electrotransfer of a plasmid encoding a secretable form of MDKΔ81-121 into tibialis cranialis muscles of nude mice. We showed that MDKΔ81-121 dramatically inhibited (up to 91%) tumor development and growth. This inhibition was correlated with the detection of the MDKΔ81-121 molecule in plasma and the suppression of intratumor neovascularization. Our findings demonstrate that MDK inhibition is a tractable therapeutic target for this lethal pediatric malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Dianat
- INSERM U745, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Le Viet
- INSERM U745, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Gobbo
- INSERM U935, Human Embryonic Stem Cell Core Facility, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Auger
- Départements de Biologie et Pathologie Médicale, Institute Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut Curie, Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France. Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- INSERM U935, Human Embryonic Stem Cell Core Facility, Villejuif, France. Université Paris-Sud 11, Campus Orsay, Orsay, France
| | - Frank Griscelli
- INSERM U935, Human Embryonic Stem Cell Core Facility, Villejuif, France. Départements de Biologie et Pathologie Médicale, Institute Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France. Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.
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Kadomatsu K, Bencsik P, Görbe A, Csonka C, Sakamoto K, Kishida S, Ferdinandy P. Therapeutic potential of midkine in cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:936-44. [PMID: 24286213 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ischaemic heart disease, stroke and their pathological consequences are life-threatening conditions that account for about half of deaths in developed countries. Pathology of these diseases includes cell death due to ischaemia/reperfusion injury, vascular stenosis and cardiac remodelling. The growth factor midkine plays a pivotal role in these events. Midkine shows an acute cytoprotective effect in ischaemia/reperfusion injury at least in part via its anti-apoptotic effect. Moreover, while midkine promotes endothelial cell proliferation, it also recruits inflammatory cells to lesions. These activities eventually enhance angiogenesis, thereby preventing cardiac tissue remodelling. However, midkine's activity in recruiting inflammatory cells into the vascular wall also triggers neointima formation, and consequently, vascular stenosis. Moreover, midkine is induced in cancer tissues where it enhances angiogenesis. Therefore, midkine may promote tumour formation through its angiogenic and anti-apoptotic activity. This review focuses on the roles of midkine in ischaemic cardiovascular disease and their pathological consequences, that is angiogenesis, vascular stenosis, and cardiac remodelling, and discusses the possible therapeutic potential of modulation of midkine in these diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Exogenous midkine administration prevents cardiac remodeling in pacing-induced congestive heart failure of rabbits. Heart Vessels 2014; 31:96-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-014-0569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhao SL, Zhang YJ, Li MH, Zhang XL, Chen SL. Mesenchymal stem cells with overexpression of midkine enhance cell survival and attenuate cardiac dysfunction in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:37. [PMID: 24635859 PMCID: PMC4055147 DOI: 10.1186/scrt425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated midkine (MK) expression may contribute to ventricular remodeling and ameliorate cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI). Ex vivo modification of signaling mechanisms in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with MK overexpression may improve the efficacy of cell-based therapy. This study sought to assess the safety and efficacy of MSCs with MK overexpression transplantation in a rat model of MI. METHODS A pLenO-DCE vector lentivirus encoding MK was constructed and infected in MSCs. MSC migration activity and cytoprotection was examined in hypoxia-induced H9C2 cells using transwell insert in vitro. Rats were randomized into five groups: sham, MI plus injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), MSCs, MSCs-green fluorescent protein (MSCs-GFP) and MSCs-MK, respectively. Survival rates were compared among groups using log-rank test and left ventricular function was measured by echocardiography at baseline, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. RESULTS Overexpression of MK partially prevented hypoxia-induced MSC apoptosis and exerted MSC cytoprotection to anoxia induced H9C2 cells. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with the increased mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transformation growth factor-β (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1a) in MSCs-MK compared with isolated MSCs and MSCs-GFP. Consistent with the qPCR results, the culture supernatant of MSCs-MK had more SDF-1a (9.23 ng/ml), VEGF (8.34 ng/ml) and TGF-β1 (17.88 ng/ml) expression. In vivo, a greater proportion of cell survival was observed in the MSCs-MK group than in the MSCs-GFP group. Moreover, MSCs-MK administration was related to a significant improvement of cardiac function compared with other control groups at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Therapies employing MSCs with MK overexpression may represent an effective treatment for improving cardiac dysfunction and survival rate after MI.
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Sdc1 overexpression inhibits the p38 MAPK pathway and lessens fibrotic ventricular remodeling in MI rats. Inflammation 2014; 36:603-15. [PMID: 23264165 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the proteoglycan syndecan-1 (Sdc1) is increased in rats with myocardial infarction (MI). This study investigated the effects of Sdc1 overexpression on ventricular remodeling and cardiac function in MI and explored the possible mechanism through in vivo transfection of rats with recombinant adenovirus-carrying rat Sdc1 cDNA. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) underwent intramyocardial injection in the marginal zone of the infarcted area immediately after ligation of the left anterior descending artery. The rats were divided into four groups according to the solution injected: MI Ad-GFP-Sdc1 transfection group, MI Ad-GFP control group, MI saline group, and sham operation group. Cardiac function and collagen expression of each group were examined, and the roles of inflammation, apoptosis, and p38 MAKP signal transduction pathway were investigated. Compared with the rats in the sham operation group, ventricular weight and collagen content increased in MI rats, and cardiac function declined. Substantial inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in the marginal zone of the infarction area, and a great number of myocardial cells were apoptotic. The p38 MAPK signaling pathway was clearly activated. Rats in the MI Ad-GFP-Sdc1 transfection group showed decreased ventricular weight, reduced collagen synthesis, and significant improvement of ventricular remodeling and cardiac function. Post-MI inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptosis was reduced, and the p38 MAPK signaling pathway was inhibited. Overexpression of Sdc1 can improve post-MI ventricular remodeling, and it is possible that the improvement is achieved through reducing apoptosis and suppressing inflammatory response and through the p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway.
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Netsu S, Shishido T, Kitahara T, Honda Y, Funayama A, Narumi T, Kadowaki S, Takahashi H, Miyamoto T, Arimoto T, Nishiyama S, Watanabe T, Woo CH, Takeishi Y, Kubota I. Midkine exacerbates pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:205-10. [PMID: 24291499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Midkine is a multifunctional growth factor, and its serum levels are increased with the functional severity of heart failure. This study aimed to examine the role of midkine in heart failure pathogenesis. Midkine expression levels were increased in the kidney and lung after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery, but not sufficiently increased in the heart. After TAC, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 and AKT, and the expression levels of foetal genes in the heart were considerably increased in transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of midkine (MK-Tg) compared with wild-type (WT) mice. MK-Tg mice showed more severe cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction, and showed lower survival rate after TAC than WT mice. We conclude that midkine plays a critical role in cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Netsu
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shishido
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Tatsuro Kitahara
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuki Honda
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Akira Funayama
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Taro Narumi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shinpei Kadowaki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takanori Arimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishiyama
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tetsu Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Chang-Hoon Woo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasuchika Takeishi
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Isao Kubota
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Kerzerho J, Schneider A, Favry E, Castelli FA, Maillère B. The signal peptide of the tumor-shared antigen midkine hosts CD4+ T cell epitopes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13370-7. [PMID: 23553629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD4 T cell response to the tumor antigen Midkine was unknown. RESULTS Most of the T cell response to Midkine relies on T cell epitopes contained in its signal peptide. CONCLUSION The signal peptide of Midkine is accessible to HLA class II pathway for CD4 T cell presentation. SIGNIFICANCE It is a new function for signal peptides to contribute to tumor-specific CD4 T cell response. Because of the key role of CD4 T cell response in immunity to tumors, we investigated the CD4(+) T cell response to the recently identified tumor antigen Midkine (MDK). By weekly stimulations of T lymphocytes harvested from seven HLA-DR-typed healthy donors, we derived CD4(+) T cell lines specific for eight MDK peptides. Most of the T cell lines reacted with the peptides 9-23 and 14-28, located in and overlapping the MDK signal peptide, respectively. Accordingly, the MDK signal peptide appeared to be rich in good binders to common HLA-DR molecules. The peptide 9-23-specific T cell lines were specifically stimulated by autologous dendritic cells loaded with lysates of MDK-transfected cells or with lysates of tumor cells naturally expressing the MDK protein. One T cell line was stimulated by HLA-compatible MDK-transfected tumor cells. By contrast, the peptide 14-28-specific T cell lines were not stimulated in any of these conditions. Our data demonstrate that CD4(+) T cell epitopes present in the signal peptide can be accessible to recognition by CD4(+) T cells and may therefore contribute to tumor immunity, whereas a peptide overlapping the junction between the signal peptide and the mature protein is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Kerzerho
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Labex LERMIT, Labex VRI, Gif Sur Yvette F-91191, France
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27
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Şalaru DL, Mertens PR, Bartsch P. Loss of heparin-binding protein prevents necrotizing glomerulonephritis: first clues hint at plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Int Urol Nephrol 2013; 45:1483-7. [PMID: 23543126 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-013-0415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The orchestration of acute inflammatory kidney injury is subject to widespread influences and involves cytokines as well as chemokines released by resident as well as infiltrating cells. Although intense research efforts have been made in the field, it still unravels yet novel key molecules involved in the pathogenesis of this kidney disease. A heparin-binding growth factor denoted midkine is expressed by various cell types following stress of tissue damage. Specific functions relate to orchestration of reparative and inflammatory processes by promoting migration of leucocytes and release of chemokines with ensuing angiogenesis. Midkine appears as a double-edged sword with beneficial or harmful effects in injured tissues. Here, we discuss a recent publication that provides evidence for the beneficial role of midkine in progressive glomerulonephritis, most likely due to blockade of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Lidia Şalaru
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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28
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Lessons from the heart and ischemic limbs: midkine as anti-inflammatory mediator for kidney diseases? Int Urol Nephrol 2012. [PMID: 23208536 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-012-0344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses ensuing ischemia involve the release of numerous mediators. Among these the heparin-binding growth factor midkine has been recognized as a potent inducer of neoangiogenesis. In a recent publication, the release of midkine has been studied in different in vitro models, and effects of abrogated midkine expression by means of genetic knockout has been analyzed in ischemia models of the limbs. The observed effects indicate a profound effect exerted by midkine under ischemia in the coordination of the inflammatory response and neoangiogenesis.
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Pan Z, Zhao W, Zhang X, Wang B, Wang J, Sun X, Liu X, Feng S, Yang B, Lu Y. Scutellarin alleviates interstitial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction of infarct rats by inhibiting TGFβ1 expression and activation of p38-MAPK and ERK1/2. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:688-700. [PMID: 20942814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Interstitial fibrosis plays a causal role in the development of heart failure after chronic myocardial infarction (MI), and anti-fibrotic therapy represents a promising strategy to mitigate this pathological process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term administration of scutellarin (Scu) on cardiac interstitial fibrosis of myocardial infarct rats and the underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Scu was administered to rats that were subjected to coronary artery ligation. Eight weeks later, its effects on cardiac fibrosis were assessed by examining cardiac function and histology. The number and collagen content of cultured cardiac fibroblasts exposed to angiotensin II (Ang II) were determined after the administration of Scu in vitro. Protein expression was detected by Western blot technique, and mRNA levels by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. KEY RESULTS The echocardiographic and haemodynamic measurements showed that Scu improved the impaired cardiac function of infarct rats and decreased interstitial fibrosis. Scu inhibited the expression of FN1 and TGFβ1, but produced no effects on inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6) in the 8 week infarct hearts. Scu inhibited the proliferation and collagen production of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and the up-regulation of FN1 and TGFβ1 induced by Ang II. The enhanced phosphorylation of p38-MAPK and ERK1/2 in both infarct cardiac tissue and cultured CFs challenged by Ang II were suppressed by Scu. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Long-term administration of Scu improved the cardiac function of MI rats by inhibiting interstitial fibrosis, and the mechanisms may involve the suppression of pro-fibrotic cytokine TGFβ1 expression and inhibition of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Ishiguro H, Horiba M, Takenaka H, Sumida A, Opthof T, Ishiguro YS, Kadomatsu K, Murohara T, Kodama I. A single intracoronary injection of midkine reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in Swine hearts: a novel therapeutic approach for acute coronary syndrome. Front Physiol 2011; 2:27. [PMID: 21738508 PMCID: PMC3125584 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several growth factors are effective for salvaging myocardium and limiting infarct size in experimental studies with small animals. Their benefit in large animals and feasibility in clinical practice remains to be elucidated. We investigated the cardioprotective effect of midkine (MK) in swine subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). I/R was created by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion for 45 min using a percutaneous over-the-wire balloon catheter. MK protein was injected as a bolus through the catheter at the initiation of reperfusion [MK-treated (MKT) group]. Saline was injected in controls (CONT). Infarct size/area at risk (24 h after I/R) in MKT was almost five times smaller than in CONT. Echocardiography in MKT revealed a significantly higher percent wall thickening of the interventricular septum, a higher left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening, and a lower E/e′ (ratio of transmitral to annular flow) compared with CONT. LV catheterization in MKT showed a lower LV end-diastolic pressure, and a higher dP/dtmax compared with CONT. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling-positive myocytes and CD45-positive cell infiltration in the peri-infarct area were significantly less in MKT than in CONT. Here, we demonstrate that a single intracoronary injection of MK protein in swine hearts at the onset of reperfusion dramatically reduces infarct size and ameliorates systolic/diastolic LV function. This beneficial effect is associated with a reduction of apoptotic and inflammatory reactions. MK application during percutaneous coronary intervention may become a promising adjunctive therapy in acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Ishiguro
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
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Przybylowski P, Malyszko J, Malyszko JS. Serum midkine is related to NYHA class and cystatin C in heart transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:3704-7. [PMID: 21094842 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heart transplantation is now the established method of therapy for end-stage heart failure, with significantly improved outcomes over recent years. However, an increasingly prevalent complication in this population is that chronic kidney disease appears to be generally associated with subclinical inflammation. Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor with various functions ranging from cell growth and survival to angiogenesis, repair, and inflammation. Recently, serum midkine has been reported to be a novel marker of cardiac events in heart failure patients. The aim of this study was to assess midkine concentration in 134 heart transplant recipients in relation to kidney function and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. Heart transplant recipients had significantly higher serum creatinine, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, white blood cell count, and serum midkine, and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate than the control group. Serum midkine levels rose together with advancing NYHA class. Serum midkine was related to kidney function, NT-proBNP, transferrin, and prednisone dose. Cystatin C and NT-proBNP class turn out to be predictors of midkine in heart transplant recipients. Midkine levels are dependent on heart and kidney function, and might also represent a surrogate marker of subclinical inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Przybylowski
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
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32
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Gehrig SM, Lynch GS. Emerging drugs for treating skeletal muscle injury and promoting muscle repair. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2011; 16:163-82. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2010.524743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Muramatsu T. Midkine: a promising molecule for drug development to treat diseases of the central nervous system. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:410-23. [PMID: 21375488 PMCID: PMC3267162 DOI: 10.2174/138161211795164167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding cytokine, and promotes growth, survival, migration and other activities of target cells. After describing the general properties of MK, this review focuses on MK and MK inhibitors as therapeutics for diseases in the central nervous system. MK is strongly expressed during embryogenesis especially at the midgestation period, but is expressed only at restricted sites in adults. MK expression is induced upon tissue injury such as ischemic brain damage. Since exogenously administered MK or the gene transfer of MK suppresses neuronal cell death in experimental systems, MK has the potential to treat cerebral infarction. MK might become important also in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. MK is involved in inflammatory diseases by enhancing migration of leukocytes, inducing chemokine production and suppressing regulatory T cells. Since an aptamer to MK suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalitis, MK inhibitors are promising for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. MK is overexpressed in most malignant tumors including glioblastoma, and is involved in tumor invasion. MK inhibitors may be of value in the treatment of glioblastoma. Furthermore, an oncolytic adenovirus, whose replication is under the control of the MK promoter, inhibits the growth of glioblastoma xenografts. MK inhibitors under development include antibodies, aptamers, glycosaminoglycans, peptides and low molecular weight compounds. siRNA and antisense oligoDNA have proved effective against malignant tumors and inflammatory diseases in experimental systems. Practical information concerning the development of MK and MK inhibitors as therapeutics is described in the final part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan.
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Dhalla NS, Müller AL. Protein Kinases as Drug Development Targets for Heart Disease Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2111-2145. [PMID: 27713345 PMCID: PMC4036665 DOI: 10.3390/ph3072111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are intimately integrated in different signal transduction pathways for the regulation of cardiac function in both health and disease. Protein kinase A (PKA), Ca²⁺-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are not only involved in the control of subcellular activities for maintaining cardiac function, but also participate in the development of cardiac dysfunction in cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Although all these kinases serve as signal transducing proteins by phosphorylating different sites in cardiomyocytes, some of their effects are cardioprotective whereas others are detrimental. Such opposing effects of each signal transduction pathway seem to depend upon the duration and intensity of stimulus as well as the type of kinase isoform for each kinase. In view of the fact that most of these kinases are activated in heart disease and their inhibition has been shown to improve cardiac function, it is suggested that these kinases form excellent targets for drug development for therapy of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Alison L Müller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
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Kitahara T, Shishido T, Suzuki S, Katoh S, Sasaki T, Ishino M, Nitobe J, Miyamoto T, Miyashita T, Watanabe T, Takeishi Y, Kubota I. Serum midkine as a predictor of cardiac events in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail 2010; 16:308-13. [PMID: 20350697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor, has various functions such as migration of inflammatory cell and anti-apoptotic effect. Invasion of inflammatory cell and cardiomyocyte apoptosis are involved in development and progression of heart failure (HF). However, the relationship between midkine and HF has not been previously examined. Therefore, we examined clinical significance of serum midkine levels to determine the prognosis of HF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum levels of midkine were measured at admission in 216 consecutive patients hospitalized for HF and 60 control subjects. Patients were prospectively followed during a mean follow-up period of 653 +/- 375 days with the end points of cardiac death and progressive HF requiring rehospitalization. Serum concentrations of midkine were significantly higher in patients with HF than in controls. Patients with cardiac events had significantly higher concentrations of midkine than those without cardiac events. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that cardiac event rates increased markedly as midkine levels rose. Furthermore in the multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age, gender ,and complications, midkine was the independent predictor of cardiac events. CONCLUSION Serum midkine levels are increased in HF patients, and midkine is a novel marker for risk stratifying HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Kitahara
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Muramatsu T. Midkine, a heparin-binding cytokine with multiple roles in development, repair and diseases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:410-425. [PMID: 20431264 PMCID: PMC3417803 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Midkine is a heparin-binding cytokine or a growth factor with a molecular weight of 13 kDa. Midkine binds to oversulfated structures in heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. The midkine receptor is a molecular complex containing proteoglycans. Midkine promotes migration, survival and other activities of target cells. Midkine has about 50% sequence identity with pleiotrophin. Mice deficient in both factors exhibit severe abnormalities including female infertility. In adults, midkine is expressed in damaged tissues and involved in the reparative process. It is also involved in inflammatory reactions by promoting the migration of leukocytes, induction of chemokines and suppression of regulatory T cells. Midkine is expressed in a variety of malignant tumors and promotes their growth and invasion. Midkine appears to be helpful for the treatment of injuries in the heart, brain, spinal cord and retina. Midkine inhibitors are expected to be effective in the treatment of malignancies, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, renal diseases, restenosis, hypertension and adhesion after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University. 12 Araike, Aichi, Japan.
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Sumida A, Horiba M, Ishiguro H, Takenaka H, Ueda N, Ooboshi H, Opthof T, Kadomatsu K, Kodama I. Midkine gene transfer after myocardial infarction in rats prevents remodelling and ameliorates cardiac dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 86:113-21. [PMID: 19969622 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We have previously reported that therapy with midkine (MK) has a protective effect in mouse models of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia/reperfusion. The underlying mechanism was proved to be anti-apoptosis and prevention of left ventricular (LV) remodelling following angiogenesis. Here we investigated the effects of overexpression of MK by adenoviral gene transfer on cardiac function and remodelling in an experimental rat MI model. METHODS AND RESULTS MI was created in male Wistar rats. Adenoviral vectors encoding mouse MK (AdMK) or beta-galactosidase (AdLacZ; as controls) were injected in myocardium at the onset of MI. One week after injection, in vivo adenoviral gene expression was assessed by western blot and histological analysis. After echocardiographic analysis at 4 weeks and haemodynamic analysis at 6 weeks after MI, AdMK animals had better cardiac function compared with AdLacZ animals. Heart weight (HW) and relative HW of AdMK animals were not different from sham-operated animals after 6 weeks, pointing to a very potent effect in the prevention of ischemic cardiomyopathy. In histological studies at 6 weeks after MI, AdMK animals had less fibrosis in the non-infarcted myocardium and higher vascular density in the border-zone area compared with AdLacZ animals. AdMK animals had strongly upregulated levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Akt, PI 3-kinase, and Bcl-2, whereas the level of Bax was downregulated compared with AdLacZ animals. CONCLUSION Overexpression of MK prevents LV remodelling and ameliorates LV dysfunction by anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic effects. MK gene transfer may provide a new therapeutic modality in ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arihiro Sumida
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Huro-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Floege J, Uhlig S. Kidney calling lung and call back: how organs talk to each other. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 25:32-4. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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