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SenthilKumar G, Hammond ST, Zirgibel Z, Cohen KE, Beyer AM, Freed JK. Is the peripheral microcirculation a window into the human coronary microvasculature? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 193:67-77. [PMID: 38848808 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests a pivotal role for the microvasculature in the development of cardiovascular disease. A dysfunctional coronary microvascular network, specifically within endothelial cells-the inner most cell layer of vessels-is considered a strong, independent risk factor for future major adverse cardiac events. However, challenges exist with evaluating this critical vascular bed, as many of the currently available techniques are highly invasive and cost prohibitive. The more easily accessible peripheral microcirculation has surfaced as a potential surrogate in which to study mechanisms of coronary microvascular dysfunction and likewise may be used to predict poor cardiovascular outcomes. In this review, we critically evaluate a variety of prognostic, physiological, and mechanistic studies in humans to answer whether the peripheral microcirculation can add insight into coronary microvascular health. A conceptual framework is proposed that the health of the endothelium specifically may link the coronary and peripheral microvascular beds. This is supported by evidence showing a correlation between human coronary and peripheral endothelial function in vivo. Although not a replacement for investigating and understanding coronary microvascular function, the microvascular endothelium from the periphery responds similarly to (patho)physiological stress and may be leveraged to explore potential therapeutic pathways to mitigate stress-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika SenthilKumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Stephen T Hammond
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Zachary Zirgibel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Katie E Cohen
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Julie K Freed
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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2
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Peixoto-Neves D, Jaggar JH. Physiological functions and pathological involvement of ion channel trafficking in the vasculature. J Physiol 2023:10.1113/JP285007. [PMID: 37818949 PMCID: PMC11006830 DOI: 10.1113/jp285007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of ion channels regulate membrane potential and calcium influx in arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells to modify vascular functions, including contractility. The current (I) generated by a population of ion channels is equally dependent upon their number (N), open probability (Po) and single channel current (i), such that I = N.PO .i. A conventional view had been that ion channels traffic to the plasma membrane in a passive manner, resulting in a static surface population. It was also considered that channels assemble with auxiliary subunits prior to anterograde trafficking of the multimeric complex to the plasma membrane. Recent studies have demonstrated that physiological stimuli can regulate the surface abundance (N) of several different ion channels in arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells to control arterial contractility. Physiological stimuli can also regulate the number of auxiliary subunits present in the plasma membrane to modify the biophysical properties, regulatory mechanisms and physiological functions of some ion channels. Furthermore, ion channel trafficking becomes dysfunctional in the vasculature during hypertension, which negatively impacts the regulation of contractility. The temporal kinetics of ion channel and auxiliary subunit trafficking can also vary depending on the signalling mechanisms and proteins involved. This review will summarize recent work that has uncovered the mechanisms, functions and pathological modifications of ion channel trafficking in arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan H. Jaggar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38139
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Thomas HJ, Ang T, Morrison DJ, Keske MA, Parker L. Acute exercise and high-glucose ingestion elicit dynamic and individualized responses in systemic markers of redox homeostasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127088. [PMID: 37063903 PMCID: PMC10102861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBiomarkers of oxidation-reduction (redox) homeostasis are commonly measured in human blood to assess whether certain stimuli (e.g., high-glucose ingestion or acute exercise) lead to a state of oxidative distress (detrimental to health) or oxidative eustress (beneficial to health). Emerging research indicates that redox responses are likely to be highly individualized, yet few studies report individual responses. Furthermore, the effects of complex redox stimuli (e.g., high-glucose-ingestion after exercise) on redox homeostasis remains unclear. We investigated the effect of acute exercise (oxidative eustress), high-glucose ingestion (oxidative distress), and high-glucose ingestion after exercise (both oxidative eu/distress), on commonly measured redox biomarkers in serum/plasma.MethodsIn a randomized crossover fashion, eight healthy men (age: 28 ± 4 years; BMI: 24.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2 [mean ± SD]) completed two separate testing conditions; 1) consumption of a high-glucose mixed-nutrient meal (45% carbohydrate [1.1 g glucose.kg-1], 20% protein, and 35% fat) at rest (control trial), and 2) consumption of the same meal 3 h and 24 h after 1 h of moderate-intensity cycling exercise (exercise trial). Plasma and serum were analyzed for an array of commonly studied redox biomarkers.ResultsOxidative stress and antioxidant defense markers (hydrogen peroxide, 8-isoprostanes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and nitrate levels) increased immediately after exercise (p < 0.05), whereas nitric oxide activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) remained similar to baseline (p > 0.118). Nitric oxide activity and nitrate levels decreased at 3 h post-exercise compared to pre-exercise baseline levels. Depending on when the high-glucose mixed nutrient meal was ingested and the postprandial timepoint investigated, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense biomarkers either increased (hydrogen peroxide, TBARS, and superoxide dismutase), decreased (hydrogen peroxide, 8-isoprostanes, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide activity, nitrate, and nitrite), or remained similar to pre-meal baseline levels (hydrogen peroxide, 8-isoprostanes, TBARS, catalase, superoxide dismutase and nitrite). Redox responses exhibited large inter-individual variability in the magnitude and/or direction of responses.ConclusionFindings highlight the necessity to interpret redox biomarkers in the context of the individual, biomarker measured, and stimuli observed. Individual redox responsiveness may be of physiological relevance and should be explored as a potential means to inform personalized redox intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Thomas
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Teddy Ang
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale J. Morrison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle A. Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lewan Parker,
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Chabowski DS, Hughes WE, Hockenberry JC, LoGiudice J, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD. Lipid phosphate phosphatase 3 maintains NO-mediated flow-mediated dilatation in human adipose resistance arterioles. J Physiol 2023; 601:469-481. [PMID: 36575638 PMCID: PMC10979460 DOI: 10.1113/jp283923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction predicts adverse cardiovascular events despite absence of large vessel disease. A shift in the mediator of flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) from nitric oxide (NO) to mitochondrial-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) occurs in arterioles from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The underlying mechanisms governing this shift are not completely defined. Lipid phosphate phosphatase 3 (LPP3) is a transmembrane protein that dephosphorylates lysophosphatidic acid, a bioactive lipid, causing a receptor-mediated increase in reactive oxygen species. A single nucleotide loss-of-function polymorphism in the gene coding for LPP3 (rs17114036) is associated with elevated risk for CAD, independent of traditional risk factors. LPP3 is suppressed by miR-92a, which is elevated in the circulation of patients with CAD. Repression of LPP3 increases vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in animal models. We investigated the role of LPP3 and miR-92a as a mechanism for microvascular dysfunction in CAD. We hypothesized that modulation of LPP3 is critically involved in the disease-associated shift in mediator of FMD. LPP3 protein expression was reduced in left ventricle tissue from CAD relative to non-CAD patients (P = 0.004), with mRNA expression unchanged (P = 0.96). Reducing LPP3 expression (non-CAD) caused a shift from NO to H2 O2 (% maximal dilatation: Control 78.1 ± 11.4% vs. Peg-Cat 30.0 ± 11.2%; P < 0.0001). miR-92a is elevated in CAD arterioles (fold change: 1.9 ± 0.01 P = 0.04), while inhibition of miR-92a restored NO-mediated FMD (CAD), and enhancing miR-92a expression (non-CAD) elicited H2 O2 -mediated dilatation (P < 0.0001). Our data suggests LPP3 is crucial in the disease-associated switch in the mediator of FMD. KEY POINTS: Lipid phosphate phosphatase 3 (LPP3) expression is reduced in heart tissue patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Loss of LPP3 in CAD is associated with an increase in the LPP3 inhibitor, miR-92a. Inhibition of LPP3 in the microvasculature of healthy patients mimics the CAD flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) phenotype. Inhibition of miR-92a restores nitric oxide-mediated FMD in the microvasculature of CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid S Chabowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - William E Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph C Hockenberry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John LoGiudice
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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5
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Park SK, Cho JM, Mookherjee S, Pires PW, David Symons J. Recent Insights Concerning Autophagy and Endothelial Cell Nitric Oxide Generation. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Terwoord JD, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD. Endothelial dysfunction as a complication of anti-cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108116. [PMID: 35063569 PMCID: PMC9294076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent strides in anti-cancer therapeutics have improved longevity and led to a growing population of cancer survivors, who are increasingly likely to die of other causes. Treatment-induced cardiotoxicity is a complication of several therapeutic agents with acute and long-term consequences for cancer patients. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a precursor and hallmark of ischemic coronary disease and may play a role in anti-cancer therapy-induced cardiotoxicity. This review summarizes clinical evidence for endothelial dysfunction following anti-cancer therapy and extends the discussion to include the impact of therapeutic agents on conduit arteries and the microcirculation. We highlight the role of innate immune system activation and cross-talk between inflammation and oxidative stress as pathogenic mechanisms underlying anti-cancer therapy-induced vascular toxicity. Understanding the impact of anti-cancer agents on the vascular endothelium will inform therapeutic approaches to prevent or reverse treatment-induced cardiotoxicity and may serve as an important tool to predict, monitor, and prevent adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janée D Terwoord
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America.
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
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Tian Y, Fopiano KA, Patel VS, Feher A, Bagi Z. Role of Caveolae in the Development of Microvascular Dysfunction and Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:825018. [PMID: 35250626 PMCID: PMC8894849 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.825018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 2 diabetes (T2D) microvascular dysfunction can interfere with tissue glucose uptake thereby contributing to the development of hyperglycemia. The cell membrane caveolae orchestrate signaling pathways that include microvascular control of tissue perfusion. In this study, we examined the role of caveolae in the regulation of microvascular vasomotor function under the condition of hyperglycemia in T2D patients and rodent models. Human coronary arterioles were obtained during cardiac surgery from T2D patients, with higher perioperative glucose levels, and from normoglycemic, non-diabetic controls. The coronary arteriole responses to pharmacological agonists bradykinin and acetylcholine were similar in T2D and non-diabetic patients, however, exposure of the isolated arteries to methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβCD), an agent known to disrupt caveolae, reduced vasodilation to bradykinin selectively in T2D subjects and converted acetylcholine-induced vasoconstriction to dilation similarly in the two groups. Dilation to the vascular smooth muscle acting nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside, was not affected by mβCD in either group. Moreover, mβCD reduced endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation to a greater extent in hyperglycemic and obese db/db mice than in the non-diabetic controls. Mechanistically, when fed a high-fat diet (HFD), caveolin-1 knockout mice, lacking caveolae, exhibited a significantly reduced endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation, both ex vivo and in vivo, which was accompanied by significantly higher serum glucose levels, when compared to HFD fed wild type controls. Thus, in T2D arterioles the role of caveolae in regulating endothelium-dependent arteriole dilation is altered, which appears to maintain vasodilation and mitigate the extent of hyperglycemia. While caveolae play a unique role in microvascular vasomotor regulation, under the condition of hyperglycemia arterioles from T2D subjects appear to be more susceptible for caveolae disruption-associated vasomotor dysfunction and impaired glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Tian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Katie Anne Fopiano
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Vijay S. Patel
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Attila Feher
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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8
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Kendrick DJ, Mishra RC, John CM, Zhu HL, Braun AP. Effects of Pharmacological Inhibitors of NADPH Oxidase on Myogenic Contractility and Evoked Vasoactive Responses in Rat Resistance Arteries. Front Physiol 2022; 12:752366. [PMID: 35140625 PMCID: PMC8818784 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, are reported to contribute to the dynamic regulation of contractility in various arterial preparations, however, the situation in pressurized, myogenically active resistance arteries is much less clear. In the present study, we have utilized established pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidase activity to examine the potential contribution of ROS to intrinsic myogenic contractility in adult Sprague–Dawley rat resistance arteries and responses to vasoactive agents acting via the endothelium (i.e., acetylcholine, SKA-31) or smooth muscle (i.e., sodium nitroprusside, phenylephrine). In cannulated and pressurized cremaster skeletal muscle and middle cerebral arteries, the NOX inhibitors 2-acetylphenothiazine (2-APT) and VAS2870, selective for NOX1 and NOX2, respectively, evoked concentration-dependent inhibition of basal myogenic tone in a reversible and irreversible manner, respectively, whereas the non-selective inhibitor apocynin augmented myogenic contractility. The vasodilatory actions of 2-APT and VAS2870 occurred primarily via the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle, respectively. Functional responses to established endothelium-dependent and –independent vasoactive agents were largely unaltered in the presence of either 2-APT or apocynin. In cremaster arteries from Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) Goto-Kakizaki rats with endothelial dysfunction, treatment with either 2-APT or apocynin did not modify stimulus-evoked vasoactive responses, but did affect basal myogenic tone. These same NOX inhibitors produced robust inhibition of total NADPH oxidase activity in aortic tissue homogenates from control and T2D rats, and NOX isozymes 1, 2 and 4, along with superoxide dismutase 1, were detected by qPCR in cremaster arteries and aorta from both species. Based on the diverse effects that we observed for established, chemically distinct NOX inhibitors, the functional contribution of vascular NADPH oxidase activity to stimulus-evoked vasoactive signaling in myogenically active, small resistance arteries remains unclear.
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9
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Ranadive SM, Dillon GA, Mascone SE, Alexander LM. Vascular Health Triad in Humans With Hypertension-Not the Usual Suspects. Front Physiol 2021; 12:746278. [PMID: 34658930 PMCID: PMC8517241 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.746278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) affects more than one-third of the US population and remains the top risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Identifying the underlying mechanisms for developing HTN are of critical importance because the risk of developing CVD doubles with ∼20 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure (BP). Endothelial dysfunction, especially in the resistance arteries, is the primary site for initiation of sub-clinical HTN. Furthermore, inflammation and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) not only influence the endothelium independently, but also have a synergistic influence on each other. Together, the interplay between inflammation, ROS and vascular dysfunction is referred to as the vascular health triad, and affects BP regulation in humans. While the interplay of the vascular health triad is well established, new underlying mechanistic targets are under investigation, including: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nuclear factor activated T cells. This review outlines the role of these unusual suspects in vascular health and function in humans. This review connects the dots using these unusual suspects underlying inflammation, ROS and vascular dysfunction especially in individuals at risk of or with diagnosed HTN based on novel studies performed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Gabrielle A Dillon
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sara E Mascone
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lacy M Alexander
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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10
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Laddu D, Kim H, Phillips SA, Jun M. INERTIA: A pilot study of the impact of progressive resistance training on blood pressure control in older adults with sarcopenia. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 108:106516. [PMID: 34311098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, and high blood pressure are highly prevalent, preventable conditions that pose significant burden for older adults and on the healthcare system. Current prevention and treatment of high blood pressure in sarcopenia, by non-pharmacological approaches remain limited and are far from optimal. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies provide encouraging evidence of a plausible therapeutic effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) on blood pressure in younger, and pre-hypertensive and hypertensive older adults. The impact of PRT on blood pressure has not been empirically tested in older adults with sarcopenia. This pilot study aims to provide effect size confidence intervals, clinical trial and intervention feasibility data, and procedural materials for a full-scale randomized controlled trial that will determine the efficacy of PRT intervention as a therapeutic strategy for blood pressure control in older adults with sarcopenia. Participants (N = 90) will be randomized to receive exercise educational materials or the PRT intervention consisting of 24 supervised exercise sessions over 12-weeks. Follow-up assessments will occur at 12-weeks and one-year later. The primary outcome is systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, analyzed separately. Microvascular mechanisms linking muscle (perfusion, strength, function) to changes in blood pressure will be explored at baseline and 12-weeks. This study will provide new evidence for the therapeutic effect of PRT as a non-pharmacological strategy for improving blood pressure. Insights gained may also inform of the potential role of muscle strength as a novel target for blood pressure control, and future exercise prescription guidelines related to muscle strengthening in high-risk older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Laddu
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Room 434 (MC 898), Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - Hajwa Kim
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Biostatistics Core, 914 S. Wood Street, Room 233, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
| | - Shane A Phillips
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Room 746 (MC 898), Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Ma Jun
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Medicine, 1747 W. Roosevelt Rd, Room 586 (MC 275), Chicago, IL 60608, United States.
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11
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Jukic I, Mihaljevic Z, Matic A, Mihalj M, Kozina N, Selthofer-Relatic K, Mihaljevic D, Koller A, Tartaro Bujak I, Drenjancevic I. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor is involved in flow-induced vasomotor responses of isolated middle cerebral arteries: role of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1609-H1624. [PMID: 33666506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00620.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the mechanosensing role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in flow-induced dilation (FID) and oxidative stress production in middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of Sprague-Dawley rats. Eleven-week old, healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats on a standard diet were given the AT1R blocker losartan (1 mg/mL) in drinking water (losartan group) or tap water (control group) ad libitum for 7 days. Blockade of AT1R attenuated FID and acetylcholine-induced dilation was compared with control group. Nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (Indo) significantly reduced FID in control group. The attenuated FID in losartan group was further reduced by Indo only at Δ100 mmHg, whereas l-NAME had no effect. In losartan group, Tempol (a superoxide scavenger) restored dilatation, whereas Tempol + l-NAME together significantly reduced FID compared with restored dilatation with Tempol alone. Direct fluorescence measurements of NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MCA, in no-flow conditions revealed significantly reduced vascular NO levels with AT1R blockade compared with control group, whereas in flow condition increased the NO and ROS production in losartan group and had no effect in the control group. In losartan group, Tempol decreased ROS production in both no-flow and flow conditions. AT1R blockade elicited increased serum concentrations of ANG II, 8-iso-PGF2α, and TBARS, and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT). These results suggest that in small isolated cerebral arteries: 1) AT1 receptor maintains dilations in physiological conditions; 2) AT1R blockade leads to increased vascular and systemic oxidative stress, which underlies impaired FID.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The AT1R blockade impaired the endothelium-dependent, both flow- and acetylcholine-induced dilations of MCA by decreasing vascular NO production and increasing the level of vascular and systemic oxidative stress, whereas it mildly influenced the vascular wall inflammatory phenotype, but had no effect on the systemic inflammatory response. Our data provide functional and molecular evidence for an important role of AT1 receptor activation in physiological conditions, suggesting that AT1 receptors have multiple biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jukic
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljevic
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matic
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Centre Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Natasa Kozina
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Selthofer-Relatic
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Heart and Vascular Diseases, University Hospital Centre Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Mihaljevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Centre Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Akos Koller
- Department of Neurosurgery and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Sport-Physiology Research Centre, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Ivana Tartaro Bujak
- Radiation Chemistry and Dosimetry Laboratory, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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12
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Katunaric B, Cohen KE, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD, Freed JK. Sweat the small stuff: The human microvasculature and heart disease. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12658. [PMID: 32939881 PMCID: PMC7960576 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally thought of primarily as the predominant regulator of myocardial perfusion, it is becoming more accepted that the human coronary microvasculature also exerts a more direct influence on the surrounding myocardium. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) not only precedes large artery atherosclerosis, but is associated with other cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It is also highly predictive of cardiovascular events in patients with or without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on this recent paradigm shift and delves into the clinical consequences of CMD. Concepts of how resistance arterioles contribute to disease will be discussed, highlighting how the microvasculature may serve as a potential target for novel therapies and interventions. Finally, both invasive and non-invasive methods with which to assess the coronary microvasculature both for diagnostic and risk stratification purposes will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Katunaric
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Katie E. Cohen
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Andreas M. Beyer
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David D. Gutterman
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Julie K. Freed
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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13
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Hughes WE, Zinkevich N, Gutterman DD, Beyer AM. Hypertension preserves the magnitude of microvascular flow-mediated dilation following transient elevation in intraluminal pressure. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14507. [PMID: 33587335 PMCID: PMC7883808 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to measure flow-mediated dilation (FMD) prior to and following transient increases in intraluminal pressure (IILP) in resistance arterioles isolated from subjects with and without coronary artery disease (CAD) (CAD and non-CAD) and non-CAD subjects with hypertension. METHODS Arterioles were isolated from discarded surgical tissues (adipose and atrial) from patients without coronary artery disease (non-CAD; ≤1 risk factor, excluding hypertension), with CAD, and non-CAD patients with hypertension (hypertension as the only risk factor). To simulate transient hypertension, increased IILP was generated (150 mmHg, 30 min) by gravity. Arterioles were constricted with endothelin-1, followed by FMD and endothelial-independent dilation prior to and following exposure to IILP. RESULTS IILP reduced FMD in non-CAD and CAD arterioles relative to pre-IILP (p <.05 at 100 cmH2 O). In contrast, arterioles from non-CAD hypertensive subjects exhibited no reduction in maximal FMD following IILP (p = .84 at 100 cmH2 O). FMD was reduced by L-NAME prior to IILP in non-CAD hypertensive patients (p < .05 at 100 cmH2 O); however, following IILP, FMD was inhibited by peg-cat (p < .05 at 100 cmH2 O), indicating a switch from NO to H2 O2 as the mechanism of dilation. CONCLUSIONS Acute exposure (30 min) to IILP (150 mmHg) attenuates the magnitude of FMD in non-CAD and CAD resistance arterioles. The presence of clinically diagnosed hypertension in non-CAD resistance arterioles preserves the magnitude of FMD following IILP as a result of a compensatory switch from NO to H2 O2 as the mechanism of dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Hughes
- Department of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Natalya Zinkevich
- Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of Health and MedicineCarroll UniversityWaukeshaWIUSA
| | - David D. Gutterman
- Department of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Andreas M. Beyer
- Department of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
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14
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Ali MM, Naquiallah D, Qureshi M, Mirza MI, Hassan C, Masrur M, Bianco FM, Frederick P, Cristoforo GP, Gangemi A, Phillips SA, Mahmoud AM. DNA methylation profile of genes involved in inflammation and autoimmunity correlates with vascular function in morbidly obese adults. Epigenetics 2021; 17:93-109. [PMID: 33487124 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1876285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Blood-detected epigenetic profiles may serve as non-invasive clinically relevant biomarkers. Therefore, we investigated DNA methylation of genes involved in inflammation in peripheral blood of obese subjects and lean controls and their correlation with cardiometabolic measurements. We obtained blood and adipose tissue (AT) samples from bariatric patients (n = 24) and control adults (n = 24). AT-isolated arterioles were tested for flow-induced dilation (FID) and production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured via doppler ultrasound. Promoter methylation of 94 genes involved in inflammation and autoimmunity were analysed in whole-blood DNA in relation to vascular function and cardiometabolic risk factors. 77 genes had ahigher methylated fraction in the controls compare obese subjects and 28 proinflammatory genes were significantly hypomethylated in the obese individuals; on top of these genes are CXCL1, CXCL12, CXCL6, IGF2BP2, HDAC4, IL12A, and IL17RA. Fifteen of these genes had significantly higher mRNA in obese subjects compared to controls; on top of these genes are CXCL6, TLR5, IL6ST, EGR1, IL15RA, and HDAC4. Methylation % inversely correlated with BMI, total fat %, visceral fat%, blood pressure, fasting plasma insulin, serum IL6 and C-reactive protein, arteriolar ROS, and alcohol consumption and positive correlations with lean %, HDL, plasma folate and vitamin B12, arteriolar FID and NO production, and brachial FMD. Our results suggest that vascular dysfunction in obese adults may be attributed to asystemic hypomethylation and over expression of the immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Ali
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dina Naquiallah
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maryam Qureshi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohammed Imaduddin Mirza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chandra Hassan
- Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mario Masrur
- Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francesco M Bianco
- Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrice Frederick
- Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giulianotti P Cristoforo
- Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antonio Gangemi
- Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abeer M Mahmoud
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Hughes WE, Chabowski DS, Ait-Aissa K, Fetterman JL, Hockenberry J, Beyer AM, Gutterman DD. Critical Interaction Between Telomerase and Autophagy in Mediating Flow-Induced Human Arteriolar Vasodilation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:446-457. [PMID: 33232201 PMCID: PMC7770118 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with a compensatory switch in mechanism of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) from nitric oxide (NO) to H2O2. The underlying mechanism responsible for the pathological shift is not well understood, and recent reports directly implicate telomerase and indirectly support a role for autophagy. We hypothesize that autophagy is critical for shear stress-induced release of NO and is a crucial component of for the pathway by which telomerase regulates FMD. Approach and Results: Human left ventricular, atrial, and adipose resistance arterioles were collected for videomicroscopy and immunoblotting. FMD and autophagic flux were measured in arterioles treated with autophagy modulators alone, and in tandem with telomerase-activity modulators. LC3B II/I was higher in left ventricular tissue from patients with CAD compared with non-CAD (2.8±0.2 versus 1.0±0.2-fold change; P<0.05), although p62 was similar between groups. Shear stress increased Lysotracker fluorescence in non-CAD arterioles, with no effect in CAD arterioles. Inhibition of autophagy in non-CAD arterioles induced a switch from NO to H2O2, while activation of autophagy restored NO-mediated vasodilation in CAD arterioles. In the presence of an autophagy activator, telomerase inhibitor prevented the expected switch (Control: 82±4%; NG-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester: 36±5%; polyethylene glycol catalase: 80±3). Telomerase activation was unable to restore NO-mediated FMD in the presence of autophagy inhibition in CAD arterioles (control: 72±7%; NG-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester: 79±7%; polyethylene glycol catalase: 38±9%). CONCLUSIONS We provide novel evidence that autophagy is responsible for the pathological switch in dilator mechanism in CAD arterioles, demonstrating that autophagy acts downstream of telomerase as a common denominator in determining the mechanism of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Hughes
- Department of Medicine (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI.,Cardiovascular Center (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Dawid S Chabowski
- Department of Medicine (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI.,Cardiovascular Center (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Karima Ait-Aissa
- Department of Medicine (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI.,Cardiovascular Center (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (J.L.F.)
| | - Joseph Hockenberry
- Department of Medicine (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI.,Cardiovascular Center (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Medicine (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI.,Cardiovascular Center (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI.,Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI.,Cardiovascular Center (W.E.H., D.S.C., K.A.-A., J.H., A.M.B., D.D.G.), MCW, Milwaukee, WI
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16
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Mason SA, Trewin AJ, Parker L, Wadley GD. Antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise: Current evidence and mechanistic insights. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101471. [PMID: 32127289 PMCID: PMC7284926 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant supplements are commonly consumed by endurance athletes to minimize exercise-induced oxidative stress, with the intention of enhancing recovery and improving performance. There are numerous commercially available nutritional supplements that are targeted to athletes and health enthusiasts that allegedly possess antioxidant properties. However, most of these compounds are poorly investigated with respect to their in vivo redox activity and efficacy in humans. Therefore, this review will firstly provide a background to endurance exercise-related redox signalling and the subsequent adaptations in skeletal muscle and vascular function. The review will then discuss commonly available compounds with purported antioxidant effects for use by athletes. N-acetyl cysteine may be of benefit over the days prior to an endurance event; while chronic intake of combined 1000 mg vitamin C + vitamin E is not recommended during periods of heavy training associated with adaptations in skeletal muscle. Melatonin, vitamin E and α-lipoic acid appear effective at decreasing markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, evidence on their effects on endurance performance are either lacking or not supportive. Catechins, anthocyanins, coenzyme Q10 and vitamin C may improve vascular function, however, evidence is either limited to specific sub-populations and/or does not translate to improved performance. Finally, additional research should clarify the potential benefits of curcumin in improving muscle recovery post intensive exercise; and the potential hampering effects of astaxanthin, selenium and vitamin A on skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training. Overall, we highlight the lack of supportive evidence for most antioxidant compounds to recommend to athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adam J Trewin
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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17
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Hyperhomocysteinemia and Low Folate and Vitamin B12 Are Associated with Vascular Dysfunction and Impaired Nitric Oxide Sensitivity in Morbidly Obese Patients. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072014. [PMID: 32645905 PMCID: PMC7400872 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia that has been linked to high cardiovascular risk in obese individuals and could be attributed to poor nutritional status of folate and vitamin B12. We sought to examine the association between blood homocysteine (Hcy) folate, and vitamin B12 levels and vascular dysfunction in morbidly obese adults using novel ex vivo flow-induced dilation (FID) measurements of isolated adipose tissue arterioles. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was also measured. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from morbidly obese individuals and non-obese controls. Resistance arterioles were isolated in which FID, acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID), and nitric oxide (NO) production were measured in the absence or presence of the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, Hcy, or the superoxide dismutase mimetic, TEMPOL. Our results demonstrated that plasma Hcy concentrations were significantly higher, while folate, vitamin B12, and NO were significantly lower in obese subjects compared to controls. Hcy concentrations correlated positively with BMI, fat %, and insulin levels but not with folate or vitamin B12. Brachial and arteriolar vasodilation were lower in obese subjects, positively correlated with folate and vitamin B12, and inversely correlated with Hcy. Arteriolar NO measurements and sensitivity to L-NAME were lower in obese subjects compared to controls. Finally, Hcy incubation reduced arteriolar FID and NO sensitivity, an effect that was abolished by TEMPOL. In conclusion, these data suggest that high concentrations of plasma Hcy and low concentrations of folate and vitamin B12 could be independent predictors of vascular dysfunction in morbidly obese individuals.
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18
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Abstract
Homeostasis is maintained within organisms through the physiological recycling process of autophagy, a catabolic process that is intricately involved in the mobilization of nutrients during starvation, recycling of cellular cargo, as well as initiation of cellular death pathways. Specific to the cardiovascular system, autophagy responds to both chemical (e.g. free radicals) and mechanical stressors (e.g. shear stress). It is imperative to note that autophagy is not a static process, and measurement of autophagic flux provides a more comprehensive investigation into the role of autophagy. The overarching themes emerging from decades of autophagy research are that basal levels of autophagic flux are critical, physiological stressors may increase or decrease autophagic flux, and more importantly, aberrant deviations from basal autophagy may elicit detrimental effects. Autophagy has predominantly been examined within cardiac or vascular smooth muscle tissue within the context of disease development and progression. Autophagic flux within the endothelium holds an important role in maintaining vascular function, demonstrated by the necessary role for intact autophagic flux for shear-induced release of nitric oxide however the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Within this review, we theorize that autophagy itself does not solely control vascular homeostasis, rather, it works in concert with mitochondria, telomerase, and lipids to maintain physiological function. The primary emphasis of this review is on the role of autophagy within the human vasculature, and the integrative effects with physiological processes and diseases as they relate to the vascular structure and function.
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19
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Hwang CL, Bian JT, Thur LA, Peters TA, Piano MR, Phillips SA. Tetrahydrobiopterin Restores Microvascular Dysfunction in Young Adult Binge Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:407-414. [PMID: 31782159 PMCID: PMC10284099 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated binge drinking is associated with reduced microvascular function. However, microvascular responses to pathophysiological stimulus such as high pressure as well as potential mechanisms that underlie binge-induced microvascular dysfunction are unknown. Therefore, using an ex vivo experimental model, we examined microvascular responses following a brief period of high intraluminal pressure in isolated arterioles from young adults who have a history of repeated binge drinking. In addition, we examined whether the application of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, would restore microvascular function in response to flow and high intraluminal pressure in young adult binge drinkers. METHODS Isolated subcutaneous adipose arterioles were obtained from young adult binge drinkers (BD; n = 14), moderate drinkers (MODs; n = 10), and alcohol abstainers (ABs; n = 12; mean age: 23.7 ± 0.5 years; and body mass index: 23.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2 ). Arteriolar flow-induced dilation (FID, pressure gradient: ∆10 to 100 cm H2 O) was measured before and after acute high intraluminal pressure with and without tetrahydrobiopterin. RESULTS Before high pressure, FID at Δ60 and Δ100 cm H2 O pressure gradient in BDs was 14% lower and 18% lower, respectively, than ABs (p < 0.05), while MODs and ABs had similar FID across all pressure gradients (p ≥ 0.2). After high pressure, FID in BDs was further reduced by 10% (p < 0.0005) and this impairment was ameliorated by the treatment of tetrahydrobiopterin (4 to 26% higher, p < 0.005). In contrast, FID after high pressure did not change in MODs and ABs (p ≥ 0.5). CONCLUSIONS Microvascular dysfunction in young adult binge drinkers may be exacerbated with acute pathophysiological stimulus. These binge-induced dysfunctions may be reversed by tetrahydrobiopterin, which suggests a role of oxidative stress and/or uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase in binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chueh-Lung Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jing-Tan Bian
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Laurel A. Thur
- Center for Research Development and Scholarship, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, TN
| | - Tara A. Peters
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mariann R. Piano
- Center for Research Development and Scholarship, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, Nashville, TN
| | - Shane A. Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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20
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Abstract
The microcirculation maintains tissue homeostasis through local regulation of blood flow and oxygen delivery. Perturbations in microvascular function are characteristic of several diseases and may be early indicators of pathological changes in the cardiovascular system and in parenchymal tissue function. These changes are often mediated by various reactive oxygen species and linked to disruptions in pathways such as vasodilation or angiogenesis. This overview compiles recent advances relating to redox regulation of the microcirculation by adopting both cellular and functional perspectives. Findings from a variety of vascular beds and models are integrated to describe common effects of different reactive species on microvascular function. Gaps in understanding and areas for further research are outlined. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:229-260, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Kadlec
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Kim YR, Jacobs JS, Li Q, Gaddam RR, Vikram A, Liu J, Kassan M, Irani K, Kumar S. SUMO2 regulates vascular endothelial function and oxidative stress in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1292-H1300. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00530.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a posttranslational modification of lysine residues. Modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO)1, -2, and -3 can achieve varied, and often unique, physiological and pathological effects. We looked for SUMO2-specific effects on vascular endothelial function. SUMO2 expression was upregulated in the aortic endothelium of hypercholesterolemic low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice and was responsible for impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in these mice. Moreover, overexpression of SUMO2 in aortas ex vivo, in cultured endothelial cells, and transgenically in the endothelium of mice increased vascular oxidative stress and impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Conversely, inhibition of SUMO2 impaired physiological endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in normocholesterolemic mice. These findings indicate that while endogenous SUMO2 is important in maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vascular function, its upregulation impairs vascular homeostasis and contributes to hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sumoylation is known to impair vascular function; however, the role of specific SUMOs in the regulation of vascular function is not known. Using multiple complementary approaches, we show that hyper-SUMO2ylation impairs vascular endothelial function and increases vascular oxidative stress, whereas endogenous SUMO2 is essential for maintenance of normal physiological function of the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Rae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Julia S. Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Qiuxia Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ravinder Reddy Gaddam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ajit Vikram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Modar Kassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kaikobad Irani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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22
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Mahmoud AM, Szczurek M, Hassan C, Masrur M, Gangemi A, Phillips SA. Vitamin D Improves Nitric Oxide-Dependent Vasodilation in Adipose Tissue Arterioles from Bariatric Surgery Patients. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2521. [PMID: 31635396 PMCID: PMC6835261 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high prevalence of vitamin-D deficiency in obese individuals that could be attributed to vitamin-D sequestration in the adipose tissue. Associations between vitamin-D deficiency and unfavorable cardiometabolic outcomes were reported. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms behind these associations are yet to be established. In our previous studies, we demonstrated microvascular dysfunction in obese adults that was associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO) production. Herein, we examined the role of vitamin D in mitigating microvascular function in morbidly obese adults before and after weight loss surgery. We obtained subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) biopsies from bariatric patients at the time of surgery (n = 15) and gluteal SAT samples three months post-surgery (n = 8). Flow-induced dilation (FID) and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID) and NO production were measured in the AT-isolated arterioles ± NO synthase inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) inhibitor, polyethylene glycol-modified catalase (PEG-CAT), or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Vitamin D improved FID, AChID, and NO production in AT-isolated arterioles at time of surgery; these effects were abolished by L-NAME but not by PEG-CAT. Vitamin-D-mediated improvements were of a higher magnitude in VAT compared to SAT arterioles. After surgery, significant improvements in FID, AChID, NO production, and NO sensitivity were observed. Vitamin-D-induced changes were of a lower magnitude compared to those from the time of surgery. In conclusion, vitamin D improved NO-dependent arteriolar vasodilation in obese adults; this effect was more significant before surgery-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Mahmoud
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Mary Szczurek
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Chandra Hassan
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Mario Masrur
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Antonio Gangemi
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Schulz ME, Katunaric B, Hockenberry JC, Gutterman DD, Freed JK. Manipulation of the Sphingolipid Rheostat Influences the Mediator of Flow-Induced Dilation in the Human Microvasculature. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e013153. [PMID: 31462128 PMCID: PMC6755855 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Elevated levels of ceramide, a sphingolipid known to cause a transition from nitric oxide (NO)- to hydrogen peroxide-dependent flow-induced dilation (FID) in human arterioles, correlate with adverse cardiac events. However, elevations of ceramide are associated with changed concentrations of other sphingolipid metabolites. The effects of sphingolipid metabolites generated through manipulation of this lipid pathway on microvascular function are unknown. We examined the hypothesis that inhibition or activation of the ceramide pathway would determine the mediator of FID. Methods and Results Using videomicroscopy, internal diameter changes were measured in human arterioles collected from discarded adipose tissue during surgery. Inhibition of neutral ceramidase, an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of ceramide, favored hydrogen peroxide-dependent FID in arterioles from healthy patients. Using adenoviral technology, overexpression of neutral ceramidase in microvessels from diseased patients resulted in restoration of NO-dependent FID. Exogenous sphingosine-1-phosphate, a sphingolipid with opposing effects of ceramide, also restored NO as the mediator of FID in diseased arterioles. Likewise, exogenous adiponectin, a known activator of neutral ceramidase, or, activation of adiponectin receptors, favored NO-dependent dilation in arterioles collected from patients with coronary artery disease. Conclusions Sphingolipid metabolites play a critical role in determining the mediator of FID in human resistance arterioles. Manipulating the sphingolipid balance towards ceramide versus sphingosine-1-phosphate favors microvascular dysfunction versus restoration of NO-mediated FID, respectively. Multiple targets exist within this biolipid pathway to treat microvascular dysfunction and potentially improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Schulz
- Department of AnesthesiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
- Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
| | - Boran Katunaric
- Department of AnesthesiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
- Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
| | - Joseph C. Hockenberry
- Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
| | - David D. Gutterman
- Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
| | - Julie K. Freed
- Department of AnesthesiologyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
- Cardiovascular CenterMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWI
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Low-Fat Diet Designed for Weight Loss But Not Weight Maintenance Improves Nitric Oxide-Dependent Arteriolar Vasodilation in Obese Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061339. [PMID: 31207908 PMCID: PMC6627594 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with microvascular dysfunction. While low-fat diet improves cardiovascular risk, its contributions on microvascular function, independent of weight loss, is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in microvessels is improved by low-fat diets designed for weight loss (LFWL) compared to low-fat weight maintenance (LFWM) diet. Obese adults were randomly assigned to either a LFWL diet (n = 11) or LFWM diet (n = 10) for six weeks. Microvessels were obtained from gluteal subcutaneous fat biopsies before and after the intervention for vascular reactivity measurements to acetylcholine (Ach) and flow, with and without L-NAME or indomethacin. Vascular and serum NO and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also measured. LFWL diet increased flow-induced (FID) and ACh-induced dilation (AChID); an effect that was inhibited by L-NAME. Conversely, LFWM diet did not affect FID or AChID. Indomethacin improved FID and AChID in the baseline and this effect was minimized in response to both diets. Serum NO or CRP did not change in response to either diet. In conclusion, LFWL diet improves microvascular reactivity compared to LFWM diet and increased vascular NO contribution to the improved microvascular dilation. These data suggest that weight reduction on low fat diet is critical for microvascular health.
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25
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Boriushkin E, Fancher IS, Levitan I. Shear-Stress Sensitive Inwardly-Rectifying K + Channels Regulate Developmental Retinal Angiogenesis by Vessel Regression. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 52:1569-1583. [PMID: 31145841 PMCID: PMC7063968 DOI: 10.33594/000000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Shear stress plays major roles in developmental angiogenesis, particularly in blood vessel remodeling and maturation but little is known about the shear stress sensors involved in this process. Our recent study identified endothelial Kir2.1 channels as major contributors to flow-induced vasodilation, a hallmark of the endothelial flow response. The goal of this study is to establish the role of Kir2.1 in the regulation of retinal angiogenesis. METHODS The retina of newly born Kir2.1+/- mice were used to investigate the sprouting angiogenesis and remodeling of newly formed branched vessels. The structure, blood density and mural cell coverage have been evaluated by immunohistochemistry of the whole-mount retina. Endothelial cell alignment was assessed using CD31 staining. The experiments with flow-induced vasodilation were used to study the cerebrovascular response to flow. RESULTS Using Kir2.1-deficient mice, we show that the retinas of Kir2.1+/- mice have higher vessel density, increased lengths and increased number of the branching points, as compared to WT littermates. In contrast, the coverage by αSMA is decreased in Kir2.1+/- mice while pericyte coverage does not change. Furthermore, to determine whether deficiency of Kir2.1 affects vessel pruning, we discriminated between intact and degraded vessels or "empty matrix sleeves" and found a significant reduction in the number of empty sleeves on the peripheral part of the retina or "angiogenic front" in Kir2.1+/- mice. We also show that Kir2.1 deficiency results in decreased endothelial alignment in retinal endothelium and impaired flow-induced vasodilation of cerebral arteries, verifying the involvement of Kir2.1 in shear-stress sensing in retina and cerebral circulation. CONCLUSION This study shows that shear-stress sensitive Kir2.1 channels play an important role in pruning of excess vessels and vascular remodeling during retinal angiogenesis. We propose that Kir2.1 mediates the effect of shear stress on vessel maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibra S Fancher
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irena Levitan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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26
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Widlansky ME, Hill RB. Mitochondrial regulation of diabetic vascular disease: an emerging opportunity. Transl Res 2018; 202:83-98. [PMID: 30144425 PMCID: PMC6218302 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-related vascular complication rates remain unacceptably high despite guideline-based medical therapies that are significantly more effective in individuals without diabetes. This critical gap represents an opportunity for researchers and clinicians to collaborate on targeting mechanisms and pathways that specifically contribute to vascular pathology in patients with diabetes mellitus. Dysfunctional mitochondria producing excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) play a proximal cell-signaling role in the development of vascular endothelial dysfunction in the setting of diabetes. Targeting the mechanisms of production of mtROS or mtROS themselves represents an attractive method to reduce the prevalence and severity of diabetic vascular disease. This review focuses on the role of mitochondria in the development of diabetic vascular disease and current developments in methods to improve mitochondrial health to improve vascular outcomes in patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Widlansky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - R Blake Hill
- Department of Biochemisty, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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27
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Hasan R, Jaggar JH. K V channel trafficking and control of vascular tone. Microcirculation 2018; 25. [PMID: 28963858 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane potential is a principal regulator of arterial contractility. Arterial smooth muscle cells express several different types of ion channel that control membrane potential, including KV channels. KV channel activation leads to membrane hyperpolarization, resulting in inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, a reduction in [Ca2+ ]i , and vasodilation. In contrast, KV channel inhibition leads to membrane depolarization and vasoconstriction. The ability of KV channels to regulate arterial contractility is dependent upon the number of plasma membrane-resident channels and their open probability. Here, we will discuss mechanisms that alter the surface abundance of KV channel proteins in arterial smooth muscle cells and the functional consequences of such regulation. Cellular processes that will be described include those that modulate KV channel transcription, retrograde and anterograde trafficking, and protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquibul Hasan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan H Jaggar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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28
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29
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Zinkevich NS, Fancher IS, Gutterman DD, Phillips SA. Roles of NADPH oxidase and mitochondria in flow-induced vasodilation of human adipose arterioles: ROS-induced ROS release in coronary artery disease. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28480622 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES H2 O2 contributes to FID of human arterioles. This study is designed to examine the roles of mitochondria and NADPH oxidase in modulating the release of ROS and in mediating FID. We tested whether NADPH oxidase contributes to mitochondrial ROS generation in arterioles during CAD. METHODS Visceral adipose arterioles obtained from patients with or without CAD were cannulated and pressurized for videomicroscopic measurement of arteriolar diameters. Dilator responses and ROS production during flow were determined in the presence and absence of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor gp91ds-tat and the mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor rotenone. RESULTS Both dilation and H2 O2 generation during flow were reduced in the presence of rotenone (13.5±8% vs 97±% without rotenone) or gp91ds-tat in patients with CAD, while patients without CAD exhibited H2 O2 -independent dilations. Mitochondrial superoxide production during flow was attenuated by gp91ds-tat in arterioles from CAD patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ROS produced by NADPH oxidase are an upstream component of the mitochondria-dependent pathway contributing to flow-dependent H2 O2 generation and dilation in peripheral microvessels from patients with CAD. We conclude that in CAD, both mitochondria and NADPH oxidase contribute to FID through a redox mechanism in visceral arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya S Zinkevich
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, USA
| | - Ibra S Fancher
- Department of Physical Therapy, Department of Medicine (Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism), Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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30
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Bian JT, Piano MR, Kotlo KU, Mahmoud AM, Phillips SA. MicroRNA-21 Contributes to Reduced Microvascular Function in Binge Drinking Young Adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:278-285. [PMID: 29178290 PMCID: PMC7286284 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease. MicroRNA-21 (miR21) is up-regulated in the setting of excessive alcohol consumption and CV disease. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the vasodilatory responses to flow and acetylcholine (ACh) in the absence and presence of an anti-miR21 inhibitor in the microcirculation of young adult repeated binge drinkers (BDs). METHODS Gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from young adults (18 to 30 years, n = 35 vessels from BDs and n = 28 vessels from abstainers). Resistance arteries (RAs) were isolated, incubated with anti-miR21 or a negative control (NC) to miR21 (12 hours; 50 nM), and lumen diameters measured with video microscopy. miR21 of adipose tissues was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Flow-induced dilation and ACh-induced dilation (AChID) were reduced in BDs as compared to abstainers. The miR21 inhibitor but not the NC abrogated these effects in BDs, but did not affect vasodilation in abstainers. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition with L-NAME reduced vasodilation in abstainers but not in BDs. In BDs, vasodilation was reduced by L-NAME in the presence of anti-miR21 but not the NC. Scavenging the reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide with polyethylene glycol catalase reduced dilation in BDs but did not affect the restored dilation by the miR21 inhibitor. Maximum dilation to papaverine (endothelium independent) was similar between groups and unaffected by pharmacological inhibition. Finally, vascular endogenous miR21 was increased in BDs compared to abstainers. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous miR21 is increased in RAs of young BDs, leading to reduced flow and AChID in the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tan Bian
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mariann R. Piano
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
TN
| | - Kumar U. Kotlo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Abeer M. Mahmoud
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Shane A. Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism,
Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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31
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Robinson AT, Fancher IS, Mahmoud AM, Phillips SA. Microvascular Vasodilator Plasticity After Acute Exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:48-55. [PMID: 28816705 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is reduced after acute exercise or after high intraluminal pressure in isolated arterioles from sedentary adults but not in arterioles from regular exercisers. The preserved vasodilation in arterioles from exercisers is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dependent, whereas resting dilation is nitric oxide (NO) dependent. We hypothesize chronic exercise elicits adaptations allowing for maintained vasodilation when NO bioavailability is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Robinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Ibra S Fancher
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.,Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Abeer M Mahmoud
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.,Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.,Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.,Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.,Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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Alevriadou BR, Shanmughapriya S, Patel A, Stathopulos PB, Madesh M. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ transport in the endothelium: regulation by ions, redox signalling and mechanical forces. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2017.0672. [PMID: 29237825 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) transport by mitochondria is an important component of the cell Ca2+ homeostasis machinery in metazoans. Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria is a major determinant of bioenergetics and cell fate. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake occurs via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) complex, an inner mitochondrial membrane protein assembly consisting of the MCU Ca2+ channel, as its core component, and the MCU complex regulatory/auxiliary proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular nature of the MCU complex and its regulation by intra- and extramitochondrial levels of divalent ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]m) and mitochondrial ROS (mROS) are intricately coupled in regulating MCU activity. Here, we highlight the contribution of MCU activity to vascular endothelial cell (EC) function. Besides the ionic and oxidant regulation, ECs are continuously exposed to haemodynamic forces (either pulsatile or oscillatory fluid mechanical shear stresses, depending on the precise EC location within the arteries). Thus, we also propose an EC mechanotransduction-mediated regulation of MCU activity in the context of vascular physiology and atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rita Alevriadou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Akshar Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA .,Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Leurgans TM, Bloksgaard M, Irmukhamedov A, Riber LP, De Mey JGR. Relaxing Responses to Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide in Human Pericardial Resistance Arteries Stimulated with Endothelin-1. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:74-81. [PMID: 28686356 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In human pericardial resistance arteries, effects of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator bradykinin are mediated by NO during contraction induced by K+ or the TxA2 analogue U46619 and by H2 O2 during contraction by endothelin-1 (ET-1), respectively. We tested the hypotheses that ET-1 reduces relaxing effects of NO and increases those of H2 O2 in resistance artery smooth muscle of patients with cardiovascular disease. Arterial segments, dissected from the parietal pericardium of 39 cardiothoracic surgery patients, were studied by myography during amplitude-matched contractions induced by K+ , the TXA2 analogue U46619 or ET-1. Effects of the NO donor Na-nitroprusside (SNP) and of exogenous H2 O2 were recorded in the absence and presence of inhibitors of cyclooxygenases, NO synthases and small and intermediate conductance calcium-activated K+ channels. During contractions induced by either of the three stimuli, the potency of SNP did not differ and was not modified by the inhibitors. In vessels contracted with ET-1, the potency of H2 O2 was on average and in terms of interindividual variability considerably larger than in K+ -contracted vessels. Both differences were not statistically significant in the presence of inhibitors of mechanisms of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. In resistance arteries from patients with cardiovascular disease, ET-1 does not selectively modify smooth muscle relaxing responses to NO or H2 O2 . Furthermore, the candidate endothelium-derived relaxing factor H2 O2 also acts as an endothelium-dependent vasodilator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Leurgans
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Bloksgaard
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Akhmadjon Irmukhamedov
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars P Riber
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jo G R De Mey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Nox2 contributes to hyperinsulinemia-induced redox imbalance and impaired vascular function. Redox Biol 2017; 13:288-300. [PMID: 28600985 PMCID: PMC5466665 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction and subsequent development of cardiovascular disease. Previously we found that skeletal muscle arteriolar flow-induced dilation (FID) was reduced following a hyperinsulinemic clamp in healthy adults. Therefore, we hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia, a hallmark of insulin resistance, contributes to microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction via inducing oxidative stress that is mediated by NADPH oxidase (Nox) system. We examined the effect of insulin, at levels that are comparable with human hyperinsulinemia on 1) FID of isolated arterioles from human skeletal muscle tissue in the presence and absence of Nox inhibitors and 2) human adipose microvascular endothelial cell (HAMECs) expression of nitric oxide (NO), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and Nox-mediated oxidative stress. In six lean healthy participants (mean age 25.5±1.6 y, BMI 21.8±0.9), reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased while NO and arteriolar FID were reduced following 60 min of ex vivo insulin incubation. These changes were reversed after co-incubation with the Nox isoform 2 (Nox2) inhibitor, VAS2870. In HAMECs, insulin-induced time-dependent increases in Nox2 expression and P47phox phosphorylation were echoed by elevations of superoxide production. In contrast, phosphorylation of eNOS and expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD2 and SOD3) isoforms showed a biphasic response with an increased expression at earlier time points followed by a steep reduction phase. Insulin induced eNOS uncoupling that was synchronized with a drop of NO and a surge of ROS production. These effects were reversed by Tempol (SOD mimetic), Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4; eNOS cofactor), and VAS2870. Finally, insulin induced nitrotyrosine formation which was reversed by inhibiting NO or superoxide generation. In conclusions, hyperinsulinemia may reduce FID via inducing Nox2-mediated superoxide production in microvascular endothelial cells which reduce the availability of NO and enhances peroxynitrite formation. Therefore, the Nox2 pathway should be considered as a target for the prevention of oxidative stress-associated endothelial dysfunction during hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia impairs FID and induces ROS production in human muscle arterioles. Insulin-induced ROS production in endotelial cells is mediated by NADPH oxidase. Long exposure to high insulin levels reduces eNOS phosphorylation and NO production.
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Phillips SA, Andaku DK, Mendes RG, Caruso FR, Cabiddu R, Jaenisch RB, Arena R, Borghi-Silva A. Exploring Vascular Function Biomarkers: Implications for Rehabilitation. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 32:125-135. [PMID: 28492794 PMCID: PMC5409260 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2016-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and
regulating blood vessel function. Endothelial function is considered an
independent predictor for risk of future cardiovascular events in cardiovascular
and non-cardiovascular patients, as well as a predictor for postoperative
complications in cardiovascular surgery patients. Brachial artery flow-mediated
dilation by high-resolution ultrasound is widely used to evaluate
endothelium-dependent vasodilation, which is mainly mediated by nitric oxide
release. Physical exercise exerts beneficial effects on endothelial function and
can be used in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiac and peripheral
artery diseases, even in the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniela Kuguimoto Andaku
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Gonçalves Mendes
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia Rossi Caruso
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramona Cabiddu
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Boemo Jaenisch
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Mirhosseini SM, Meghdadi S, Moghaddam AS. Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: a Case Report. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 32:136-137. [PMID: 28492795 PMCID: PMC5409248 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2016-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a patient with unstable angina candidate for coronary artery bypass
grafting. Saphenous vein graft was used in obtuse marginal and left internal
mammary artery to left anterior descending artery properly. After surgery, the
patient experienced flaccid paralysis of lower limb and impaired sensation of
touch and warmth of knee and below. A computed tomography angiogram of lower
limbs and thoracolumbar magnetic resonance imaging showed no abnormality. Based
on the symptom, clinical diagnosis of anterior spinal artery syndrome was
considered. The artery of Adamkiewicz is an important supplier to the anterior
spinal artery. Internal thoracic mammary artery, used in coronary artery bypass
grafting, is suspected as a collateral supplier of the artery of Adamkiewicz and
has been accused for cause of spinal infarction.
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Abstract
The heart is uniquely responsible for providing its own blood supply through the coronary circulation. Regulation of coronary blood flow is quite complex and, after over 100 years of dedicated research, is understood to be dictated through multiple mechanisms that include extravascular compressive forces (tissue pressure), coronary perfusion pressure, myogenic, local metabolic, endothelial as well as neural and hormonal influences. While each of these determinants can have profound influence over myocardial perfusion, largely through effects on end-effector ion channels, these mechanisms collectively modulate coronary vascular resistance and act to ensure that the myocardial requirements for oxygen and substrates are adequately provided by the coronary circulation. The purpose of this series of Comprehensive Physiology is to highlight current knowledge regarding the physiologic regulation of coronary blood flow, with emphasis on functional anatomy and the interplay between the physical and biological determinants of myocardial oxygen delivery. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:321-382, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Goodwill
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Gregory M Dick
- California Medical Innovations Institute, 872 Towne Center Drive, Pomona, CA
| | - Alexander M Kiel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Drive, Lafayette, IN
| | - Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Ahn SJ, Fancher IS, Bian JT, Zhang CX, Schwab S, Gaffin R, Phillips SA, Levitan I. Inwardly rectifying K + channels are major contributors to flow-induced vasodilatation in resistance arteries. J Physiol 2016; 595:2339-2364. [PMID: 27859264 PMCID: PMC5374117 DOI: 10.1113/jp273255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Endothelial inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir2.1) channels regulate flow-induced vasodilatation via nitric oxide (NO) in mouse mesenteric resistance arteries. Deficiency of Kir2.1 channels results in elevated blood pressure and increased vascular resistance. Flow-induced vasodilatation in human resistance arteries is also regulated by inwardly rectifying K+ channels. This study presents the first direct evidence that Kir channels play a critical role in physiological endothelial responses to flow. ABSTRACT Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels are known to be sensitive to flow, but their role in flow-induced endothelial responses is not known. The goal of this study is to establish the role of Kir channels in flow-induced vasodilatation and to provide first insights into the mechanisms responsible for Kir signalling in this process. First, we establish that primary endothelial cells isolated from murine mesenteric arteries express functional Kir2.1 channels sensitive to shear stress. Then, using the Kir2.1+/- heterozygous mouse model, we establish that downregulation of Kir2.1 results in significant decrease in shear-activated Kir currents and inhibition of endothelium-dependent flow-induced vasodilatation (FIV) assayed in pressurized mesenteric arteries pre-constricted with endothelin-1. Deficiency in Kir2.1 also results in the loss of flow-induced phosphorylation of eNOS and Akt, as well as inhibition of NO generation. All the effects are fully rescued by endothelial cell (EC)-specific overexpression of Kir2.1. A component of FIV that is Kir independent is abrogated by blocking Ca2+ -sensitive K+ channels. Kir2.1 has no effect on endothelium-independent and K+ -induced vasodilatation in denuded arteries. Kir2.1+/- mice also show increased mean blood pressure measured by carotid artery cannulation and increased microvascular resistance measured using a tail-cuff. Importantly, blocking Kir channels also inhibits flow-induced vasodilatation in human subcutaneous adipose microvessels. Endothelial Kir channels contribute to FIV of mouse mesenteric arteries via an NO-dependent mechanism, whereas Ca2+ -sensitive K+ channels mediate FIV via an NO-independent pathway. Kir2 channels also regulate vascular resistance and blood pressure. Finally, Kir channels also contribute to FIV in human subcutaneous microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Joon Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ibra S Fancher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jing-Tan Bian
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chong Xu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Schwab
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Gaffin
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Core Lab, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irena Levitan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Nishijima Y, Cao S, Chabowski DS, Korishettar A, Ge A, Zheng X, Sparapani R, Gutterman DD, Zhang DX. Contribution of K V1.5 Channel to Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Human Arteriolar Dilation and Its Modulation by Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2016; 120:658-669. [PMID: 27872049 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) regulates vascular tone in the human microcirculation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. It dilates arterioles by activating large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels in subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD), but its mechanisms of action in subjects without CAD (non-CAD) when compared with those with CAD remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that H2O2-elicited dilation involves different K+ channels in non-CAD versus CAD, resulting in an altered capacity for vasodilation during disease. METHODS AND RESULTS H2O2 induced endothelium-independent vasodilation in non-CAD adipose arterioles, which was reduced by paxilline, a large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker, and by 4-aminopyridine, a voltage-gated K+ (KV) channel blocker. Assays of mRNA transcripts, protein expression, and subcellular localization revealed that KV1.5 is the major KV1 channel expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and is abundantly localized on the plasma membrane. The selective KV1.5 blocker diphenylphosphine oxide-1 and the KV1.3/1.5 blocker 5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen reduced H2O2-elicited dilation to a similar extent as 4-aminopyridine, but the selective KV1.3 blocker phenoxyalkoxypsoralen-1 was without effect. In arterioles from CAD subjects, H2O2-induced dilation was significantly reduced, and this dilation was inhibited by paxilline but not by 4-aminopyridine, diphenylphosphine oxide-1, or 5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen. KV1.5 cell membrane localization and diphenylphosphine oxide-1-sensitive K+ currents were markedly reduced in isolated vascular smooth muscle cells from CAD arterioles, although mRNA or total cellular protein expression was largely unchanged. CONCLUSIONS In human arterioles, H2O2-induced dilation is impaired in CAD, which is associated with a transition from a combined large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+- and KV (KV1.5)-mediated vasodilation toward a large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+-predominant mechanism of dilation. Loss of KV1.5 vasomotor function may play an important role in microvascular dysfunction in CAD or other vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Nishijima
- From the Department of Medicine (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Cardiovascular Center (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.S.C., A.K.), Division of Biostatistics (R.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.D.G.), Milwaukee, WI
| | - Sheng Cao
- From the Department of Medicine (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Cardiovascular Center (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.S.C., A.K.), Division of Biostatistics (R.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.D.G.), Milwaukee, WI
| | - Dawid S Chabowski
- From the Department of Medicine (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Cardiovascular Center (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.S.C., A.K.), Division of Biostatistics (R.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.D.G.), Milwaukee, WI
| | - Ankush Korishettar
- From the Department of Medicine (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Cardiovascular Center (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.S.C., A.K.), Division of Biostatistics (R.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.D.G.), Milwaukee, WI
| | - Alyce Ge
- From the Department of Medicine (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Cardiovascular Center (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.S.C., A.K.), Division of Biostatistics (R.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.D.G.), Milwaukee, WI
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- From the Department of Medicine (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Cardiovascular Center (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.S.C., A.K.), Division of Biostatistics (R.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.D.G.), Milwaukee, WI
| | - Rodney Sparapani
- From the Department of Medicine (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Cardiovascular Center (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.S.C., A.K.), Division of Biostatistics (R.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.D.G.), Milwaukee, WI
| | - David D Gutterman
- From the Department of Medicine (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Cardiovascular Center (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.S.C., A.K.), Division of Biostatistics (R.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.D.G.), Milwaukee, WI
| | - David X Zhang
- From the Department of Medicine (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Cardiovascular Center (Y.N., S.C., D.S.C., A.K., A.G., X.Z., D.D.G., D.X.Z.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.S.C., A.K.), Division of Biostatistics (R.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, and Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.D.G.), Milwaukee, WI.
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Short-term high salt intake reduces brachial artery and microvascular function in the absence of changes in blood pressure. J Hypertens 2016; 34:676-84. [PMID: 26848993 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to test the hypothesis that short-term high salt intake reduces macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function in the absence of changes in blood pressure and to determine whether acute exercise restores endothelial function after high salt in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve women were administered high salt (11 g of sodium chloride for 7 days) and then underwent a weightlifting session. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and nitroglycerin dilation were measured with ultrasound at baseline, after high salt, and after weightlifting. Subcutaneous fat tissue biopsies were obtained at baseline, after high salt, and after weightlifting. Resistance arteries from biopsies were cannulated for vascular reactivity measurements in response to flow [flow-induced dilation (FID)] and acetylcholine. RESULTS Blood pressure was similar before and after high salt diet. Brachial flow-mediated dilation was reduced after high salt diet but was not affected by acute weightlifting. Brachial nitroglycerin dilations were similar before and after high salt. FID and acetylcholine-induced dilation of resistance arteries were similar to that of before and after high salt diet. FID and acetylcholine-induced dilation was not altered by weightlifting after high salt diet. However, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester significantly reduced FID at baseline and after exercise but had no effect dilator reactivity after high salt diet alone. CONCLUSION These data suggest that high salt intake reduces brachial artery endothelial function and switches the mediator of vasodilation in the microcirculation to a non-nitric oxide-dependent mechanism in healthy adults and acute exercise may switch the dilator mechanism back to nitric oxide during high salt diet.
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41
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Mahmoud AM, Szczurek MR, Blackburn BK, Mey JT, Chen Z, Robinson AT, Bian JT, Unterman TG, Minshall RD, Brown MD, Kirwan JP, Phillips SA, Haus JM. Hyperinsulinemia augments endothelin-1 protein expression and impairs vasodilation of human skeletal muscle arterioles. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12895. [PMID: 27796268 PMCID: PMC5002909 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is a hallmark of insulin resistance-associated metabolic disorders. Under physiological conditions, insulin maintains a balance between nitric oxide (NO) and, the potent vasoconstrictor, endothelin-1 (ET-1). We tested the hypothesis that acute hyperinsulinemia will preferentially augment ET-1 protein expression, disrupt the equilibrium between ET-1 expression and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activation, and subsequently impair flow-induced dilation (FID) in human skeletal muscle arterioles. Skeletal muscle biopsies were performed on 18 lean, healthy controls (LHCs) and 9 older, obese, type 2 diabetics (T2DM) before and during (120 min) a 40 mU/m2/min hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (5 mmol/L) clamp. Skeletal muscle protein was analyzed for ET-1, eNOS, phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS), and ET-1 receptor type A (ETAR) and B (ETBR) expression. In a subset of T2DM (n = 6) and LHCs (n = 5), FID of isolated skeletal muscle arterioles was measured. Experimental hyperinsulinemia impaired FID (% of dilation at ∆60 pressure gradient) in LHCs (basal: 74.2 ± 2.0; insulin: 57.2 ± 3.3, P = 0.003) and T2DM (basal: 62.1 ± 3.6; insulin: 48.9 ± 3.6, P = 0.01). Hyperinsulinemia increased ET-1 protein expression in LHCs (0.63 ± 0.04) and T2DM (0.86 ± 0.06) compared to basal conditions (LHCs: 0.44 ± 0.05, P = 0.007; T2DM: 0.69 ± 0.06, P = 0.02). Insulin decreased p-eNOS (serine 1177) only in T2DM (basal: 0.28 ± 0.07; insulin: 0.17 ± 0.04, P = 0.03). In LHCs, hyperinsulinemia disturbed the balance between ETAR and ETBR receptors known to mediate vasoconstrictor and vasodilator actions of ET-1, respectively. Moreover, hyperinsulinemia markedly impaired plasma NO concentration in both LHCs and T2DM These data suggest that hyperinsulinemia disturbs the vasomotor balance in human skeletal muscle favoring vasoconstrictive pathways, eventually impairing arteriolar vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Mahmoud
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mary R Szczurek
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian K Blackburn
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob T Mey
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zhenlong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Austin T Robinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jing-Tan Bian
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Terry G Unterman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael D Brown
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob M Haus
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Nevitt C, McKenzie G, Christian K, Austin J, Hencke S, Hoying J, LeBlanc A. Physiological levels of thrombospondin-1 decrease NO-dependent vasodilation in coronary microvessels from aged rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1842-50. [PMID: 27199114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00086.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging and cardiovascular disease are associated with the loss of nitric oxide (NO) signaling and a decline in the ability to increase coronary blood flow reserve (CFR). Thrombospondin-1 (Thbs-1), through binding of CD47, has been shown to limit NO-dependent vasodilation in peripheral vascular beds via formation of superoxide (O2 (-)). The present study tests the hypothesis that, similar to the peripheral vasculature, blocking CD47 will improve NO-mediated vasoreactivity in coronary arterioles from aged individuals, resulting in improved CFR. Isolated coronary arterioles from young (4 mo) or old (24 mo) female Fischer 344 rats were challenged with the NO donor, DEA-NONO-ate (1 × 10(-7) to 1 × 10(-4) M), and vessel relaxation and O2 (-) production was measured before and after Thbs-1, αCD47, and/or Tempol and catalase exposure. In vivo CFR was determined in anesthetized rats (1-3% isoflurane-balance O2) via injected microspheres following control IgG or αCD47 treatment (45 min). Isolated coronary arterioles from young and old rats relax similarly to exogenous NO, but addition of 2.2 nM Thbs-1 inhibited NO-mediated vasodilation by 24% in old rats, whereas young vessels were unaffected. Thbs-1 increased O2 (-) production in coronary arterioles from rats of both ages, but this was exaggerated in old rats. The addition of CD47 blocking antibody completely restored NO-dependent vasodilation in isolated arterioles from aged rats and attenuated O2 (-) production. Furthermore, αCD47 treatment increased CFR from 9.6 ± 9.3 (IgG) to 84.0 ± 23% in the left ventricle in intact, aged animals. These findings suggest that the influence of Thbs-1 and CD47 on coronary perfusion increases with aging and may be therapeutically targeted to reverse coronary microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Nevitt
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Grant McKenzie
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Katelyn Christian
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jeff Austin
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sarah Hencke
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - James Hoying
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Amanda LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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43
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Durand MJ, Zinkevich NS, Riedel M, Gutterman DD, Nasci VL, Salato VK, Hijjawi JB, Reuben CF, North PE, Beyer AM. Vascular Actions of Angiotensin 1-7 in the Human Microcirculation: Novel Role for Telomerase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1254-62. [PMID: 27079876 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined vascular actions of angiotensin 1-7 (ANG 1-7) in human atrial and adipose arterioles. APPROACH AND RESULTS The endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) switches from antiproliferative nitric oxide (NO) to proatherosclerotic hydrogen peroxide in arterioles from humans with coronary artery disease (CAD). Given the known vasoprotective properties of ANG 1-7, we tested the hypothesis that overnight ANG 1-7 treatment restores the NO component of FMD in arterioles from patients with CAD. Endothelial telomerase activity is essential for preserving the NO component of vasodilation in the human microcirculation; thus, we also tested whether telomerase activity was necessary for ANG 1-7-mediated vasoprotection by treating separate arterioles with ANG 1-7±the telomerase inhibitor 2-[[(2E)-3-(2-naphthalenyl)-1-oxo-2-butenyl1-yl]amino]benzoic acid. ANG 1-7 dilated arterioles from patients without CAD, whereas dilation was significantly reduced in arterioles from patients with CAD. In atrial arterioles from patients with CAD incubated with ANG 1-7 overnight, the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester abolished FMD, whereas the hydrogen peroxide scavenger polyethylene glycol catalase had no effect. Conversely, in vessels incubated with ANG 1-7+2-[[(2E)-3-(2-naphthalenyl)-1-oxo-2-butenyl1-yl]amino]benzoic acid, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester had no effect on FMD, but polyethylene glycol catalase abolished dilation. In cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells, ANG 1-7 significantly increased telomerase activity. These results indicate that ANG 1-7 dilates human microvessels, and dilation is abrogated in the presence of CAD. Furthermore, ANG 1-7 treatment is sufficient to restore the NO component of FMD in arterioles from patients with CAD in a telomerase-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS ANG 1-7 exerts vasoprotection in the human microvasculature via modulation of telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Durand
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.)
| | - Natalya S Zinkevich
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.)
| | - Michael Riedel
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.)
| | - David D Gutterman
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.)
| | - Victoria L Nasci
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.)
| | - Valerie K Salato
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.)
| | - John B Hijjawi
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.)
| | - Charles F Reuben
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.)
| | - Paula E North
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.)
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (M.J.D., N.S.Z., M.R., D.D.G., V.L.N., A.M.B.), Department of Pathology, Division of Pediatric Pathology (V.K.S., P.E.N.), Department of Plastic Surgery (J.B.H.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.F.R.), and Department of Physiology (A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and Department of Health and Medicine, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI (N.S.Z.).
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Leurgans TM, Bloksgaard M, Brewer JR, Bagatolli LA, Fredgart MH, Rosenstand K, Hansen ML, Rasmussen LM, Irmukhamedov A, De Mey JG. Endothelin-1 shifts the mediator of bradykinin-induced relaxation from NO to H2 O2 in resistance arteries from patients with cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1653-64. [PMID: 26914408 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that in resistance arteries from cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients, effects of an endothelium-dependent vasodilator depend on the contractile stimulus. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Arteries dissected from parietal pericardium of cardiothoracic surgery patients were studied by myography and imaging techniques. Segments were sub-maximally contracted by K(+) , the TxA2 analogue U46619 or endothelin-1 (ET-1). KEY RESULTS Relaxing effects of Na-nitroprusside were comparable, but those of bradykinin (BK) were bigger in the presence of ET-1 compared with K(+) or U46619. BK-induced relaxation was (i) abolished by L-NAME in K(+) -contracted arteries, (ii) partly inhibited by L-NAME in the presence of U46619 and (iii) not altered by indomethacin, L-NAME plus inhibitors of small and intermediate conductance calcium-activated K(+) channels, but attenuated by catalase, in ET-1-contracted arteries. This catalase-sensitive relaxation was unaffected by inhibitors of NADPH oxidases or allopurinol. Exogenous H2 O2 caused a larger relaxation of ET-1-induced contractions than those evoked by K(+) or U46619 in the presence of inhibitors of other endothelium-derived relaxing factors. Catalase-sensitive staining of cellular ROS with CellROX Deep Red was significantly increased in the presence of both 1 μM BK and 2 nM ET-1 but not either peptide alone. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In resistance arteries from patients with CVD, exogenous ET-1 shifts the mediator of relaxing responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator BK from NO to H2 O2 and neither NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase nor NOS appear to be involved in this effect. This might have consequences for endothelial dysfunction in conditions where intra-arterial levels of ET-1 are enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Leurgans
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Bloksgaard
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonathan R Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luis A Bagatolli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maise H Fredgart
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Rosenstand
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria L Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Akhmadjon Irmukhamedov
- Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jo Gr De Mey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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45
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Mitochondrial signaling in the vascular endothelium: beyond reactive oxygen species. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:26. [PMID: 26992928 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the mitochondria have been viewed as the cell's powerhouse, producing energy in the form of ATP. As a byproduct of ATP formation, the mitochondrial electron transport chain produces substantial amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). First thought to be toxic, recent literature indicates an important signaling function for mitochondria-derived ROS, especially in relation to cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. This has spawned an evolution to a more contemporary view of mitochondrial function as a dynamic organelle involved in key regulatory and cell survival processes. Beyond ROS, recent studies have identified a host of mitochondria-linked factors that influence the cellular and extracellular environments, including mitochondria-derived peptides, mitochondria-localized proteins, and the mitochondrial genome itself. Interestingly, many of these factors help orchestrate ROS homeostasis and ROS-related signaling. The paradigm defining the role of mitochondria in the vasculature needs to be updated yet again to include these key signaling factors, which serves as the focus of the current review. In describing these novel signaling factors, we pay specific attention to their influence on endothelial homeostasis. Therapies targeting these pathways are discussed, as are emerging research directions.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generated by endothelial cells to relax vascular smooth muscle is one of the most intensely studied molecules in the past 25 years. Much of what is known about NO regulation of NO is based on blockade of its generation and analysis of changes in vascular regulation. This approach has been useful to demonstrate the importance of NO in large scale forms of regulation but provides less information on the nuances of NO regulation. However, there is a growing body of studies on multiple types of in vivo measurement of NO in normal and pathological conditions. This discussion will focus on in vivo studies and how they are reshaping the understanding of NO's role in vascular resistance regulation and the pathologies of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The role of microelectrode measurements in the measurement of [NO] will be considered because much of the controversy about what NO does and at what concentration depends upon the measurement methodology. For those studies where the technology has been tested and found to be well founded, the concept evolving is that the stresses imposed on the vasculature in the form of flow-mediated stimulation, chemicals within the tissue, and oxygen tension can cause rapid and large changes in the NO concentration to affect vascular regulation. All these functions are compromised in both animal and human forms of hypertension and diabetes mellitus due to altered regulation of endothelial cells and formation of oxidants that both damage endothelial cells and change the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Glenn Bohlen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University Medical School, Indianapolis, Indiana, Indiana, USA
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47
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Grizelj I, Cavka A, Bian JT, Szczurek M, Robinson A, Shinde S, Nguyen V, Braunschweig C, Wang E, Drenjancevic I, Phillips SA. Reduced flow-and acetylcholine-induced dilations in visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose arterioles in human morbid obesity. Microcirculation 2015; 22:44-53. [PMID: 25155427 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The hypothesis of this study was that microvascular FID and AChID is impaired in visceral (VAT) compared to SAT arterioles in morbidly obese women. An Additional aim was to determine the mechanisms contributing to FID and AChID in VAT and SAT arterioles. METHODS AND RESULTS Arterioles were obtained from SAT and VAT biopsies from women (BMI > 35 kg/m(2) ) undergoing bariatric surgery. Microvessels were cannulated for reactivity measurements in response to flow (pressure gradients of 10-100 cmH2 O) and to ACh (10(-9) -10(-4 ) M) with and without l-NAME, INDO, and PEG-catalase. NO and H2 O2 generation were detected in arterioles by fluorescence microscopy. FID and AChID of arterioles from VAT were reduced compared to SAT arterioles. In SAT arterioles, l-NAME, INDO, and PEG-catalase significantly reduced FID and AChID but had no effect individually on VAT arterioles' vasodilator reactivity. INDO +l-NAME reduced FID in VAT arterioles. NO-fluorescence was greater in arterioles from SAT compared to VAT arterioles. Vascular H2 O2 generation during flow was similar in both VAT and SAT. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that VAT arterioles display reduced vasodilator reactivity to flow and ACh compared to SAT arterioles, mediated by different regulatory mechanisms in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grizelj
- Department of Physical Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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48
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Koska J, Sands M, Burciu C, D'Souza KM, Raravikar K, Liu J, Truran S, Franco DA, Schwartz EA, Schwenke DC, D'Alessio D, Migrino RQ, Reaven PD. Exenatide Protects Against Glucose- and Lipid-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Evidence for Direct Vasodilation Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Humans. Diabetes 2015; 64:2624-35. [PMID: 25720388 PMCID: PMC4477348 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists may improve endothelial function (EF) via metabolic improvement and direct vascular action. The current study determined the effect of GLP-1R agonist exenatide on postprandial EF in type 2 diabetes and the mechanisms underlying GLP-1R agonist-mediated vasodilation. Two crossover studies were conducted: 36 participants with type 2 diabetes received subcutaneous exenatide or placebo for 11 days and EF, and glucose and lipid responses to breakfast and lunch were determined; and 32 participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diet-controlled type 2 diabetes had EF measured before and after intravenous exenatide, with or without the GLP-1R antagonist exendin-9. Mechanisms of GLP-1R agonist action were studied ex vivo on human subcutaneous adipose tissue arterioles and endothelial cells. Subcutaneous exenatide increased postprandial EF independent of reductions in plasma glucose and triglycerides. Intravenous exenatide increased fasting EF, and exendin-9 abolished this effect. Exenatide elicited eNOS activation and NO production in endothelial cells, and induced dose-dependent vasorelaxation and reduced high-glucose or lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction in arterioles ex vivo. These effects were reduced with AMPK inhibition. In conclusion, exenatide augmented postprandial EF in subjects with diabetes and prevented high-glucose and lipid-induced endothelial dysfunction in human arterioles. These effects were largely direct, via GLP-1R and AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Koska
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Michelle Sands
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Camelia Burciu
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Karen M D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - James Liu
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Seth Truran
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Daniel A Franco
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Eric A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Dawn C Schwenke
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - David D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | - Peter D Reaven
- Department of Medicine, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
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49
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Hill-Eubanks DC, Gonzales AL, Sonkusare SK, Nelson MT. Vascular TRP channels: performing under pressure and going with the flow. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:343-60. [PMID: 25180264 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00009.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of resistance arteries mediate opposing responses to mechanical forces acting on the vasculature, promoting dilation in response to flow and constriction in response to pressure, respectively. In this review, we explore the role of TRP channels, particularly endothelial TRPV4 and smooth muscle TRPC6 and TRPM4 channels, in vascular mechanosensing circuits, placing their putative mechanosensitivity in context with other proposed upstream and downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert L Gonzales
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Mark T Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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50
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Morris ME, Beare JE, Reed RM, Dale JR, LeBlanc AJ, Kaufman CL, Zheng H, Ng CK, Williams SK, Hoying JB. Systemically delivered adipose stromal vascular fraction cells disseminate to peripheral artery walls and reduce vasomotor tone through a CD11b+ cell-dependent mechanism. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:369-80. [PMID: 25722428 PMCID: PMC4367510 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactivity, an important aspect of tissue healing, is often compromised in disease and tissue injury. Dysfunction in the smaller vasoactive arteries is most impactful, given the role of these vessels in controlling downstream tissue perfusion. The adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a mix of homeostatic cells shown to promote tissue healing. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that autologous SVF cells therapeutically modulate peripheral artery vasoactivity in syngeneic mouse models of small artery function. Analysis of vasoactivity of saphenous arteries isolated from normal mice 1 week after intravenous injection of freshly isolated SVF cells revealed that pressure-dependent artery vasomotor tone was decreased by the SVF cell isolate, but not one depleted of CD11b(+) cells. Scavenging hydrogen peroxide in the vessel wall abrogated the artery relaxation promoted by the SVF cell isolate. Consistent with a CD11b(+) cell being the relevant cell type, SVF-derived F4/80-positive macrophages were present within the adventitia of the artery wall coincident with vasorelaxation. In a model of artery inflammation mimicking a common disease condition inducing vasoactive dysfunction, the SVF cells potentiated relaxation of saphenous arteries without structurally remodeling the artery via a CD11b(+) cell-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate that freshly isolated, adipose SVF cells promote vasomotor relaxation in vasoactive arteries via a hydrogen peroxide-dependent mechanism that required CD11b(+) cells (most likely macrophages). Given the significant impact of small artery dysfunction in disease, we predict that the intravenous delivery of this therapeutic cell preparation would significantly improve tissue perfusion, particularly in diseases with diffuse vascular involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin E Morris
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jason E Beare
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robert M Reed
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jacob R Dale
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Amanda J LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christina L Kaufman
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Huaiyu Zheng
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Chin K Ng
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Stuart K Williams
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - James B Hoying
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Christina M. Kleinert Institute, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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