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Heinonen SE, Genové G, Bengtsson E, Hübschle T, Åkesson L, Hiss K, Benardeau A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Jönsson-Rylander AC, Gomez MF. Animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications: key players in the development of new therapeutic approaches. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:404085. [PMID: 25785279 PMCID: PMC4345079 DOI: 10.1155/2015/404085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a lifelong, incapacitating metabolic disease associated with chronic macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease) and microvascular disorders leading to damage of the kidneys (nephropathy) and eyes (retinopathy). Based on the current trends, the rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide will lead to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, novel means to prevent and treat these complications are needed. Under the auspices of the IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative), the SUMMIT (SUrrogate markers for Micro- and Macrovascular hard end points for Innovative diabetes Tools) consortium is working on the development of novel animal models that better replicate vascular complications of diabetes and on the characterization of the available models. In the past years, with the high level of genomic information available and more advanced molecular tools, a very large number of models has been created. Selecting the right model for a specific study is not a trivial task and will have an impact on the study results and their interpretation. This review gathers information on the available experimental animal models of diabetic macrovascular complications and evaluates their pros and cons for research purposes as well as for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi E. Heinonen
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
- *Suvi E. Heinonen:
| | - Guillem Genové
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hübschle
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lina Åkesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katrin Hiss
- R&D Diabetes Division, Translational Medicine, Sanofi-Aventis, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Agnes Benardeau
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Pharmaceutical Division, pRED, CV and Metabolic Disease, Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Cathrine Jönsson-Rylander
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria F. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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D’Annunzio V, Donato M, Buchholz B, Pérez V, Miksztowicz V, Berg G, Gelpi RJ. High cholesterol diet effects on ischemia–reperfusion injury of the heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1185-96. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of morbi-mortality in developed countries. Both ischemia–reperfusion injury and mechanisms of cardioprotection have been studied for more than 50 years. It is known that the physiopathological mechanism of myocardial ischemia involves several factors that are closely related to its development, of which hypercholesterolemia is one of the main ones. Therefore, the objective of this review was to elucidate the effects of a high-cholesterol diet on normal ventricular function and ischemia–reperfusion injury associated phenomenon such as post-ischemic ventricular dysfunction (stunned myocardium). Although there exist many studies considering several aspects of this physiopathological entity, the majority were carried out on normal animals. Thus, experiments carried out on hypercholesterolemic models are controversial, in particular those evaluating different mechanisms of cardioprotection such as ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning, and cardioprotection granted by drugs such as statins, which apart from exerting a lipid-lowering effect, exert pleiotropic effects providing cardioprotection against ischemia–reperfusion injury. These controversial results concerning the mechanisms of cardioprotection vary according to quality, composition, and time of administration of the high-cholesterol diet, as well as the species used in each experiment. Thus, to compare the results it is necessary to take all of these variables into account, since they can change the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica D’Annunzio
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
| | - Martín Donato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
| | - Bruno Buchholz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
| | - Virginia Pérez
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
| | - Verónica Miksztowicz
- Institute of Physiopathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Lipids and Lipoproteins Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Berg
- Institute of Physiopathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Lipids and Lipoproteins Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Ricardo J. Gelpi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
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Heinonen SE, Merentie M, Hedman M, Mäkinen PI, Loponen E, Kholová I, Bosch F, Laakso M, Ylä-Herttuala S. Left ventricular dysfunction with reduced functional cardiac reserve in diabetic and non-diabetic LDL-receptor deficient apolipoprotein B100-only mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:59. [PMID: 21718508 PMCID: PMC3141395 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lack of suitable mouse models has hindered the studying of diabetic macrovascular complications. We examined the effects of type 2 diabetes on coronary artery disease and cardiac function in hypercholesterolemic low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient apolipoprotein B100-only mice (LDLR-/-ApoB100/100). Methods and results 18-month-old LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 (n = 12), diabetic LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 mice overexpressing insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) in pancreatic beta cells (IGF-II/LDLR-/-ApoB100/100, n = 14) and age-matched C57Bl/6 mice (n = 15) were studied after three months of high-fat Western diet. Compared to LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 mice, diabetic IGF-II/LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 mice demonstrated more calcified atherosclerotic lesions in aorta. However, compensatory vascular enlargement was similar in both diabetic and non-diabetic mice with equal atherosclerosis (cross-sectional lesion area ~60%) and consequently the lumen area was preserved. In coronary arteries, both hypercholesterolemic models showed significant stenosis (~80%) despite positive remodeling. Echocardiography revealed severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and anteroapical akinesia in both LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 and IGF-II/LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 mice. Myocardial scarring was not detected, cardiac reserve after dobutamine challenge was preserved and ultrasructural changes revealed ischemic yet viable myocardium, which together with coronary artery stenosis and slightly impaired myocardial perfusion suggest myocardial hibernation resulting from chronic hypoperfusion. Conclusions LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 mice develop significant coronary atherosclerosis, severe left ventricular dysfunction with preserved but diminished cardiac reserve and signs of chronic myocardial hibernation. However, the cardiac outcome is not worsened by type 2 diabetes, despite more advanced aortic atherosclerosis in diabetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi E Heinonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine at A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury have been extensively investigated in the laboratory mainly in healthy tissues. However, in clinical settings, ischemic heart disease coexists with certain illnesses, which could potentially influence the response of the myocardium to ischemia and reperfusion. Recent research has revealed that the abnormal heart may not be always vulnerable to ischemic injury. Furthermore, the effect of powerful means of protection, such as ischemic preconditioning, may not be in operation under certain pathological conditions. With this evidence in mind, the present review will focus on the response of the abnormal heart to ischemia and reperfusion, the possible underlying mechanisms, and potential cardioprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Pantos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Avenue, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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Xi L, Ghosh S, Wang X, Das A, Anderson FP, Kukreja RC. Hypercholesterolemia Enhances Tolerance to Lethal Systemic Hypoxia in Middle-Aged Mice: Possible Role of VEGF Downregulation in Brain. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 291:205-11. [PMID: 16718361 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia (HCL) is commonly associated with impaired vascular relaxation response and augmented vasoconstriction. Interestingly, it was shown that animals with HCL were less vulnerable to seizures and several clinical studies also revealed a better outcome after stroke in the patients with HCL. To this context, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that HCL would enhance the animals' resistance to severe systemic hypoxia and in turn prolong their survival time under such noxious condition. Four groups of middle-aged (mean age: 51.1 +/- 2.8 weeks) male C57BL/6J wild-type mice (C57BL-WT) and low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice (LDLR-KO) were included in the study: two groups were exposed to severe normobaric hypoxia (5% F(I)O(2)) and other two groups were used for brain tissue sample collection and Western blot analysis. The survival time under the hypoxic condition was recorded for each animal. Individual blood samples were collected immedtately after the cessation of spontaneous breathing for measuring plasma total cholesterol (TCL) and triglycerides. The results show that the hypoxia survival time was longer in LDLR-KO than C57BL-WT (i.e. 3.7 +/- 0.5 versus 2.3 +/- 0.2 min; P < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between TCL and the survival time (r (2) = 0.43; P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was observed in the brain tissue of LDLR-KO, as compared with C57BL-WT (n, = 3/group; P < 0.05), whereas expression of heme oxygenase 1 was similar in these two groups. We conclude that HCL enhances resistance to lethal systemic hypoxia (i.e. 61% increase in survival time) in middle-aged mice. This paradoxical protective effect of HCL was associated with a concomitant downregulation of cerebral VEGF expression, which could potentially blunt the hypoxia-triggered and VEGF-mediated pathophysiological events leading to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xi
- Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
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