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Bernstein KE, Cao D, Shibata T, Saito S, Bernstein EA, Nishi E, Yamashita M, Tourtellotte WG, Zhao TV, Khan Z. Classical and nonclassical effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme: How increased ACE enhances myeloid immune function. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107388. [PMID: 38763333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
As part of the classical renin-angiotensin system, the peptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) makes angiotensin II which has myriad effects on systemic cardiovascular function, inflammation, and cellular proliferation. Less well known is that macrophages and neutrophils make ACE in response to immune activation which has marked effects on myeloid cell function independent of angiotensin II. Here, we discuss both classical (angiotensin) and nonclassical functions of ACE and highlight mice called ACE 10/10 in which genetic manipulation increases ACE expression by macrophages and makes these mice much more resistant to models of tumors, infection, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In another model called NeuACE mice, neutrophils make increased ACE and these mice are much more resistant to infection. In contrast, ACE inhibitors reduce neutrophil killing of bacteria in mice and humans. Increased expression of ACE induces a marked increase in macrophage oxidative metabolism, particularly mitochondrial oxidation of lipids, secondary to increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α expression, and results in increased myeloid cell ATP. ACE present in sperm has a similar metabolic effect, and the lack of ACE activity in these cells reduces both sperm motility and fertilization capacity. These nonclassical effects of ACE are not due to the actions of angiotensin II but to an unknown molecule, probably a peptide, that triggers a profound change in myeloid cell metabolism and function. Purifying and characterizing this peptide could offer a new treatment for several diseases and prove potentially lucrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erika Nishi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Physiology, São Paulo School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michifumi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tuantuan V Zhao
- Research Oncology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Institute for Myeloma & Bone Cancer Research, West Hollywood, California, USA
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2
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Kim J, Kim M, Kim M, You YH, Song Y, Lee BW. Dysregulation of autophagy activation induced by atorvastatin contributes to new-onset diabetes mellitus in western diet-fed mice. Metabolism 2024; 153:155795. [PMID: 38253121 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The incidence of statin-induced new-onset diabetes (NOD) is increasing but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of various doses of atorvastatin (ATO)-induced autophagy on the development of NOD. METHODS AND RESULTS The isolated rat islets and MIN6 cells-treated with ATO, exhibited impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, reduced insulin content, and induced apoptosis. Additionally, autophagy was induced at all doses (in vitro: 5, 10, 20 μM; in vivo: 10, 15, 20 mg/kg) in ATO-treated MIN6 cells or western diet (WD)-fed mice. In contrast to normal glucose-tolerant mice administered a low-dose (10 mg/kg) ATO, those treated with high-doses (15 or 20 mg/kg) exhibited impaired glucose tolerance. Furthermore, high-dose ATO-treated mice showed decreased β-cell mass and increased apoptosis compared to that of vehicle-treated mice. We also observed that the number of vesicophagous cells in the pancreas of 20 mg/kg ATO-treated WD-fed mice was higher than in vehicle-treated WD-fed mice. Inhibiting autophagy using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and siAtg5 improved glucose tolerance in vivo and in vitro by preventing apoptotic β-cell death and restoring insulin granules. CONCLUSION These results indicate that high doses of ATO induced hyperactivated autophagy in pancreatic cells, leading to impaired insulin storage, decreased cell viability, and reduced functional cell mass, ultimately resulting in NOD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjune Kim
- Department of gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hye You
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Song
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Cao D, Veiras L, Ahmed F, Shibata T, Bernstein EA, Okwan-Duodu D, Giani JF, Khan Z, Bernstein KE. The non-cardiovascular actions of ACE. Peptides 2022; 152:170769. [PMID: 35182689 PMCID: PMC10405936 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is well known for its role producing the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and ACE inhibitors are commonly used for treating hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, ACE has many different substrates besides angiotensin I and plays a role in many different physiologic processes. Here, we discuss the role of ACE in the immune response. Several studies in mice indicate that increased expression of ACE by macrophages or neutrophils enhances the ability of these cells to respond to immune challenges such as infection, neoplasm, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis. Increased expression of ACE induces increased oxidative metabolism with an increase in cell content of ATP. In contrast, ACE inhibitors have the opposite effect, and in both humans and mice, administration of ACE inhibitors reduces the ability of neutrophils to kill bacteria. Understanding how ACE affects the immune response may provide a means to increase immunity in a variety of chronic conditions now not treated through immune manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Luciana Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Faizan Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA; Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA; Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA 90048, USA
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4
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Cao DY, Saito S, Veiras LC, Okwan-Duodu D, Bernstein EA, Giani JF, Bernstein KE, Khan Z. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme in myeloid cell immune responses. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:31. [PMID: 32508938 PMCID: PMC7249647 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a dicarboxypeptidase, plays a major role in the regulation of blood pressure by cleaving angiotensin I into angiotensin II (Ang II), a potent vasoconstrictor. Because of its wide substrate specificity and tissue distribution, ACE affects many diverse biological processes. In inflammatory diseases, including granuloma, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease and bacterial infection, ACE expression gets upregulated in immune cells, especially in myeloid cells. With increasing evidences connecting ACE functions to the pathogenesis of these acquired diseases, it is suggested that ACE plays a vital role in immune functions. Recent studies with mouse models of bacterial infection and tumor suggest that ACE plays an important role in the immune responses of myeloid cells. Inhibition of ACE suppresses neutrophil immune response to bacterial infection. In contrast, ACE overexpression in myeloid cells strongly induced bacterial and tumor resistance in mice. A detailed biochemical understanding of how ACE activates myeloid cells and which ACE peptide(s) (substrate or product) mediate these effects could lead to the development of novel therapies for boosting immunity against a variety of stimuli, including bacterial infection and tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Res. Bldg., Rm. 2014, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Res. Bldg., Rm. 2014, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Res. Bldg., Rm. 2014, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Res. Bldg., Rm. 2014, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
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5
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Cao DY, Spivia WR, Veiras LC, Khan Z, Peng Z, Jones AE, Bernstein EA, Saito S, Okwan-Duodu D, Parker SJ, Giani JF, Divakaruni AS, Van Eyk JE, Bernstein KE. ACE overexpression in myeloid cells increases oxidative metabolism and cellular ATP. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1369-1384. [PMID: 31871049 PMCID: PMC6996878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) affects blood pressure. In addition, ACE overexpression in myeloid cells increases their immune function. Using MS and chemical analysis, we identified marked changes of intermediate metabolites in ACE-overexpressing macrophages and neutrophils, with increased cellular ATP (1.7-3.0-fold) and Krebs cycle intermediates, including citrate, isocitrate, succinate, and malate (1.4-3.9-fold). Increased ATP is due to ACE C-domain catalytic activity; it is reversed by an ACE inhibitor but not by an angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist. In contrast, macrophages from ACE knockout (null) mice averaged only 28% of the ATP levels found in WT mice. ACE overexpression does not change cell or mitochondrial size or number. However, expression levels of the electron transport chain proteins NDUFB8 (complex I), ATP5A, and ATP5β (complex V) are significantly increased in macrophages and neutrophils, and COX1 and COX2 (complex IV) are increased in macrophages overexpressing ACE. Macrophages overexpressing ACE have increased mitochondrial membrane potential (24% higher), ATP production rates (29% higher), and maximal respiratory rates (37% higher) compared with WT cells. Increased cellular ATP underpins increased myeloid cell superoxide production and phagocytosis associated with increased ACE expression. Myeloid cells overexpressing ACE indicate the existence of a novel pathway in which myeloid cell function can be enhanced, with a key feature being increased cellular ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Yao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Weston R Spivia
- Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Luciana C Veiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Zhenzi Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ellen A Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Derick Okwan-Duodu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Sarah J Parker
- Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Smidt Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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6
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Cao DY, Spivia WR, Veiras LC, Khan Z, Peng Z, Jones AE, Bernstein EA, Saito S, Okwan-Duodu D, Parker SJ, Giani JF, Divakaruni AS, Van Eyk JE, Bernstein KE. ACE overexpression in myeloid cells increases oxidative metabolism and cellular ATP. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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7
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Zhao WB, Fu H, Chang F, Liu J, Wang J, Li F, Zhao J. Effects of various doses of atorvastatin on vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and autophagy in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:1919-1925. [PMID: 30628690 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin (Lipitor™) is a lipid‑lowering agent that is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Previous research has largely focused on its cholesterol‑lowering effects; however, a limited number of studies have investigated the actions of atorvastatin on vascular endothelial cells. In the present study, the effects of various doses of atorvastatin were investigated on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were treated with various concentrations of atorvastatin in serum‑free or serum‑containing medium, and alterations in HUVEC morphology were observed. Cell survival and necrosis rates were evaluated using sulforhodamine B and lactate dehydrogenase assays, respectively. In addition, the protein expression levels of cellular apoptosis and autophagy markers were detected using western blot analysis. The results revealed that HUVEC morphology was altered following treatment with various concentrations of atorvastatin. In addition, autophagy was demonstrated to be induced by atorvastatin treatment at all concentrations, whereas high concentrations appeared to induce apoptosis and suppress the survival of HUVECs. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that various doses of atorvastatin may exert differential effects on HUVECs, and high doses may suppress angiogenesis. Therefore, atorvastatin may present a novel potential anti‑tumor therapeutic strategy. However, further studies are required to fully elucidate the association between the dose of atorvastatin and its clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Hui Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Fen Chang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Jinlan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
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8
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Zhao T, Bernstein KE, Fang J, Shen XZ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme affects the presentation of MHC class II antigens. J Transl Med 2017; 97:764-771. [PMID: 28394320 PMCID: PMC5493495 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen processing and presentation through the MHC class II pathway is critical for activating T helper cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a carboxyl peptidase expressed by antigen-presenting cells. By analysis of ACE null (knockout), wild-type, and ACE-overexpressing (ACE10) mice and the antigen-presenting cells derived from these mice, we found that ACE has a physiological role in the processing of peptides for MHC class II presentation. The efficiency of presenting MHC class II epitopes from ovalbumin (OVA) and hen egg lysosome is markedly affected by cellular ACE levels. Mice overexpressing ACE in myeloid cells have a much more vigorous CD4+ T-cell and antibody response when immunized with OVA. ACE is present in the endosomal pathway where MHC class II peptide processing and loading occur. The efficiency of MHC class II antigen presentation can be altered by ACE overexpression or ACE pharmacological inhibition. Thus, ACE is a dynamic participant in processing MHC class II peptides. Manipulation of ACE expression by antigen-presenting cells may prove to be a novel strategy to alter the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuantuan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, 200234,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.90048
| | - Kenneth E. Bernstein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.90048
| | - Jianmin Fang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, 200234,Correspondence: (X.Z.S), (J.F.)
| | - Xiao Z. Shen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,310058,Correspondence: (X.Z.S), (J.F.)
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9
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Sun Y, Liu J, Yang B, Sai X, Li T, Wang D, Zhou R. Inhibitory effect of co-administration of atorvastatin and endothelin-1 receptor antagonist on the progression of atherosclerosis in rabbit. APMIS 2013; 122:556-64. [PMID: 24164644 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atorvastatin, a hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor antagonist have been separately indicated to ameliorate disease progression in atherosclerosis. However, no study has evaluated the effect of their combination on atherosclerosis. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the direct in vivo effects of a combination regimen of atorvastatin and ET-1 receptor antagonist on male New Zealand white rabbit models of atherosclerosis (injury-induced). Thirty-two atherosclerotic rabbits were divided into four experimental groups: (a) injury group - fed high-fat diet; (b) ET-1 receptor antagonist preventive group - fed high-fat diet, but with intragastric administration of the ET-1 receptor antagonist, darusentan; (c) combined preventive group - fed high-fat diet, but with intragastric administration of both darusentan and atorvastatin; and (d) treatment group - fed high-fat diet for the first 8 weeks, followed by normal diet and intragastric administration of both darusentan and atorvastatin up to 16 weeks. A further eight non-atherosclerotic rabbits were fed normal diet and classified as the control group. At the end of 8 and 16 weeks, compared with the injury group, the combined preventive group had significant reduction in both the concentration of serum lipids and inflammatory factors and atherosclerosis formation, indicative of a multifaceted anti-atherosclerotic impact. The relative area of atherosclerotic lesions in the injury group (30.84%) was significantly higher than the control group (4.62%; p < 0.05). The combined preventive group showed a significantly robust effect on lowering serum lipid, inflammatory cytokines, and maintained homeostatic balance of free radicals, and important downstream effectors like ET-1 and matrixmetalloproteinase-9. Our data show that atorvastatin and ET-1 receptor antagonist co-administration may decrease lipid levels, stabilize plaques and relieve vascular inflammation. By reducing the plaque burden, this regimen may minimize the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture or arterial occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Emergency, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing, China
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10
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Suski M, Gębska A, Olszanecki R, Stachowicz A, Uracz D, Madej J, Korbut R. Influence of atorvastatin on angiotensin I metabolism in resting and TNF-α -activated rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 15:378-83. [PMID: 23390189 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313475907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential for maintaining vasculature homeostasis and function. By influence on its growth and activation both proinflammatory cytokines and peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are potent regulators of VSMCs. Interestingly, angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang-(1-7) elicit opposite effects on VSMC activation, differentiation and proliferation. It has been suggested that statins, besides anti-inflammatory effects, may also modulate VSMC activation by their influence on the RAS. METHODS The effect of atorvastatin on Ang I metabolism in a culture of explanted rat VSMCs was examined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); expression of mRNA of the main RAS enzymes in VSMC was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS In VSMC culture Ang-(1-7) was identified as a major product of Ang I metabolism. In this setting, TNF-α (1 ng/ml) caused a decrease in the conversion of Ang I to Ang-(1-7). This effect was accompanied by a decrease of mRNA expression of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and increase of mRNA of ACE. Interestingly, atorvastatin (3 μM) attenuated the effects of TNF-α on Ang-(1-7) production as well as reversed the influence of TNF-α on ACE and ACE2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement by atorvastatin of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7) axis in VSMCs could represent a new and beneficial mechanism on cardiovascular action of this widely used drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Suski
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Anna Gębska
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | | | | | - Danuta Uracz
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Jozef Madej
- School of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Poland
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11
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The carboxypeptidase ACE shapes the MHC class I peptide repertoire. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1078-85. [PMID: 21964607 PMCID: PMC3197883 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The surface presentation of peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules is critical to CD8+ T cell mediated adaptive immune responses. Aminopeptidases are implicated in the editing of peptides for MHC class I loading, but C-terminal editing is thought due to proteasome cleavage. By comparing genetically deficient, wild-type and over-expressing mice, we now identify the dipeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as playing a physiologic role in peptide processing for MHC class I. ACE edits the C-termini of proteasome-produced class I peptides. The lack of ACE exposes novel antigens but also abrogates some self-antigens. ACE has major effects on surface MHC class I expression in a haplotype-dependent manner. We propose a revised model of MHC class I peptide processing by introducing carboxypeptidase activity.
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12
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Palmieri D, Pane B, Barisione C, Spinella G, Garibaldi S, Ghigliotti G, Brunelli C, Fulcheri E, Palombo D. Resveratrol counteracts systemic and local inflammation involved in early abdominal aortic aneurysm development. J Surg Res 2011; 171:e237-46. [PMID: 21962734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocyte activation, macrophage infiltration, vascular oxidative stress and matrix proteolysis are inflammatory key steps contributing to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development. A phenotypical and functional heterogeneity is recognizable in monocytes by the differential expression of surface molecules: CD62L- subset corresponds to activated monocytes, while CD143/ACE surface expression increases during their differentiation into macrophages. In this work, Resveratrol, which is an antioxidant polyphenol with vasoprotective properties, has been evaluated for its potential to limit aneurysm development and monocyte-dependent inflammatory response in a model of elastase-induced AAA. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received Resveratrol (10 mg/kg/die) (Rsv group, n=15) or vehicle (ethanol) alone (Et-OH group, n=15) continuously from 7 d before until 14 d after the AAA induction with elastase; five littermates were used as untreated control group (Ctr group, n=5). At the end of treatment, CD143 and CD62L monocyte expression was analyzed by flow cytometry, serum antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the TRAP method and circulating TNFα, and MMP-9 were measured with ELISA and gel zymography, respectively. Aortas were subjected to histology and immunohistochemistry for morphological analysis, macrophage infiltration, and MMP-9, TNFα, and VEGF expression. RESULTS Resveratrol counteracted the CD62L-monocyte subset expansion, CD143 monocyte expression, and circulating levels of MMP-9 activity and TNFα associated to AAA induction. Similarly, treatment with Resveratrol significantly attenuated AAA expansion, vessel wall macrophage infiltration and MMP-9, VEGF, and TNFα expression, compared with AAA from Et-OH group. CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol limited the monocyte-dependent inflammatory response, macrophage differentiation and aortic lumen enlargement in elastase-induced AAA. These data suggest that Resveratrol might be tested in selected patients with small AAA to modulate the early systemic and local inflammatory response associated to AAA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Palmieri
- Experimental and Clinical Vascular Biology Lab, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, San Martino Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Coelho dos Santos JS, Menezes CAS, Villani FNA, Magalhães LMD, Scharfstein J, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO. Captopril increases the intensity of monocyte infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and induces human T helper type 17 cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:528-36. [PMID: 20964644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-hypertensive drug captopril is used commonly to reduce blood pressure of patients with severe forms of Chagas disease, a cardiomyopathy caused by chronic infection with the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Captopril acts by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the vasopressor metallopeptidase that generates angiotensin II and promotes the degradation of bradykinin (BK). Recent studies in mice models of Chagas disease indicated that captopril can potentiate the T helper type 1 (Th1)-directing natural adjuvant property of BK. Equipped with kinin-releasing cysteine proteases, T. cruzi trypomastigotes were shown previously to invade non-professional phagocytic cells, such as human endothelial cells and murine cardiomyocytes, through the signalling of G protein-coupled bradykinin receptors (B(2) KR). Monocytes are also parasitized by T. cruzi and these cells are known to be important for the host immune response during infection. Here we showed that captopril increases the intensity of T. cruzi infection of human monocytes in vitro. The increased parasitism was accompanied by up-regulated expression of ACE in human monocytes. While T. cruzi infection increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 by monocytes significantly, compared to uninfected cells, T. cruzi infection in association with captopril down-modulated IL-10 expression by the monocytes. Surprisingly, studies with peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that addition of the ACE inhibitor in association with T. cruzi increased expression of IL-17 by CD4(+) T cells in a B(2) KR-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest that captopril might interfere with host-parasite equilibrium by enhancing infection of monocytes, decreasing the expression of the modulatory cytokine IL-10, while guiding development of the proinflammatory Th17 subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Coelho dos Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:525-35. [PMID: 18769235 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328312bffc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gluhovschi G, Gluhovschi C, Bob F, Velciov S, Trandafirescu V, Petrica L, Bozdog G. Multiorgan-protective actions of blockers of the renin-angiotensin system, statins and erythropoietin: common pleiotropic effects in reno-, cardio- and neuroprotection. Acta Clin Belg 2008; 63:152-69. [PMID: 18714846 DOI: 10.1179/acb.2008.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Renal diseases induce nephroprotective measures that may affect the heart, brain and other organs. In addition, many cardiovascular and neurological diseases are accompanied by renal lesions. For these reasons, multiorgan-protective measures, including cardio-, reno- and neuro-protective measures, are necessary to treat these diseases. The drugs used in nephrology are often pleiotropic. Although they usually address a single organ or tissue, many of them have complex actions that may provide multiorgan-protection. The present paper aims to review 3 classes of drugs that are commonly prescribed in nephrological practice: statins, RAS blockers (such as ACEIs and ARBs) and erythropoietin (EPO). This paper highlights the renoprotective actions, as well as those that are protective of the heart, brain and other organs, of these drugs at the cellular and molecular level. Their protective actions are attributable to their main effects and pleiotropic effects. The protective pleiotropic actions of these drugs may be exerted on multiple organs, making them multiorgan-protective. Another objective is to analyse the shared multiorgan-protective pleiotropic effects of RAS blockers (ACEIs and ARBs), statins and erythropoietin. This will allow for the practical association of the main renoprotective drugs with multiorgan protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gluhovschi
- Nephrology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, Timisoara, Romania.
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Shen XZ, Xiao HD, Li P, Lin CX, Billet S, Okwan-Duodu D, Adams JW, Bernstein EA, Xu Y, Fuchs S, Bernstein KE. New insights into the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme obtained from the analysis of genetically modified mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:679-84. [PMID: 18443752 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been well-recognized for its role in blood pressure regulation. ACE is made by many tissues, though it is most abundantly expressed on the luminal surface of vascular endothelium. ACE knockout mice show a profound phenotype with low blood pressure, but also with hemopoietic and developmental defects, which complicates understanding the biological functions of ACE in individual tissue types. Using a promoter-swapping strategy, several mouse lines with unique ACE tissue expression patterns were studied. These include mice with ACE expression in the liver (ACE 3/3), the heart (ACE 8/8), and macrophages (ACE 10/10). We also investigated mice with a selective inactivation of either the N- or C-terminal ACE catalytic domain. Our studies indicate that ACE plays a role in many other physiologic processes beyond simple blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Shen XZ, Lukacher AE, Billet S, Williams IR, Bernstein KE. Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme changes major histocompatibility complex class I peptide presentation by modifying C termini of peptide precursors. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9957-65. [PMID: 18252713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709574200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a mouse model called ACE 10/10 in which macrophages overexpress the carboxypeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). These mice have an enhanced inflammatory response to tumors that markedly inhibits tumor growth. Here, we show that ACE modifies the C termini of peptides for presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The peptide-processing activity of ACE applies to antigens from either the extracellular environment (cross-presentation) or antigens produced endogenously. Consistent with its role in MHC class I antigen processing, ACE localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. ACE overexpression does not appear to change the overall supply of peptides available to MHC class I molecules. The immunization of wild type mice previously given ACE 10/10 macrophages enhances the efficiency of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell priming. These data reveal that ACE is a dynamic participant in fashioning the peptide repertoire for MHC class I molecules by modifying the C termini of peptide precursors. Manipulation of peptidase expression by antigen-presenting cells may ultimately prove a useful strategy to enhance the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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