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Ningappa M, Adenuga M, Ngo KA, Mohamed N, Narayanan T, Prasadan K, Ashokkumar C, Das J, Schmitt L, Hartman H, Sehrawat A, Salgado CM, Reyes-Mugica M, Gittes GK, Lo CW, Subramaniam S, Sindhi R. Mechanisms of Impaired Lung Development and Ciliation in Mannosidase-1-Alpha-2 ( Man1a2) Mutants. Front Physiol 2021; 12:658518. [PMID: 34366878 PMCID: PMC8343402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.658518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciliary defects cause heterogenous phenotypes related to mutation burden which lead to impaired development. A previously reported homozygous deletion in the Man1a2 gene causes lethal respiratory failure in newborn pups and decreased lung ciliation compared with wild type (WT) pups. The effects of heterozygous mutation, and the potential for rescue are not known. PURPOSE We hypothesized that survival and lung ciliation, (a) would decrease progressively in Man1a2 +/- heterozygous and Man1a2 -/- null newborn pups compared with WT, and (b) could be enhanced by gestational treatment with N-Acetyl-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant. METHODS Man1a2+/- adult mice were fed NAC or placebo from a week before breeding through gestation. Survival of newborn pups was monitored for 24 h. Lungs, liver and tails were harvested for morphology, genotyping, and transcriptional profiling. RESULTS Survival (p = 0.0001, Kaplan-Meier) and percent lung ciliation (p = 0.0001, ANOVA) measured by frequency of Arl13b+ respiratory epithelial cells decreased progressively, as hypothesized. Compared with placebo, gestational NAC treatment enhanced (a) lung ciliation in pups with each genotype, (b) survival in heterozygous pups (p = 0.017) but not in WT or null pups. Whole transcriptome of lung but not liver demonstrated patterns of up- and down-regulated genes that were identical in living heterozygous and WT pups, and completely opposite to those in dead heterozygous and null pups. Systems biology analysis enabled reconstruction of protein interaction networks that yielded functionally relevant modules and their interactions. In these networks, the mutant Man1a2 enzyme contributes to abnormal synthesis of proteins essential for lung development. The associated unfolded protein, hypoxic and oxidative stress responses can be mitigated with NAC. Comparisons with the developing human fetal lung transcriptome show that NAC likely restores normal vascular and epithelial tube morphogenesis in Man1a2 mutant mice. CONCLUSION Survival and lung ciliation in the Man1a2 mutant mouse, and its improvement with N-Acetyl cysteine is genotype-dependent. NAC-mediated rescue depends on the central role for oxidative and hypoxic stress in regulating ciliary function and organogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylarappa Ningappa
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Morayooluwa Adenuga
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kim A. Ngo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nada Mohamed
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tejaswini Narayanan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chethan Ashokkumar
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jishnu Das
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lori Schmitt
- Histology Core Laboratory Manager, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Hartman
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anuradha Sehrawat
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claudia M. Salgado
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Miguel Reyes-Mugica
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - George K. Gittes
- Surgeon-in-Chief Emeritus, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cecilia W. Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rakesh Sindhi
- Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Erickson MA, Hansen K, Banks WA. Inflammation-induced dysfunction of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier: protection by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:1085-94. [PMID: 22809665 PMCID: PMC3434291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment in two blood-brain barrier (BBB) efflux transporters, p-glycoprotein (Pgp) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) are thought to contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by resulting in the brain accumulation of their substrate amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). The initial cause of impaired efflux, however, is unknown. We have shown that induction of systemic inflammation by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide impairs the efflux of Aβ from the brain, suggesting that systemic inflammation could be one such initiator. In this study, we determined whether pre-administration of the antioxidant N-aceytlcysteine (Nac) has a protective effect against LPS-induced Aβ transporter dysfunction. Our findings were that Nac protected against LPS-induced Aβ transport dysfunction at the BBB through an LRP-1-dependent and Pgp-independent mechanism. This was associated with Nac exerting antioxidant effects in the periphery but not the brain, despite an increased rate of entry of Nac into the brain following LPS. We also found that Nac pre-administration resulted in lower blood levels of the cytokines and chemokines interferon-γ, interleukin-10, CCL2, CCL4, and CCL5, but only lowered CCL4 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Finally, we observed that hippocampal cytokine responses to LPS were decreased compared to cortex. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which antioxidants prevent Aβ accumulation in the brain caused by inflammation, and therefore protect against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Erickson
- Saint Louis University, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, St. Louis, MO, USA,GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim Hansen
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Seattle, WA, USA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Sulforaphane suppresses vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated mouse vascular smooth muscle cells: involvement of the MAPK, NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 56:131-41. [PMID: 22155163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a long-term inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Increased expression of the cell adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is associated with increased proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), leading to increased neointima or atherosclerotic lesion formation. Therefore, the functional inhibition of adhesion molecules could be a critical therapeutic target of inflammatory disease. In the present study, we investigate the effect of sulforaphane on the expression of VCAM-1 induced by TNF-α in cultured mouse vascular smooth muscle cell lines. Pretreatment of VSMCs for 2h with sulforaphane (1-5μg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α-induced adhesion of THP-1 monocytic cells and protein expression of VCAM-1. Sulforaphane also suppressed TNF-α-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of p38, ERK and JNK. Furthermore, sulforaphane inhibited NK-κB and AP-1 activation induced by TNF-α. Sulforaphane inhibited TNF-α-induced ΙκΒ kinase activation, subsequent degradation of ΙκΒα and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB and decreased c-Jun and c-Fos protein level. This study suggests that sulforaphane inhibits the adhesive capacity of VSMC and downregulates the TNF-α-mediated induction of VCAM-1 in VSMC by inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways and intracellular ROS production. Thus, sulforaphane may have beneficial effects to suppress inflammation within the atherosclerotic lesion.
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Jeremias A, Soodini G, Gelfand E, Xu Y, Stanton RC, Horton ES, Cohen DJ. Effects of N-acetyl-cysteine on endothelial function and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heart Int 2011; 4:e7. [PMID: 21977284 PMCID: PMC3184698 DOI: 10.4081/hi.2009.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction has been associated with premature vascular disease. There is increasing data that N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) may prevent or improve endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of NAC on endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a population at high risk for endothelial dysfunction. Twenty-four patients with diabetes mellitus were assigned randomly to initial therapy with either 900 mg NAC or placebo twice daily in a double-blind, cross-over study design. Flowmediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was assessed at baseline, after four weeks of therapy, after a four-week wash-out period, and after another four weeks on the opposite treatment. Plasma and red blood cell glutathione levels and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at all four visits. At baseline, FMD was moderately impaired (3.7±2.9%). There was no significant change in FMD after four weeks of NAC therapy as compared to placebo (0.1±3.6% vs. 1.2±4.2%). Similarly, there was no significant change in glutathione levels. However, median CRP decreased from 2.35 to 2.14 mg/L during NAC therapy (p=0.04), while it increased from 2.24 to 2.65 mg/L with placebo. No side effects were noted during the treatment period. In this double-blind, randomized cross-over study, four weeks of oral NAC therapy failed to improve endothelial dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, NAC therapy decreased CRP levels, suggesting that this compound may have some efficacy in reducing systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Jeremias
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY
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Ishii I, Ikeguchi Y, Mano H, Wada M, Pegg AE, Shirahata A. Polyamine metabolism is involved in adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. Amino Acids 2011; 42:619-26. [PMID: 21809076 PMCID: PMC3266501 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines spermidine and spermine are known to be required for mammalian cell proliferation and for embryonic development. Alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) a limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, depleted the cellular polyamines and prevented triglyceride accumulation and differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. In this study, to explore the function of polyamines in adipogenesis, we examined the effect of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors on adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells. The spermidine synthase inhibitor trans-4-methylcyclohexylamine (MCHA) increased spermine/spermidine ratios, whereas the spermine synthase inhibitor N-(3-aminopropyl)-cyclohexylamine (APCHA) decreased the ratios in the cells. MCHA was found to decrease lipid accumulation and GPDH activity during differentiation, while APCHA increased lipid accumulation and GPDH activity indicating the enhancement of differentiation. The polyamine-acetylating enzyme, spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) activity was increased within a few hours after stimulus for differentiation, and was found to be elevated by APCHA. In mature adipocytes APCHA decreased lipid accumulation while MCHA had the opposite effect. An acetylpolyamine oxidase and spermine oxidase inhibitor MDL72527 or an antioxidant N-acetylcysteine prevented the promoting effect of APCHA on adipogenesis. These results suggest that not only spermine/spermidine ratios but also polyamine catabolic enzyme activity may contribute to adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Ishii
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
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Shanmugam R, Kusumanchi P, Appaiah H, Cheng L, Crooks P, Neelakantan S, Peat T, Klaunig J, Matthews W, Nakshatri H, Sweeney CJ. A water soluble parthenolide analog suppresses in vivo tumor growth of two tobacco-associated cancers, lung and bladder cancer, by targeting NF-κB and generating reactive oxygen species. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2481-94. [PMID: 20669221 PMCID: PMC2982935 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylaminoparthenolide (DMAPT) is a water soluble parthenolide analog with preclinical activity in hematologic malignancies. Using non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (A549 and H522) and an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS2B) and TCC cell lines (UMUC-3, HT-1197 and HT-1376) and a bladder papilloma (RT-4), we aimed to characterize DMAPT's anticancer activity in tobacco-associated neoplasms. Flow cytometric, electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays (EMSA), and Western blot studies measured generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of NFκB DNA binding, and changes in cell cycle distribution and apoptotic proteins. DMAPT generated ROS with subsequent JNK activation and also decreased NFκB DNA binding and antiapoptotic proteins, TRAF-2 and XIAP. DMAPT-induced apoptotic cell death and altered cell cycle distribution with upregulation of p21 and p73 levels in a cell type-dependent manner. DMAPT suppressed cyclin D1 in BEAS2B. DMAPT retained NFκB and cell cycle inhibitory activity in the presence of the tobacco carcinogen nitrosamine ketone, 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Using a BrdU accumulation assay, 5-20 μM of DMAPT was shown to inhibit cellular proliferation of all cell lines by more than 95%. Oral dosing of DMAPT suppressed in vivo A549 and UMUC-3 subcutaneous xenograft growth by 54% (p = 0.015) and 63% (p < 0.01), respectively, and A549 lung metastatic volume by 28% (p = 0.043). In total, this data demonstrates DMAPT's novel anticancer properties in both early and late stage tobacco-associated neoplasms as well as its significant in vivo activity. The data provides support for the conduct of clinical trials in TCC and NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hitesh Appaiah
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter Crooks
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sundar Neelakantan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Tyler Peat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James Klaunig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Yi X, Kim K, Yuan W, Xu L, Kim HS, Homeister JW, Key NS, Maeda N. Mice with heterozygous deficiency of lipoic acid synthase have an increased sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue injury. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 85:146-53. [PMID: 18845616 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0308161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (1, 2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid; LA), synthesized in mitochondria by LA synthase (Lias), is a potent antioxidant and a cofactor for metabolic enzyme complexes. In this study, we examined the effect of genetic reduction of LA synthesis on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties using a model of LPS-induced inflammation in Lias+/- mice. The increase of plasma proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, and NF-kappaB at an early phase following LPS injection was greater in Lias+/- mice compared with Lias+/+ mice. The circulating blood white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts dropped continuously during the initial 4 h. The counts subsequently recovered partially in Lias+/+ mice, but the recovery was impaired totally in Lias+/- mice. Administration of exogenous LA normalized the recovery of WBC counts in Lias+/- mice but not platelets. Enhanced neutrophil sequestration in the livers of Lias+/- mice was associated with increased hepatocyte injury and increased gene expression of growth-related oncogene, E-selectin, and VCAM-1 in the liver and/or lung. Lias gene expression in tissues was 50% of normal expression in Lias+/- mice and reduced further by LPS treatment. Decreased Lias expression was associated with diminished hepatic LA and tissue oxidative stress. Finally, Lias+/- mice displayed enhanced mortality when exposed to LPS-induced sepsis. These data demonstrate the importance of endogenously produced LA for preventing leukocyte accumulation and tissue injury that result from LPS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Yi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 701 Brinkhous-Bullitt Bldg., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA
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Differential role of reactive oxygen species in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt by key receptors on B-lymphocytes: CD40, the B cell antigen receptor, and CXCR4. J Cell Commun Signal 2007; 1:33-43. [PMID: 18481208 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-007-0006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes play a key role in the host defense against infection. The development, survival, and activation of B cell is regulated by multiple receptors including the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), which detects the presence of pathogens, CD40, which binds co-stimulatory molecules on activated T cells, and chemokines such as SDF-1 (CXCL12) that play key roles in B cell development and trafficking. Signaling by many receptors results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that function as second messengers by regulating the activity of redox-sensitive kinases and phosphatases. We investigated the role of ROS in signaling by the BCR, CD40, and CXCR4, the receptor for SDF-1. We focused on activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt, kinases that regulate multiple processes including cell survival, proliferation, and migration. RESULTS Using the anti-oxidants N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC) and ebselen to deplete intracellular ROS, we identified a differential requirement for ROS in the activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt by these receptors. We found that CD40 activated JNK, p38, and Akt via redox-dependent pathways that were sensitive to ROS depletion by NAC and ebselen. In contrast, BCR-induced activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt was not affected by ROS depletion. We also found that CXCR4-induced Akt activation was ROS-dependent even though activation of the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinases by CXCR4 occurred via ROS-independent pathways. CONCLUSION The differential requirement for ROS in the activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt by the BCR, CD40, and CXCR4 likely reflects the multiplicity of upstream activators for each of these kinases, only some of which may be regulated in a redox-dependent manner. These findings support the idea that ROS are important second messengers in B cells and suggest that oxidants or anti-oxidants could be used to modulate B cell activation.
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Roychowdhury S, Svensson CK. Mechanisms of drug-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skin. AAPS JOURNAL 2005; 7:E834-46. [PMID: 16594635 PMCID: PMC2750952 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs) are the most commonly reported adverse drug reactions. These reactions can range from mildly discomforting to life threatening. CDRs can arise either from immunological or nonimmunological mechanisms, though the preponderance of evidence suggests an important role for immunological responses. Some cutaneous eruptions appear shortly after drug intake, while others are not manifested until 7 to 10 days after initiation of therapy and are consistent with delayed-type hypersensitivity. This review discusses critical steps in the initiation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skin, which include protein haptenation, dendritic cell activation/migration and T-cell propagation. Recently, an alternative mechanism of drug presentation has been postulated that does not require bioactivation of the parent drug or antigen processing to elicit a drug-specific T-cell response. This review also discusses the role of various immune-mediators, such as cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, in the development of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions in skin. As keratinocytes have been shown to play a crucial role in the initiation and propagation of cutaneous immune responses, we also discuss the means by which these cells may initiate or modulate CDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Avenue, S213 PHAR Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Craig K. Svensson
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 115 S Grand Avenue, S213 PHAR Iowa City, IA 52242
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Fratelli M, Goodwin LO, Ørom UA, Lombardi S, Tonelli R, Mengozzi M, Ghezzi P. Gene expression profiling reveals a signaling role of glutathione in redox regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13998-4003. [PMID: 16172407 PMCID: PMC1236550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504398102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins can form reversible mixed disulfides with glutathione (GSH). It has been hypothesized that protein glutathionylation may represent a mechanism of redox regulation, in a fashion similar to that mediated by protein phosphorylation. We investigated whether GSH has a signaling role in the response of HL60 cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in addition to its obvious antioxidant role. We identified early changes in gene expression induced at different times by H2O2 treatment, under conditions that increase protein glutathionylation and minimal toxicity. We then investigated the effect of prior GSH depletion by buthionine sulfoximine and diethylmaleate on this response. The analysis revealed 2,016 genes regulated by H2O2. Of these, 215 genes showed GSH-dependent expression changes, classifiable into four clusters displaying down- or up-regulation by H2O2, either potentiated or inhibited by GSH depletion. The modulation of 20 selected genes was validated by real-time RT-PCR. The biological process categories overrepresented in the largest cluster (genes whose up-regulation was inhibited by GSH depletion) were NF-kappaB activation, transcription, and DNA methylation. This cluster also included several cytokine and chemokine ligands and receptors, the redox regulator thioredoxin interacting protein, and the histone deacetylase sirtuin. The cluster of genes whose up-regulation was potentiated by GSH depletion included two HSPs (HSP40 and HSP70) and the AP-1 transcription factor components Fos and FosB. This work demonstrates that GSH, in addition to its antioxidant and protective function against oxidative stress, has a specific signaling role in redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Fratelli
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology "Mario Negri," Institute for Pharmacological Research, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Wahle KWJ, Caruso D, Ochoa JJ, Quiles JL. Olive oil and modulation of cell signaling in disease prevention. Lipids 2005; 39:1223-31. [PMID: 15736919 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that populations consuming a predominantly plant-based Mediterranean-style diet exhibit lower incidences of chronic diseases than those eating a northern European or North American diet. This observation has been attributed to the greater consumption of fruits and vegetables and the lower consumption of animal products, particularly fat. Although total fat intake in Mediterranean populations can be higher than in other regions (ca. 40% of calories), the greater proportion is derived from olive oil and not animals. Increased olive oil consumption is implicated in a reduction in cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and, to a lesser extent, a variety of cancers. Olive oil intake also has been shown to modulate immune function, particularly the inflammatory processes associated with the immune system. Olive oil is a nonoxidative dietary component, and the attenuation of the inflammatory process it elicits could explain its beneficial effects on disease risk since oxidative and inflammatory stresses appear to be underlying factors in the etiology of these diseases in man. The antioxidant effects of olive oil are probably due to a combination of its high oleic acid content (low oxidation potential compared with linoleic acid) and its content of a variety of plant antioxidants, particularly oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol. It is also possible that the high oleic acid content and a proportionate reduction in linoleic acid intake would allow a greater conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to longer-chain n-3 PUFA, which have characteristic health benefits. Adoption of a Mediterranean diet could confer health benefits in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus W J Wahle
- School of Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB25 1 HG, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Komlosi P, Frische S, Fuson AL, Fintha A, Zsembery A, Peti-Peterdi J, Bell PD. Characterization of basolateral chloride/bicarbonate exchange in macula densa cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 288:F380-6. [PMID: 15479854 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00285.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and immunohistological studies were performed to identify basolateral chloride/bicarbonate exchange in macula densa cells. Using the isolated, perfused thick ascending limb with attached glomerulus preparation dissected from rabbit kidney, macula densa intracellular pH (pH(i)) was measured with fluorescence microscopy and BCECF. For these experiments, basolateral chloride was reduced, resulting in reversible macula densa cell alkalinization. Anion exchange activity was assessed by measuring the maximal net base efflux on readdition of bath chloride. Anion exchange activity required the presence of bicarbonate, was independent of changes in membrane potential, did not require the presence of sodium, and was inhibited by high concentrations of DIDS. Inhibition of macula densa anion exchange activity by basolateral DIDS increased luminal NaCl concentration-induced elevations in pH(i). Immunohistochemical studies using antibodies against AE2 demonstrated expression of AE2 along the basolateral membrane of macula densa cells of rabbit kidney. These results suggest that macula densa cells functionally and immunologically express a chloride/bicarbonate exchanger at the basolateral membrane. This transporter likely participates in the regulation of pH(i) and might be involved in macula densa signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Komlosi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Lapointe JY, Bell PD, Sabirov RZ, Okada Y. Calcium-activated nonselective cationic channel in macula densa cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 285:F275-80. [PMID: 12709394 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00313.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patch-clamp experiments in cell-attached (c/a) and inside-out (i/o) configurations were performed to directly observe ionic channels in lateral membranes of macula densa (MD) cells from rabbit kidney. In the presence of 140 mM KCl in the pipette and normal Ringer solution in the bath, we repeatedly observed in c/a and in i/o configurations a 20- to 23-pS channel with a linear current-voltage (I-V) relationship reversing near 0 mV. Ionic replacement in the bath solution clearly indicated a cationic selectivity but with equal permeability for Na+ and K+. Single-channel kinetics was characterized by higher open probability at positive membrane potentials. In i/o experiments, elimination of bath Ca2+ (<or=1 microM) abolished channel activity in a reversible manner. This MD nonselective cationic channel was found to display a certain Ca2+ permeability because single-channel events could be detected when the pipette potential was very negative (-60, -80, and -100 mV) in the presence of 73 mM CaCl2 in the bath solution. The similarities between this channel and some channels of the transient receptor potential family suggest a possible role for this MD basolateral channel in controlling membrane potential and regulating Ca2+ entry during MD cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Lapointe
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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14
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Bergeron MJ, Gagnon E, Wallendorff B, Lapointe JY, Isenring P. Ammonium transport and pH regulation by K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 285:F68-78. [PMID: 12657561 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00032.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters (NKCCs), which belong to the cation-Cl(-) cotransporter (CCC) family, are able to translocate NH4(+) across cell membranes. In this study, we have used the oocyte expression system to determine whether the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters (KCCs) can also transport NH4(+) and whether they play a role in pH regulation. Our results demonstrate that all of the CCCs examined (NKCC1, NKCC2, KCC1, KCC3, and KCC4) can promote NH4(+) translocation, presumably through binding of the ion at the K(+) site. Moreover, kinetic studies for both NKCCs and KCCs suggest that NH4(+) is an excellent surrogate of Rb(+) or K(+) and that NH4(+) transport and cellular acidification resulting from CCC activity are relevant physiologically. In this study, we have also found that CCCs are strongly and differentially affected by changes in intracellular pH (independently of intracellular [NH4(+)]). Indeed, NKCC2, KCC1, KCC2, and KCC3 are inhibited at intracellular pH <7.5, whereas KCC4 is activated. These results indicate that certain CCC isoforms may be specialized to operate in acidic environments. CCC-mediated NH4(+) transport could bear great physiological implication given the ubiquitous distribution of these carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Bergeron
- Nephrology Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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15
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Serrano-Mollar A, Closa D, Prats N, Blesa S, Martinez-Losa M, Cortijo J, Estrela JM, Morcillo EJ, Bulbena O. In vivo antioxidant treatment protects against bleomycin-induced lung damage in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 138:1037-48. [PMID: 12684259 PMCID: PMC1573750 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1. This study examines the activity of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats with emphasis on the early inflammatory phase. 2. Rats receiving N-acetylcysteine (300 mg kg(-1) day(-1), intraperitoneal) had less augmented lung wet weight, and lower levels of proteins, lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophil and macrophage counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung myeloperoxidase activity with a betterment of histological score at 3 days postbleomycin. 3. A diminished lung GSH/GSSG ratio and augmented lipid hydroperoxides were observed 3 days postbleomycin. These changes were attenuated by N-acetylcysteine. Alveolar macrophages from bleomycin-exposed rats released augmented amounts of superoxide anion and nitric oxide. N-Acetylcysteine did not modify superoxide anion generation but reduced the increased production of nitric oxide. 4. N-Acetylcysteine suppressed the bleomycin-induced increased activation of lung NF-kappaB (shift assay and immunohistochemistry), and decreased the augmented levels of the early inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-beta, interleukin-6 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 1 and 3 days postbleomycin exposure. 5. At 15 days postbleomycin, N-acetylcysteine decreased collagen deposition in bleomycin-exposed rats (hydroxyproline content: 6351+/-669 and 4626+/-288 micro g per lung in drug vehicle- and N-acetylcysteine-treated rats, respectively; P<0.05). Semiquantitative histological assessment at this stage showed less collagen deposition in N-acetylcysteine-treated rats compared to those receiving bleomycin alone. 6. These results indicate that N-acetylcysteine reduces the primary inflammatory events, thus preventing cellular damage and the subsequent development of pulmonary fibrosis in the bleomycin rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serrano-Mollar
- Department of Medical Bioanalysis, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-IDIBAPS), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Closa
- Department of Medical Bioanalysis, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-IDIBAPS), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Prats
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary School, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S Blesa
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Martinez-Losa
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Cortijo
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Estrela
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - E J Morcillo
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
| | - O Bulbena
- Department of Medical Bioanalysis, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-IDIBAPS), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Lee YW, Hennig B, Toborek M. Redox-regulated mechanisms of IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284:H185-92. [PMID: 12388243 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00524.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on the molecular signaling pathways of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) induction by interleukin-4 (IL-4) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). RT-PCR showed that MCP-1 mRNA accumulation was markedly increased in IL-4-treated HUVEC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Antioxidants, such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), significantly inhibited IL-4-induced MCP-1 mRNA expression. These effects correlated well with the PDTC-mediated inhibition of MCP-1 promoter transcriptional activity observed in IL-4-treated HUVEC. IL-4-induced MCP-1 gene expression was paralleled by a concomitant production of MCP-1 protein. In agreement with MCP-1 gene expression, PDTC attenuated IL-4-mediated induction of MCP-1 protein expression. In addition, IL-4 dramatically increased the transcription factor signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) DNA binding activity, an effect that was attenuated by PDTC. The role of STAT1 in the regulation of the IL-4-induced MCP-1 gene expression was further confirmed in HUVEC transfected with a reporter construct of the MCP-1 promoter with a mutated STAT1 binding site. These results demonstrate that IL-4-dependent MCP-1 induction in HUVEC is mediated by redox-regulated STAT1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington 40536, USA
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17
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Carpenter LR, Moy JN, Roebuck KA. Respiratory syncytial virus and TNF alpha induction of chemokine gene expression involves differential activation of Rel A and NF-kappa B1. BMC Infect Dis 2002; 2:5. [PMID: 11922866 PMCID: PMC102322 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2001] [Accepted: 03/28/2002] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of airway epithelial cells stimulates the expression and secretion of a variety of cytokines including the chemotactic cytokines interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted). Chemokines are important chemoattractants for the recruitment of distinct sets of leukocytes to airway sites of inflammation. RESULTS We have shown previously that chemokine expression is regulated in airway epithelial cells (A549) in a stimulus-specific manner in part through the redox-responsive transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB. In this study, we examined the NF-kappaB-mediated effects of RSV and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha on the induction of IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES chemokine gene expression in A549 epithelial cells. The results demonstrate that RSV induces chemokine expression with distinct kinetics that is associated with a specific pattern of NF-kappaB binding activity. This distinction was further demonstrated by the differential effects of the NF-kappaB inhibitors dexamethasone (DEX) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). NAC preferentially inhibited RSV induced chemokine expression, whereas DEX preferentially inhibited TNFalpha induced chemokine expression. DNA binding studies using NF-kappaB subunit specific binding ELISA demonstrated that RSV and TNFalpha induced different NF-kappaB binding complexes containing Rel A (p65) and NF-kappaB1 (p50). Both TNFalpha and RSV strongly induced Rel A the activation subunit of NF-kappaB, whereas only TNFalpha was able to substantially induce the p50 subunit. Consistent with the expression studies, RSV but not TNFalpha induction of Rel A and p50 were markedly inhibited by NAC, providing a mechanism by which TNFalpha and RSV can differentially activate chemokine gene expression via NF-kappaB. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that RSV induction of chemokine gene expression, in contrast to TNFalpha, involves redox-sensitive NF-kappaB complexes containing predominantly Rel A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Carpenter
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center Chicago, IL 60612
| | - James N Moy
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Kenneth A Roebuck
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center Chicago, IL 60612
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18
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Fontana E, Boucher J, Marti L, Lizcano JM, Testar X, Zorzano A, Carpéné C. Amine oxidase substrates mimic several of the insulin effects on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3 F442A cells. Biochem J 2001; 356:769-77. [PMID: 11389684 PMCID: PMC1221903 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3560769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that substrates of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) exert short-term insulin-like effects in rat adipocytes, such as stimulation of glucose transport. In the present work, we studied whether these substrates could also mimic long-term actions of insulin. Adipose differentiation of 3T3 F442A cells, which is highly insulin-dependent, served as a model to test the effects of sustained administration of amine oxidase substrates. Daily treatment of confluent cells with 0.75 mM tyramine (a substrate of MAO and SSAO) or benzylamine (a substrate of SSAO) over 1 week caused the acquisition of typical adipocyte morphology. The stimulation of protein synthesis and triacylglycerol accumulation caused by tyramine or benzylamine reached one half of that promoted by insulin. This effect was insensitive to pargyline (an MAO inhibitor), but was inhibited by semicarbazide (an SSAO inhibitor) and by N-acetylcysteine (an antioxidant agent), suggesting the involvement of the H(2)O(2) generated during SSAO-dependent amine oxidation. Chronic administration of amine oxidase substrates also induced the emergence of adipose conversion markers, such as aP2, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the glucose transporter GLUT4, and SSAO itself. Moreover, cells treated with amines acquired the same insulin sensitivity regarding glucose transport as adipocytes classically differentiated with insulin. In all, most of the adipogenic effects of amines were additive to insulin. Our data reveal that amine oxidase substrates partially mimic the adipogenic effect of insulin in cultured preadipocytes. Furthermore, they suggest that SSAO not only represents a novel late marker of adipogenesis, but could also be directly involved in the triggering of terminal adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fontana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 317, Institut Fédératif de Recherches 31, CHU Rangueil, 31403 Toulouse, France
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19
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Harimaya K, Tanaka K, Matsumoto Y, Sato H, Matsuda S, Iwamoto Y. Antioxidants inhibit TNFalpha-induced motility and invasion of human osteosarcoma cells: possible involvement of NFkappaB activation. Clin Exp Metastasis 2001; 18:121-9. [PMID: 11235987 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006791723233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant bone tumor in children. It is highly invasive, however, the mechanisms behind osteosarcoma cell invasion are as yet still unknown. In the present study, treatment with TNFalpha enhanced the invasiveness of two human osteosarcoma cell lines, OST and MNNG. TNFalpha treatment also induced tumor cell motility, adhesion to laminin, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) in the osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, antioxidants inhibited TNFalpha-induced osteosarcoma cell invasion, motility and NFkappaB nuclear translocation, but not adhesion to laminin or MMP9 expression. NFkappaB decoy, another NFkappaB inhibitor, also inhibited TNFalpha-induced osteosarcoma cell invasion and motility. Therefore, motility and NFkappaB activation were possibly related to TNFalpha-induced osteosarcoma cell invasion. However, adhesion to laminin or MMP did not demonstrate any correlation with TNFalpha-induced osteosarcoma cell invasion. Although NFkappaB is known to regulate TNFalpha-induced phenotypes, it may influence only motility and invasion, but not the MMP or laminin-mediated adhesion of these osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harimaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Martin KR, Wu D, Meydani M. The effect of carotenoids on the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules and binding of monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2000; 150:265-74. [PMID: 10856518 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several large epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between elevated plasma carotenoid levels and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). One proposed mechanism for the beneficial effect of carotenoids is through functional modulation of potentially atherogenic processes associated with the vascular endothelium. To test this, we incubated confluent human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) cultures (passages 4-8) for 24 h with each of the five most prevalent carotenoids in human plasma, which are alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and lycopene, at an approximate concentration of 1 micromol/l. Carotenoids were solubilized in 0.7% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran and incorporated into FBS before adding to cell culture medium. Due to disparate solubilities in aqueous medium, final concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and lycopene were 1.7, 1.1, 0.7, 0.9, and 0.3 micromol/l and monolayers accumulated 647, 158, 7, 113, and 9 pmol/mg protein, respectively. Monolayers were then stimulated with IL-1beta (5 ng/ml) for 6 h with subsequent determination of cell surface expression of adhesion molecules as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To assess endothelial cell adhesion to monocytes, IL-1beta-stimulated monolayers were incubated for 10 min with 51Cr-labeled U937 monocytic cells and adhesion determined by isotope counting. Pre-incubation of HAEC with beta-carotene, lutein and lycopene significantly reduced VCAM-1 expression by 29, 28, and 13%, respectively. Pre-incubation with beta-carotene and lutein significantly reduced E-selectin expression by 38 and 34%, respectively. Pre-treatment with beta-carotene, lutein and lycopene significantly reduced the expression of ICAM-1 by 11, 14, and 18%, respectively. While other carotenoids were ineffective, lycopene attenuated both IL-1beta-stimulated and spontaneous HAEC adhesion to U937 monocytic cells by 20 and 25%, respectively. Thus, among the carotenoids, lycopene appears to be most effective in reducing both HAEC adhesion to monocytes and expression of adhesion molecules on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Martin
- Vascular Biology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, 02111, Boston, MA, USA
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