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El Agha E, Thannickal VJ. The lung mesenchyme in development, regeneration, and fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e170498. [PMID: 37463440 DOI: 10.1172/jci170498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells are uniquely located at the interface between the epithelial lining and the stroma, allowing them to act as a signaling hub among diverse cellular compartments of the lung. During embryonic and postnatal lung development, mesenchyme-derived signals instruct epithelial budding, branching morphogenesis, and subsequent structural and functional maturation. Later during adult life, the mesenchyme plays divergent roles wherein its balanced activation promotes epithelial repair after injury while its aberrant activation can lead to pathological remodeling and fibrosis that are associated with multiple chronic pulmonary diseases, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this Review, we discuss the involvement of the lung mesenchyme in various morphogenic, neomorphogenic, and dysmorphogenic aspects of lung biology and health, with special emphasis on lung fibroblast subsets and smooth muscle cells, intercellular communication, and intrinsic mesenchymal mechanisms that drive such physiological and pathophysiological events throughout development, homeostasis, injury repair, regeneration, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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2
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Concepts of advanced therapeutic delivery systems for the management of remodeling and inflammation in airway diseases. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:271-288. [PMID: 35019757 PMCID: PMC8890134 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic respiratory disorders affect millions of people worldwide. Pathophysiological changes to the normal airway wall structure, including changes in the composition and organization of its cellular and molecular constituents, are referred to as airway remodeling. The inadequacy of effective treatment strategies and scarcity of novel therapies available for the treatment and management of chronic respiratory diseases have given rise to a serious impediment in the clinical management of such diseases. The progress made in advanced drug delivery, has offered additional advantages to fight against the emerging complications of airway remodeling. This review aims to address the gaps in current knowledge about airway remodeling, the relationships between remodeling, inflammation, clinical phenotypes and the significance of using novel drug delivery methods.
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3
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Ushakumary MG, Riccetti M, Perl AKT. Resident interstitial lung fibroblasts and their role in alveolar stem cell niche development, homeostasis, injury, and regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1021-1032. [PMID: 33624948 PMCID: PMC8235143 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing, regenerating, and repairing a lung all require interstitial resident fibroblasts (iReFs) to direct the behavior of the epithelial stem cell niche. During lung development, distal lung fibroblasts, in the form of matrix-, myo-, and lipofibroblasts, form the extra cellular matrix (ECM), create tensile strength, and support distal epithelial differentiation, respectively. During de novo septation in a murine pneumonectomy lung regeneration model, developmental processes are reactivated within the iReFs, indicating progenitor function well into adulthood. In contrast to the regenerative activation of fibroblasts upon acute injury, chronic injury results in fibrotic activation. In murine lung fibrosis models, fibroblasts can pathologically differentiate into lineages beyond their normal commitment during homeostasis. In lung injury, recently defined alveolar niche cells support the expansion of alveolar epithelial progenitors to regenerate the epithelium. In human fibrotic lung diseases like bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dynamic changes in matrix-, myo-, lipofibroblasts, and alveolar niche cells suggest differential requirements for injury pathogenesis and repair. In this review, we summarize the role of alveolar fibroblasts and their activation stage in alveolar septation and regeneration and incorporate them into the context of human lung disease, discussing fibroblast activation stages and how they contribute to BPD, IPF, and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mereena George Ushakumary
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Riccetti
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anne-Karina T Perl
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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4
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Adipocytic Progenitor Cells Give Rise to Pathogenic Myofibroblasts: Adipocyte-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Its Emerging Role in Fibrosis in Multiple Organs. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2020; 22:79. [PMID: 32978695 PMCID: PMC7518402 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-020-00957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Adipocytes have recently been shown to be able to reprogram to a myofibroblastic phenotype in a process termed adipocyte mesenchymal transition (AMT). This review seeks to discuss the relevance of this process to disease and explore its mechanisms. Recent Findings AMT occurs in multiple organs and diseases, transdifferentiation goes through a precursor cell and there is a reversible process that can be influenced by metabolic stress, myeloid cells, immune dysregulation, and pharmacological intervention. Summary AMT is a newly appreciated and highly relevant process in multiple forms of fibrosis. Targeting AMT may serve as a novel method of treating fibrosis.
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5
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Riccetti M, Gokey JJ, Aronow B, Perl AKT. The elephant in the lung: Integrating lineage-tracing, molecular markers, and single cell sequencing data to identify distinct fibroblast populations during lung development and regeneration. Matrix Biol 2020; 91-92:51-74. [PMID: 32442602 PMCID: PMC7434667 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During lung development, the mesenchyme and epithelium are dependent on each other for instructive morphogenic cues that direct proliferation, cellular differentiation and organogenesis. Specification of epithelial and mesenchymal cell lineages occurs in parallel, forming cellular subtypes that guide the formation of both transitional developmental structures and the permanent architecture of the adult lung. While epithelial cell types and lineages have been relatively well-defined in recent years, the definition of mesenchymal cell types and lineage relationships has been more challenging. Transgenic mouse lines with permanent and inducible lineage tracers have been instrumental in identifying lineage relationships among epithelial progenitor cells and their differentiation into distinct airway and alveolar epithelial cells. Lineage tracing experiments with reporter mice used to identify fibroblast progenitors and their lineage trajectories have been limited by the number of cell specific genes and the developmental timepoint when the lineage trace was activated. In this review, we discuss major developmental mesenchymal lineages, focusing on time of origin, major cell type, and other lineage derivatives, as well as the transgenic tools used to find and define them. We describe lung fibroblasts using function, location, and molecular markers in order to compare and contrast cells with similar functions. The temporal and cell-type specific expression of fourteen "fibroblast lineage" genes were identified in single-cell RNA-sequencing data from LungMAP in the LGEA database. Using these lineage signature genes as guides, we clustered murine lung fibroblast populations from embryonic day 16.5 to postnatal day 28 (E16.5-PN28) and generated heatmaps to illustrate expression of transcription factors, signaling receptors and ligands in a temporal and population specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Riccetti
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jason J Gokey
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anne-Karina T Perl
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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6
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. The Role of Adipocytes and Adipocyte-Like Cells in the Severity of COVID-19 Infections. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1187-1190. [PMID: 32339391 PMCID: PMC7267593 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), demonstrates high morbidity and mortality caused by development of a severe acute respiratory syndrome connected with extensive pulmonary fibrosis. In this Perspective, we argue that adipocytes and adipocyte-like cells, such as pulmonary lipofibroblasts, may play an important role in the pathogenic response to SARS-CoV-2. Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (the functional receptor for SARS-CoV) is upregulated in adipocytes of patients with obesity and diabetes, which turns adipose tissue into a potential target and viral reservoir. This may explain why obesity and diabetes are potential comorbidities for COVID-19 infections. Similar to the recently established adipocyte-myofibroblast transition, pulmonary lipofibroblasts located in the alveolar interstitium and closely related to classical adipocytes demonstrate the ability to transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts that play an integral part of pulmonary fibrosis. This may significantly increase the severity of the local response to SARS-CoV-2 in the lung. To reduce the severity and mortality associated with COVID-19, we propose to probe for the clinical response to thiazolidinediones, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ agonists that are well-known antidiabetic drugs. Thiazolidinediones are able to stabilize lipofibroblasts in their "inactive" state, preventing the transition to myofibroblasts and thereby reducing the development of pulmonary fibrosis and stimulating its resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes CenterDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
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Conway RF, Frum T, Conchola AS, Spence JR. Understanding Human Lung Development through In Vitro Model Systems. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000006. [PMID: 32310312 PMCID: PMC7433239 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An abundance of information about lung development in animal models exists; however, comparatively little is known about lung development in humans. Recent advances using primary human lung tissue combined with the use of human in vitro model systems, such as human pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue, have led to a growing understanding of the mechanisms governing human lung development. They have illuminated key differences between animal models and humans, underscoring the need for continued advancements in modeling human lung development and utilizing human tissue. This review discusses the use of human tissue and the use of human in vitro model systems that have been leveraged to better understand key regulators of human lung development and that have identified uniquely human features of development. This review also examines the implementation and challenges of human model systems and discusses how they can be applied to address knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee F Conway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Tristan Frum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Ansley S Conchola
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB) Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB) Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
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8
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Wang L, Dorn P, Zeinali S, Froment L, Berezowska S, Kocher GJ, Alves MP, Brügger M, Esteves BIO, Blank F, Wotzkow C, Steiner S, Amacker M, Peng RW, Marti TM, Guenat OT, Bode PK, Moehrlen U, Schmid RA, Hall SRR. CD90 +CD146 + identifies a pulmonary mesenchymal cell subtype with both immune modulatory and perivascular-like function in postnatal human lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L813-L830. [PMID: 32073879 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00146.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of mesenchymal cell subsets and their function in human lung affected by aging and in certain disease settings remains poorly described. We use a combination of flow cytometry, prospective cell-sorting strategies, confocal imaging, and modeling of microvessel formation using advanced microfluidic chip technology to characterize mesenchymal cell subtypes in human postnatal and adult lung. Tissue was obtained from patients undergoing elective surgery for congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) and other airway abnormalities including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In microscopically normal postnatal human lung, there was a fivefold higher mesenchymal compared with epithelial (EpCAM+) fraction, which diminished with age. The mesenchymal fraction composed of CD90+ and CD90+CD73+ cells was enriched in CXCL12 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) and located in close proximity to EpCAM+ cells in the alveolar region. Surprisingly, alveolar organoids generated from EpCAM+ cells supported by CD90+ subset were immature and displayed dysplastic features. In congenital lung lesions, cystic air spaces and dysplastic alveolar regions were marked with an underlying thick interstitium composed of CD90+ and CD90+PDGFRα+ cells. In postnatal lung, a subset of CD90+ cells coexpresses the pericyte marker CD146 and supports self-assembly of perfusable microvessels. CD90+CD146+ cells from COPD patients fail to support microvessel formation due to fibrinolysis. Targeting the plasmin-plasminogen system during microvessel self-assembly prevented fibrin gel degradation, but microvessels were narrower and excessive contraction blocked perfusion. These data provide important new information regarding the immunophenotypic identity of key mesenchymal lineages and their change in a diverse setting of congenital lung lesions and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dorn
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Soheila Zeinali
- Organs-on-chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Froment
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gregor J Kocher
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Alves
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Brügger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Blandina I O Esteves
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Blank
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,DBMR Live Imaging Core Facility, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Wotzkow
- DBMR Live Imaging Core Facility, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Selina Steiner
- DBMR Live Imaging Core Facility, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Marti
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier T Guenat
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Organs-on-chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter K Bode
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A Schmid
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sean R R Hall
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Targeted regulation of fibroblast state by CRISPR-mediated CEBPA expression. Respir Res 2019; 20:281. [PMID: 31829168 PMCID: PMC6907247 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblasts regulate tissue homeostasis and the balance between tissue repair and fibrosis. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA) is a key transcription factor that regulates adipogenesis. CEBPA has been shown to be essential for lung maturation, and deficiency of CEBPA expression leads to abnormal lung architecture. However, its specific role in lung fibroblast regulation and fibrosis has not yet been elucidated. Methods Lung fibroblast CEBPA expression, pro-fibrotic and lipofibroblast gene expression were assessed by qRT-PCR. CEBPA gain and loss of function experiments were carried out to evaluate the role of CEBPA in human lung fibroblast activation with and without TGF-β1 treatment. Adipogenesis assay was used to measure the adiopogenic potential of lung fibroblasts. Finally, CRISPR activation system was used to enhance endogenous CEBPA expression. Results We found that CEBPA gene expression is significantly decreased in IPF-derived fibroblasts compared to normal lung fibroblasts. CEBPA knockdown in normal human lung fibroblasts enhanced fibroblast pro-fibrotic activation and ECM production. CEBPA over-expression by transient transfection in IPF-derived fibroblasts significantly reduced pro-fibrotic gene expression, ECM deposition and αSMA expression and promoted the formation of lipid droplets measured by Oil Red O staining and increased lipofibroblast gene expression. Inhibition of the histone methyl transferase G9a enhanced CEBPA expression, and the anti-fibrotic effects of G9a inhibition were partially mediated by CEBPA expression. Finally, targeted CRISPR-mediated activation of CEBPA resulted in fibroblasts switching from fibrogenic to lipofibroblast states. Conclusions CEBPA expression is reduced in human IPF fibroblasts and its deficiency reduces adipogenic potential and promotes fibrogenic activation. CEBPA expression can be rescued via an inhibitor of epigenetic repression or by targeted CRISPR activation, leading to reduced fibrogenic activation.
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10
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Prenatal microRNA miR-200b Therapy Improves Nitrofen-induced Pulmonary Hypoplasia Associated With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Ann Surg 2019; 269:979-987. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Kyle JE, Clair G, Bandyopadhyay G, Misra RS, Zink EM, Bloodsworth KJ, Shukla AK, Du Y, Lillis J, Myers JR, Ashton J, Bushnell T, Cochran M, Deutsch G, Baker ES, Carson JP, Mariani TJ, Xu Y, Whitsett JA, Pryhuber G, Ansong C. Cell type-resolved human lung lipidome reveals cellular cooperation in lung function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13455. [PMID: 30194354 PMCID: PMC6128932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell type-resolved proteome analyses of the brain, heart and liver have been reported, however a similar effort on the lipidome is currently lacking. Here we applied liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to characterize the lipidome of major lung cell types isolated from human donors, representing the first lipidome map of any organ. We coupled this with cell type-resolved proteomics of the same samples (available at Lungmap.net). Complementary proteomics analyses substantiated the functional identity of the isolated cells. Lipidomics analyses showed significant variations in the lipidome across major human lung cell types, with differences most evident at the subclass and intra-subclass (i.e. total carbon length of the fatty acid chains) level. Further, lipidomic signatures revealed an overarching posture of high cellular cooperation within the human lung to support critical functions. Our complementary cell type-resolved lipid and protein datasets serve as a rich resource for analyses of human lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Geremy Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ravi S Misra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Erika M Zink
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Kent J Bloodsworth
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Anil K Shukla
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yina Du
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Lillis
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - John Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Timothy Bushnell
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Matthew Cochran
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Gail Deutsch
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - James P Carson
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Gloria Pryhuber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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12
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Rodríguez-Castillo JA, Pérez DB, Ntokou A, Seeger W, Morty RE, Ahlbrecht K. Understanding alveolarization to induce lung regeneration. Respir Res 2018; 19:148. [PMID: 30081910 PMCID: PMC6090695 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gas exchange represents the key physiological function of the lung, and is dependent upon proper formation of the delicate alveolar structure. Malformation or destruction of the alveolar gas-exchange regions are key histopathological hallmarks of diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis; all of which are characterized by perturbations to the alveolo-capillary barrier structure. Impaired gas-exchange is the primary initial consequence of these perturbations, resulting in severe clinical symptoms, reduced quality of life, and death. The pronounced morbidity and mortality associated with malformation or destruction of alveoli underscores a pressing need for new therapeutic concepts. The re-induction of alveolarization in diseased lungs is a new and exciting concept in a regenerative medicine approach to manage pulmonary diseases that are characterized by an absence of alveoli. Main text Mechanisms of alveolarization first need to be understood, to identify pathways and mediators that may be exploited to drive the induction of alveolarization in the diseased lung. With this in mind, a variety of candidate cell-types, pathways, and molecular mediators have recently been identified. Using lineage tracing approaches and lung injury models, new progenitor cells for epithelial and mesenchymal cell types – as well as cell lineages which are able to acquire stem cell properties – have been discovered. However, the underlying mechanisms that orchestrate the complex process of lung alveolar septation remain largely unknown. Conclusion While important progress has been made, further characterization of the contributing cell-types, the cell type-specific molecular signatures, and the time-dependent chemical and mechanical processes in the developing, adult and diseased lung is needed in order to implement a regenerative therapeutic approach for pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Rodríguez-Castillo
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - David Bravo Pérez
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Aglaia Ntokou
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinistrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinistrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinistrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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13
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Haak AJ, Tan Q, Tschumperlin DJ. Matrix biomechanics and dynamics in pulmonary fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2017; 73:64-76. [PMID: 29274939 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix are dramatically altered during the development and progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Recent evidence indicates that these changes in matrix composition and mechanics are not only end-results of fibrotic remodeling, but active participants in driving disease progression. These insights have stimulated interest in identifying the components and physical aspects of the matrix that contribute to cell activation and disease initiation and progression. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the biomechanics and dynamics of the ECM in mouse models and human IPF, and discusses how matrix mechanical and compositional changes might be non-invasively assessed, therapeutically targeted, and biologically restored to resolve fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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14
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Ntokou A, Szibor M, Rodríguez-Castillo JA, Quantius J, Herold S, El Agha E, Bellusci S, Salwig I, Braun T, Voswinckel R, Seeger W, Morty RE, Ahlbrecht K. A novel mouse Cre-driver line targeting Perilipin 2-expressing cells in the neonatal lung. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 29045046 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung fibrosis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are characterized by the destruction or malformation of the alveolar regions of the lung. The underlying pathomechanisms at play are an area of intense interest since these mechanisms may reveal pathways suitable for interventions to drive reparative processes. Lipid-laden fibroblasts (lipofibroblasts) express the Perilipin 2 (Plin2) gene-product, PLIN2, commonly called adipose-differentiation related protein (ADRP). These cells are also thought to play a role in alveolarization and repair after injury to the alveolus. Progress in defining the functional contribution of lipofibroblasts to alveolar generation and repair is hampered by a lack of in vivo tools. The present study reports the generation of an inducible mouse Cre-driver line to target cells of the ADRP lineage. Robust Cre-mediated recombination in this mouse line was detected in mesenchymal cells of the postnatal lung, and in additional organs including the heart, liver, and spleen. The generation and validation of this valuable new tool to genetically target, manipulate, and trace cells of the ADRP lineage is critical for assessing the functional contribution of lipofibroblasts to lung development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaia Ntokou
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Marten Szibor
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Institute of Biotechnology, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - José Alberto Rodríguez-Castillo
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jennifer Quantius
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Elie El Agha
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Salwig
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Robert Voswinckel
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Purpose of Review This review provides a summary of recent insights into the role of the local white adipose tissue (WAT) in systemic sclerosis. Recent Findings Adipocytes located in an interfacial WAT area adjacent to fibrotic lesions have an intermediate phenotype and special properties implicated in fibrotic pathology in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The important role of these cells is recognized in different pathologies, such as wound healing, psoriasis, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Additionally, both immature and mature adipocytes are involved in the appearance of fibroblast-like cells but exhibit different phenotypes and synthetic properties. Summary Adipocytes from interfacial WAT adjacent to the fibrotic area in SSc are phenotypically different from bulk adipocytes and are involved in pathogenesis of SSc. Immature and mature adipocytes from this WAT layer differentiate into various types of fibroblast-like cells, making the local ratio of immature to mature adipocytes in interfacial WAT of particular importance in SSc pathogenesis.
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16
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Opitz L, Kling KM, Brandenberger C, Mühlfeld C. Lipid-body containing interstitial cells (lipofibroblasts) in the lungs of various mouse strains. J Anat 2017; 231:970-977. [PMID: 28786110 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar septa are thought to contain at least two types of fibroblasts that are termed myofibroblasts and lipofibroblasts based on their morphological characteristics. Lipofibroblasts possess cytoplasmic lipid inclusions (lipid bodies or droplets) and are involved in several important functions, such as surfactant synthesis, development, vitamin A storage and presumably regeneration. As vitamin A was shown to reduce pulmonary emphysema in several but not all mouse and rat strains, we hypothesized that these strain differences might be explained by a differential occurrence of lipofibroblasts and their lipid bodies in various mouse strains. Therefore, mouse lungs of six strains (NMRI, BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, C57BL/6N and FVB/N) were investigated by light and electron microscopic stereology to quantify the amount of lipid bodies and the composition of alveolar septa. Lipofibroblasts were observed qualitatively by transmission electron microscopy in every investigated mouse strain. The total volume and the volume-weighted mean volume of lipid bodies were similar in all mouse strains. The results on the composition of the interalveolar septa did not show major differences between the groups. The only mouse strain that differed significantly from the other strains was the NMRI strain because the lungs had a higher volume and consequently many of the morphological parameters were also larger than in the other groups. In conclusion, the present study showed that lipofibroblasts are a common cell type in the mouse lung across various strains. Therefore, the mere presence or absence of lipofibroblasts does not explain differences in the pulmonary regenerative potential among mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Opitz
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Maria Kling
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
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17
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McGowan SE, McCoy DM. Glucocorticoids Retain Bipotent Fibroblast Progenitors during Alveolar Septation in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:111-120. [PMID: 28530121 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0376oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been widely used and exert pleiotropic effects on alveolar structure and function, but do not improve the long-term clinical outcomes for patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, emphysema, or interstitial lung diseases. Treatments that foster alveolar regeneration could substantially improve the long-term outcomes for such patients. One approach to alveolar regeneration is to stimulate and guide intrinsic alveolar progenitors along developmental pathways used during secondary septation. Other investigators and we have identified platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-expressing fibroblast subpopulations that are alternatively skewed toward myofibroblast or lipofibroblast phenotypes. In this study, we administered either the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone (Dex) or the antagonist mifepristone to mice during the first postnatal week and evaluated their effects on cellular proliferation and adoption of α-smooth muscle actin and lipid droplets (markers of the myofibroblast and lipofibroblast phenotypes, respectively). We observed that Dex increased the relative abundance of fibroblasts with progenitor characteristics, i.e., containing both α-smooth muscle actin and lipid droplets, uncoupling protein-1 (a marker of brown and beige adipocytes), delta-like ligand-1, and stem cell antigen-1. Dex enhanced signaling through the Smad1/5 pathway, which increased uncoupling protein-1 in a lung fibroblast progenitor cell line. We conclude that glucocorticoid receptor manipulation can sustain fibroblast plasticity, and posit that targeting downstream glucocorticoid responsive pathways could steer fibroblast progenitors along more desirable regenerative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E McGowan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Diann M McCoy
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service and.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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18
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King G, Smith ME, Cake MH, Nielsen HC. What is the identity of fibroblast-pneumocyte factor? Pediatr Res 2016; 80:768-776. [PMID: 27500537 PMCID: PMC5112109 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid induction of pulmonary surfactant involves a mesenchyme-derived protein first characterized in 1978 by Smith and termed fibroblast-pneumocyte factor (FPF). Despite a number of agents having been postulated as being FPF, its identity has remained obscure. In the past decade, three strong candidates for FPF have arisen. This review examines the evidence that keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), leptin or neuregulin-1β (NRG-1β) act as FPF or components of it. As with FPF production, glucocorticoids enhance the concentration of each of these agents in fibroblast-conditioned media. Moreover, each stimulates the synthesis of surfactant-associated phospholipids and proteins in type II pneumocytes. Further, some have unique activities, for example, KGF also minimizes lung injury through enhanced epithelial cell proliferation and NRG-1β enhances surfactant phospholipid secretion and β-adrenergic receptor activity in type II cells. However, even though these agents have attributes in common with FPF, it is inappropriate to specify any one of these agents as FPF. Rather, it appears that each contributes to separate mesenchymal-epithelial signaling mechanisms involved in different aspects of lung development. Given that the production of pulmonary surfactant is essential for postnatal survival, it is reasonable to suggest that several mechanisms independently regulate surfactant synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George King
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Megan E. Smith
- Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Studies, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max H. Cake
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Heber C. Nielsen
- Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Studies, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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El Agha E, Moiseenko A, Kheirollahi V, De Langhe S, Crnkovic S, Kwapiszewska G, Szibor M, Kosanovic D, Schwind F, Schermuly RT, Henneke I, MacKenzie B, Quantius J, Herold S, Ntokou A, Ahlbrecht K, Braun T, Morty RE, Günther A, Seeger W, Bellusci S. Two-Way Conversion between Lipogenic and Myogenic Fibroblastic Phenotypes Marks the Progression and Resolution of Lung Fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 20:261-273.e3. [PMID: 27867035 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a form of progressive interstitial lung disease with unknown etiology. Due to a lack of effective treatment, IPF is associated with a high mortality rate. The hallmark feature of this disease is the accumulation of activated myofibroblasts that excessively deposit extracellular matrix proteins, thus compromising lung architecture and function and hindering gas exchange. Here we investigated the origin of activated myofibroblasts and the molecular mechanisms governing fibrosis formation and resolution. Genetic engineering in mice enables the time-controlled labeling and monitoring of lipogenic or myogenic populations of lung fibroblasts during fibrosis formation and resolution. Our data demonstrate a lipogenic-to-myogenic switch in fibroblastic phenotype during fibrosis formation. Conversely, we observed a myogenic-to-lipogenic switch during fibrosis resolution. Analysis of human lung tissues and primary human lung fibroblasts indicates that this fate switching is involved in IPF pathogenesis, opening potential therapeutic avenues to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alena Moiseenko
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vahid Kheirollahi
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stijn De Langhe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Slaven Crnkovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Center for Medical Research, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Center for Medical Research, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marten Szibor
- Institute of Biotechnology, FinMIT Cluster of Excellence, Viikinkaari 5, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Schwind
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Henneke
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - BreAnne MacKenzie
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Quantius
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Aglaia Ntokou
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, W.G. Kerckhoff Institute, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, W.G. Kerckhoff Institute, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, W.G. Kerckhoff Institute, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, W.G. Kerckhoff Institute, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Günther
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, W.G. Kerckhoff Institute, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Barron L, Gharib SA, Duffield JS. Lung Pericytes and Resident Fibroblasts: Busy Multitaskers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2519-31. [PMID: 27555112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes, resident fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells are poorly described cell populations. They have recently been characterized in much greater detail in rodent lungs and have been shown to play important roles in development, homeostasis, response to injury and pathogens, as well as recovery from damage. These closely related mesenchymal cell populations form extensive connections to the lung's internal structure, as well as its internal and external surfaces. They generate and remodel extracellular matrix, coregulate the vasculature, help maintain and restore the epithelium, and act as sentries for the immune system. In this review, we revisit these functions in light of significant advances in characterizing and tracking lung fibroblast populations in rodents. Lineage tracing experiments have mapped the heritage, identified functions that discriminate lung pericytes from resident fibroblasts, identified a subset of mesenchymal stem cells, and shown these populations to be the predominant progenitors of pathological fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in lung diseases. These findings point to the importance of resident lung mesenchymal populations as therapeutic targets in acute lung injury as well as fibrotic and degenerative diseases. Far from being passive and quiescent, pericytes and resident fibroblasts are busily sensing and responding, through diverse mechanisms, to changes in lung health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Barron
- Department of Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Department of Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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21
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White ES. Commentary: A Breath of Fresh Air on the Mesenchyme: Impact of Impaired Mesenchymal Development on the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:13. [PMID: 27066487 PMCID: PMC4815635 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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22
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Mühlfeld C, Hegermann J, Wrede C, Ochs M. A review of recent developments and applications of morphometry/stereology in lung research. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L526-36. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00047.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Design-based stereology is the gold standard of morphometry in lung research. Here, we analyze the current use of morphometric and stereological methods in lung research and provide an overview on recent methodological developments and biological observations made by the use of stereology. Based on this analysis we hope to provide useful recommendations for a good stereological practice to further the use of advanced and unbiased stereological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; and
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wrede
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; and
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany
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23
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Silva DMG, Nardiello C, Pozarska A, Morty RE. Recent advances in the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1239-72. [PMID: 26361876 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolarization is the process by which the alveoli, the principal gas exchange units of the lung, are formed. Along with the maturation of the pulmonary vasculature, alveolarization is the objective of late lung development. The terminal airspaces that were formed during early lung development are divided by the process of secondary septation, progressively generating an increasing number of alveoli that are of smaller size, which substantially increases the surface area over which gas exchange can take place. Disturbances to alveolarization occur in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which can be complicated by perturbations to the pulmonary vasculature that are associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension. Disturbances to lung development may also occur in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in term newborn infants, as well as in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. These disturbances can lead to the formation of lungs with fewer and larger alveoli and a dysmorphic pulmonary vasculature. Consequently, affected lungs exhibit a reduced capacity for gas exchange, with important implications for morbidity and mortality in the immediate postnatal period and respiratory health consequences that may persist into adulthood. It is the objective of this Perspectives article to update the reader about recent developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of alveolarization and the pathogenesis of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M G Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Pozarska
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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24
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Ruiz-Camp J, Morty RE. Divergent fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways in lung fibroblast subsets: where do we go from here? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L751-5. [PMID: 26342090 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00298.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung fibroblasts play a key role in postnatal lung development, namely, the formation of the alveolar gas exchange units, through the process of secondary septation. Although evidence initially highlighted roles for fibroblasts in the production and remodeling of the lung extracellular matrix, more recent studies have described the presence of different fibroblast subsets in the developing lung. These subsets include myofibroblasts and lipofibroblasts and their precursors. These cells are believed to play different roles in alveologenesis and are localized to different regions of the developing septa. The precise roles played by these different fibroblast subsets remain unclear. Understanding the signaling pathways that control the discrete functions of these fibroblast subsets would help to clarify the roles and the regulation of lung fibroblasts during lung development. Here, we critically evaluate a recent report that described divergent fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways in two different subsets of lung fibroblasts that express different levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α promoter. The GFP expression was used as a surrogate for lipofibroblasts (GFP(low)) and myofibroblasts (GFP(high)). It was suggested that Fgf10/Fgf1 and Fgf18/Fgfr3 autocrine pathways may be operative in GFP(low) and GFP(high) cells, respectively, and that these pathways might regulate the proliferation and migration of different fibroblast subsets during alveologenesis. These observations lay important groundwork for the further exploration of FGF function during normal lung development, as well as in aberrant lung development associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ruiz-Camp
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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Ntokou A, Klein F, Dontireddy D, Becker S, Bellusci S, Richardson WD, Szibor M, Braun T, Morty RE, Seeger W, Voswinckel R, Ahlbrecht K. Characterization of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive cell lineage during murine late lung development. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L942-58. [PMID: 26320158 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00272.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduced number of alveoli is the structural hallmark of diseases of the neonatal and adult lung, where alveoli either fail to develop (as in bronchopulmonary dysplasia), or are progressively destroyed (as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). To correct the loss of alveolar septa through therapeutic regeneration, the mechanisms of septa formation must first be understood. The present study characterized platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive (PDGFRα(+)) cell populations during late lung development in mice. PDGFRα(+) cells (detected using a PDGFRα(GFP) reporter line) were noted around the proximal airways during the pseudoglandular stage. In the canalicular stage, PDGFRα(+) cells appeared in the more distal mesenchyme, and labeled α-smooth muscle actin-positive tip cells in the secondary crests and lipofibroblasts in the primary septa during alveolarization. Some PDGFRα(+) cells appeared in the mesenchyme of the adult lung. Over the course of late lung development, PDGFRα(+) cells consistently expressed collagen I, and transiently expressed markers of mesenchymal stem cells. With the use of both, a constitutive and a conditional PDGFRα(Cre) line, it was observed that PDGFRα(+) cells generated alveolar myofibroblasts including tip cells of the secondary crests, and lipofibroblasts. These lineages were committed before secondary septation. The present study provides new insights into the time-dependent commitment of the PDGFRα(+) cell lineage to lipofibroblasts and myofibroblasts during late lung development that is needed to better understand the cellular contribution to the process of alveolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaia Ntokou
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research [Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)], Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Friederike Klein
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research [Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)], Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Daria Dontireddy
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research [Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)], Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research [Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)], Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marten Szibor
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research [Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)], Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research [Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)], Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Voswinckel
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research [Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)], Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research [Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL)], Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany;
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