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McKune SL, Mechlowitz K, Miller LC. Dietary animal source food across the lifespan in LMIC. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yitsege G, Stokes BA, Sabatino JA, Sugrue KF, Banyai G, Paronett EM, Karpinski BA, Maynard TM, LaMantia A, Zohn IE. Variations in maternal vitamin A intake modifies phenotypes in a mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1194-1208. [PMID: 32431076 PMCID: PMC7586978 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A regulates patterning of the pharyngeal arches, cranial nerves, and hindbrain that are essential for feeding and swallowing. In the LgDel mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), morphogenesis of multiple structures involved in feeding and swallowing are dysmorphic. We asked whether changes in maternal dietary Vitamin A intake can modify cranial nerve, hindbrain and pharyngeal arch artery development in the embryo as well as lung pathology that can be a sign of aspiration dysphagia in LgDel pups. METHODS Three defined amounts of vitamin A (4, 10, and 16 IU/g) were provided in the maternal diet. Cranial nerve, hindbrain and pharyngeal arch artery development was evaluated in embryos and inflammation in the lungs of pups to determine the impact of altering maternal diet on these phenotypes. RESULTS Reduced maternal vitamin A intake improved whereas increased intake exacerbated lung inflammation in LgDel pups. These changes were accompanied by increased incidence and/or severity of pharyngeal arch artery and cranial nerve V (CN V) abnormalities in LgDel embryos as well as altered expression of Cyp26b1 in the hindbrain. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that variations in maternal vitamin A intake can influence the incidence and severity of phenotypes in a mouse model 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelila Yitsege
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Bethany A. Stokes
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Julia A. Sabatino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Kelsey F. Sugrue
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Gabor Banyai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Elizabeth M. Paronett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Beverly A. Karpinski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Thomas M. Maynard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanokeVirginiaUSA
| | - Anthony‐S. LaMantia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanokeVirginiaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Irene E. Zohn
- Institute for NeuroscienceThe George Washington University School of Medicine and Health SciencesWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Neuroscience ResearchChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Center for Genetic MedicineChildren’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical CenterWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
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3
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Shannon SR, Yu J, Defnet AE, Bongfeldt D, Moise AR, Kane MA, Trainor PA. Identifying vitamin A signaling by visualizing gene and protein activity, and by quantification of vitamin A metabolites. Methods Enzymol 2020; 637:367-418. [PMID: 32359653 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) is an essential nutrient for embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Signaling by vitamin A is carried out by its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), following a two-step conversion. RA is a small, lipophilic molecule that can diffuse from its site of synthesis to neighboring RA-responsive cells where it binds retinoic acid receptors within RA response elements of target genes. It is critical that both vitamin A and RA are maintained within a tight physiological range to protect against developmental disorders and disease. Therefore, a series of compensatory mechanisms exist to ensure appropriate levels of each. This strict regulation is provided by a number synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes that facilitate the precise spatiotemporal control of vitamin A metabolism, and RA synthesis and signaling. In this chapter we describe protocols that (1) biochemically isolate and quantify vitamin A and its metabolites and (2) visualize the spatiotemporal activity of genes and proteins involved in the signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Shannon
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States; University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jianshi Yu
- University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy E Defnet
- University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Danika Bongfeldt
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander R Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada; Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Maureen A Kane
- University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States; University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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Pereira-Terra P, Moura RS, Nogueira-Silva C, Correia-Pinto J. Neuroendocrine factors regulate retinoic acid receptors in normal and hypoplastic lung development. J Physiol 2015; 593:3301-11. [PMID: 26096456 DOI: 10.1113/jp270477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Retinoic acid (RA) and ghrelin levels are altered in human hypoplastic lungs when compared to healthy lungs. Although considerable data have been obtained about RA, ghrelin and bombesin in the congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) rat model, neuroendocrine factors have never been associated with the RA signalling pathway in this animal model. In this study, the interaction between neuroendocrine factors and RA was explored in the CDH rat model. The authors found that normal fetal lung explants treated with RA, bombesin and ghrelin showed an increase in lung growth. Hypoplastic lungs presented higher expression levels of the RA receptors α and γ. Moreover bombesin and ghrelin supplementation, in vitro, to normal lungs increased RA receptor α/γ expression whereas administration of bombesin and ghrelin antagonists to normal and hypoplastic lungs decreased it. These data reveal for the first time that there is a link between neuroendocrine factors and RA, and that neuroendocrine factors sensitise the lung to the RA action through RA receptor modulation. ABSTRACT Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is characterised by a spectrum of lung hypoplasia and consequent pulmonary hypertension, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. Moreover, CDH has been associated with an increase in the levels of pulmonary neuroendocrine factors, such as bombesin and ghrelin, and a decrease in the action of retinoic acid (RA). The present study aimed to elucidate the interaction between neuroendocrine factors and RA. In vitro analyses were performed on Sprague-Dawley rat embryos. Normal lung explants were treated with bombesin, ghrelin, a bombesin antagonist, a ghrelin antagonist, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), RA dissolved in DMSO, bombesin plus RA and ghrelin plus RA. Hypoplastic lung explants (nitrofen model) were cultured with bombesin, ghrelin, bombesin antagonist or ghrelin antagonist. The lung explants were analysed morphometrically, and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α, β and γ expression levels were assessed via Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry analysis of RAR was performed in normal and hypoplastic lungs 17.5 days post-conception (dpc). Compared with the controls, hypoplastic lungs exhibited significantly higher RARα/γ expression levels. Furthermore considering hypoplastic lungs, bombesin and ghrelin antagonists decreased RARα/γ expression. Normal lung explants (13.5 dpc) treated with RA, bombesin plus RA, ghrelin plus RA, bombesin or ghrelin exhibited increased lung growth. Moreover, bombesin and ghrelin increased RARα/γ expression levels, whereas the bombesin and ghrelin antagonists decreased RARα/γ expression. This study demonstrates for the first time that neuroendocrine factors function as lung growth regulators, sensitising the lung to the action of RA through up-regulation of RARα and RARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Pereira-Terra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rute S Moura
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cristina Nogueira-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia-Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
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Barber T, Esteban-Pretel G, Marín MP, Timoneda J. Vitamin a deficiency and alterations in the extracellular matrix. Nutrients 2014; 6:4984-5017. [PMID: 25389900 PMCID: PMC4245576 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A or retinol which is the natural precursor of several biologically active metabolites can be considered the most multifunctional vitamin in mammals. Its deficiency is currently, along with protein malnutrition, the most serious and common nutritional disorder worldwide. It is necessary for normal embryonic development and postnatal tissue homeostasis, and exerts important effects on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These actions are produced mainly by regulating the expression of a variety of proteins through transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms. Extracellular matrix proteins are among those whose synthesis is known to be modulated by vitamin A. Retinoic acid, the main biologically active form of vitamin A, influences the expression of collagens, laminins, entactin, fibronectin, elastin and proteoglycans, which are the major components of the extracellular matrix. Consequently, the structure and macromolecular composition of this extracellular compartment is profoundly altered as a result of vitamin A deficiency. As cell behavior, differentiation and apoptosis, and tissue mechanics are influenced by the extracellular matrix, its modifications potentially compromise organ function and may lead to disease. This review focuses on the effects of lack of vitamin A in the extracellular matrix of several organs and discusses possible molecular mechanisms and pathologic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Barber
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Avda V. Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Esteban-Pretel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Avda V. Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Spain.
| | - María Pilar Marín
- Unidad de Microscopía IIS La Fe Valencia, Avda Campanar, 21, 46009-Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Timoneda
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Avda V. Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Spain.
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Abstract
In the 35 years since low plasma vitamin A levels were first described in premature infants, much effort has gone into attempting to describe the functional consequences of vitamin A deficiency in this population. Supplementation of extremely low birth weight infants with intramuscular (i.m.) vitamin A has a significant but modest beneficial effect upon the development of chronic lung disease (NNT 13), most likely due to reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Early high dose i.m. vitamin A also improves retinal development and there are limited clinical and laboratory data suggesting a role for vitamin A in prevention of retinopathy of prematurity. Despite evidence of benefit, there is reluctance to give routine i.m. vitamin A in the neonatal intensive care unit, but current intravenous supplementation is almost certainly inadequate. Further work is required to identify the optimal dose and most appropriate route of administration of vitamin A for preterm infants.
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Bao Y, Ibram G, Blaner WS, Quesenberry CP, Shen L, McKeague IW, Schaefer CA, Susser ES, Brown AS. Low maternal retinol as a risk factor for schizophrenia in adult offspring. Schizophr Res 2012; 137:159-65. [PMID: 22381190 PMCID: PMC3520602 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal micronutrient deficiency has been linked to later development of schizophrenia among offspring; however, no study has specifically investigated the association between vitamin A and this disorder. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient which is required by the early embryo and fetus for gene expression and regulation, cell differentiation, proliferation and migration. Previous work suggests that vitamin A deficiency in the second trimester may be particularly relevant to the etiopathogenesis of neurobehavioral phenotypes some of which are observed in schizophrenia. METHODS We examined whether low maternal vitamin A levels in the second trimester are associated with the risk of schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) in the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia study; third trimester vitamin A levels were also examined in relation to SSD. The cases were derived from a population-based birth cohort; all cohort members belonged to a prepaid health plan. Archived maternal serum samples were assayed for vitamin A in cases (N=55) and up to 2 controls per case (N=106) matched on length of membership in the health plan, date of birth (±28 days), sex, and gestational timing and availability of archived maternal sera. RESULTS For the second trimester, low maternal vitamin A, defined as values in the lowest tertile of the distribution among controls, was associated with a greater than threefold increased risk of SSD, adjusting for maternal education and age (OR=3.04, 95% CI=1.06, 8.79, p=.039). No association between third trimester maternal vitamin A and SSD was observed. CONCLUSIONS Although further investigations are warranted, this is the first birth cohort study to our knowledge to report an association between low maternal vitamin A levels and SSD among offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuanYuan Bao
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Ghionul Ibram
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - William S. Blaner
- Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Charles P. Quesenberry
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, 3505 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94611, United States
| | - Ling Shen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, 3505 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94611, United States
| | - Ian W. McKeague
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Catherine A. Schaefer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, 3505 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94611, United States
| | - Ezra S. Susser
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Alan S. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
- Corresponding author at: New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 23, New York, NY 10032, United States. Tel.: +1 212 543 5629. (A.S. Brown)
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Ruttenstock EM, Doi T, Dingemann J, Puri P. Prenatal administration of retinoic acid upregulates connective tissue growth factor in the nitrofen CDH model. Pediatr Surg Int 2011; 27:573-7. [PMID: 21258935 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have suggested that retinoids may be involved in the molecular mechanisms of pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays a key role in foetal lung development and remodelling during later gestation. CTGF knockout mice exhibit PH with similar characteristics to the human and nitrofen-induced PH. Prenatal administration of retinoic acid (RA) has been shown to stimulate alveologenesis in nitrofen-induced PH. In vitro studies have revealed that RA can induce CTGF gene expression. We hypothesized that pulmonary gene expression of CTGF is downregulated during the later stages of lung development, and that prenatal administration of RA upregulates CTGF in the nitrofen CDH model. METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to either olive oil or nitrofen on day 9 (D9) of gestation. RA was given intraperitoneally on D18, D19 and D20. Foetuses were harvested on D21 and divided into control, CDH, control + RA and CDH + RA group. Pulmonary CTGF gene and protein expression levels were determined using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS On D21, CTGF relative mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in CDH group compared to controls. After RA treatment, expression levels of CTGF were significantly upregulated in CDH + RA and control + RA compared to the CDH group. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed these results. CONCLUSION Downregulation of pulmonary CTGF gene and protein expression during later stages of lung development may interfere with normal alveologenesis in the nitrofen CDH model. Upregulation of CTGF pulmonary gene expression after prenatal RA treatment may promote lung growth by promoting alveologenesis in the nitrofen-induced CDH model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor/drug effects
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/chemically induced
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/genetics
- Hernia, Diaphragmatic/prevention & control
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital
- Immunohistochemistry
- Phenyl Ethers/toxicity
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy, Animal
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tretinoin/administration & dosage
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Ruttenstock EM, Doi T, Dingemann J, Puri P. Prenatal retinoic acid treatment upregulates late gestation lung protein 1 in the nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lung in late gestation. Pediatr Surg Int 2011; 27:125-9. [PMID: 21069352 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH), the leading cause of mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), is associated with arrested alveolarization. Late gestation lung protein 1 (LGL1) plays a crucial role in the regulation of alveolarization. Inhibition of LGL1 impairs alveolar maturation in fetal rat lungs. LGL1 heterozygotus knockout mice display delayed lung maturation. It is well known that prenatal administration of retinoic acid (RA) stimulates alveologenesis in nitrofen-induced PH. In vitro studies have reported that RA is a key modulator of LGL1 during alveologenesis. We hypothesized, that pulmonary gene expression of LGL1 is downregulated in the late stage of lung development, and that prenatal administration of RA upregulates pulmonary LGL1 expression in the nitrofen CDH model. METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to nitrofen on day 9 (D9) of gestation. RA was given intraperitoneally on D18, D19 and D20. Fetal lungs were dissected on D21 and divided into control, control + RA, CDH and CDH + RA group. Expression levels of LGL1 were determined using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS On D21, LGL1 relative mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in CDH group compared to controls. After RA treatment, gene expression levels of LGL1 were significantly upregulated in CDH + RA and control + RA compared to CDH group. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed these results. CONCLUSION Downregulation of pulmonary LGL1 gene expression in the late stage of lung development may interfere with normal alveologenesis. Upregulation of LGL1 pulmonary gene expression after RA treatment may promote lung growth by stimulating alveologenesis in the nitrofen CDH model.
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Zile MH. Vitamin A-not for your eyes only: requirement for heart formation begins early in embryogenesis. Nutrients 2010; 2:532-50. [PMID: 22254040 PMCID: PMC3257662 DOI: 10.3390/nu2050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A insufficiency has profound adverse effects on embryonic development. Major advances in understanding the role of vitamin A in vertebrate heart formation have been made since the discovery that the vitamin A active form, all-trans-retinoic acid, regulates many genes, including developmental genes. Among the experimental models used, the vitamin A-deficient avian embryo has been an important tool to study the function of vitamin A during early heart formation. A cluster of retinoic acid-regulated developmental genes have been identified that participate in building the heart. In the absence of retinoic acid the embryonic heart develops abnormally leading to embryolethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija H Zile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Wei H, Huang HM, Li TY, Qu P, Liu YX, Chen J. Marginal vitamin A deficiency affects lung maturation in rats from prenatal to adult stage. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2009; 55:208-14. [PMID: 19602828 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.55.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mild or marginal vitamin A deficiency (MVAD) is still a serious and widespread public health problem in pregnant women and children in developing countries. This study investigated rat lung maturation from prenatal to adult stage during pregnancy and postnatal MVAD and the recovery after postnatal vitamin A supplementation (VAS). Adult female rats and their offspring were randomized into three groups. 1. CONTROL the mothers and offspring received a normal diet.2. MVAD: The mothers and offspring received a MVAD diet.3. VAS: the mothers received MVAD diet till parturition, and then received the normal diet. The offspring of the VAS group were given low-dose vitamin A from postnatal day 1 to day 7 and received the normal diet after weaning. The lung development, structure, and collagen and elastic fiber of offspring were monitored by morphometric analysis at age 1 d, 2 and 8 wk, respectively. Lower body weight, lung weight, reduced numbers of alveoli and total alveolar surface area as well as increased alveoli septa thickness was observed in MVAD compared to that in the control animals. Increased collagen deposits and decreasing elastic fiber were found in MVAD rats. However, all of these were significantly improved in VAS-treated animals. These data suggest that the rat lung is sensitive to MVAD during the developing stage. Early postnatal vitamin A supplementation can partially restore the normal lung structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wei
- Children's Nutritional Research Center, Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China.
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12
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Vega VA, Anzulovich AC, Varas SM, Bonomi MR, Giménez MS, Oliveros LB. Effect of nutritional vitamin A deficiency on lipid metabolism in the rat heart: Its relation to PPAR gene expression. Nutrition 2009; 25:828-38. [PMID: 19342198 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the effect of dietary vitamin A deprivation on lipid composition and mRNA expression of regulatory enzymes involved in rat heart energetic lipid metabolism and its relation to the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) genes. METHODS Male Wistar 21-d-old rats were fed for 3 mo with a vitamin A-free diet (vitamin A-deficient group) and the same diet plus 8 mg of retinol palmitate per kilogram of diet (control group). One group of deficient animals received the control diet 15 d before sacrifice (vitamin A-refed group). Heart ventricular and mitochondrial lipid contents were determined. Lipid synthesis was measured using radioactive precursors and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) activities using radioactive substrates. Fatty acid composition of mitochondrial phospholipids was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Heart expression of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, CPT-I, PPAR-alpha, PPAR-beta, RXR-alpha, and RXR-beta was assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and CPT-I expression was also measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Vitamin A deficiency induced changes in heart ventricular lipid content and synthesis. Mitochondrial cardiolipin decreased and the proportion of phospholipids/saturated fatty acids increased. Heart activity and mRNA levels of CPT-I and expression of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-beta genes were enhanced, whereas acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase activity diminished. Furthermore, vitamin A deficiency decreased heart mRNA levels of RXRs. Vitamin A refeeding reverted most of the observed changes. CONCLUSION Lipid metabolism is significantly modified in hearts of vitamin A-deficient rats. Alteration of mitochondrial energetic processes by modifying the activity and gene expressions of the regulatory enzymes is associated with a high PPAR expression induced by vitamin A deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Analía Vega
- Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of San Luis, and IMIBIO-SL, CONICET, Argentina
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Klemm RDW, Labrique AB, Christian P, Rashid M, Shamim AA, Katz J, Sommer A, West KP. Newborn vitamin A supplementation reduced infant mortality in rural Bangladesh. Pediatrics 2008; 122:e242-50. [PMID: 18595969 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the effect of supplementing newborns with 50000 IU of vitamin A on all-cause infant mortality through 24 weeks of age. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a community-based, double-masked, cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 19 unions in rural northwest Bangladesh. The study was nested into and balanced across treatment arms of an ongoing placebo-controlled, weekly maternal vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation trial. Study-defined sectors (N = 596) were evenly randomized for newborns of participating mothers to receive a single, oral supplement of vitamin A (50000 IU) or placebo as droplets of oil squeezed from a gelatinous capsule. Mothers provided informed consent for newborn participation at approximately 28 weeks' gestation. After birth, typically at home (where >90% of births occurred), infants were supplemented and their vital status was followed through 24 weeks of age. The main outcome measure was mortality through 24 weeks of age. RESULTS We obtained maternal consent to dose 17116 live-born infants (99.8% of all eligible) among whom 15937 (93.1%) were visited to be supplemented <30 days after birth and for whom vital status at 24 weeks of age was known. Dosed infants (n = 15902 [99.8%]) received their study supplement at a median age of 7 hours. Relative to control subjects, the risk of death in vitamin A-supplemented infants was 0.85, reflecting a 15% reduction in all-cause mortality. Protective relative risks were indistinguishable by infant gender, gestational age, birth weight, age at dosing, maternal age, parity, or across the 3 treatment arms of the maternal supplementation trial. CONCLUSIONS Newborn vitamin A dosing improved infant survival through the first 6 months of life in Bangladesh. These results corroborate previous findings from studies in Indonesia and India and provide additional evidence that vitamin A supplementation shortly after birth can reduce infant mortality in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf D W Klemm
- DrPH, Johns Hopkins University, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205.
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Rodrigues P, Gonçalves C, Honório A, Barros J, Bairos V. Quantification of mouse lung elastin during prenatal development. Open Respir Med J 2008; 2:46-51. [PMID: 19365535 PMCID: PMC2606651 DOI: 10.2174/1874306400802010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic fibres play a crucial function during the process of lung alveolisation. During the perinatal period, any changes in the elastogenic process during foetal development may result in permanent lifetime defects. In pre-natal life, well-developed pulmonary elastic fibres should favor the pre-natal maturation of the lung and an enhanced alveolisation, which in many species, such as humans begins only after birth. The authors present a quantitative study by image analysis and by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the mouse lungs’ elastic fibre content from the 15th till the 19th gestational day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinics - University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, (UTAD) Vila Real, Portugal; Center for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Turner BS, Bradshaw W, Brandon D. Neonatal lung remodeling: structural, inflammatory, and ventilator-induced injury. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2005; 19:362-76; quiz 377-8. [PMID: 16292137 DOI: 10.1097/00005237-200510000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The developing lung is subject to events, both prenatal and postnatal, that alter the normal developmental process. The degree of insult or injury affects how the lung functions at birth and then responds to the insult throughout childhood. In this article, only 3 of the influences are examined: structural, inflammatory, and mechanical. It is recognized that there is a plethora of other factors that influence lung remodeling.
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Cho SJ, George CLS, Snyder JM, Acarregui MJ. Retinoic acid and erythropoietin maintain alveolar development in mice treated with an angiogenesis inhibitor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:622-8. [PMID: 16141447 PMCID: PMC2715334 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0050oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants is characterized by inhibited alveolarization and vasculogenesis. Our goal was to generate a mouse model of inhibited alveolarization by the administration of an inhibitor of angiogenesis. We then examined the effects of retinoic acid (RA) and erythropoietin (EPO) on alveolar development in this model. Three-day-old mice were injected with a single dose of SU1498 (30 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and either concomitant RA (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or EPO (2,000 IU/kg, subcutaneously) for 10 consecutive days, then harvested on Day 21. Morphometric and electron microscopic analysis, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) immunostaining of endothelial cells, were performed on the lung tissue. In vitro assays were also performed to characterize the effects of RA on endothelial cell growth. Alveolar development was attenuated in the SU1498-treated mice, and electron microscopy demonstrated dilated and dysmorphic capillaries in alveolar walls comparable to previous findings in lungs of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. RA or EPO maintained mean alveolar volume, alveolar surface area, and endothelial cell volume density in the SU1498-treated animals. RA also increased the proliferation of human fetal lung capillary endothelial precursor cells in vitro. These results suggest that the maintenance or growth of the endothelial cell population of the distal lung plays a major role in postnatal alveolar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Downie D, Antipatis C, Delday MI, Maltin CA, Sneddon AA. Moderate maternal vitamin A deficiency alters myogenic regulatory protein expression and perinatal organ growth in the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 288:R73-9. [PMID: 15458964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00186.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most common dietary deficiencies in the developing world and is a major health concern where it is associated with increased risk of fetal and infant mortality and morbidity. Early studies in the rat demonstrated that, in addition to respiratory problems, neonates showed evidence of mobility problems in response to moderate vitamin A deficiency. This study investigated whether moderate deficiency of this vitamin plays a role in regulating key skeletal muscle regulatory pathways during development. Thirty female rats were fed vitamin A-moderate (VAM) or vitamin A-sufficient diets from weaning and throughout pregnancy. Fetal and neonatal hindlimb and muscle samples were collected on days 13.5, 15.5, 17.5, and 19.5 of pregnancy and 1 day following birth. Mothers fed the VAM diet had reduced retinol concentrations at all time points studied (P < 0.01), and neonates had reduced relative lung weights (P < 0.01). Fetal weight and survival did not differ between groups but neonatal survival was lower in the VAM group where neonates had increased relative heart weights (P < 0.05). Analysis of myogenic regulatory factor expression and calcineurin signaling in fetuses and neonates demonstrated decreased protein levels of myf5 [50% at 17.5 dg (P < 0.05)], myogenin [70% at birth (P < 0.001)], and myosin heavy chain fast [50% at birth (P < 0.05)] in response to moderate vitamin A deficiency. Overall, these changes suggest that vitamin A status during pregnancy may have important implications for fetal muscle development and subsequent muscle function in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Downie
- The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK
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Ross AC. On the sources of retinoic acid in the lung: understanding the local conversion of retinol to retinoic acid. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L247-8. [PMID: 14711799 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00234.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kulman JD, Harris JE, Xie L, Davie EW. Identification of two novel transmembrane gamma-carboxyglutamic acid proteins expressed broadly in fetal and adult tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1370-5. [PMID: 11171957 PMCID: PMC29263 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proline-rich gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) proteins (PRGPs) 1 and 2 are the founding members of a family of vitamin K-dependent single-pass integral membrane proteins characterized by an extracellular amino terminal domain of approximately 45 amino acids that is rich in Gla. The intracellular carboxyl terminal region of these two proteins contains one or two copies of the sequence PPXY, a motif present in a variety of proteins involved in such diverse cellular functions as signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and protein turnover. In this report, we describe the cloning of the cDNAs for two additional human transmembrane Gla proteins (TMG) of 20-24 kDa named TMG3 and TMG4. These two proteins possess extracellular Gla domains with 13 or 9 potential Gla residues, respectively, followed by membrane-spanning hydrophobic regions and cytoplasmic carboxyl terminal regions that contain PPXY motifs. This emerging family of integral membrane Gla proteins includes proline-rich Gla protein (PRGP) 1, PRGP2, TMG3, and TMG4, all of which are characterized by broad and variable distribution in both fetal and adult tissues. Members of this family can be grouped into two subclasses on the basis of their gene organization and amino acid sequence. These observations suggest novel physiological functions for vitamin K beyond its known role in the biosynthesis of proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone development. The identification and characterization of these proteins may allow a more complete understanding of the teratogenic consequences of exposure in utero to vitamin K antagonists, such as warfarin-based anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Kulman
- Department of Biochemistry, Box 357350, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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