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Exercise Prevents Diaphragm Wasting Induced by Cigarette Smoke through Modulation of Antioxidant Genes and Metalloproteinases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5909053. [PMID: 29789801 PMCID: PMC5896353 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5909053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to analyze the effects of physical training on an antioxidant canonical pathway and metalloproteinases activity in diaphragm muscle in a model of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Male mice were randomized into control, smoke, exercise, and exercise + smoke groups, which were maintained in trial period of 24 weeks. Gene expression of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; nuclear factor erythroid-2 like 2; and heme-oxygenase1 by polymerase chain reaction was performed. Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 activities were analyzed by zymography. Exercise capacity was evaluated by treadmill exercise test before and after the protocol. Results Aerobic training inhibited diaphragm muscle wasting induced by cigarette smoke exposure. This inhibition was associated with improved aerobic capacity in those animals that were submitted to 24 weeks of aerobic training, when compared to the control and smoke groups, which were not submitted to training. The aerobic training also downregulated the increase of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and upregulated antioxidant genes, such as nuclear factor erythroid-2 like 2 (NRF2) and heme-oxygenase1 (HMOX1), in exercise + smoke group compared to smoke group. Conclusions Treadmill aerobic training protects diaphragm muscle wasting induced by cigarette smoke exposure involving upregulation of antioxidant genes and downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases.
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Expression and complex formation of MMP9, MMP2, NGAL, and TIMP1 in porcine myocardium but not in skeletal muscles in male pigs with tachycardia-induced systolic heart failure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:283856. [PMID: 23710440 PMCID: PMC3654659 DOI: 10.1155/2013/283856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the remodeling of extracellular matrix in various tissues. Their functioning could be related to the formation of complexes, containing MMP9, MMP2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type 1 (TIMP1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Such complexes have not been investigated in either myocardial or skeletal muscles. We examined 20 male pigs with heart failure (HF), and 5 sham-operated animals. There were no differences in the mRNA expression of MMP9, MMP2, TIMP1, and NGAL between diseased and healthy animals, in either left ventricle (LV) myocardium or skeletal muscles. In LV from both diseased and healthy animals, in nonreducing and nondenaturing conditions, we demonstrated the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) complexes (130, 170, and 220 kDa) containing MMP9, TIMP1, and NGAL (also MMP2 in 220 kDa complex) without proteolytic activity, and a proteolytically active 115 kDa MMP9 form together with 72 and 68 kDa bands (proMMP2 and MMP2). Proteolytically active bands were also spontaneously released from HMW complexes. In skeletal muscles from both diseased and healthy animals, in nonreducing and nondenaturing conditions, we found no HMW complexes, and proteolytic activity was associated with the presence of 72 and 68 kDa bands (proMMP2 and MMP2).
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Rehn TA, Munkvik M, Lunde PK, Sjaastad I, Sejersted OM. Intrinsic skeletal muscle alterations in chronic heart failure patients: a disease-specific myopathy or a result of deconditioning? Heart Fail Rev 2013; 17:421-36. [PMID: 21996779 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-011-9289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) patients frequently experience impaired exercise tolerance due to skeletal muscle fatigue. Studies suggest that this in part is due to intrinsic alterations in skeletal muscle of CHF patients, often interpreted as a disease-specific myopathy. Knowledge about the mechanisms underlying these skeletal muscle alterations is of importance for the pathophysiological understanding of CHF, therapeutic approach and rehabilitation strategies. We here critically review the evidence for skeletal muscle alterations in CHF, the underlying mechanisms of such alterations and how skeletal muscle responds to training in this patient group. Skeletal muscle characteristics in CHF patients are very similar to what is reported in response to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), detraining and deconditioning. Furthermore, skeletal muscle alterations observed in CHF patients are reversible by training, and skeletal muscle of CHF patients seems to be at least as trainable as that of matched controls. We argue that deconditioning is a major contributor to the skeletal muscle dysfunction in CHF patients and that further research is needed to determine whether, and to what extent, the intrinsic skeletal muscle alterations in CHF represent an integral part of the pathophysiology in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Rehn
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.
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Dahiya S, Bhatnagar S, Hindi SM, Jiang C, Paul PK, Kuang S, Kumar A. Elevated levels of active matrix metalloproteinase-9 cause hypertrophy in skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4345-59. [PMID: 21846793 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of extracellular proteases involved in tissue remodeling in several physiological and pathophysiological conditions. While increased expression of MMPs (especially MMP-9) has been observed in skeletal muscle in numerous conditions, their physiological significance remains less-well understood. By generating novel skeletal muscle-specific transgenic (Tg) mice expressing constitutively active mutant of MMP-9 (i.e. MMP-9G100L), in this study, we have investigated the effects of elevated levels of MMP-9 on skeletal muscle structure and function in vivo. Tg expression of enzymatically active MMP-9 protein significantly increased skeletal muscle fiber cross-section area, levels of contractile proteins and force production in isometric contractions. MMP-9 stimulated the activation of the Akt signaling pathway in Tg mice. Moreover, expression of active MMP-9 increased the proportion of fast-type fiber in soleus muscle of mice. Overexpression of MMP-9 also considerably reduced the deposition of collagens I and IV in skeletal muscle in vivo. In one-year-old mdx mice (a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD), deletion of the Mmp9 gene reduced fiber hypertrophy and phosphorylation of Akt and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Collectively, our study suggests that elevated levels of active MMP-9 protein cause hypertrophy in skeletal muscle and that the modulation of MMP-9 levels may have therapeutic value in various muscular disorders including DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Dahiya
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Molina FD, Santos FCA, Falleiros LR, Goloni-Bertollo EM, Felisbino SL, Justulin LA, Maniglia JV, Taboga SR. Microscopical evaluation of extracellular matrix and its relation to the palatopharyngeal muscle in obstructive sleep apnea. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 74:430-9. [PMID: 20836084 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is a complex disease of the upper respiratory airways. SAHS physiopathology is multifactorial in which airway compliance is a very important component. To evaluate the tissue changes in the palatopharyngeal muscle by morphometric, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and stereological quantification, with special attention to extracellular matrix associated with this muscle at the structural and ultrastructural levels. Thirty patients with SAHS were divided into groups of 10 according to disease severity: mild, moderate, and severe SAHS. In addition, the control group consisted of 10 patients. Fragments of palatopharyngeal muscle removed from patients with SAHS and tonsillectomies from patients in the control group were histopathologically submitted to light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Histopathological evaluations by light and transmission electron microscopes showed differences in analyzed groups, such as reduction of the muscle fiber diameter in patients with SAHS, taking disease severity into consideration. In contrast, stereological analysis showed a gradual increase of the collagen and elastic system fibers relative frequencies, proportionally to SAHS seriousness. MMP-2 and MMP-9 immunostaining also showed an increased reaction in the muscle fiber cytoplasm and endomisium during SAHS progression. The ultrastructural analysis showed that palatopharyngeal muscle fibers presented cytoplasmic residual corpuscles, a sign of early cell aging. In conclusion, the increase of tissue compliance in individuals with SAHS can be, in addition to other factors, consequence of diminished contractile activity of the muscle fibers, which exhibited clear signs of early senescence. Moreover, extracellular matrix components changes may contribute to muscle myopathy during SAHS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D Molina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Service for Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine at Sao Jose do Rio Preto-FAMERP, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Santos DPD, Okoshi K, Moreira VO, Seiva FRF, Almeida FLAD, Padovani CR, Carvalho RF, Okoshi MP, Cicogna AC, Castro AVB, Pai-Silva MD. Growth hormone attenuates skeletal muscle changes in experimental chronic heart failure. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:149-155. [PMID: 20060348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of growth hormone (GH) on morphology and myogenic regulatory factors (MRF) gene expression in skeletal muscle of rats with ascending aortic stenosis (AAS) induced chronic heart failure. DESIGN Male 90-100g Wistar rats were subjected to thoracotomy. AAS was created by placing a stainless-steel clip on the ascending aorta. Twenty five weeks after surgery, rats were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human GH (2mg/kg/day; AAS-GH group) or saline (AAS group) for 14 days. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Left ventricular (LV) function was assessed before and after treatment. IGF-1 serum levels were measured by ELISA. After anesthesia, soleus muscle was frozen in liquid nitrogen. Histological sections were stained with HE and picrosirius red to calculate muscle fiber cross-sectional area and collagen fractional area, respectively. MRF myogenin and MyoD expression was analyzed by reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Body weight was similar between groups. AAS and AAS-GH groups presented dilated left atrium, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LV mass index: Control 1.90+/-0.15; AAS 3.11+/-0.44; AAS-GH 2.94+/-0.47 g/kg; p<0.05 AAS and AAS-GH vs. Control), and reduced LV posterior wall shortening velocity. Soleus muscle fiber area was significantly lower in AAS than in Control and AAS-GH groups; there was no difference between AAS-GH and Control groups. Collagen fractional area was significantly higher in AAS than Control; AAS-GH did not differ from both Control and AAS groups. Serum IGF-1 levels decreased in AAS compared to Control. MyoD mRNA was significantly higher in AAS-GH than AAS; there was no difference between AAS-GH and Control groups. Myogenin mRNA levels were similar between groups. CONCLUSION In rats with aortic stenosis-induced heart failure, growth hormone administration increases MyoD gene expression above non-treated animal levels, preserves muscular trophism and attenuates interstitial fibrosis. These results suggest that growth hormone may have a potential role as an adjuvant therapy for chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Pioli dos Santos
- Department of Morphology, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li H, Mittal A, Makonchuk DY, Bhatnagar S, Kumar A. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibition ameliorates pathogenesis and improves skeletal muscle regeneration in muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2584-98. [PMID: 19401296 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked genetic disorder of skeletal muscle caused by mutation in dystrophin gene. Although the degradation of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix, inflammation and fibrosis are the common pathological features in DMD, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the role and the mechanisms by which increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein causes myopathy in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. The levels of MMP-9 but not tissue inhibitor of MMPs were drastically increased in skeletal muscle of mdx mice. Besides skeletal muscle, infiltrating macrophages were found to contribute significantly to the elevated levels of MMP-9 in dystrophic muscle. In vivo administration of a nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitory peptide, NBD, blocked the expression of MMP-9 in dystrophic muscle of mdx mice. Deletion of Mmp9 gene in mdx mice improved skeletal muscle structure and functions and reduced muscle injury, inflammation and fiber necrosis. Inhibition of MMP-9 increased the levels of cytoskeletal protein beta-dystroglycan and neural nitric oxide synthase and reduced the amounts of caveolin-3 and transforming growth factor-beta in myofibers of mdx mice. Genetic ablation of MMP-9 significantly augmented the skeletal muscle regeneration in mdx mice. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of MMP-9 activity also ameliorated skeletal muscle pathogenesis and enhanced myofiber regeneration in mdx mice. Collectively, our study suggests that the increased production of MMP-9 exacerbates dystrophinopathy and MMP-9 represents as one of the most promising therapeutic targets for the prevention of disease progression in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Rehn TA, Borge BA, Lunde PK, Munkvik M, Sneve ML, Grøndahl F, Aronsen JM, Sjaastad I, Prydz K, Kolset SO, Wiig H, Sejersted OM, Iversen PO. Temporary fatigue and altered extracellular matrix in skeletal muscle during progression of heart failure in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R26-33. [PMID: 19339678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90617.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) experience increased skeletal muscle fatigue. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown, but a deranged extracellular matrix (ECM) might be a contributing factor. Hence, we examined ECM components and regulators in a rat postinfarction model of CHF. At various time points during a 3.5 mo-period after induction of CHF in rats by left coronary artery ligation, blood, interstitial fluid (IF), and muscles were sampled. Isoflurane anesthesia was employed during all surgical procedures. IF was extracted by wicks inserted intermuscularly in a hind limb. We measured cytokines in plasma and IF, whereas matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and collagen content, as well as the level of glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronan were determined in hind limb muscle. In vivo fatigue protocols of the soleus muscle were performed at 42 and 112 days after induction of heart failure. We found that the MMP activity and collagen content in the skeletal muscles increased significantly at 42 days after induction of CHF, and these changes were time related to increased skeletal muscle fatigability. These parameters returned to sham levels at 112 days. VEGF in IF was significantly lower in CHF compared with sham-operated rats at 3 and 10 days, but no difference was observed at 112 days. We conclude that temporary alterations in the ECM, possibly triggered by VEGF, are related to a transient development of skeletal muscle fatigue in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy A Rehn
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo Univ. Hospital-Ullevaal, N-0407 Oslo, Norway.
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Zheng J, Wen R, Guillaume D. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (CoMFA and CoMSIA) studies on galardin derivatives as gelatinase A (matrix metalloproteinase 2) inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:445-53. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360701632221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ren Wen
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Dominique Guillaume
- Faculté de Pharmacie, FRE 2715 CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, 51100, France
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Iversen PO, Sørensen DR, Tronstad KJ, Gudbrandsen OA, Rustan AC, Berge RK, Drevon CA. A bioactively modified fatty acid improves survival and impairs metastasis in preclinical models of acute leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:3525-31. [PMID: 16740779 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the sulfur-substituted fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in lymphoma and leukemic cell lines, but it is unknown if they can modify leukemogenesis in the intact organism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We now examined the effects of PUFA and TTA in rats transplanted with either acute promyelocytic leukemia or acute T-cell leukemia. The rats were randomized to isoenergetic diets containing either lard (control), omega3 (n-3) PUFA, or TTA. RESULTS Whereas TTA prolonged survival (P < 0.05) in both types of rat leukemia, n-3 PUFA had no significant effect compared with controls. Only TTA inhibited (P < 0.05) leukemic infiltration in the bone marrow and spleen, probably due to apoptosis of the leukemic cells. Plasma metalloproteinase activity, a marker of metastatic activity, was significantly reduced in TTA-fed rats only. CONCLUSIONS Dietary intake of TTA, but not of n-3 PUFA, in rats with acute leukemia, prolonged their survival. TTA intake was also associated with reduced leukemic cell burden as well as diminished extramedullar dissemination. TTA represents a modified fatty acid that exerts unique effects on malignant hematopoietic cells, and the present study indicates that TTA may have a therapeutic potential in patients with acute leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per O Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Srivastava AK, Qin X, Wedhas N, Arnush M, Linkhart TA, Chadwick RB, Kumar A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha augments matrix metalloproteinase-9 production in skeletal muscle cells through the activation of transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-dependent signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:35113-24. [PMID: 17897957 PMCID: PMC4154379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705329200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on the production of extracellular matrix-degrading proteases in skeletal muscles. Using microarray, quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and zymography, we found that TNF-alpha drastically increases the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 from C2C12 myotubes. In vivo administration of TNF-alpha in mice increased the transcript level of MMP-9 in skeletal muscle tissues. Although TNF-alpha activated all the three MAPKs (i.e. ERK1/2, JNK, and p38), inhibition of ERK1/2 or p38 but not JNK blunted the TNF-alpha-induced production of MMP-9 from myotubes. Inhibition of Akt also inhibited the TNF-alpha-induced production of MMP-9. TNF-alpha increased the activation of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1 but not SP-1 in myotubes. Overexpression of a dominant negative inhibitor of NF-kappaB or AP-1 blocked the TNF-alpha-induced expression of MMP-9 in myotubes. Similarly, point mutations in AP-1- or NF-kappaB-binding sites in MMP-9 promoter inhibited the TNF-alpha-induced expression of a reporter gene. TNF-alpha increased the activity of transforming growth factor-beta-activating kinase-1 (TAK1). Furthermore, overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of TAK1 blocked the TNF-alpha-induced expression of MMP-9 and activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1. Our results also suggest that TNF-alpha induces MMP-9 expression in muscle cells through the recruitment of TRAF-2, Fas-associated protein with death domain, and TNF receptor-associated protein with death domain but not NIK or TRAF-6 proteins. We conclude that TAK1-mediated pathways are involved in TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva K Srivastava
- Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357, USA
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Johannsson E, Henriksen T, Iversen PO. Increase in matrix metalloproteinases from endothelial cells exposed to umbilical cord plasma from high birth weight newborns. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R1563-8. [PMID: 17158262 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00634.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Large for gestational age infants have increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in child- and adulthood. The vascular endothelium is a target site in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular disorders. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are important modulators of the extracellular matrix and serve as markers of these disorders. Here, we asked whether umbilical cord plasma of high birth weight (HBW; >4 kg) infants could modulate functional properties of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) compared with plasma from normal birth weight (NBW; 3.1–3.6 kg) infants. To test this, HUVECs were exposed for 48 h to 20% venous cord plasma from HBW or NBW infants. The MMP activity in supernatants of HUVECs exposed to HBW plasma was nearly three times higher ( P < 0.05) than that obtained with NBW plasma. MMP-9, but not MMP-2, protein concentration and mRNA expression were enhanced in HBW ( P < 0.05). With specific blockers, MMP activity and mRNA-MMP-9 were inhibited by ∼60–70%. Cord lipid and insulin concentrations were similar ( P > 0.05) among the two groups. We could not detect any significant differences between the two groups in the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines or specific tissue inhibitors of MMP in plasma or HUVEC supernatants. In conclusion, cord plasma from HBW infants induced more MMP-9 in HUVECs compared with cord plasma from NBW infants. Although not identified, cord plasma of HBW infants may contain factors that increase endothelial cell MMP. These findings may indicate an association between fetal nutritional conditions and endothelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlingur Johannsson
- Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Iceland University of Education, Laugarvatn, Iceland
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Carvalho RF, Dariolli R, Justulin Junior LA, Sugizaki MM, Politi Okoshi M, Cicogna AC, Felisbino SL, Dal Pai-Silva M. Heart failure alters matrix metalloproteinase gene expression and activity in rat skeletal muscle. Int J Exp Pathol 2007; 87:437-43. [PMID: 17222211 PMCID: PMC2517391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is associated with a skeletal muscle myopathy with cellular and extracellular alterations. The hypothesis of this investigation is that extracellular changes may be associated with enhanced mRNA expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). We examined MMP mRNA expression and MMP activity in Soleus (SOL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and diaphragm (DIA) muscles of young Wistar rat with monocrotaline-induced heart failure. Rats injected with saline served as age-matched controls. MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA contents were determined by RT-PCR and MMP activity by electrophoresis in gelatin-containing polyacrylamide gels in the presence of SDS under non-reducing conditions. Heart failure increased MMP9 mRNA expression and activity in SOL, EDL and DIA and MMP2 mRNA expression in DIA. These results suggest that MMP changes may contribute to the skeletal muscle myopathy during heart failure.
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