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Xu K, Nnyamah C, Pandya N, Sweis N, Corona-Avila I, Priyadarshini M, Wicksteed B, Layden BT. β cell acetate production and release are negligible. Islets 2024; 16:2339558. [PMID: 38607959 PMCID: PMC11018053 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2024.2339558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are primarily produced from fermentation of fiber, regulate insulin secretion through free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFA2 and FFA3). As these are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), they have potential therapeutic value as targets for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D). The exact mechanism by which these receptors regulate insulin secretion and other aspects of pancreatic β cell function is unclear. It has been reported that glucose-dependent release of acetate from pancreatic β cells negatively regulates glucose stimulated insulin secretion. While these data raise the possibility of acetate's potential autocrine action on these receptors, these findings have not been independently confirmed, and multiple concerns exist with this observation, particularly the lack of specificity and precision of the acetate detection methodology used. METHODS Using Min6 cells and mouse islets, we assessed acetate and pyruvate production and secretion in response to different glucose concentrations, via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS Using Min6 cells and mouse islets, we showed that both intracellular pyruvate and acetate increased with high glucose conditions; however, intracellular acetate level increased only slightly and exclusively in Min6 cells but not in the islets. Further, extracellular acetate levels were not affected by the concentration of glucose in the incubation medium of either Min6 cells or islets. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not substantiate the glucose-dependent release of acetate from pancreatic β cells, and therefore, invalidate the possibility of an autocrine inhibitory effect on glucose stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chioma Nnyamah
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nupur Pandya
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nadia Sweis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irene Corona-Avila
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Lee DH, Kim MT, Han JH. GPR41 and GPR43: From development to metabolic regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116735. [PMID: 38744220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors are a diverse class of cell surface receptors that orchestrate numerous physiological functions. The G-protein-coupled receptors, GPR41 and GPR43, sense short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are metabolites of dietary fermentation by the host's intestinal bacteria. These receptors have gained attention as potential therapeutic targets against various diseases because of their SCFA-mediated beneficial effects on the host's intestinal health. Mounting evidence has associated the activity of these receptors with chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. However, despite intensive research using various strategies, including gene knockout (KO) mouse models, evidence about the precise roles of GPR41 and GPR43 in disease treatment remains inconsistent. Here, we comprehensively review the latest findings from functional studies of the signaling mechanisms that underlie the activities of GPR41 and GPR43, as well as highlight their multifaceted roles in health and disease. We anticipate that this knowledge will guide future research priorities and the development of effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, the Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Tae Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, KyongBo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 174, Sirok-ro, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31501, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, the Republic of Korea.
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3
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Öz-Arslan D, Durer ZA, Kan B. G protein-coupled receptor-mediated autophagy in health and disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38501194 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest and most diverse superfamily of mammalian transmembrane proteins. These receptors are involved in a wide range of physiological functions and are targets for more than a third of available drugs in the market. Autophagy is a cellular process involved in degrading damaged proteins and organelles and in recycling cellular components. Deficiencies in autophagy are involved in a variety of pathological conditions. Both GPCRs and autophagy are essential in preserving homeostasis and cell survival. There is emerging evidence suggesting that GPCRs are direct regulators of autophagy. Additionally, autophagic machinery is involved in the regulation of GPCR signalling. The interplay between GPCR and autophagic signalling mechanisms significantly impacts on health and disease; however, there is still an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications in different tissues and disease contexts. This review aims to discuss the interactions between GPCR and autophagy signalling. Studies on muscarinic receptors, beta-adrenoceptors, taste receptors, purinergic receptors and adhesion GPCRs are summarized, in relation to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Aslıhan Durer
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Acibadem MAA University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beki Kan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Teyani R, Moniri NH. Gut feelings in the islets: The role of the gut microbiome and the FFA2 and FFA3 receptors for short chain fatty acids on β-cell function and metabolic regulation. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:3113-3129. [PMID: 37620991 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are biosynthesized via fermentation of polysaccharides by gastrointestinal microbiota and have been shown to have wide-reaching effects on almost all tissues, including the pancreatic islets. Historically, the effects of SCFAs have been attributed to their intracellular metabolism and function as energy sources, but the discovery of free fatty acid G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the 2000s suggested that many functional outcomes of SCFAs are receptor-mediated. The SCFA receptors FFA2/GPR43 and FFA3/GPR41 are expressed on β-cells, where they regulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, making them attractive targets for treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Here, we provide an update on the current evidence regarding regulation of FFA2/FFA3 receptors by specific probiotic bacterial species within the gut microbiome that synthesize SCFAs. We also review the body of research regarding the FFA2- and FFA3 receptor-specific function of SCFAs on β-cells and discuss the somewhat controversial and opposing findings within these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Teyani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
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5
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Austin GO, Tomas A. Variation in responses to incretin therapy: Modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1170181. [PMID: 37091864 PMCID: PMC10119428 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1170181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity have reached epidemic proportions. Incretin therapy is the second line of treatment for T2D, improving both blood glucose regulation and weight loss. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-stimulated insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are the incretin hormones that provide the foundations for these drugs. While these therapies have been highly effective for some, the results are variable. Incretin therapies target the class B G protein-coupled receptors GLP-1R and GIPR, expressed mainly in the pancreas and the hypothalamus, while some therapeutical approaches include additional targeting of the related glucagon receptor (GCGR) in the liver. The proper functioning of these receptors is crucial for incretin therapy success and here we review several mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level that influence an individual's response to incretin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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May KS, den Hartigh LJ. Gut Microbial-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids: Impact on Adipose Tissue Physiology. Nutrients 2023; 15:272. [PMID: 36678142 PMCID: PMC9865590 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global public health issue and major risk factor for pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, hepatic steatosis, and certain types of cancer. These metabolic complications result from a combination of genetics and environmental influences, thus contributing to impact whole-body homeostasis. Mechanistic animal and human studies have indicated that an altered gut microbiota can mediate the development of obesity, leading to inflammation beyond the intestine. Moreover, prior research suggests an interaction between gut microbiota and peripheral organs such as adipose tissue via different signaling pathways; yet, to what degree and in exactly what ways this inter-organ crosstalk modulates obesity remains elusive. This review emphasizes the influence of circulating gut-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) i.e., acetate, propionate, and butyrate, on adipose tissue metabolism in the scope of obesity, with an emphasis on adipocyte physiology in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we discuss some of the well-established mechanisms via which microbial SCFAs exert a role as a prominent host energy source, hence regulating overall energy balance and health. Collectively, exploring the mechanisms via which SCFAs impact adipose tissue metabolism appears to be a promising avenue to improve metabolic conditions related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolline S. May
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican Street, Box 358062, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura J. den Hartigh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican Street, Box 358062, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Luo P, Lednovich K, Xu K, Nnyamah C, Layden BT, Xu P. Central and peripheral regulations mediated by short-chain fatty acids on energy homeostasis. Transl Res 2022; 248:128-50. [PMID: 35688319 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota influences obesity, insulin resistance, and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The gut microbiota digests and ferments nutrients resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which generate various beneficial metabolic effects on energy and glucose homeostasis. However, their roles in the central nervous system (CNS)-mediated outputs on the metabolism have only been minimally studied. Here, we explore what is known and future directions that may be worth exploring in this emerging area. Specifically, we searched studies or data in English by using PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Human Metabolome Database. Studies were filtered by time from 1978 to March 2022. As a result, 195 studies, 53 reviews, 1 website, and 1 book were included. One hundred and sixty-five of 195 studies describe the production and metabolism of SCFAs or the effects of SCFAs on energy homeostasis, glucose balance, and mental diseases through the gut-brain axis or directly by a central pathway. Thirty of 195 studies show that inappropriate metabolism and excessive of SCFAs are metabolically detrimental. Most studies suggest that SCFAs exert beneficial metabolic effects by acting as the energy substrate in the TCA cycle, regulating the hormones related to satiety regulation and insulin secretion, and modulating immune cells and microglia. These functions have been linked with AMPK signaling, GPCRs-dependent pathways, and inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). However, the studies focusing on the central effects of SCFAs are still limited. The mechanisms by which central SCFAs regulate appetite, energy expenditure, and blood glucose during different physiological conditions warrant further investigation.
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8
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Lednovich KR, Nnyamah C, Gough S, Priyadarshini M, Xu K, Wicksteed B, Mishra S, Jain S, Zapater JL, Yadav H, Layden BT. Intestinal FFA3 mediates obesogenic effects in mice on a Western diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E290-E306. [PMID: 35858247 PMCID: PMC9448285 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00016.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3) is a recently-deorphanized G-protein-coupled receptor. Its ligands are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are key nutrients derived from the gut microbiome fermentation process that play diverse roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and glycemic control. FFA3 is highly expressed within the intestine, where its role and its effects on physiology and metabolism are unclear. Previous in vivo studies involving this receptor have relied on global knockout mouse models, making it difficult to isolate intestine-specific roles of FFA3. To overcome this challenge, we generated an intestine-specific knockout mouse model for FFA3, Villin-Cre-FFA3 (Vil-FFA3). Model validation and general metabolic assessment of male mice fed a standard chow diet revealed no major congenital defects. Because dietary changes are known to alter gut microbial composition, and thereby SCFA production, an obesogenic challenge was performed on male Vil-FFA3 mice and their littermate controls to probe for a phenotype on a high-fat, high-sugar "Western diet" (WD) compared with a low-fat control diet (CD). Vil-FFA3 mice versus FFA3fl/fl controls on WD, but not CD, were protected from the development of diet-induced obesity and exhibited significantly less fat mass as well as smaller adipose depositions and adipocytes. Although overall glycemic control was unchanged in the WD-fed Vil-FFA3 group, fasted glucose levels trended lower. Intestinal inflammation was significantly reduced in the WD-fed Vil-FFA3 mice, supporting protection from obesogenic effects. Furthermore, we observed lower levels of gastric inhibitory protein (GIP) in the WD-fed Vil-FFA3 mice, which may contribute to phenotypic changes. Our findings suggest a novel role of intestinal FFA3 in promoting the metabolic consequences of a WD, including the development of obesity and inflammation. Moreover, these data support an intestine-specific role of FFA3 in whole body metabolic homeostasis and in the development of adiposity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we generated a novel intestine-specific knockout mouse model for FFA3 (Vil-FFA3) and performed a comprehensive metabolic characterization of mice in response to an obesogenic challenge. We found that Vil-FFA3 mice fed with a Western diet were largely protected from obesity, exhibiting significantly lower levels of fat mass, lower intestinal inflammation, and altered expression of intestinal incretin hormones. Results support an important role of intestinal FFA3 in contributing to metabolism and in the development of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Lednovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chioma Nnyamah
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sophie Gough
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kai Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sidharth Mishra
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Shalini Jain
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Joseph L Zapater
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hariom Yadav
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Cook TM, Gavini CK, Jesse J, Aubert G, Gornick E, Bonomo R, Gautron L, Layden BT, Mansuy-Aubert V. Vagal neuron expression of the microbiota-derived metabolite receptor, free fatty acid receptor (FFAR3), is necessary for normal feeding behavior. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101350. [PMID: 34626852 PMCID: PMC8567301 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The vagus nerve provides a direct line of communication between the gut and the brain for proper regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced via gut microbiota fermentation of dietary fiber have been proposed to regulate host metabolism and feeding behavior via the vagus nerve, but the molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. We sought to identify the G-protein-coupled receptors within vagal neurons that mediate the physiological and therapeutic benefits of SCFAs. Methods SCFA, particularly propionate, signaling occurs via free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3), that we found expressed in vagal sensory neurons innervating throughout the gut. The lack of cell-specific animal models has impeded our understanding of gut/brain communication; therefore, we generated a mouse model for cre-recombinase-driven deletion of Ffar3. We comprehensively characterized the feeding behavior of control and vagal-FFAR3 knockout (KO) mice in response to various conditions including fasting/refeeding, western diet (WD) feeding, and propionate supplementation. We also utilized ex vivo organotypic vagal cultures to investigate the signaling pathways downstream of propionate FFAR3 activation. Results Vagal-FFAR3KO led to increased meal size in males and females, and increased food intake during fasting/refeeding and WD challenges. In addition, the anorectic effect of propionate supplementation was lost in vagal-FFAR3KO mice. Sequencing approaches combining ex vivo and in vivo experiments revealed that the cross-talk of FFAR3 signaling with cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin receptor pathways leads to alterations in food intake. Conclusion Altogether, our data demonstrate that FFAR3 expressed in vagal neurons regulates feeding behavior and mediates propionate-induced decrease in food intake. Lack of vagal FFAR3 increases food intake. Anorectic effect of propionate is lost when FFAR3 is absent from vagal neurons. FFAR3 signaling cross-talks with cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin receptor pathways to alter food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Cook
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood IL, 60153, USA
| | - Chaitanya K Gavini
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood IL, 60153, USA
| | - Jason Jesse
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood IL, 60153, USA
| | - Gregory Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood IL, 60153, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Emily Gornick
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood IL, 60153, USA
| | - Raiza Bonomo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood IL, 60153, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, 75390, TX, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood IL, 60153, USA.
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major chronic disease that is characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular recycling pathway and is involved in regulating intracellular homeostasis. Transcription factor Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) also regulates fundamental cellular processes, including cell differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis, and proliferation to cellular stress. Increasing evidence suggest that autophagy and FoxO1 are involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM, including β-cell viability, apoptosis, insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that FoxO1 improves insulin resistance by regulating target tissue autophagy. The present review summarizes current literature on the role of autophagy and FoxO1 in T2DM. The participation of FoxO1 in the development and occurrence of T2DM via autophagy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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11
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Priyadarshini M, Lednovich K, Xu K, Gough S, Wicksteed B, Layden BT. FFAR from the Gut Microbiome Crowd: SCFA Receptors in T1D Pathology. Metabolites 2021; 11:302. [PMID: 34064625 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a novel determinant of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this context, major gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are considered to be an important link between the host and gut microbiome. We, along with other laboratories, have explored how SCFAs and their cognate receptors affect various metabolic conditions, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Though gut microbiome and SCFA-level changes have been reported in T1D and in mouse models of the disease, the role of SCFA receptors in T1D remains under explored. In this review article, we will highlight the existing and possible roles of these receptors in T1D pathology. We conclude with a discussion of SCFA receptors as therapeutic targets for T1D, exploring an exciting new potential for novel treatments of glucometabolic disorders.
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12
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Fernandez SSM, Ribeiro SML. Diet, Microbioma, and Diabetes in Aging. Curr Geri Rep 2020; 9:261-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-020-00339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Abstract
FFA2 and FFA3 are receptors for short-chain fatty acids which are produced in prodigious amounts by fermentation of poorly digested carbohydrates by gut bacteria. Understanding the roles of these receptors in regulating enteroendocrine, metabolic and immune functions has developed with the production and use of novel pharmacological tools and animal models. A complex (patho)physiological scenario is now emerging in which strategic expression of FFA2 and FFA3 in key cell types and selective modulation of their signalling might regulate body weight management, energy homoeostasis and inflammatory disorders.
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Key Words
- ALDH1A2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- CMTB, 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)-N-2-thiazolylbenzeneacetamide
- DREADD, Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drug
- Enteroendocrine
- FFA2
- FFA3
- G protein–coupled receptors
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high-fat diet
- ILC3, type 3 innate lymphoid cell
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Immune cells
- KO, knock-out
- PA, (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butanamide
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PYY, peptide YY
- Pancreas
- SCA, small carboxylic acid
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- SCG, superior cervical ganglion
- Short-chain fatty acids
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bolognini
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Domonkos Dedeo
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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