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Warrington JP, Collins HE, Davidge ST, do Carmo JM, Goulopoulou S, Intapad S, Loria AS, Sones JL, Wold LE, Zinkhan EK, Alexander BT. Guidelines for in vivo models of developmental programming of cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 327:H221-H241. [PMID: 38819382 PMCID: PMC11380980 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00060.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Research using animals depends on the generation of offspring for use in experiments or for the maintenance of animal colonies. Although not considered by all, several different factors preceding and during pregnancy, as well as during lactation, can program various characteristics in the offspring. Here, we present the most common models of developmental programming of cardiovascular outcomes, important considerations for study design, and provide guidelines for producing and reporting rigorous and reproducible cardiovascular studies in offspring exposed to normal conditions or developmental insult. These guidelines provide considerations for the selection of the appropriate animal model and factors that should be reported to increase rigor and reproducibility while ensuring transparent reporting of methods and results.
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Grants
- 20YVNR35490079 American Heart Association (AHA)
- R01HL139348 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01HL135158 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- U54GM115428 HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
- R01AG057046 HHS | NIH | National Institute on Aging (NIA)
- P20 GM104357 NIGMS NIH HHS
- HL146562-04S1 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- P30 GM149404 NIGMS NIH HHS
- P20GM104357 HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
- P01HL51971 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01HL143459 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01HL146562 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01HL163003 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01HL163818 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- R01DK121411 HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
- R01HL147844 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- Excellence Faculty Support Grant Jewish Heritage Fund
- P30GM149404 HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
- P30GM14940 HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
- P20GM121334 HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
- 23SFRNPCS1067044 American Heart Association (AHA)
- R01 HL146562 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R56HL159447 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
- P20GM135002 HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
- FS154313 CIHR
- U54 GM115428 NIGMS NIH HHS
- 1R01HL163076 HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
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Affiliation(s)
- Junie P Warrington
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Helen E Collins
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiometabolic Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Sandra T Davidge
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
- Department of Gynecology, and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States
| | - Suttira Intapad
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Jenny L Sones
- Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Loren E Wold
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Erin K Zinkhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Intermountain Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Barbara T Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
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Pérez-Coria M, Vázquez-Rivera GE, Gómez-García EF, Mendoza-Carrera F. Sex differences in fetal kidney reprogramming: the case in the renin-angiotensin system. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:645-653. [PMID: 37572115 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
During the early stages of the development of the living multiorgan systems, genome modifications other than sequence variation occur that guide cell differentiation and organogenesis. These modifications are known to operate as a fetal programming code during this period, and recent research indicates that there are some tissue-specific codes in organogenesis whose effects may persist after birth until adulthood. Consequently, the events that disrupt the pre-established epigenetic pattern could induce shifts in organ physiology, with implications on health from birth or later in adult life. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the main causes of mortality worldwide; its etiology is multifactorial, but diabetes, obesity, and hypertension are the main causes of CKD in adults, although there are other risk factors that are mainly associated with an individual's lifestyle. Recent studies suggest that fetal reprogramming in the developing kidney could be implicated in the susceptibility to kidney disease in both childhood and adulthood. Some epigenetic modifications, such as genome methylation status, dysregulation of miRNA, and histone coding alterations in genes related to the regulation of the renin-angiotensin axis, a common denominator in CKD, may have originated during fetal development. This review focuses on epigenetic changes during nephrogenesis and their repercussions on kidney health and disease. In addition, the focus is on the influence of environmental factors during pregnancy, such as maternal metabolic diseases and dietary and metabolic conditions, as well as some sex differences in fetal kidney reprogramming during which dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pérez-Coria
- Molecular Medicine Division, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada # 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gloria Elizabeth Vázquez-Rivera
- Molecular Medicine Division, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada # 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erika Fabiola Gómez-García
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Francisco Mendoza-Carrera
- Molecular Medicine Division, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada # 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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3
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Alhamoud I, Legan SK, Gattineni J, Baum M. Sex differences in prenatal programming of hypertension by dexamethasone. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1554-1562. [PMID: 33794700 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211003294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal dexamethasone has been shown to increase blood pressure in male offspring but the mechanism for the increase in blood pressure is unclear. The present study examined if prenatal programming by maternal injection of dexamethasone on days 15 and 16 of gestation affected the blood pressure comparably in female and male offspring. Our hypothesis was that males would be affected by prenatal dexamethasone to a greater extent than females and that either an increase in renal tubular transporter abundance or an increase in renin or aldosterone system would be associated with hypertension with prenatal programming. Prenatal dexamethasone increased blood pressure at two months and six months of age and resulted in proteinuria and albuminuria at six months in male but not female rat offspring. There was no effect of prenatal dexamethasone on blood pressure and proteinuria at one month in male and in female offspring. While prenatal dexamethasone increased male renal thick ascending limb sodium potassium two chloride cotransporter protein abundance at two months, prenatal dexamethasone on days 15 and 16 of gestation did not affect transporter abundance in males at other ages, nor did it affect proximal tubule sodium/hydrogen exchanger or distal convoluted tubule sodium chloride cotransporter protein abundance at any age. There was no difference in systemic renin or aldosterone in the prenatal dexamethasone group compared to same sex controls. In conclusion, male but not female offspring have an increase in blood pressure and urinary protein excretion with prenatal dexamethasone. The increase in blood pressure with prenatal programming was not associated with a consistent increase in renal tubular transporter protein abundance, nor plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Alhamoud
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
| | - Susan K Legan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
| | - Jyothsna Gattineni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
| | - Michel Baum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
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Cardiovascular effects of prenatal stress-Are there implications for cerebrovascular, cognitive and mental health outcome? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 117:78-97. [PMID: 31708264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal stress programs offspring cognitive and mental health outcome. We reviewed whether prenatal stress also programs cardiovascular dysfunction which potentially modulates cerebrovascular, cognitive and mental health disorders. We focused on maternal stress and prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) exposure which have different programming effects. While maternal stress induced cortisol is mostly inactivated by the placenta, synthetic GCs freely cross the placenta and have different receptor-binding characteristics. Maternal stress, particularly anxiety, but not GC exposure, has adverse effects on maternal-fetal circulation throughout pregnancy, probably by co-activation of the maternal sympathetic nervous system, and by raising fetal catecholamines. Both effects may impair neurodevelopment. Experimental data also suggest that severe maternal stress and GC exposure during early and mid-gestation may increase the risk for cardiovascular disorders. Human data are scarce and especially lacking for older age. Programming mechanisms include aberrations in cardiac and kidney development, and functional changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, stress axis and peripheral and coronary vasculature. Adequate experimental or human studies examining the consequences for cerebrovascular, cognitive and mental disorders are unavailable.
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Dosing and formulation of antenatal corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation and gene expression in rhesus macaques. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9039. [PMID: 31227752 PMCID: PMC6588577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antenatal corticosteroids (ANS) are the major intervention to decrease respiratory distress syndrome and mortality from premature birth and are standard of care. The use of ANS is expanding to include new indications and gestational ages, although the recommended dosing was never optimized. The most widely used treatment is two intramuscular doses of a 1:1 mixture of betamethasone-phosphate (Beta-P) and betamethasone-acetate (Beta-Ac) - the clinical drug. We tested in a primate model the efficacy of the slow release Beta-Ac alone for enhancing fetal lung maturation and to reduce fetal corticosteroid exposure and potential toxic effects. Pregnant rhesus macaques at 127 days of gestation (80% of term) were treated with either the clinical drug (0.25 mg/kg) or Beta-Ac (0.125 mg/kg). Beta-Ac alone increased lung compliance and surfactant concentration in the fetal lung equivalently to the clinical drug. By transcriptome analyses the early suppression of genes associated with immune responses and developmental pathways were less affected by Beta-Ac than the clinical drug. Promoter and regulatory analysis prediction identified differentially expressed genes targeted by the glucocorticoid receptor in the lung. At 5 days the clinical drug suppressed genes associated with neuronal development and differentiation in the fetal hippocampus compared to control, while low dose Beta-Ac alone did not. A low dose ANS treatment with Beta-Ac should be assessed for efficacy in human trials.
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Shah A, Cooke CLM, Kirschenman RD, Quon AL, Morton JS, Care AS, Davidge ST. Sex-specific effects of advanced maternal age on cardiovascular function in aged adult rat offspring. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1724-H1734. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00375.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy at an advanced maternal age has an increased risk of complications for both the mothers and their offspring. We have previously shown that advanced maternal age in a rat model leads to poor fetal outcomes, maternal vascular dysfunction, and hypertension, concordant with findings in humans. Moreover, offspring from aged dams had sex-specific cardiovascular dysfunction in young adulthood. However, the detrimental impact of aging on the cardiovascular system of the offspring in this model is unknown. We hypothesized that offspring born to aged dams (9.5–10 mo old) would have impaired cardiovascular function at 12 mo of age. Echocardiographic data revealed signs of mild left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in only male offspring from aged dams [isovolumetric relaxation time: 34.27 ± 2.04 in the young dam group vs. 27.61 ± 0.99 ms in the aged dam group, P < 0.01; mitral annular velocity ratio ( E′/ A′): 1.08 ± 0.04 in the young dam group vs. 0.96 ± 0.02 in the aged dam group, P < 0.05]. We have previously shown that in young adulthood (4 mo of age), male, but not female, offspring born to aged dams had impaired recovery from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Aging did not alter the susceptibility of female offspring to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Interestingly, wire myography data revealed that male offspring from aged dams had enhanced vascular sensitivity to methacholine (negative log of EC50: 7.4 ± 0.08 in young dams vs. 7.9 ± 0.11 in aged dams, P = 0.007) due, in part, to increased prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation. Despite intact endothelium-dependent relaxation, female offspring from aged dams had elevated systolic blood pressure (125.3 ± 4.2 mmHg in young dams vs. 144.0 ± 6.9 mmHg in aged dams, P = 0.03). These data highlight sex-specific mechanisms underlying cardiovascular programming in offspring born to dams of advanced age. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrated that adult male and female offspring (12 mo old) born to aged dams had impaired cardiac diastolic function and increased blood pressure, respectively, signifying sex-specific differential cardiovascular effects of advanced maternal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christy-Lynn M. Cooke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raven D. Kirschenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anita L. Quon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jude S. Morton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alison S. Care
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra T. Davidge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Cooke CLM, Shah A, Kirschenman RD, Quon AL, Morton JS, Care AS, Davidge ST. Increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in offspring born from dams of advanced maternal age. J Physiol 2018; 596:5807-5821. [PMID: 29882308 DOI: 10.1113/jp275472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Advanced maternal age increases the risk of pregnancy complications such as fetal growth restriction, hypertension and premature birth. Offspring born from compromised pregnancies are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease as adults. However, the effect of advanced maternal age on later-onset disease in offspring has not been investigated. In adulthood, male but not female offspring born to dams of advanced maternal age showed impaired recovery from cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was also impaired in male but not female offspring born from aged dams. Oxidative stress may play a role in the developmental programming of cardiovascular disease in this model. Given the increasing trend toward delayed parenthood, these findings have significant population and health care implications and warrant further investigation. ABSTRACT Exposure to prenatal stressors, including hypoxia, micro- and macronutrient deficiency, and maternal stress, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. It is unclear whether being born from a mother of advanced maternal age (≥35 years old) may also constitute a prenatal stress with cardiovascular consequences in adulthood. We previously demonstrated growth restriction in fetuses from a rat model of advanced maternal age, suggesting exposure to a compromised in utero environment. Thus, we hypothesized that male and female offspring from aged dams would exhibit impaired cardiovascular function as adults. In 4-month-old offspring, we observed impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in male (P < 0.05) but not female offspring born from aged dams. The anti-oxidant polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase improved relaxation only in arteries from male offspring of aged dams (ΔEmax : young dam -1.63 ± 0.80 vs. aged dam 11.75 ± 4.23, P < 0.05). Furthermore, endothelium-derived hyperpolarization-dependent relaxation was reduced in male but not female offspring of aged dams (P < 0.05). Interestingly, there was a significant increase in nitric oxide contribution to relaxation in females born from aged dams (ΔEmax : young dam -24.8 ± 12.1 vs. aged dam -68.7 ± 7.7, P < 0.05), which was not observed in males. Recovery of cardiac function following an ischaemia-reperfusion insult in male offspring born from aged dams was reduced by ∼57% (P < 0.001), an effect that was not evident in female offspring. These data indicate that offspring born from aged dams have an altered cardiovascular risk profile that is sex-specific. Given the increasing trend toward delaying pregnancy, these findings may have significant population and health care implications and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy-Lynn M Cooke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amin Shah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raven D Kirschenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anita L Quon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jude S Morton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alison S Care
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sandra T Davidge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Su Y, Bi J, Pulgar VM, Chappell MC, Rose JC. Antenatal betamethasone attenuates the angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas receptor-nitric oxide axis in isolated proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F1056-F1062. [PMID: 28228403 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00593.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a sex-specific effect of antenatal treatment with betamethasone (Beta) on sodium (Na+) excretion in adult sheep whereby treated males but not females had an attenuated natriuretic response to angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]. The present study determined the Na+ uptake and nitric oxide (NO) response to low-dose Ang-(1-7) (1 pM) in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) from adult male and female sheep antenatally exposed to Beta or vehicle. Data were expressed as percentage of basal uptake or area under the curve for Na+ or percentage of control for NO. Male Beta RPTC exhibited greater Na+ uptake than male vehicle cells (433 ± 28 vs. 330 ± 26%; P < 0.05); however, Beta exposure had no effect on Na+ uptake in the female cells (255 ± 16 vs. 255 ± 14%; P > 0.05). Ang-(1-7) significantly inhibited Na+ uptake in RPTC from vehicle male (214 ± 11%) and from both vehicle (190 ± 14%) and Beta (209 ± 11%) females but failed to attenuate Na+ uptake in Beta male cells. Beta exposure also abolished stimulation of NO by Ang-(1-7) in male but not female RPTC. Both the Na+ and NO responses to Ang-(1-7) were blocked by Mas receptor antagonist d-Ala7-Ang-(1-7). We conclude that the tubular Ang-(1-7)-Mas-NO pathway is attenuated in males and not females by antenatal Beta exposure. Moreover, since primary cultures of RPTC retain both the sex and Beta-induced phenotype of the adult kidney in vivo they appear to be an appropriate cell model to examine the effects of fetal programming on Na+ handling by the renal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jianli Bi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Victor M Pulgar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; .,Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and.,Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James C Rose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
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Nixon PA, Washburn LK, O’Shea TM, Shaltout HA, Russell GB, Snively BM, Rose JC. Antenatal steroid exposure and heart rate variability in adolescents born with very low birth weight. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:57-62. [PMID: 27632775 PMCID: PMC5235986 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) suggests autonomic imbalance in the control of heart rate and is associated with unfavorable cardiometabolic outcomes. We examined whether antenatal corticosteroid (ANCS) exposure had long-term programming effects on HRV in adolescents born with very low birth weight (VLBW). METHODS Follow-up study of a cohort of VLBW 14-y olds born between 1992 and 1996 with 50% exposed to ANCS. HRV in both the time and frequency domains using Nevrokard Software was determined from a 5-min electrocardiogram tracing. RESULTS HRV data from 89 (35 male, 53 non-black) exposed (ANCS+) and 77 (28 male, 29 non-black) unexposed (ANCS-) adolescents were analyzed. HRV did not differ between ANCS+ and ANCS- black participants. However, in non-black participants, a significant interaction between ANCS and sex was observed, with ANCS- females having significantly greater HRV than ANCS+ females and males, and ANCS- males for both time and frequency domain variables. CONCLUSION Among non-black adolescents born with VLBW, ANCS exposure is associated with reduced HRV with apparent sex-specificity. Reduced HRV has been associated with development of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, thus supporting the need to monitor these outcomes in VLBW adolescents as they mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Nixon
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA,Corresponding Author: Patricia A. Nixon, PhD, Dept. of Health & Exercise Science, PO Box 7868, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7868, , Phone: 336-758-4642, FAX: 336-758-4680
| | - Lisa K. Washburn
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - T. Michael O’Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hossam A. Shaltout
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gregory B. Russell
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Beverly M. Snively
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - James C. Rose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Fowden AL, Valenzuela OA, Vaughan OR, Jellyman JK, Forhead AJ. Glucocorticoid programming of intrauterine development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S121-32. [PMID: 27345310 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are important environmental and maturational signals during intrauterine development. Toward term, the maturational rise in fetal glucocorticoid receptor concentrations decreases fetal growth and induces differentiation of key tissues essential for neonatal survival. When cortisol levels rise earlier in gestation as a result of suboptimal conditions for fetal growth, the switch from tissue accretion to differentiation is initiated prematurely, which alters the phenotype that develops from the genotype inherited at conception. Although this improves the chances of survival should delivery occur, it also has functional consequences for the offspring long after birth. Glucocorticoids are, therefore, also programming signals that permanently alter tissue structure and function during intrauterine development to optimize offspring fitness. However, if the postnatal environmental conditions differ from those signaled in utero, the phenotypical outcome of early-life glucocorticoid receptor overexposure may become maladaptive and lead to physiological dysfunction in the adult. This review focuses on the role of GCs in developmental programming, primarily in farm species. It examines the factors influencing GC bioavailability in utero and the effects that GCs have on the development of fetal tissues and organ systems, both at term and earlier in gestation. It also discusses the windows of susceptibility to GC overexposure in early life together with the molecular mechanisms and long-term consequences of GC programming with particular emphasis on the cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrine phenotype of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - O A Valenzuela
- Centre for Trophoblast and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - O R Vaughan
- Centre for Trophoblast and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - J K Jellyman
- Centre for Trophoblast and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - A J Forhead
- Centre for Trophoblast and Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Clifton VL, Moss TJM, Wooldridge AL, Gatford KL, Liravi B, Kim D, Muhlhausler BS, Morrison JL, Davies A, De Matteo R, Wallace MJ, Bischof RJ. Development of an experimental model of maternal allergic asthma during pregnancy. J Physiol 2015; 594:1311-25. [PMID: 26235954 DOI: 10.1113/jp270752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal asthma during pregnancy adversely affects pregnancy outcomes but identification of the cause/s, and the ability to evaluate interventions, is limited by the lack of an appropriate animal model. We therefore aimed to characterise maternal lung and cardiovascular responses and fetal-placental growth and lung surfactant levels in a sheep model of allergic asthma. Immune and airway functions were studied in singleton-bearing ewes, either sensitised before pregnancy to house dust mite (HDM, allergic, n = 7) or non-allergic (control, n = 5), and subjected to repeated airway challenges with HDM (allergic group) or saline (control group) throughout gestation. Maternal lung, fetal and placental phenotypes were characterised at 140 ± 1 days gestational age (term, ∼147 days). The eosinophil influx into lungs was greater after HDM challenge in allergic ewes than after saline challenge in control ewes before mating and in late gestation. Airway resistance increased throughout pregnancy in allergic but not control ewes, consistent with increased airway smooth muscle in allergic ewes. Maternal allergic asthma decreased relative fetal weight (-12%) and altered placental phenotype to a more mature form. Expression of surfactant protein B mRNA was 48% lower in fetuses from allergic ewes than controls, with a similar trend for surfactant protein D. Thus, allergic asthma in pregnant sheep modifies placental phenotype, and inhibits fetal growth and lung development consistent with observations from human pregnancies. Preconceptional allergen sensitisation and repeated airway challenges in pregnant sheep therefore provides an animal model to identify mechanisms of altered fetal development and adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by maternal asthma in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Clifton
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4101, Australia
| | - Timothy J M Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Amy L Wooldridge
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Bahar Liravi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Dasom Kim
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Andrew Davies
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Peninsula Campus, Monash University, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Megan J Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Robert J Bischof
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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12
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Bi J, Contag SA, Chen K, Su Y, Figueroa JP, Chappell MC, Rose JC. Sex-specific effect of antenatal betamethasone exposure on renal oxidative stress induced by angiotensins in adult sheep. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1013-22. [PMID: 25209867 PMCID: PMC4216986 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00354.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal glucocorticoid administration in clinically relevant doses reduces nephron number and renal function in adulthood and is associated with hypertension. Nephron loss in early life may predispose the kidney to other insults later but whether sex influences increases in renal susceptibility is unclear. Therefore, we determined, in male and female adult sheep, whether antenatal glucocorticoid (betamethasone) exposure increased 8-isoprostane (marker of oxidative stress) and protein excretion after acute nephron reduction and intrarenal infusions of angiotensin peptides. We also examined whether renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs) could contribute to alterations in 8-isoprostane excretion in a sex-specific fashion. In vivo, ANG II significantly increased 8-isoprostane excretion by 49% and protein excretion by 44% in male betamethasone- but not in female betamethasone- or vehicle-treated sheep. ANG-(1-7) decreased 8-isoprostane excretion but did not affect protein excretion in either group. In vitro, ANG II stimulated 8-isoprostane release from PTCs of male but not female betamethasone-treated sheep. Male betamethasone-exposed sheep had increased p47 phox abundance in the renal cortex while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased only in females. We conclude that antenatal glucocorticoid exposure enhances the susceptibility of the kidney to oxidative stress induced by ANG II in a sex-specific fashion and the renal proximal tubule is one target of the sex-specific effects of antenatal steroids. ANG-(1-7) may mitigate the impact of prenatal glucocorticoids on the kidney. P47 phox activation may be responsible for the increased oxidative stress and proteinuria in males. The protection from renal oxidative stress in females is associated with increased SOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Bi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
| | - Stephen A Contag
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Yixin Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jorge P Figueroa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - James C Rose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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13
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Prenatal programming in an obese swine model: sex-related effects of maternal energy restriction on morphology, metabolism and hypothalamic gene expression. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:735-46. [PMID: 24528940 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Maternal energy restriction during pregnancy predisposes to metabolic alterations in the offspring. The present study was designed to evaluate phenotypic and metabolic consequences following maternal undernutrition in an obese pig model and to define the potential role of hypothalamic gene expression in programming effects. Iberian sows were fed a control or a 50 % restricted diet for the last two-thirds of gestation. Newborns were assessed for body and organ weights, hormonal and metabolic status, and hypothalamic expression of genes implicated in energy homeostasis, glucocorticoid function and methylation. Weight and adiposity were measured in adult littermates. Newborns of the restricted sows were lighter (P <0·01), but brain growth was spared. The plasma concentration of TAG was lower in the restricted newborns than in the control newborns of both the sexes (P <0·01), while the concentration of cortisol was higher in females born to the restricted sows (P <0·04), reflecting a situation of metabolic stress by nutrient insufficiency. A lower hypothalamic expression of anorexigenic peptides (LEPR and POMC, P <0·01 and P <0·04, respectively) was observed in females born to the restricted sows, but no effect was observed in the males. The expression of HSD11B1 gene was down-regulated in the restricted animals (P <0·05), suggesting an adaptive mechanism for reducing the harmful effects of elevated concentrations of cortisol. At 4 and 7 months of age, the restricted females were heavier and fatter than the controls (P< 0·01). Maternal feed restriction induces asymmetrical growth retardation and metabolic alterations in the offspring. Differences in gene expression at birth and higher growth and adiposity in adulthood suggest a female-specific programming effect for a positive energy balance, possibly due to overexposure to endogenous stress-induced glucocorticoids.
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Marshall AC, Shaltout HA, Pirro NT, Rose JC, Diz DI, Chappell MC. Enhanced activity of an angiotensin-(1-7) neuropeptidase in glucocorticoid-induced fetal programming. Peptides 2014; 52:74-81. [PMID: 24355101 PMCID: PMC4157337 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and an endopeptidase activity that degraded angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] to Ang-(1-5) and Ang-(1-4), respectively, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 6-month old male sheep. The present study undertook a more comprehensive analysis of the CSF peptidase that converts Ang-(1-7) to Ang-(1-4) in control and in utero betamethasone-exposed sheep (BMX). Characterization of the Ang-(1-7) peptidase revealed that the thiol agents 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), as well as the metallo-chelators o-phenanthroline and EDTA essentially abolished the enzyme activity. Additional inhibitors for serine, aspartyl, and cysteine proteases, as well as selective inhibitors against the endopeptidases neprilysin, neurolysin, prolyl and thimet oligopeptidases did not attenuate enzymatic activity. Competition studies against the peptidase revealed similar IC50s for Ang-(1-7) (5μM) and Ang II (3μM), but lower values for Ala(1)-Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(2-7) of 1.8 and 2.0μM, respectively. In contrast, bradykinin exhibited a 6-fold higher IC50 (32μM) than Ang-(1-7) while neurotensin was a poor competitor. Mean arterial pressure (78±1 vs. 94±2mmHg, N=4-5, P<0.01) and Ang-(1-7) peptidase activity (14.2±1 vs 32±1.5fmol/min/ml CSF, N=5, P<0.01) were higher in the BMX group, and enzyme activity inversely correlated with Ang-(1-7) content in CSF. Lower Ang-(1-7) expression in brain is linked to baroreflex impairment in hypertension and aging, thus, increased activity of an Ang-(1-7) peptidase may contribute to lower CSF Ang-(1-7) levels, elevated blood pressure and impaired reflex function in this model of fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson C Marshall
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Hossam A Shaltout
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Nancy T Pirro
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - James C Rose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Debra I Diz
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States.
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Chappell MC, Marshall AC, Alzayadneh EM, Shaltout HA, Diz DI. Update on the Angiotensin converting enzyme 2-Angiotensin (1-7)-MAS receptor axis: fetal programing, sex differences, and intracellular pathways. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 4:201. [PMID: 24409169 PMCID: PMC3886117 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) constitutes an important hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS may lead to the development of cardiovascular pathologies including kidney injury. Moreover, the blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) or antagonism of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) constitutes an effective therapeutic regimen. It is now apparent with the identification of multiple components of the RAS that the system is comprised of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS can be defined as the ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and other mechanisms to maintain blood pressure, as well as increased oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation in pathological conditions. In contrast, the non-classical RAS composed of the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis generally opposes the actions of a stimulated Ang II-AT1R axis through an increase in nitric oxide and prostaglandins and mediates vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis, and oxidative stress. Thus, a reduced tone of the Ang-(1-7) system may contribute to these pathologies as well. Moreover, the non-classical RAS components may contribute to the effects of therapeutic blockade of the classical system to reduce blood pressure and attenuate various indices of renal injury. The review considers recent studies on the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis regarding the precursor for Ang-(1-7), the intracellular expression and sex differences of this system, as well as an emerging role of the Ang1-(1-7) pathway in fetal programing events and cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Chappell
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Allyson C. Marshall
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ebaa M. Alzayadneh
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hossam A. Shaltout
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Debra I. Diz
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- *Correspondence: Debra I. Diz, The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032, USA e-mail:
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16
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Reverte V, Tapia A, Loria A, Salazar F, Llinas MT, Salazar FJ. COX2 inhibition during nephrogenic period induces ANG II hypertension and sex-dependent changes in renal function during aging. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F534-41. [PMID: 24338820 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00535.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to test the hypothesis that ANG II contributes to the hypertension and renal functional alterations induced by a decrease of COX2 activity during the nephrogenic period. It was also examined whether renal functional reserve and renal response to volume overload and high sodium intake are reduced in 3-4- and 9-11-mo-old male and female rats treated with vehicle or a COX2 inhibitor during nephrogenic period (COX2np). Our data show that this COX2 inhibition induces an ANG II-dependent hypertension that is similar in male and female rats. Renal functional reserve is reduced in COX2np-treated rats since their renal response to an increase in plasma amino acids levels is abolished, and their renal ability to eliminate a sodium load is impaired (P < 0.05). This reduction in renal excretory ability is similar in both sexes during aging but does not induce the development of a sodium-sensitive hypertension. However, the prolonged high-sodium intake at 9-11 mo of age leads to a greater proteinuria in male than in female (114 ± 12 μg/min vs. 72 ± 8 μg/min; P < 0.05) COX2np-treated rats. Renal hemodynamic sensitivity to acute increments in ANG II is unaltered in both sexes and at both ages in COX2np-treated rats. In summary, these results indicate that the reduction of COX2 activity during nephrogenic period programs for the development of an ANG II-dependent hypertension, reduces renal functional reserve to a similar extent in both sexes, and increases proteinuria in males but not in females when there is a prolonged increment in sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Reverte
- Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Univ. of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Bi J, Contag SA, Carey LC, Tang L, Valego NK, Chappell MC, Rose JC. Antenatal betamethasone exposure alters renal responses to angiotensin-(1-7) in uninephrectomized adult male sheep. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 14:290-8. [PMID: 23161144 PMCID: PMC4020597 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312465217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antenatal corticosteroid exposure reduces renal function and alters the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system to favor angiotensin activation of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) mediated responses in ovine offspring. This study aimed to assess whether antenatal steroid exposure would affect renal responses to the direct intrarenal infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) in rams and the angiotensin receptors involved in mediating responses to the peptide. Adult, uninephrectomized rams exposed to either betamethasone or vehicle before birth received intrarenal angiotensin-(1-7) infusions (1 ng/kg/min) alone or in combination with antagonists to angiotensin receptors for 3 h. Basal sodium excretion (UNa) was significantly lower and mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in betamethasone- compared to the vehicle-treated sheep. Angiotensin-(1-7) decreased UNa more in betamethasone- than in vehicle-treated sheep. Candesartan reversed the response to angiotensin-(1-7) but D-Ala(7)-angiotensin-(1-7) did not. Angiotensin-(1-7) infusion decreased effective renal plasma flow in both groups to a similar extent and the response was reversed by candesartan, but was not blocked by D-Ala(7)-angiotensin-(1-7). Glomerular filtration rate increased significantly in both groups after 3 h infusion of angiotensin-(1-7) plus candesartan. These results suggest that antenatal exposure to a clinically relevant dose of betamethasone impairs renal function in rams. Moreover, angiotensin-(1-7) appears capable of activating the AT1R in uninephrectomized rams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Bi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
- The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
| | - Stephen A. Contag
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
| | - Luke C. Carey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
- The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
- The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
| | - Nancy K. Valego
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
- The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
| | - Mark C. Chappell
- Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
| | - James C. Rose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
- The Center of Research for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157
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Marshall AC, Shaltout HA, Pirro NT, Rose JC, Diz DI, Chappell MC. Antenatal betamethasone exposure is associated with lower ANG-(1-7) and increased ACE in the CSF of adult sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R679-88. [PMID: 23948771 PMCID: PMC3798802 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00321.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal betamethasone (BM) therapy accelerates lung development in preterm infants but may induce early programming events with long-term cardiovascular consequences. To elucidate these events, we developed a model of programming whereby pregnant ewes are administered BM (2 doses of 0.17 mg/kg) or vehicle at the 80th day of gestation and offspring are delivered at term. BM-exposed (BMX) offspring develop elevated blood pressure; decreased baroreflex sensitivity; and alterations in the circulating, renal, and brain renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) by 6 mo of age. We compared components of the choroid plexus fourth ventricle (ChP4) and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) RAS between control and BMX male offspring at 6 mo of age. In the choroid plexus, high-molecular-weight renin protein and ANG I-intact angiotensinogen were unchanged between BMX and control animals. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity was threefold higher than either neprilysin (NEP) or angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) in control and BMX animals. Moreover, all three enzymes were equally enriched by approximately 2.5-fold in ChP4 brush-border membrane preparations. CSF ANG-(1-7) levels were significantly lower in BMX animals (351.8 ± 76.8 vs. 77.5 ± 29.7 fmol/mg; P < 0.05) and ACE activity was significantly higher (6.6 ± 0.5 vs. 8.9 ± 0.5 fmol·min(-1)·ml(-1); P < 0.05), whereas ACE2 and NEP activities were below measurable limits. A thiol-sensitive peptidase contributed to the majority of ANG-(1-7) metabolism in the CSF, with higher activity in BMX animals. We conclude that in utero BM exposure alters CSF but not ChP RAS components, resulting in lower ANG-(1-7) levels in exposed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson C Marshall
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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Elevated glucocorticoids during ovine pregnancy increase appetite and produce glucose dysregulation and adiposity in their granddaughters in response to ad libitum feeding at 1 year of age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:353.e1-9. [PMID: 23727517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) are administered to women threatening preterm labor. We have shown multigenerational endocrine and metabolic effects of fetal sGC exposure. We hypothesized that sGC exposure would alter the second filial generation (F2) offspring neonatal leptin peak that controls development of appetitive behavior with metabolic consequences. STUDY DESIGN F0 nulliparous ewes were bred to a single ram. Beginning at day 103 of gestation (term 150 days), dexamethasone (DEX) ewes received 4 injections of 2 mg DEX intramuscularly, 12 hours apart. Control ewes received saline. Ewes lambed naturally. At 22 months of age, F1 offspring were mated to produce F2 offspring. At 10 months of age, F2 female offspring were placed on an ad libitum feeding challenge for 12 weeks. RESULTS DEX F2 female offspring did not show a postnatal leptin peak and their plasma cortisol concentration was elevated in the first days of life. During the feeding challenge, DEX F2 offspring consumed 10% more feed and gained 20% more weight compared with control F2 offspring. At the end of the feeding challenge, DEX F2 offspring had greater adiposity compared with control F2 offspring. F2 sGC offspring showed impaired insulin secretion in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSION sGC administration to F0 mothers eliminates the neonatal leptin peak in F2 female offspring potentially by inhibition caused by elevated cortisol in the DEX F2 offspring. F2 offspring showed increased appetite, weight gain, and adiposity during an ad libitum feeding challenge accompanied by decreased insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test.
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Singh RR, Cuffe JSM, Moritz KM. Short- and long-term effects of exposure to natural and synthetic glucocorticoids during development. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 39:979-89. [PMID: 22971052 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1.Glucocorticoids (GCs) are necessary for fetal development, but clinical and experimental studies suggest that excess exposure may be detrimental to health in both the short and longer term. 2.Exposure of the fetus to synthetic GCs can occur if the mother has a medical condition requiring GC therapy (e.g. asthma) or if she threatens to deliver her baby prematurely. Synthetic GCs can readily cross the placenta and treatment is beneficial, at least in the short term, for maternal health and fetal survival. 3.Maternal stress during pregnancy can raise endogenous levels of the natural GC cortisol. A significant proportion of the cortisol is inactivated by the placental 'GC barrier'. However, exposure to severe stress during pregnancy can result in increased risk of miscarriage, low birth weight and behavioural deficits in children. 4.Animal studies have shown that excess exposure to both synthetic and natural GCs can alter normal organ development, including that of the heart, brain and kidney. The nature and severity of the organ impairment is dependent upon the timing of exposure and, in some cases, the type of GC used and the sex of the fetus. 5.In animal models, exposure to elevated GCs during pregnancy has been associated with adult-onset diseases, including elevated blood pressure, impaired cardiac and vascular function and altered metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetu R Singh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld., Australia
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21
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Marshall AC, Shaltout HA, Nautiyal M, Rose JC, Chappell MC, Diz DI. Fetal betamethasone exposure attenuates angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas receptor expression in the dorsal medulla of adult sheep. Peptides 2013; 44:25-31. [PMID: 23538211 PMCID: PMC3690463 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids including betamethasone (BM) are routinely administered to women entering into early preterm labor to facilitate fetal lung development and decrease infant mortality; however, fetal steroid exposure may lead to deleterious long term consequences. In a sheep model of fetal programming, BM-exposed (BMX) offspring exhibit elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP) and decreased baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) for control of heart rate by 0.5-years of age associated with changes in the circulating and renal renin-angiotensin systems (RAS). In the brain solitary tract nucleus, angiotensin (Ang) II actions through the AT1 receptor oppose the beneficial actions of Ang-(1-7) at the Mas receptor for BRS regulation. Therefore, we examined Ang peptides, angiotensinogen (Aogen), and receptor expression in this brain region of exposed and control offspring of 0.5- and 1.8-years of age. Mas protein expression was significantly lower (>40%) in the dorsal medulla of BMX animals at both ages; however, AT1 receptor expression was not changed. BMX offspring exhibited a higher ratio of Ang II to Ang-(1-7) (2.30±0.36 versus 0.99±0.28; p<0.01) and Ang II to Ang I at 0.5-years. Although total Aogen was unchanged, Ang I-intact Aogen was lower in 0.5-year BMX animals (0.78±0.06 vs. 1.94±0.41; p<0.05) suggesting a greater degree of enzymatic processing of the precursor protein in exposed animals. We conclude that in utero BM exposure promotes an imbalance in the central RAS pathways of Ang II and Ang-(1-7) that may contribute to the elevated MAP and lower BRS in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson C Marshall
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
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22
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Lee JH, Zhang J, Flores L, Rose JC, Massmann GA, Figueroa JP. Antenatal betamethasone has a sex-dependent effect on the in vivo response to endothelin in adult sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R581-7. [PMID: 23408033 PMCID: PMC3627955 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00579.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antenatal steroid administration is associated with multiple cardiometabolic alterations, including hypertension; however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unclear. The aim of the present study was to ascertain, in vivo, the contribution of the endothelin system to the development of hypertension in the adult offspring and the signaling pathway involved. Pregnant sheep were treated with two doses of betamethasone (n = 23) or vehicle (n = 22) at 80 days (~0.55) gestation and allowed to deliver at term. Adult sheep were chronically instrumented under general anesthesia to place vascular catheters and a femoral artery flow probe. Blood pressure and flow were recorded continuously, and femoral artery vascular resistance was calculated before and during administration of endothelin 1 (ET-1). Selective blockers (dantrolene, BQ123, niacinamide) or saline were administered simultaneously. Betamethasone-exposed animals exhibited a significant elevation in mean blood pressure (female: 98 ± 1.8 vs. 92 ± 2.1; males: 97 ± 3.4 vs. 90 ± 2.3; mmHg; P < 0.05). ET-1 elicited a significant increase in blood pressure (F = 56.4; P < 0.001) and in vascular resistance (F = 44.3; P < 0.001) in all groups. A betamethasone effect in the vascular resistance response to ET-1 (F = 25.7; P < 0.001) was present in females only, and the effect was partially blunted by niacinamide (F = 6.6; P < 0.01). Combined administration of niacinamide and BQ123, as well as of dantrolene abolished the betamethasone effect on vascular resistance. No significant differences in mRNA expression of ET(A) or ET(B) in endothelial or smooth muscle cells of resistance-size arteries were observed. We conclude that the betamethasone effect on vascular resistance is mediated by an enhanced response to ET-1 through ET(A) receptor via the cyclic ADPR/ryanodine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Heon Lee
- Perinatal Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Research in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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23
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Long NM, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW. Multigenerational effects of fetal dexamethasone exposure on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of first- and second-generation female offspring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208:217.e1-8. [PMID: 23220271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synthetic glucocorticoid (sGC) administration to women threatening preterm delivery increases neonatal survival. Evidence shows that fetal exposure to glucocorticoid levels higher than appropriate for current maturation programs offspring development. We examined fetal sGC multigenerational effects on F1 and F2 female offspring hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) function. STUDY DESIGN At 0.7 gestation, pregnant F0 ewes received 4 dexamethasone injections (2 mg, approximately 60 μg/kg(-1) per day(-1), 12 hours apart) or saline (control). F1 female offspring were bred to produce F2 female offspring. Postpubertal HPAA function was tested in F1 and F2 ewes. RESULTS F1 and F2 ewe lambs showed reduced birthweight and morphometrics. Dexamethasone increased baseline but reduced stimulated HPAA activity in F1 and F2 female offspring. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration that sGC doses in the clinical range have multigenerational effects on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity in a precocial species, indicating the need for the study of long-term effects of fetal sGC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Long
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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Reverte V, Tapia A, Baile G, Gambini J, Gíménez I, Llinas MT, Salazar FJ. Role of angiotensin II in arterial pressure and renal hemodynamics in rats with altered renal development: age- and sex-dependent differences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 304:F33-40. [PMID: 23097470 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00424.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that angiotensin II (ANG II) is involved in hypertension and renal changes occurring as a consequence of an adverse event during renal development. However, it was unknown whether this involvement is sex and age dependent. This study examines whether the increments in arterial pressure (AP) and in the renal sensitivity to ANG II are sex and age dependent in rats with altered renal development. It also evaluates whether the ANG II effects are accompanied by increments in AT(1) receptors and oxidative stress. Experiments were performed in 3- to 4- and 10- to 11-mo-old rats treated with vehicle or an AT(1) receptor antagonist (ARAnp) during the nephrogenic period. ARAnp-treated rats were hypertensive, but an age-dependent rise in AP was only found in males. Three days of treatment with candesartan (7 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) led to a fall of AP that was greater (P < 0.05) in male than in female 10- to 11-mo-old ARAnp-treated rats. Oxidated proteins were elevated (P < 0.05), and the decrease in AP elicited by candesartan was reduced (P < 0.05) when these rats are also treated with tempol (18 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)). Hypertension was not maintained by an elevation of AT(1) receptors in kidneys and mesenteric arteries. The acute renal hemodynamic response to ANG II (30 ng·kg(-1)·min(-1)) was similarly enhanced (P < 0.05) in both sexes of ARAnp-treated rats at 3-4 but not at 10-11 mo of age. Our results suggest that an adverse event during the nephrogenic period induces an ANG II-dependent increment in AP that is aggravated only in males during aging and that oxidative stress but not an increase in AT(1) receptor contributes to the rise in AP. This study also shows that the renal hemodynamic sensitivity to ANG II is transitorily enhanced in both sexes of rats with altered renal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Reverte
- Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Univ. of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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25
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes one of the most important hormonal systems in the physiological regulation of blood pressure through renal and nonrenal mechanisms. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major factor in the development of cardiovascular pathologies, including kidney injury, and blockade of this system by the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) or blockade of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) by selective antagonists constitutes an effective therapeutic regimen. It is now apparent with the identification of multiple components of the RAS within the kidney and other tissues that the system is actually composed of different angiotensin peptides with diverse biological actions mediated by distinct receptor subtypes. The classic RAS can be defined as the ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis that promotes vasoconstriction, water intake, sodium retention, and other mechanisms to maintain blood pressure, as well as increase oxidative stress, fibrosis, cellular growth, and inflammation in pathological conditions. In contrast, the nonclassical RAS composed primarily of the AngII/Ang III-AT2R pathway and the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-AT7R axis generally opposes the actions of a stimulated Ang II-AT1R axis through an increase in nitric oxide and prostaglandins and mediates vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis, and reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that these non-classical RAS components contribute to the therapeutic blockade of the classical system to reduce blood pressure and attenuate various indices of renal injury, as well as contribute to normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Chappell
- The Hypertension & Vascular Disease Center, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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26
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Long NM, Shasa DR, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW. Growth and insulin dynamics in two generations of female offspring of mothers receiving a single course of synthetic glucocorticoids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:203.e1-8. [PMID: 22939726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synthetic glucocorticoid administration to women threatening preterm delivery increases neonatal survival. However, mounting evidence shows that fetal exposure to glucocorticoid levels higher than appropriate for current maturation adversely programs offspring development. We examined fetal synthetic glucocorticoid multigenerational metabolic effects on F1 and F2 female offspring. STUDY DESIGN At 0.7 gestation, pregnant F0 ewes received 4 injections of dexamethasone (2 mg, approximately 60 ug.kg(-1) day(-1) 12 hours apart) or saline (control). F1 female offspring were bred to produce F2 female offspring. Postpubertal pancreatic β-cell function was tested in F1 and F2 by intravenous glucose tolerance test. RESULTS F1 and F2 ewe lambs showed reduced birthweight and morphometrics, and similar increased fasting glucose and decreased intravenous glucose tolerance test β-cell response. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration of multigenerational programming of later life β-cell response by clinically relevant doses of synthetic glucocorticoid indicating the need for study of long-term effects of fetal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Long
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Laramie, WY, USA
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27
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Carballo-Magdaleno D, Guízar-Mendoza JM, Amador-Licona N, Domínguez-Domínguez V. Renal function, renal volume, and blood pressure in infants with antecedent of antenatal steroids. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:1851-6. [PMID: 21643781 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroids have been used for more than 20 years in preterm infants to induce pulmonary maturity; however, some long-term effects have been reported, such as insulin resistance and elevation of blood pressure. The aim of our study was to compare renal volume, renal function, and blood pressure in infants between 12-36 months of age with and without antecedent of antenatal steroid treatment. This was a cross-sectional study comprised of three groups of infants (n = 30, respectively): preterm infants with and without antecedent of receiving antenatal steroids, respectively, and full-term infants. Blood pressure, renal volume, glomerular filtration rate, and tubular function were measured. Blood pressure and cystatin C levels and glomerular filtration rate were higher in both groups of preterm infants than in the control group (p < 0.01). However, no difference in any of the tested variables between the steroid and non-steroid group of preterm infants. Renal volume was similar in preterm and control infants. Based on these results, we conclude that prematurity independent of antenatal steroid use is associated with higher cystatin C and blood pressure levels and a higher glomerular filtration rate in infants between 12-36 months of age.
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28
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Reverte V, Tapia A, Moreno JM, Rodríguez L, Salazar F, Llinás MT, Salazar FJ. Renal effects of prolonged high protein intake and COX2 inhibition on hypertensive rats with altered renal development. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F327-33. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00110.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) is involved in regulating renal hemodynamics after renal ablation. It is also known that high protein intake (HPI) leads to a deterioration of renal function when there is preexisting renal disease and that there are important gender differences in the regulation of renal function. This study tested the hypothesis that the role of COX2 in regulating renal function and the renal hemodynamic effects elicited by HPI are enhanced when nephrogenesis is altered during renal development. It was also expected that the role of COX2 and the effects elicited by HPI are age and sex dependent. Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with an AT1 ANG II receptor antagonist during the nephrogenic period (ARAnp). Experiments were performed at 3–4 and 10–11 mo of age. Arterial pressure was elevated ( P < 0.05) at both ages and in both sexes of ARAnp-treated rats. Renal COX2 expression was only elevated ( P < 0.05) at 10–11 mo of age in both sexes of ARAnp-treated rats. COX2 inhibition induced greater renal vasoconstriction in male and female hypertensive than in normotensive rats at both ages. HPI did not induce glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the youngest hypertensive rats and in the oldest female hypertensive rats. However, the GFR decreased during HPI (0.63 ± 0.07 to 0.19 ± 0.05 ml/min) in the oldest male hypertensive rats. The HPI-induced increment in proteinuria was greater ( P < 0.05) in male (99 ± 22 mg/day) than in female (30 ± 8 mg/day) hypertensive rats. These results show that COX2 plays an important role in the regulation of renal function when renal development is altered and that prolonged HPI can lead to a renal insufficiency in males but not in females with reduced nephron endowment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Reverte
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and
- Aging Institute, University of Murcia, Murcia; and
| | | | | | | | | | - M. Teresa Llinás
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and
- Aging Institute, University of Murcia, Murcia; and
| | - F. Javier Salazar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and
- Aging Institute, University of Murcia, Murcia; and
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Singh RR, Moritz KM, Wintour EM, Jefferies AJ, Iqbal J, Bertram JF, Denton KM. Fetal uninephrectomy in male sheep alters the systemic and renal responses to angiotensin II infusion and AT1R blockade. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F319-26. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00139.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal uninephrectomy (uni-x) at 100 days of gestation results in compensatory nephrogenesis in the remaining kidney, resulting in a 30% reduction in total nephron number in male sheep. Recently, we showed that uni-x males at 6 mo of age have elevated arterial pressure, reduced renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and low plasma renin levels (Singh R, Denton K, Bertram J, Jefferies A, Head G, Lombardo P, Schneider-Kolsky M, Moritz K. J Hypertens 27: 386–396, 2009; Singh R, Denton K, Jefferies A, Bertram J, Moritz K. Clin Sci (Lond) 118: 669–680, 2010). We hypothesized this was due to upregulation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In this study, renal responses to ANG II infusion and ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade were examined in the same 6-mo-old male sheep. Uni-x animals had reduced levels of renal tissue and plasma renin and ANG II. Renal gene expression of renin, and gene and protein levels of AT1R and AT2R, were significantly lower in uni-x animals. In response to graded ANG II infusion, sham animals had the expected decrease in conscious RBF and GFR. Interestingly, the response was biphasic in uni-x sheep, with GFR initially decreasing, but then increasing at higher ANG II doses (34 ± 7%; Pgroup × treatment < 0.001), due to a paradoxical decrease in renal vascular resistance ( Pgroup × treatment < 0.001). In response to AT1R blockade, while GFR and RBF responded similarly between groups, there was a marked increase in sodium excretion in uni-x compared with sham sheep (209 ± 35 vs. 25 ± 12%; P < 0.001). In conclusion, in 6-mo-old male sheep born with a single kidney, these studies demonstrate that this is a low-renin form of hypertension, in which responses to ANG II are perturbed and the intrarenal RAS is downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen M. Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - E. Marelyn Wintour
- Departments of 1Anatomy and Developmental Biology and
- Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, and
| | | | - Javed Iqbal
- Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, and
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Shaltout HA, Chappell MC, Rose JC, Diz DI. Exaggerated sympathetic mediated responses to behavioral or pharmacological challenges following antenatal betamethasone exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E979-85. [PMID: 21386063 PMCID: PMC3118588 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00636.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid administration to women at risk for preterm delivery is standard practice to enhance neonatal survival. However, antenatal betamethasone exposure (β-exposure) increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) in adult sheep (1.8 yr old) and results in impaired baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) for control of heart rate (HR). In the current studies we tested the hypothesis that enhanced sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-mediated responses are evident at an early age in β-exposed sheep. Pregnant ewes were administered betamethasone (0.17 mg/kg twice over 24 h) or vehicle (Veh-control) on the 80th day of gestation, and offspring were delivered at full term. Female β-exposed and control offspring instrumented at age 42 ± 3 days for conscious continuous recording of MAP and HR had similar resting values at baseline. However, BRS was ~45% lower in β-exposed offspring. β-Exposed lambs allowed to suckle for 10 min had a greater elevation in MAP than Veh-control lambs (19 ± 1 vs 12 ± 2 mmHg; n = 4-5, P < 0.05). MAP was reduced by 20% from baseline via sodium nitroprusside infusion (SNP) over 10 min, which triggered a rebound increase in MAP only in β-exposed lambs. HR increased with the reduction in MAP during SNP infusion in Veh-control lambs, whereas there was no change in HR with the reduction in MAP in β-exposed lambs. Combined vasopressin-CRF injection caused greater increases in MAP in the β-exposed lambs. Cortisol and ACTH responses were higher in response to SNP hypotension in the β-exposed lambs. The data reveal enhanced sympathetic and HPA axis responses associated with impaired BRS preceding differences in resting MAP in preweanling female lambs exposed in utero to glucocorticoids. The consequences of these alterations at an early age include eventual development of higher blood pressure in this ovine model of fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam A Shaltout
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1032, USA.
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