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Gambaryan S, Mohagaonkar S, Nikolaev VO. Regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1239492. [PMID: 37674612 PMCID: PMC10478253 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1239492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is one of the key players in the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. Dysfunction of this system is connected with cardiovascular and renal diseases. Regulation of RAAS is under the control of multiple intracellular mechanisms. Cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases are the major regulators of this system since they control expression and activity of renin and aldosterone. In this review, we summarize known mechanisms by which cyclic nucleotides and phosphodiesterases regulate renin gene expression, secretion of renin granules from juxtaglomerular cells and aldosterone production from zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal gland. We also discuss several open questions which deserve future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sanika Mohagaonkar
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Yamaguchi H, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Renin Cells, From Vascular Development to Blood Pressure Sensing. Hypertension 2023; 80:1580-1589. [PMID: 37313725 PMCID: PMC10526986 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic and neonatal life, renin cells contribute to the assembly and branching of the intrarenal arterial tree. During kidney arteriolar development renin cells are widely distributed throughout the renal vasculature. As the arterioles mature, renin cells differentiate into smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and mesangial cells. In adult life, renin cells are confined to the tips of the renal arterioles, thus their name juxtaglomerular cells. Juxtaglomerular cells are sensors that release renin to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Three major mechanisms control renin release: (1) β-adrenergic stimulation, (2) macula densa signaling, and (3) the renin baroreceptor, whereby a decrease in arterial pressure leads to increased renin release whereas an increase in pressure results in decrease renin release. Cells from the renin lineage exhibit plasticity in response to hypotension or hypovolemia, whereas relentless, chronic stimulation induces concentric arterial and arteriolar hypertrophy, leading to focal renal ischemia. The renin cell baroreceptor is a nuclear mechanotransducer within the renin cell that transmits external forces to the chromatin to regulate Ren1 gene expression. In addition to mechanotransduction, the pressure sensor of the renin cell may enlist additional molecules and structures including soluble signals and membrane proteins such as gap junctions and ion channels. How these various components integrate their actions to deliver the exact amounts of renin to meet the organism needs is unknown. This review describes the nature and origins of renin cells, their role in kidney vascular development and arteriolar diseases, and the current understanding of the blood pressure sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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3
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Lara LS, Gonzalez AA, Hennrikus MT, Prieto MC. Hormone-Dependent Regulation of Renin and Effects on Prorenin Receptor Signaling in the Collecting Duct. Curr Hypertens Rev 2022; 18:91-100. [PMID: 35170417 PMCID: PMC10132771 DOI: 10.2174/1573402118666220216105357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The production of renin by the principal cells of the collecting duct has widened our understanding of the regulation of intrarenal angiotensin II (Ang II) generation and blood pressure. In the collecting duct, Ang II increases the synthesis and secretion of renin by mechanisms involving the activation of Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) via stimulation of the PKCα, Ca2+, and cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways. Additionally, paracrine mediators, including vasopressin (AVP), prostaglandins, bradykinin (BK), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), regulate renin in principal cells. During Ang II-dependent hypertension, despite plasma renin activity suppression, renin and prorenin receptor (RPR) are upregulated in the collecting duct and promote de novo formation of intratubular Ang II. Furthermore, activation of PRR by its natural agonists, prorenin and renin, may contribute to the stimulation of profibrotic factors independent of Ang II. Thus, the interactions of RAS components with paracrine hormones within the collecting duct enable tubular compartmentalization of the RAS to orchestrate complex mechanisms that increase intrarenal Ang II, Na+ reabsorption, and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne S Lara
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexis A Gonzalez
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Matthew T Hennrikus
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Minolfa C Prieto
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Tulane Renal and Hypertension Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Broeker KAE, Schrankl J, Fuchs MAA, Kurtz A. Flexible and multifaceted: the plasticity of renin-expressing cells. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:799-812. [PMID: 35511367 PMCID: PMC9338909 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protease renin, the key enzyme of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, is mainly produced and secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney, which are located in the walls of the afferent arterioles at their entrance into the glomeruli. When the body’s demand for renin rises, the renin production capacity of the kidneys commonly increases by induction of renin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and in extraglomerular mesangial cells. These cells undergo a reversible metaplastic cellular transformation in order to produce renin. Juxtaglomerular cells of the renin lineage have also been described to migrate into the glomerulus and differentiate into podocytes, epithelial cells or mesangial cells to restore damaged cells in states of glomerular disease. More recently, it could be shown that renin cells can also undergo an endocrine and metaplastic switch to erythropoietin-producing cells. This review aims to describe the high degree of plasticity of renin-producing cells of the kidneys and to analyze the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A E Broeker
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Schrankl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michaela A A Fuchs
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
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Stamatiades GA, Toufaily C, Kim HK, Zhou X, Thompson IR, Carroll RS, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Offermanns S, Boehm U, Bernard DJ, Kaiser UB. Deletion of Gαq/11 or Gαs Proteins in Gonadotropes Differentially Affects Gonadotropin Production and Secretion in Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6453384. [PMID: 34864945 PMCID: PMC8711759 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates gonadal function via its stimulatory effects on gonadotropin production by pituitary gonadotrope cells. GnRH is released from the hypothalamus in pulses and GnRH pulse frequency differentially regulates follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) synthesis and secretion. The GnRH receptor (GnRHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that canonically activates Gα q/11-dependent signaling on ligand binding. However, the receptor can also couple to Gα s and in vitro data suggest that toggling between different G proteins may contribute to GnRH pulse frequency decoding. For example, as we show here, knockdown of Gα s impairs GnRH-stimulated FSH synthesis at low- but not high-pulse frequency in a model gonadotrope-derived cell line. We next used a Cre-lox conditional knockout approach to interrogate the relative roles of Gα q/11 and Gα s proteins in gonadotrope function in mice. Gonadotrope-specific Gα q/11 knockouts exhibit hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility, akin to the phenotypes seen in GnRH- or GnRHR-deficient mice. In contrast, under standard conditions, gonadotrope-specific Gα s knockouts produce gonadotropins at normal levels and are fertile. However, the LH surge amplitude is blunted in Gα s knockout females and postgonadectomy increases in FSH and LH are reduced both in males and females. These data suggest that GnRH may signal principally via Gα q/11 to stimulate gonadotropin production, but that Gα s plays important roles in gonadotrope function in vivo when GnRH secretion is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Stamatiades
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- University of Crete, School of Medicine, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Chirine Toufaily
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, H3G 1Y6 Québec, Canada
| | - Han Kyeol Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, H3G 1Y6 Québec, Canada
| | - Iain R Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, H3G 1Y6 Québec, Canada
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Correspondence: Ursula B. Kaiser, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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GSDME-mediated pyroptosis promotes inflammation and fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2333-2350. [PMID: 33664482 PMCID: PMC8329275 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular cell (RTC) death and inflammation contribute to the progression of obstructive nephropathy, but its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we showed that Gasdermin E (GSDME) expression level and GSDME-N domain generation determined the RTC fate response to TNFα under the condition of oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation. Deletion of Caspase-3 (Casp3) or Gsdme alleviated renal tubule damage and inflammation and finally prevented the development of hydronephrosis and kidney fibrosis after ureteral obstruction. Using bone marrow transplantation and cell type-specific Casp3 knockout mice, we demonstrated that Casp3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in renal parenchymal cells, but not in hematopoietic cells, played predominant roles in this process. We further showed that HMGB1 released from pyroptotic RTCs amplified inflammatory responses, which critically contributed to renal fibrogenesis. Specific deletion of Hmgb1 in RTCs alleviated caspase11 and IL-1β activation in macrophages. Collectively, our results uncovered that TNFα/Casp3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis is responsible for the initiation of ureteral obstruction-induced renal tubule injury, which subsequentially contributes to the late-stage progression of hydronephrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. This novel mechanism will provide valuable therapeutic insights for the treatment of obstructive nephropathy.
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Butt L, Unnersjö-Jess D, Höhne M, Schermer B, Edwards A, Benzing T. A mathematical estimation of the physical forces driving podocyte detachment. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1054-1062. [PMID: 34332959 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Loss of podocytes, possibly through the detachment of viable cells, is a hallmark of progressive glomerular disease. Podocytes are exposed to considerable physical forces due to pressure and flow resulting in circumferential wall stress and tangential shear stress exerted on the podocyte cell body, which have been proposed to contribute to podocyte depletion. However, estimations of in vivo alterations of physical forces in glomerular disease have been hampered by a lack of quantitative functional and morphological data. Here, we used ultra-resolution data and computational analyses in a mouse model of human disease, hereditary late-onset focal segmental glomerular sclerosis, to calculate increased mechanical stress upon podocyte injury. Transversal shear stress on the lateral walls of the foot processes was prominently increased during the initial stages of podocyte detachment. Thus, our study highlights the importance of targeting glomerular hemodynamics to treat glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Butt
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Unnersjö-Jess
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aurelie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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8
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Sholokh A, Klussmann E. Local cyclic adenosine monophosphate signalling cascades-Roles and targets in chronic kidney disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13641. [PMID: 33660401 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying chronic kidney disease (CKD) are poorly understood and treatment options are limited, a situation underpinning the need for elucidating the causative molecular mechanisms and for identifying innovative treatment options. It is emerging that cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling occurs in defined cellular compartments within nanometre dimensions in processes whose dysregulation is associated with CKD. cAMP compartmentalization is tightly controlled by a specific set of proteins, including A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). AKAPs such as AKAP18, AKAP220, AKAP-Lbc and STUB1, and PDE4 coordinate arginine-vasopressin (AVP)-induced water reabsorption by collecting duct principal cells. However, hyperactivation of the AVP system is associated with kidney damage and CKD. Podocyte injury involves aberrant AKAP signalling. cAMP signalling in immune cells can be local and slow the progression of inflammatory processes typical for CKD. A major risk factor of CKD is hypertension. cAMP directs the release of the blood pressure regulator, renin, from juxtaglomerular cells, and plays a role in Na+ reabsorption through ENaC, NKCC2 and NCC in the kidney. Mutations in the cAMP hydrolysing PDE3A that cause lowering of cAMP lead to hypertension. Another major risk factor of CKD is diabetes mellitus. AKAP18 and AKAP150 and several PDEs are involved in insulin release. Despite the increasing amount of data, an understanding of functions of compartmentalized cAMP signalling with relevance for CKD is fragmentary. Uncovering functions will improve the understanding of physiological processes and identification of disease-relevant aberrations may guide towards new therapeutic concepts for the treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Sholokh
- Max‐Delbrück‐Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max‐Delbrück‐Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Helmholtz Association Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Berlin Germany
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Abstract
Renin cells are essential for survival perfected throughout evolution to ensure normal development and defend the organism against a variety of homeostatic threats. During embryonic and early postnatal life, they are progenitors that participate in the morphogenesis of the renal arterial tree. In adult life, they are capable of regenerating injured glomeruli, control blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte balance, tissue perfusion, and in turn, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells. Throughout life, renin cell descendants retain the plasticity or memory to regain the renin phenotype when homeostasis is threatened. To perform all of these functions and maintain well-being, renin cells must regulate their identity and fate. Here, we review the major mechanisms that control the differentiation and fate of renin cells, the chromatin events that control the memory of the renin phenotype, and the major pathways that determine their plasticity. We also examine how chronic stimulation of renin cells alters their fate leading to the development of a severe and concentric hypertrophy of the intrarenal arteries and arterioles. Lastly, we provide examples of additional changes in renin cell fate that contribute to equally severe kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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10
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Butt L, Unnersjö-Jess D, Höhne M, Edwards A, Binz-Lotter J, Reilly D, Hahnfeldt R, Ziegler V, Fremter K, Rinschen MM, Helmstädter M, Ebert LK, Castrop H, Hackl MJ, Walz G, Brinkkoetter PT, Liebau MC, Tory K, Hoyer PF, Beck BB, Brismar H, Blom H, Schermer B, Benzing T. A molecular mechanism explaining albuminuria in kidney disease. Nat Metab 2020; 2:461-474. [PMID: 32694662 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys constantly filter large amounts of liquid, with almost complete retention of albumin and other macromolecules in the plasma. Breakdown of the three-layered renal filtration barrier results in loss of albumin into urine (albuminuria) across the wall of small renal capillaries, and is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. However, exactly how the renal filter works and why its permeability is altered in kidney diseases is poorly understood. Here we show that the permeability of the renal filter is modulated through compression of the capillary wall. We collect morphometric data prior to and after onset of albuminuria in a mouse model equivalent to a human genetic disease affecting the renal filtration barrier. Combining quantitative analyses with mathematical modelling, we demonstrate that morphological alterations of the glomerular filtration barrier lead to reduced compressive forces that counteract filtration pressure, thereby resulting in capillary dilatation, and ultimately albuminuria. Our results reveal distinct functions of the different layers of the filtration barrier and expand the molecular understanding of defective renal filtration in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Butt
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Unnersjö-Jess
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aurelie Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Binz-Lotter
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dervla Reilly
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Hahnfeldt
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vera Ziegler
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Fremter
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg,, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena K Ebert
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias J Hackl
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg,, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul T Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max C Liebau
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kálmán Tory
- MTA-SE Lendület Nephrogenetic Laboratory, 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter F Hoyer
- University Children's Hospital, Clinic for Pediatrics II, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bodo B Beck
- Institute of Human Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Hans Blom
- Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Liu L, Deng Y, Cai Y, Lu P, Guo Y, Zhang C, Li Q, Zhang T, Han M, Xu G. Ablation of Gsa impairs renal tubule proliferation after injury via CDK2/cyclin E. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F793-F803. [PMID: 32036696 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00367.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury has a high global morbidity associated with an increased risk of death and chronic kidney disease. Renal tubular epithelial cell regeneration following injury may be a decisive factor in renal repair or the progression of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease, but the underlying mechanism of abnormal renal tubular repair remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of heterotrimeric G stimulatory protein α-subunit (Gsa) in renal tubular epithelial cell regeneration. We generated renal tubule epithelium-specific Gsa knockout (GsaKspKO) mice to show the essential role of Gsa in renal tubular epithelial cell regeneration in two AKI models: acute aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI). GsaKspKO mice developed more severe renal impairment after AAN and UIRI, higher serum creatinine levels, and more substantial tubular necrosis than wild-type mice. More importantly, Gsa inactivation impaired renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation by reducing bromodeoxyuridine+ cell numbers in the AAN model and inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 2/cyclin E1 expression in the UIRI model. This reduced proliferation was further supported in vitro with Gsa-targeting siRNA. Downregulation of Gsa inhibited tubular epithelial cell proliferation in HK-2 and mIMCD-3 cells. Furthermore, Gsa downregulation inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase 2/cyclin E1 expression, which was dependent on the Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. In conclusion, Gsa is required for tubular epithelial cell regeneration during kidney repair after AKI. Loss of Gsa impairs renal tubular epithelial cell regeneration by blocking the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanjun Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Cai
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingfan Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianjing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Han
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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12
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Steglich A, Hickmann L, Linkermann A, Bornstein S, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Beyond the Paradigm: Novel Functions of Renin-Producing Cells. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:53-81. [PMID: 32691160 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The juxtaglomerular renin-producing cells (RPC) of the kidney are referred to as the major source of circulating renin. Renin is the limiting factor in renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which represents a proteolytic cascade in blood plasma that plays a central role in the regulation of blood pressure. Further cells disseminated in the entire organism express renin at a low level as part of tissue RASs, which are thought to locally modulate the effects of systemic RAS. In recent years, it became increasingly clear that the renal RPC are involved in developmental, physiological, and pathophysiological processes outside RAS. Based on recent experimental evidence, a novel concept emerges postulating that next to their traditional role, the RPC have non-canonical RAS-independent progenitor and renoprotective functions. Moreover, the RPC are part of a widespread renin lineage population, which may act as a global stem cell pool coordinating homeostatic, stress, and regenerative responses throughout the organism. This review focuses on the RAS-unrelated functions of RPC - a dynamic research area that increasingly attracts attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steglich
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Drake KA, Fessler AR, Carroll TJ. Methods for renal lineage tracing: In vivo and beyond. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:121-143. [PMID: 31493814 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lineage tracing has resulted in fundamental discoveries in kidney development and disease and remains a powerful technique to study mechanisms of organogenesis, homeostasis, and repair/regeneration. Following decades of research on the cellular and molecular regulation of renal organogenesis, the kidney has become one of the most well-characterized organs, resulting in exciting advancements in pluripotent stem cell differentiation, tissue bioengineering, and the potential for developing novel regenerative therapies for kidney disease. Lineage tracing, or the labeling of progeny cells arising from a single cell or group of cells, allows for spatial and temporal analyses of dynamic in vivo and in vitro processes. As lineage tracing techniques expand across disciplines of developmental biology, stem cell biology, and regenerative medicine, careful experimental design and interpretation, along with an understanding of the basic principles and technical limitations, are essential for utilizing genetically complex lineage tracing models to further understand kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Drake
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Alicia R Fessler
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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14
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Steglich A, Kessel F, Hickmann L, Gerlach M, Lachmann P, Gembardt F, Lesche M, Dahl A, Federlein A, Schweda F, Hugo CPM, Todorov VT. Renin cells with defective Gsα/cAMP signaling contribute to renal endothelial damage. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1205-1217. [PMID: 31388748 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of renin in renal renin-producing cells (RPCs) is controlled via the intracellular messenger cAMP. Interference with cAMP-mediated signaling by inducible knockout of Gs-alpha (Gsα) in RPCs of adult mice resulted in a complex adverse kidney phenotype. Therein, glomerular endothelial damage was most striking. In this study, we investigated whether Gsα knockout leads to a loss of RPCs, which itself may contribute to the endothelial injury. We compared the kidney phenotype of three RPC-specific conditional mouse lines during continuous induction of recombination. Mice expressing red fluorescent reporter protein tdTomato (tdT) in RPCs served as controls. tdT was also expressed in RPCs of the other two strains used, namely with RPC-specific Gsα knockout (Gsα mice) or with RPC-specific diphtheria toxin A expression (DTA mice, in which the RPCs should be diminished). Using immunohistological analysis, we found that RPCs decreased by 82% in the kidneys of Gsα mice as compared with controls. However, the number of tdT-positive cells was similar in the two strains, demonstrating that after Gsα knockout, the RPCs persist as renin-negative descendants. In contrast, both renin-positive and tdT-labeled cells decreased by 80% in DTA mice suggesting effective RPC ablation. Only Gsα mice displayed dysregulated endothelial cell marker expression indicating glomerular endothelial damage. In addition, a robust induction of genes involved in tissue remodelling with microvascular damage was identified in tdT-labeled RPCs isolated from Gsα mice. We concluded that Gsα/renin double-negative RPC progeny essentially contributes for the development of glomerular endothelial damage in our Gsα-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steglich
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Friederike Kessel
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gerlach
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Core Facility Cellular Imaging (CFCI), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Lachmann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Gembardt
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Lesche
- Dresden-concept Genome Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Dresden-concept Genome Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Federlein
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schweda
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian P M Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Tang J, Wysocki J, Ye M, Vallés PG, Rein J, Shirazi M, Bader M, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Afkarian M, Batlle D. Urinary Renin in Patients and Mice With Diabetic Kidney Disease. Hypertension 2019; 74:83-94. [PMID: 31079532 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), plasma renin activity is usually decreased, but there is limited information on urinary renin and its origin. Urinary renin was evaluated in samples from patients with longstanding type I diabetes mellitus and mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Renin-reporter mouse model (Ren1d-Cre;mT/mG) was made diabetic with streptozotocin to examine whether the distribution of cells of the renin lineage was altered in a chronic diabetic environment. Active renin was increased in urine samples from patients with DKD (n=36), compared with those without DKD (n=38; 3.2 versus 1.3 pg/mg creatinine; P<0.001). In mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, urine renin was also increased compared with nondiabetic controls. By immunohistochemistry, in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, juxtaglomerular apparatus and proximal tubular renin staining were reduced, whereas collecting tubule staining, by contrast, was increased. To examine the role of filtration and tubular reabsorption on urinary renin, mice were either infused with either mouse or human recombinant renin and lysine (a blocker of proximal tubular protein reabsorption). Infusion of either form of renin together with lysine markedly increased urinary renin such that it was no longer different between nondiabetic and diabetic mice. Megalin mRNA was reduced in the kidney cortex of streptozotocin-treated mice (0.70±0.09 versus 1.01±0.04 in controls, P=0.01) consistent with impaired tubular reabsorption. In Ren1d-Cre;mT/mG with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, the distribution of renin lineage cells within the kidney was similar to nondiabetic renin-reporter mice. No evidence for migration of cells of renin linage to the collecting duct in diabetic mice could be found. Renin mRNA in microdissected collecting ducts from streptozotocin-treated mice, moreover, was not significantly different than in controls, whereas in kidney cortex, largely reflecting juxtaglomerular apparatus renin, it was significantly reduced. In conclusion, in urine from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and DKD and from mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, renin is elevated. This cannot be attributed to production from cells of the renin lineage migrating to the collecting duct in a chronic hyperglycemic environment. Rather, the elevated levels of urinary renin found in DKD are best attributed to altered glomerular filteration and impaired proximal tubular reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Tang
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Jan Wysocki
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
| | - Minghao Ye
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
| | - Patricia G Vallés
- Notti Pediatric Hospital School of Medicine, Mendoza, Argentina (P.G.V.)
| | - Johannes Rein
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Mina Shirazi
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Batlle
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
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16
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Tian D, Shi X, Zhao Y, Peng X, Zou L, Xu L, Ma Y, Wen Y, Faulhaber-Walter R, Chen L. The effect of A1 adenosine receptor in diabetic megalin loss with caspase-1/IL18 signaling. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1583-1596. [PMID: 31695457 PMCID: PMC6717852 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s215531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In our previous study, exacerbation of albuminuria was observed in A1 adenosine receptor knockout (A1AR-/-) mice with diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanism was unclear. Here, we investigated the relationship of megalin loss and albuminuria, to identify the protective effect of A1AR in megalin loss associated albuminuria by inhibiting pyroptosis-related caspase-1/IL-18 signaling of DN. METHODS We successfully collected DN patients' samples and built diabetes mice models induced by streptozotocin. Megalin, cubilin, and A1AR expression were detected in kidney tissue samples from DN patients and mice through immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. A1AR, caspase-1, interleukin-18 (IL-18) expression were analyzed using Western blotting in wild-type and A1AR -/- mice. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTC) were cultured with high glucose to observe the effect of A1AR agonist and antagonist on caspase-1/IL-18 and megalin injury. RESULTS The loss of megalin, co-localized with A1AR at PTC, was associated with the level of albuminuria in diabetic patients and mice. The injury of megalin-cubilin was accompanied with the A1AR upregulation (1.30±0.1 vs 0.98±0.2, P=0.042), the caspase-1 (1.33±0.1 vs 1.0±0.2, P=0.036), and IL-18 (1.26±0.2 vs 0.96±0.2, P=0.026) signaling activation in mice with DN. More severe pathological injury, 24 hrs urine albumin excretion (170.8±4.1 μg/d vs 132.0±2.9 μg/d vs 17.9±2.8 μg/d, P<0.001) and megalin-cubilin loss were observed in A1AR -/- DN mice with more pronounced caspase-1 (1.52±0.03 vs 1.20±0.01, P=0.017) and IL-18 (1.42±0.02 vs 1.21±0.02, P=0.018) secretion. High glucose could stimulate the secretion of caspase-1 (1.72 times, P≤0.01) and IL-18 (1.64 times, P≤0.01), which was abolished by A1AR agonist and aggravated by A1AR antagonist. CONCLUSION A1AR played a protective role in proximal tubular megalin loss associated albuminuria by inhibiting the pyroptosis-related caspase-1/IL-18 signaling in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Tian
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumo Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lubin Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubin Wen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Limeng ChenDepartment of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Road 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 106 915 5351Fax +86 106 915 5058Email
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17
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Martinez MF, Medrano S, Brown RI, Tufan T, Shang S, Bertoncello N, Guessoum O, Adli M, Belyea BC, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Super-enhancers maintain renin-expressing cell identity and memory to preserve multi-system homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4787-4803. [PMID: 30130256 PMCID: PMC6205391 DOI: 10.1172/jci121361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin cells are crucial for survival - they control fluid-electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis, vascular development, regeneration, and oxygen delivery to tissues. During embryonic development, renin cells are progenitors for multiple cell types that retain the memory of the renin phenotype. When there is a threat to survival, those descendants are transformed and reenact the renin phenotype to restore homeostasis. We tested the hypothesis that the molecular memory of the renin phenotype resides in unique regions and states of these cells' chromatin. Using renin cells at various stages of stimulation, we identified regions in the genome where the chromatin is open for transcription, mapped histone modifications characteristic of active enhancers such as H3K27ac, and tracked deposition of transcriptional activators such as Med1, whose deletion results in ablation of renin expression and low blood pressure. Using the rank ordering of super-enhancers, epigenetic rewriting, and enhancer deletion analysis, we found that renin cells harbor a unique set of super-enhancers that determine their identity. The most prominent renin super-enhancer may act as a chromatin sensor of signals that convey the physiologic status of the organism, and is responsible for the transformation of renin cell descendants to the renin phenotype, a fundamental process to ensure homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Turan Tufan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Omar Guessoum
- Child Health Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Biology, and
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Child Health Research Center
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Child Health Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Biology, and
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18
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Hamatani H, Eng DG, Kaverina NV, Gross KW, Freedman BS, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Lineage tracing aged mouse kidneys shows lower number of cells of renin lineage and reduced responsiveness to RAAS inhibition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F97-F109. [PMID: 29412700 PMCID: PMC6087792 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00570.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) remains a mainstay of therapy in hypertension and glomerular diseases. With the population aging, our understanding of renin-producing cells in kidneys with advanced age is more critical than ever. Accordingly, we administered tamoxifen to Ren1cCreERxRs-tdTomato-R mice to permanently fate map cells of renin lineage (CoRL). The number of Td-tomato-labeled CoRL decreased significantly in aged mice (24 mo of age) compared with young mice (3.5 mo of age), as did renin mRNA levels. To determine whether aged CoRL responded less to RAAS blockade, enalapril and losartan were administered over 25 days following uninephrectomy in young and aged mice. The number of CoRL increased in young mice in response to enalapril and losartan. However, this was significantly lower in aged mice compared with young mice due to limited proliferation, but not recruitment. Gene expression analysis of laser-captured CoRL showed a substantial increase in mRNA levels for proapoptotic and prosenescence genes, and an increase in a major prosenescence protein on immunostaining. These results show that CoRL are lower in aged mice and do not respond to RAAS inhibition to the same extent as young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hamatani
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, New York
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
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19
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Buchtler S, Grill A, Hofmarksrichter S, Stöckert P, Schiechl-Brachner G, Rodriguez Gomez M, Neumayer S, Schmidbauer K, Talke Y, Klinkhammer BM, Boor P, Medvinsky A, Renner K, Castrop H, Mack M. Cellular Origin and Functional Relevance of Collagen I Production in the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1859-1873. [PMID: 29777019 PMCID: PMC6050926 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interstitial fibrosis is associated with chronic renal failure. In addition to fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived cells and tubular epithelial cells have the capacity to produce collagen. However, the amount of collagen produced by each of these cell types and the relevance of fibrosis to renal function are unclear.Methods We generated conditional cell type-specific collagen I knockout mice and used (reversible) unilateral ureteral obstruction and adenine-induced nephropathy to study renal fibrosis and function.Results In these mouse models, hematopoietic, bone marrow-derived cells contributed to 38%-50% of the overall deposition of collagen I in the kidney. The influence of fibrosis on renal function was dependent on the type of damage. In unilateral ureteral obstruction, collagen production by resident fibroblasts was essential to preserve renal function, whereas in the chronic model of adenine-induced nephropathy, collagen production was detrimental to renal function.Conclusions Our data show that hematopoietic cells are a major source of collagen and that antifibrotic therapies need to be carefully considered depending on the type of disease and the underlying cause of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Buchtler
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Grill
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Petra Stöckert
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Sophia Neumayer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmidbauer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Talke
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara M Klinkhammer
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Peter Boor
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Renner
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany;
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20
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Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that renin-expressing cells have developed throughout evolution as a mechanism to preserve blood pressure and fluid volume homeostasis as well as to counteract a number of homeostatic and immunological threats. In the developing embryo, renin precursor cells emerge in multiple tissues, where they differentiate into a variety of cell types. The function of those precursors and their progeny is beginning to be unravelled. In the developing kidney, renin-expressing cells control the morphogenesis and branching of the renal arterial tree. The cells do not seem to fully differentiate but instead retain a degree of developmental plasticity or molecular memory, which enables them to regenerate injured glomeruli or to alter their phenotype to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. In haematopoietic tissues, renin-expressing cells might regulate bone marrow differentiation and participate in a circulating leukocyte renin-angiotensin system, which acts as a defence mechanism against infections or tissue injury. Furthermore, renin-expressing cells have an intricate lineage and functional relationship with erythropoietin-producing cells and are therefore central to two endocrine systems - the renin-angiotensin and erythropoietin systems - that sustain life by controlling fluid volume and composition, perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. However, loss of the homeostatic control of these systems following dysregulation of renin-expressing cells can be detrimental, with serious pathological events.
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21
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Steppan D, Pan L, Gross KW, Kurtz A. Analysis of the calcium paradox of renin secretion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 315:F834-F843. [PMID: 29357428 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00554.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of the protease renin from renal juxtaglomerular cells is enhanced by subnormal extracellular calcium concentrations. The mechanisms underlying this atypical effect of calcium have not yet been unraveled. We therefore aimed to characterize the effect of extracellular calcium concentration on calcium handling of juxtaglomerular cells and on renin secretion in more detail. For this purpose, we used a combination of experiments with isolated perfused mouse kidneys and direct calcium measurements in renin-secreting cells in situ. We found that lowering of the extracellular calcium concentration led to a sustained elevation of renin secretion. Electron-microscopical analysis of renin-secreting cells exposed to subnormal extracellular calcium concentrations revealed big omega-shaped structures resulting from the intracellular fusion and subsequent emptying of renin storage vesicles. The calcium concentration dependencies as well as the kinetics of changes were rather similar for renin secretion and for renovascular resistance. Since vascular resistance is fundamentally influenced by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP), and Rho-associated protein kinase (Rho-K) activities, we examined the effects of MLCK-, MLCP-, and Rho-K inhibitors on renin secretion. Only MLCK inhibition stimulated renin secretion. Conversely, inhibition of MCLP activity lowered perfusate flow and strongly inhibited renin secretion, which could not be reversed by lowering of the extracellular calcium concentration. Renin-secreting cells and smooth muscle cells of afferent arterioles showed immunoreactivity of MLCK. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of calcium on renin secretion could be explained by phosphorylation-dependent processes under control of the MLCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Steppan
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - L Pan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - K W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, New York
| | - A Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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22
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Lachmann P, Hickmann L, Steglich A, Al-Mekhlafi M, Gerlach M, Jetschin N, Jahn S, Hamann B, Wnuk M, Madsen K, Djonov V, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Hohenstein B, Hugo CPM, Todorov VT. Interference with Gs α-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Renin-Producing Cells Leads to Renal Endothelial Damage. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3479-3489. [PMID: 28775003 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cAMP, the production of which is catalyzed by the α-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα), controls renin synthesis and release by juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidney, but may also have relevance for the physiologic integrity of the kidney. To investigate this possibility, we generated mice with inducible knockout of Gsα in JG cells and monitored them for 6 months after induction at 6 weeks of age. The knockout mapped exclusively to the JG cells of the Gsα-deficient animals. Progressive albuminuria occurred in Gsα-deficient mice. Compared with controls expressing wild-type Gsα alleles, the Gsα-deficient mice had enlarged glomeruli with mesangial expansion, injury, and FSGS at study end. Ultrastructurally, the glomerular filtration barrier of the Gsα-deficient animals featured endothelial gaps, thickened basement membrane, and fibrin-like intraluminal deposits, which are classic signs of thrombotic microangiopathy. Additionally, we found endothelial damage in peritubular capillaries and vasa recta. Because deficiency of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) results in thrombotic microangiopathy, we addressed the possibility that Gsα knockout may result in impaired VEGF production. We detected VEGF expression in JG cells of control mice, and cAMP agonists regulated VEGF expression in cultured renin-producing cells. Our data demonstrate that Gsα deficiency in JG cells of adult mice results in kidney injury, and suggest that JG cells are critically involved in the maintenance and protection of the renal microvascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lachmann
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Anne Steglich
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Moath Al-Mekhlafi
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Michael Gerlach
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Niels Jetschin
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Steffen Jahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Hamann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Monika Wnuk
- Department of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Madsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Department of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Min Chen
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Bernd Hohenstein
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Christian P M Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III and
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23
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Martini AG, Danser AHJ. Juxtaglomerular Cell Phenotypic Plasticity. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2017; 24:231-242. [PMID: 28527017 PMCID: PMC5574949 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-017-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin is the first and rate-limiting step of the renin-angiotensin system. The exclusive source of renin in the circulation are the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which line the afferent arterioles at the entrance of the glomeruli. Normally, renin production by these cells suffices to maintain homeostasis. However, under chronic stimulation of renin release, for instance during a low-salt diet or antihypertensive therapy, cells that previously expressed renin during congenital life re-convert to a renin-producing cell phenotype, a phenomenon which is known as “recruitment”. How exactly such differentiation occurs remains to be clarified. This review critically discusses the phenotypic plasticity of renin cells, connecting them not only to the classical concept of blood pressure regulation, but also to more complex contexts such as development and growth processes, cell repair mechanisms and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Góes Martini
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Gomez RA. Fate of Renin Cells During Development and Disease. Hypertension 2017; 69:387-395. [PMID: 28137982 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
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25
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Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Novel Functions of Renin Precursors in Homeostasis and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:25-33. [PMID: 26661526 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin progenitors appear early and are found in multiple tissues throughout the embryo. Besides their well known role in blood pressure and fluid homeostasis, renin progenitors participate in tissue morphogenesis, repair, and regeneration, and may integrate immune and endocrine responses. In the bone marrow, renin cells offer clues to understand normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Child Health Research Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
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26
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Buckley C, Dun AR, Peter A, Bellamy C, Gross KW, Duncan RR, Mullins JJ. Bimodal dynamics of granular organelles in primary renin-expressing cells revealed using TIRF microscopy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F200-F209. [PMID: 28069661 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00384.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin is the initiator and rate-limiting factor in the renin-angiotensin blood pressure regulation system. Although renin is not exclusively produced in the kidney, in nonmurine species the synthesis and secretion of the active circulatory enzyme is confined almost exclusively to the dense core granules of juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, where prorenin is processed and stored for release via a regulated pathway. Despite its importance, the structural organization and regulation of granules within these cells is not well understood, in part due to the difficulty in culturing primary JG cells in vitro and the lack of appropriate cell lines. We have streamlined the isolation and culture of primary renin-expressing cells suitable for high-speed, high-resolution live imaging using a Percoll gradient-based procedure to purify cells from RenGFP+ transgenic mice. Fibronectin-coated glass coverslips proved optimal for the adhesion of renin-expressing cells and facilitated live cell imaging at the plasma membrane of primary renin cells using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). To obtain quantitative data on intracellular function, we stained mixed granule and lysosome populations with Lysotracker Red and stimulated cells using 100 nM isoproterenol. Analysis of membrane-proximal acidic granular organelle dynamics and behavior within renin-expressing cells revealed the existence of two populations of granular organelles with distinct functional responses following isoproterenol stimulation. The application of high-resolution techniques for imaging JG and other specialized kidney cells provides new opportunities for investigating renal cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Buckley
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
| | - Alison R Dun
- Edinburgh Super Resolution Imaging Consortium, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Peter
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Bellamy
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rory R Duncan
- Edinburgh Super Resolution Imaging Consortium, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John J Mullins
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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27
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Olesen ETB, Moeller HB, Assentoft M, MacAulay N, Fenton RA. The vasopressin type 2 receptor and prostaglandin receptors EP2 and EP4 can increase aquaporin-2 plasma membrane targeting through a cAMP-independent pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F935-F944. [PMID: 27558562 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00559.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical membrane targeting of the collecting duct water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is essential for body water balance. As this event is regulated by Gs coupled 7-transmembrane receptors such as the vasopressin type 2 receptor (V2R) and the prostanoid receptors EP2 and EP4, it is believed to be cAMP dependent. However, on the basis of recent reports, it was hypothesized in the current study that increased cAMP levels are not necessary for AQP2 membrane targeting. The role and dynamics of cAMP signaling in AQP2 membrane targeting in Madin-Darby canine kidney and mouse cortical collecting duct (mpkCCD14) cells was examined using selective agonists against the V2R (dDAVP), EP2 (butaprost), and EP4 (CAY10580). During EP2 stimulation, AQP2 membrane targeting continually increased during 80 min of stimulation; whereas cAMP levels reached a plateau after 10 min. EP4 stimulation caused a rapid and transient increase in AQP2 membrane targeting, but did not significantly increase cAMP levels. After washout of the EP2 agonist or dDAVP, AQP2 membrane abundance remained elevated for at least 80 min, whereas cAMP levels rapidly decreased. Similar effects of the EP2 agonist were also observed for AQP2 constitutively nonphosphorylated at ser-269. The adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 did not prevent AQP2 targeting during stimulation of each receptor, nor after dDAVP washout. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that although direct stimulation with cAMP causes AQP2 membrane targeting, cAMP is not necessary for receptor-mediated AQP2 membrane targeting and Gs-coupled receptors can also signal through an alternative pathway that increases AQP2 membrane targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T B Olesen
- Department of Biomedicine, InterPrET Center, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; .,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark; and.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne B Moeller
- Department of Biomedicine, InterPrET Center, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Assentoft
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, InterPrET Center, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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28
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Iglesias-Bartolome R, Torres D, Marone R, Feng X, Martin D, Simaan M, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Taylor SS, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS. Inactivation of a Gα(s)-PKA tumour suppressor pathway in skin stem cells initiates basal-cell carcinogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:793-803. [PMID: 25961504 PMCID: PMC4449815 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic alterations in GNAS, the gene coding for the Gαs heterotrimeric G-protein, are associated with a large number human of diseases. Here, we explored the role of Gαs on stem cell fate decisions by using the mouse epidermis as a model system. Conditional epidermal deletion of Gnas or repression of PKA signaling caused a remarkable expansion of the stem cell compartment, resulting in rapid basal cell carcinoma formation. In contrast, inducible expression of active Gαs in the epidermis caused hair follicle stem cell exhaustion and hair loss. Mechanistically, we found that Gαs-PKA disruption promotes the cell autonomous Sonic Hedgehog pathway stimulation and Hippo signaling inhibition, resulting in the non-canonical activation of GLI and YAP1. Our study highlights an important tumor suppressive function of Gαs-PKA, limiting the proliferation of epithelial stem cells and maintaining proper hair follicle homeostasis. These findings can have broad implications in multiple pathophysiological conditions, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Daniela Torres
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Romina Marone
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Xiaodong Feng
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Martin
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - May Simaan
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Min Chen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Susan S Taylor
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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29
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Abstract
The kidneys are important endocrine organs. They secrete humoral factors, such as calcitriol, erythropoietin, klotho, and renin into the circulation, and therefore, they are essentially involved in the regulation of a variety of processes ranging from bone formation to erythropoiesis. The endocrine functions are established by cells, such as proximal or distal tubular cells, renocortical interstitial cells, or mural cells of afferent arterioles. These endocrine cells are either fixed in number, such as tubular cells, which individually and gradually upregulate or downregulate hormone production, or they belong to a pool of cells, which display a recruitment behavior, such as erythropoietin- and renin-producing cells. In the latter case, regulation of humoral function occurs via (de)recruitment of active endocrine cells. As a consequence renin- and erythropoietin-producing cells in the kidney show a high degree of plasticity by reversibly switching between distinct cell states. In this review, we will focus on the characteristics of renin- and of erythropoietin-producing cells, especially on their origin and localization, their reversible transformations, and the mediators, which are responsible for transformation. Finally, we will discuss a possible interconversion of renin and erythropoietin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgül Kurt
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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30
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Sparks MA, Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Mirotsou M, Coffman TM. Classical Renin-Angiotensin system in kidney physiology. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1201-28. [PMID: 24944035 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system has powerful effects in control of the blood pressure and sodium homeostasis. These actions are coordinated through integrated actions in the kidney, cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. Along with its impact on blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin system also influences a range of processes from inflammation and immune responses to longevity. Here, we review the actions of the "classical" renin-angiotensin system, whereby the substrate protein angiotensinogen is processed in a two-step reaction by renin and angiotensin converting enzyme, resulting in the sequential generation of angiotensin I and angiotensin II, the major biologically active renin-angiotensin system peptide, which exerts its actions via type 1 and type 2 angiotensin receptors. In recent years, several new enzymes, peptides, and receptors related to the renin-angiotensin system have been identified, manifesting a complexity that was previously unappreciated. While the functions of these alternative pathways will be reviewed elsewhere in this journal, our focus here is on the physiological role of components of the "classical" renin-angiotensin system, with an emphasis on new developments and modern concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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31
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Tanimoto K, Kanafusa S, Ushiki A, Matsuzaki H, Ishida J, Sugiyama F, Fukamizu A. A mouse renin distal enhancer is essential for blood pressure homeostasis in BAC-rescued renin-null mutant mice. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 34:401-9. [PMID: 24734888 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.908917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Renin is predominantly expressed in juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney and regulates blood pressure homeostasis. To examine possible in vivo functions of a mouse distal enhancer (mdE), we generated transgenic mice (TgM) carrying either wild-type or mdE-deficient renin BACs (bacterial artificial chromosome), integrated at the identical chromosomal site. In the kidneys of the TgM, the mdE contributed 80% to basal renin promoter activity. To test for possible physiological roles for the mdE, renin BAC transgenes were used to rescue the hypotensive renin-null mice. Interestingly, renal renin expression in the Tg(BAC):renin-null compound mice was indistinguishable between the wild-type and mutant BAC carriers. Surprisingly, however, the plasma renin activity and angiotensin I concentration in the mdE compound mutant mice were significantly lower than the same parameters in the control mice, and the mutants were consistently hypotensive, demonstrating that blood pressure homeostasis is regulated through transcriptional cis elements controlling renin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan
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32
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Gomez RA, Belyea B, Medrano S, Pentz ES, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Fate and plasticity of renin precursors in development and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:721-6. [PMID: 24337407 PMCID: PMC3999616 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Renin-expressing cells appear early in the embryo and are distributed broadly throughout the body as organogenesis ensues. Their appearance in the metanephric kidney is a relatively late event in comparison with other organs such as the fetal adrenal gland. The functions of renin cells in extra renal tissues remain to be investigated. In the kidney, they participate locally in the assembly and branching of the renal arterial tree and later in the endocrine control of blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Interestingly, this endocrine function is accomplished by the remarkable plasticity of renin cell descendants along the kidney arterioles and glomeruli which are capable of reacquiring the renin phenotype in response to physiological demands, increasing circulating renin and maintaining homeostasis. Given that renin cells are sensors of the status of the extracellular fluid and perfusion pressure, several signaling mechanisms (β-adrenergic receptors, Notch pathway, gap junctions and the renal baroreceptor) must be coordinated to ensure the maintenance of renin phenotype--and ultimately the availability of renin--during basal conditions and in response to homeostatic threats. Notably, key transcriptional (Creb/CBP/p300, RBP-J) and posttranscriptional (miR-330, miR125b-5p) effectors of those signaling pathways are prominent in the regulation of renin cell identity. The next challenge, it seems, would be to understand how those factors coordinate their efforts to control the endocrine and contractile phenotypes of the myoepithelioid granulated renin-expressing cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 409 Lane Road, Room 2001, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA,
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33
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of heart failure and cardiorenal interaction. Drugs interfering in the RAAS form the pillars in treatment of heart failure and cardiorenal syndrome. Although RAAS inhibitors improve prognosis, heart failure–associated morbidity and mortality remain high, especially in the presence of kidney disease. The effect of RAAS blockade may be limited due to the loss of an inhibitory feedback of angiotensin II on renin production. The subsequent increase in prorenin and renin may activate several alternative pathways. These include the recently discovered (pro-) renin receptor, angiotensin II escape via chymase and cathepsin, and the formation of various angiotensin subforms upstream from the blockade, including angiotensin 1–7, angiotensin III, and angiotensin IV. Recently, the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren has been proven effective in reducing plasma renin activity (PRA) and appears to provide additional (tissue) RAAS blockade on top of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin receptor blockers, underscoring the important role of renin, even (or more so) under adequate RAAS blockade. Reducing PRA however occurs at the expense of an increase plasma renin concentration (PRC). PRC may exert direct effects independent of PRA through the recently discovered (pro-) renin receptor. Additional novel possibilities to interfere in the RAAS, for instance using vitamin D receptor activation, as well as the increased knowledge on alternative pathways, have revived the question on how ideal RAAS-guided therapy should be implemented. Renin and prorenin are pivotal since these are at the base of all of these pathways.
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34
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Olfactory receptor responding to gut microbiota-derived signals plays a role in renin secretion and blood pressure regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4410-5. [PMID: 23401498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215927110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that mediate olfactory chemosensation and serve as chemosensors in other tissues. We find that Olfr78, an olfactory receptor expressed in the kidney, responds to short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Olfr78 is expressed in the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus, where it mediates renin secretion in response to SCFAs. In addition, both Olfr78 and G protein-coupled receptor 41 (Gpr41), another SCFA receptor, are expressed in smooth muscle cells of small resistance vessels. Propionate, a SCFA shown to induce vasodilation ex vivo, produces an acute hypotensive response in wild-type mice. This effect is differentially modulated by disruption of Olfr78 and Gpr41 expression. SCFAs are end products of fermentation by the gut microbiota and are absorbed into the circulation. Antibiotic treatment reduces the biomass of the gut microbiota and elevates blood pressure in Olfr78 knockout mice. We conclude that SCFAs produced by the gut microbiota modulate blood pressure via Olfr78 and Gpr41.
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35
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Machura K, Iankilevitch E, Neubauer B, Theuring F, Kurtz A. The aldo-keto reductase AKR1B7 coexpresses with renin without influencing renin production and secretion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F578-84. [PMID: 23303406 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00617.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of evidence that within the adult kidney, the aldo-keto reductase AKR1B7 (aldo-keto reductase family 1, member 7, also known as mouse vas deferens protein, MVDP) is selectively expressed in renin-producing cells, we aimed to define a possible role of AKR1B7 for the regulation and function of renin cells in the kidney. We could confirm colocalization and corecruitment of renin and of AKR1B7 in wild-type kidneys. Renin cells in AKR1B7-deficient kidneys showed normal morphology, numbers, and intrarenal distribution. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) and renin mRNA levels of AKR1B7-deficient mice were normal at standard chow and were lowered by a high-salt diet directly comparable to wild-type mice. Treatment with a low-salt diet in combination with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor strongly increased PRC and renin mRNA in a similar fashion both in AKR1B7-deficient and wild-type mice. Under this condition, we also observed a strong retrograde recruitment of renin-expressing cell along the preglomerular vessels, however, without a difference between AKR1B7-deficient and wild-type mice. The isolated perfused mouse kidney model was used to study the acute regulation of renin secretion by ANG II and by perfusion pressure. Regarding these parameters, no differences were observed between AKR1B7-deficient and wild-type kidneys. In summary, our data suggest that AKR1B7 is not of major relevance for the regulation of renin production and secretion in spite of its striking coregulation with renin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Machura
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Sukseree S, Rossiter H, Mildner M, Pammer J, Buchberger M, Gruber F, Watanapokasin R, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Targeted deletion of Atg5 reveals differential roles of autophagy in keratin K5-expressing epithelia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:689-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Barro-Soria R, Stindl J, Müller C, Foeckler R, Todorov V, Castrop H, Strauß O. Angiotensin-2-mediated Ca2+ signaling in the retinal pigment epithelium: role of angiotensin-receptor-associated-protein and TRPV2 channel. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185387 PMCID: PMC3502274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) receptor (ATR) is involved in pathologic local events such as neovascularisation and inflammation including in the brain and retina. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) expresses ATR in its AT1R form, angiotensin-receptor-associated protein (Atrap), and transient-receptor-potential channel-V2 (TRPV2). AT1R and Atrap co-localize to the basolateral membrane of the RPE, as shown by immunostaining. Stimulation of porcine RPE (pRPE) cells by AngII results in biphasic increases in intracellular free Ca(2+)inhibited by losartan. Xestospongin C (xest C) and U-73122, blockers of IP3R and PLC respectively, reduced AngII-evoked Ca(2+)response. RPE cells from Atrap(-/-) mice showed smaller AngII-evoked Ca(2+)peak (by 22%) and loss of sustained Ca(2+)elevation compared to wild-type. The TRPV channel activator cannabidiol (CBD) at 15 µM stimulates intracellular Ca(2+)-rise suggesting that porcine RPE cells express TRPV2 channels. Further evidence supporting the functional expression of TRPV2 channels comes from experiments in which 100 µM SKF96365 (a TRPV channel inhibitor) reduced the cannabidiol-induced Ca(2+)-rise. Application of SKF96365 or reduction of TRPV2 expression by siRNA reduced the sustained phase of AngII-mediated Ca(2+)transients by 53%. Thus systemic AngII, an effector of the local renin-angiotensin system stimulates biphasic Ca(2+)transients in the RPE by releasing Ca(2+)from cytosolic IP3-dependent stores and activating ATR/Atrap and TRPV2 channels to generate a sustained Ca(2+)elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Barro-Soria
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Stindl
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Müller
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Renate Foeckler
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Todorov
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Experimental Nephrology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Li L, Lai EY, Huang Y, Eisner C, Mizel D, Wilcox CS, Schnermann J. Renal afferent arteriolar and tubuloglomerular feedback reactivity in mice with conditional deletions of adenosine 1 receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F1166-75. [PMID: 22896040 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00222.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine 1 receptors (A1AR) have been shown in previous experiments to play a major role in the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) constrictor response of afferent arterioles (AA) to increased loop of Henle flow. Overexpression studies have pointed to a critical role of vascular A1AR, but it has remained unclear whether selective deletion of A1AR from smooth muscle cells is sufficient to abolish TGF responsiveness. To address this question, we have determined TGF response magnitude in mice in which vascular A1AR deletion was achieved using the loxP recombination approach with cre recombinase being controlled by a smooth muscle actin promoter (SmCre/A1ARff). Effective vascular deletion of A1AR was affirmed by absence of vasoconstrictor responses to adenosine or cyclohexyl adenosine (CHA) in microperfused AA. Elevation of loop of Henle flow from 0 to 30 nl/min caused a 22.1 ± 3.1% reduction of stop flow pressure in control mice and of 7.2 ± 1.5% in SmCre/A1ARff mice (P < 0.001). Maintenance of residual TGF activity despite absence of A1AR-mediated responses in AA suggests participation of extravascular A1AR in TGF. Support for this notion comes from the observation that deletion of A1ARff by nestin-driven cre causes an identical TGF response reduction (7.3 ± 2.4% in NestinCre/A1ARff vs. 20.3 ± 2.7% in controls), whereas AA responsiveness was reduced but not abolished. A1AR on AA smooth muscle cells are primarily responsible for TGF activation, but A1AR on extravascular cells, perhaps mesangial cells, appear to contribute to the TGF response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive-MSC 1370, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Regulation of renin secretion by renal juxtaglomerular cells. Pflugers Arch 2012; 465:25-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Mayer S, Roeser M, Lachmann P, Ishii S, Suh JM, Harlander S, Desch M, Brunssen C, Morawietz H, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ, Hohenstein B, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II regulates renin gene expression. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24483-91. [PMID: 22645148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.329474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of the orphan nuclear receptor chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) in the regulation of renin gene expression. COUP-TFII colocalized with renin in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which are the main source of renin in vivo. Protein-DNA binding studies demonstrated that COUP-TFII binds to an imperfect direct repeat COUP-TFII recognition sequence (termed hereafter proxDR) in the proximal renin promoter. Because cAMP signaling plays a central role in the control of the renin gene expression, we suggested that COUP-TFII may modulate this cAMP effect. Accordingly, knockdown of COUP-TFII in the clonal renin-producing cell lines As4.1 and Calu-6 diminished the stimulation of the renin mRNA expression by cAMP agonists. In addition, the mutation of the proxDR element in renin promoter reporter gene constructs abrogated the inducibility by cAMP. The proxDR sequence was found to be necessary for the function of a proximal renin promoter cAMP-response element (CRE). Knockdown of COUP-TFII or cAMP-binding protein (CREB), which is the archetypal transcription factor binding to CRE, decreased the basal renin gene expression. However, the deficiency of COUP-TFII did not further diminish the renin expression when CREB was knocked down. In agreement with the cell culture studies, mutant mice deficient in COUP-TFII have lower renin expression than their control strain. Altogether our data show that COUP-TFII is involved in the control of renin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mayer
- Laboratory for Experimental Nephrology and Division of Nephrology, Dresden University of Technology, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Doblinger E, Höcherl K, Mederle K, Kattler V, Walter S, Hansen PB, Jensen B, Castrop H. Angiotensin AT1 receptor-associated protein Arap1 in the kidney vasculature is suppressed by angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1313-24. [PMID: 22357923 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00620.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arap1 is a protein that interacts with angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptors and facilitates increased AT(1) receptor surface expression in vitro. In the present study, we assessed the tissue localization and regulation of Arap1 in vivo. Arap1 was found in various mouse organs, with the highest expression in the heart, kidney, aorta, and adrenal gland. Renal Arap1 protein was restricted to the vasculature and to glomerular mesangial cells and was absent from tubular epithelia. A similar localization was found in human kidneys. To test the hypothesis that angiotensin II may control renal Arap1 expression, mice were subjected to various conditions to alter the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. A high-salt diet (4% NaCl, 7 days) upregulated Arap1 expression in mice by 47% compared with controls (0.6% NaCl, P = 0.03). Renal artery stenosis (7 days) or water restriction (48 h) suppressed Arap1 levels compared with controls (-64 and -62% in the clipped and contralateral kidney, respectively; and -50% after water restriction, P < 0.01). Angiotensin II infusion (2 μg·kg(-1)·min(-1), 7 days) reduced Arap1 mRNA levels compared with vehicle by 29% (P < 0.01), whereas AT(1) antagonism (losartan, 30 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1), 7 days) enhanced Arap1 mRNA expression by 52% (P < 0.01); changes in mRNA were paralleled by Arap1 protein abundance. Experiments with hydralazine and epithelial nitric oxide synthase-/- mice further suggested that Arap1 expression changed in parallel with angiotensin II, rather than with blood pressure per se. Similar to in vivo, Arap1 mRNA and protein were suppressed by angiotensin II in a time- and dose-dependent manner in cultured mesangial cells. In summary, Arap1 is highly expressed in the renal vasculature, and its expression is suppressed by angiotensin II. Thus Arap1 may serve as a local modulator of vascular AT(1) receptor function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Doblinger
- Institute of Physiology, Univ. of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Schnermann J, Briggs JP. Synthesis and secretion of renin in mice with induced genetic mutations. Kidney Int 2012; 81:529-38. [PMID: 22258323 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The juxtaglomerular (JG) cell product renin is rate limiting in the generation of the bioactive octapeptide angiotensin II. Rates of synthesis and secretion of the aspartyl protease renin by JG cells are controlled by multiple afferent and efferent pathways originating in the CNS, cardiovascular system, and kidneys, and making critical contributions to the maintenance of extracellular fluid volume and arterial blood pressure. Since both excesses and deficits of angiotensin II have deleterious effects, it is not surprising that control of renin is secured by a complex system of feedforward and feedback relationships. Mice with genetic alterations have contributed to a better understanding of the networks controlling renin synthesis and secretion. Essential input for the setting of basal renin generation rates is provided by β-adrenergic receptors acting through cyclic adenosine monophosphate, the primary intracellular activation mechanism for renin mRNA generation. Other major control mechanisms include COX-2 and nNOS affecting renin through PGE2, PGI2, and nitric oxide. Angiotensin II provides strong negative feedback inhibition of renin synthesis, largely an indirect effect mediated by baroreceptor and macula densa inputs. Adenosine appears to be a dominant factor in the inhibitory arms of the baroreceptor and macula densa mechanisms. Targeted gene mutations have also shed light on a number of novel aspects related to renin processing and the regulation of renin synthesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Schnermann
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Davey RA, Clarke MV, Sastra S, Skinner JP, Chiang C, Anderson PH, Zajac JD. Decreased body weight in young Osterix-Cre transgenic mice results in delayed cortical bone expansion and accrual. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:885-93. [PMID: 22160436 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conditional gene inactivation using the Cre/loxP system has lead to significant advances in our understanding of the function of genes in a wide range of disciplines. It is becoming increasingly apparent in the literature, that Cre transgenic mice may themselves have a phenotype. In the following study we describe the bone phenotype of a commonly used Cre transgenic mouse line to study osteoblasts, the Osx-GFP::Cre (Osx-Cre) mice. Cortical and trabecular bone parameters were determined in the femurs of Osx-Cre mice at 6 and 12 weeks of age by microtomography (μCT). At 6 weeks of age, Osx-Cre mice had reduced body weight by 22% (P < 0.0001) and delayed cortical bone expansion and accrual, characterized by decreases in periosteal circumference by 7% (P < 0.05) and cortical thickness by 11% (P < 0.01), compared to wild type controls. Importantly, the cortical bone phenotype of the skeletally immature Osx-Cre mice at 6 weeks of age could be accounted for by their low body weight. The delayed weight gain and cortical growth of Osx-Cre mice was overcome by 12 weeks of age, with no differences observed between Osx-Cre and wild type controls. In conclusion, Osx-Cre expressing mice display a delayed growth phenotype in the absence of doxycycline treatment, evidenced by decreased cortical bone expansion and accrual at 6 weeks of age, as an indirect result of decreased body weight. While this delay in growth is overcome by adulthood at 12 weeks of age, caution together with appropriate data analysis must be considered when assessing the experimental data from skeletally immature Cre/loxP knockout mice generated using the Osx-Cre mouse line to avoid misinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
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Kim SM, Briggs JP, Schnermann J. Convergence of major physiological stimuli for renin release on the Gs-alpha/cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011; 16:17-24. [PMID: 22124804 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-011-0494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Control of the renin system by physiological mechanisms such as the baroreceptor or the macula densa (MD) is characterized by asymmetry in that the capacity for renin secretion and expression to increase is much larger than the magnitude of the inhibitory response. The large stimulatory reserve of the renin-angiotensin system may be one of the causes for the remarkable salt-conserving power of the mammalian kidney. Physiological stimulation of renin secretion and expression relies on the activation of regulatory pathways that converge on the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway. Mice with selective Gs-alpha (Gsα) deficiency in juxtaglomerular granular cells show a marked reduction of basal renin secretion, and an almost complete unresponsiveness of renin release to furosemide, hydralazine, or isoproterenol. Cyclooxygenase-2 generating prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) in MD and thick ascending limb cells is one of the main effector systems utilizing Gsα-coupled receptors to stimulate the renin-angiotensin system. In addition, β-adrenergic receptors are critical for the expression of high basal levels of renin and for its release response to lowering blood pressure or MD sodium chloride concentration. Nitric oxide generated by nitric oxide synthases in the MD and in endothelial cells enhances cAMP-dependent signaling by stabilizing cAMP through cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3. The stimulation of renin secretion by drugs that inhibit angiotensin II formation or action results from the convergent activation of cAMP probably through indirect augmentation of the activity of PGE(2) and PGI(2) receptors, β-adrenergic receptors, and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Kim
- Department of Physiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 561-181, South Korea
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Bastepe M. The GNAS Locus: Quintessential Complex Gene Encoding Gsalpha, XLalphas, and other Imprinted Transcripts. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:398-414. [PMID: 19412439 PMCID: PMC2671723 DOI: 10.2174/138920207783406488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Revised: 09/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently estimated number of genes in the human genome is much smaller than previously predicted. As an explanation for this disparity, most individual genes have multiple transcriptional units that represent a variety of biologically important gene products. GNAS exemplifies a gene of such complexity. One of its products is the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory heterotrimeric G protein (Gsalpha), a ubiquitous signaling protein essential for numerous different cellular responses. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations within Gsalpha-coding GNAS exons are found in various human disorders, including Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, pseudohypoparathyroidism, fibrous dysplasia of bone, and some tumors of different origin. While Gsalpha expression in most tissues is biallelic, paternal Gsalpha expression is silenced in a small number of tissues, playing an important role in the development of phenotypes associated with GNAS mutations. Additional products derived exclusively from the paternal GNAS allele include XLalphas, a protein partially identical to Gsalpha, and two non-coding RNA molecules, the A/B transcript and the antisense transcript. The maternal GNAS allele leads to NESP55, a chromogranin-like neuroendocrine secretory protein. In vivo animal models have demonstrated the importance of each of the exclusively imprinted GNAS products in normal mammalian physiology. However, although one or more of these products are also disrupted by most naturally occurring GNAS mutations, their roles in disease pathogenesis remain unknown. To further our understanding of the significance of this gene in physiology and pathophysiology, it will be important to elucidate the cellular roles and the mechanisms regulating the expression of each GNAS product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Neubauer B, Machura K, Schnermann J, Wagner C. Renin expression in large renal vessels during fetal development depends on functional beta1/beta2-adrenergic receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F71-7. [PMID: 21389089 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00443.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During nephrogenesis, renin expression shifts from large renal arteries toward smaller vessels in a defined spatiotemporal pattern, finally becoming restricted to the juxtaglomerular position. Chronic stimulation in adult kidneys leads to a recruitment of renin expression in the upstream vasculature. The mechanisms that control this characteristic switch-on and switch-off in the immature and adult kidney are not well-understood. Previous studies in mice with juxtaglomerular cell-specific deletion of the adenylyl cyclase-stimulatory G protein Gsα suggested that signaling along the cAMP pathway plays an essential role for renin expression during nephrogenesis and in the adult kidney. To identify the Gsα-dependent receptor that might be involved in activating this pathway, the present studies were performed to compare renin expression in wild types with that in mice with targeted deletions of β(1) and β(2)-adrenoceptors. The sympathetic nervous system is an important regulator of the renin system in the adult kidney so that activation of β-adrenenoceptors may also participate in the activation of renin expression along the developing arterial tree and in upstream vasculature in adulthood. Compared with wild-types, renin expression was found to be significantly lower at all developmental stages in the kidneys of β(1)/β(2) Adr(-/-) mice. Three-dimensional analysis showed reduced renin expression in all segments of the vascular tree in mutants and a virtual absence of renin expression in the large arcuate arteries. Adult mutant kidneys showed the typical upstream renin expression after chronic stimulation. Tyrosine hydroxylase staining in fetal and postnatal kidneys revealed that sympathetic innervation of renin-producing cells occurs early in fetal development. Our data indicate that genetic disruption of β-adrenergic receptors reduces basal renin expression along the developing preglomerular tree and in adult kidneys. Furthermore, β-adrenergic receptor input is critical for the expression of renin in large renal vessels during early fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Neubauer
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Ly JP, Onay T, Sison K, Sivaskandarajah G, Sabbisetti V, Li L, Bonventre JV, Flenniken A, Paragas N, Barasch JM, Adamson SL, Osborne L, Rossant J, Schnermann J, Quaggin SE. The Sweet Pee model for Sglt2 mutation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:113-23. [PMID: 21209254 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010080888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting renal glucose transport is a potential pharmacologic approach to treat diabetes. The renal tubular sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) reabsorbs approximately 90% of the filtered glucose load. An animal model with sglt2 dysfunction could provide information regarding the potential long-term safety and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors, which are currently under clinical investigation. Here, we describe Sweet Pee, a mouse model that carries a nonsense mutation in the Slc5a2 gene, which results in the loss of sglt2 protein function. The phenotype of Sweet Pee mutants was remarkably similar to patients with mutations in the Scl5a2 gene. The Sweet Pee mutants had improved glucose tolerance, higher urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium, and growth retardation. Renal physiologic studies demonstrated a prominent distal osmotic diuresis without enhanced natriuresis. Sweet Pee mutants did not exhibit increased KIM-1 or NGAL, markers of acute tubular injury. After induction of diabetes, Sweet Pee mice had better overall glycemic control than wild-type control mice, but had a higher risk for infection and an increased mortality rate (70% in homozygous mutants versus 10% in controls at 20 weeks). In summary, the Sweet Pee model allows study of the long-term benefits and risks associated with inhibition of SGLT2 for the management of diabetes. Our model suggests that inhibiting SGLT2 may improve glucose control but may confer increased risks for infection, malnutrition, volume contraction, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Ly
- The Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, TCP Building, Room 5-1015-2, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
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Aldehni F, Tang T, Madsen K, Plattner M, Schreiber A, Friis UG, Hammond HK, Han PL, Schweda F. Stimulation of renin secretion by catecholamines is dependent on adenylyl cyclases 5 and 6. Hypertension 2011; 57:460-8. [PMID: 21282557 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.167130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system stimulates renin release from juxtaglomerular cells via the β-adrenoreceptor-cAMP pathway. Recent in vitro studies have suggested that the calcium-inhibited adenylyl cyclases (ACs) 5 and 6 possess key roles in the control of renin exocytosis. To investigate the relative contribution of AC5 and AC6 to the regulation of renin release in vivo we performed experiments using AC5 and AC6 knockout mice. Male AC5(-/-) mice exhibited normal plasma renin concentrations, renal renin synthesis (mRNA and renin content), urinary volume, and systolic blood pressure. In male AC6(-/-) mice, plasma renin concentration (AC6(-/-): 732 ± 119; AC6 (+/+): 436 ± 78 ng of angiotensin I per hour*mL(-1); P<0.05), and renin synthesis were stimulated associated with an increased excretion of dilute urine (1.55-fold; P<0.05) and reduced blood pressure (-10.6 mm Hg; P<0.001). Stimulation of plasma renin concentration by a single injection of the β-adrenoreceptor agonist isoproterenol (10 mg/kg IP) was significantly attenuated in AC5(-/-) (male: -20%; female: -33%) compared with wild-type mice in vivo. The mitigation of the plasma renin concentration response to isoproterenol was even more pronounced in AC6(-/-) (male: -63%; female: -50% versus AC6(+/+)). Similarly, the effects of isoproterenol, prostaglandin E2, and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide on renin release from isolated perfused kidneys were attenuated to a higher extent in AC6(-/-) (-51% to -98% versus AC6(+/+)) than in AC5(-/-) (-31% to 46% versus AC5(+/+)). In conclusion, both AC5 and AC6 are involved in the stimulation of renin secretion in vivo, and AC6 is the dominant isoforms in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Aldehni
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Renin cells are fundamental for the control of blood pressure, fluid electrolyte homeostasis and kidney development. This review discusses recent discoveries regarding the mechanisms that control the identity and fate of renin cells and their role in the maintenance of kidney architecture and function. RECENT FINDINGS It is now established that cyclic AMP is a crucial factor for the regulation of the renin phenotype. Furthermore, additional factors such as microRNAs and gap junctions have recently emerged as key regulators for the maintenance and proper functioning of renin cells. SUMMARY Experiments described in this review will hopefully raise new questions regarding the mechanisms that control the identity, plasticity and function of renin cells.
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Desch M, Schubert T, Schreiber A, Mayer S, Friedrich B, Artunc F, Todorov VT. PPARgamma-dependent regulation of adenylate cyclase 6 amplifies the stimulatory effect of cAMP on renin gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2139-51. [PMID: 20861226 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messenger cAMP plays an important role in the regulation of renin gene expression. Nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is known to stimulate renin gene transcription acting through PPARγ-binding sequences in renin promoter. We show now that activation of PPARγ by unsaturated fatty acids or thiazolidinediones drastically augments the cAMP-dependent increase of renin mRNA in the human renin-producing cell line Calu-6. The underlying mechanism involves potentiation of agonist-induced cAMP increase and up-regulation of adenylate cyclase 6 (AC6) gene expression. We identified a palindromic element with a 3-bp spacer (Pal3) in AC6 intron 1 (AC6Pal3). AC6Pal3 bound PPARγ and mediated trans-activation by PPARγ agonist. AC6 knockdown decreased basal renin mRNA level and attenuated the maximal PPARγ-dependent stimulation of the cAMP-induced renin gene expression. AC6Pal3 decoy oligonucleotide abrogated the PPARγ-dependent potentiation of cAMP-induced renin gene expression. Treatment of mice with PPARγ agonist increased AC6 mRNA kidney levels. Our data suggest that in addition to its direct effect on renin gene transcription, PPARγ "sensitizes" renin gene to cAMP via trans-activation of AC6 gene. AC6 has been identified as PPARγ target gene with a functional Pal3 sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Desch
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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