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Ferdaus MZ, Koumangoye RB, Welling PA, Delpire E. Kinase Scaffold Cab39 Is Necessary for Phospho-Activation of the Thiazide-Sensitive NCC. Hypertension 2024; 81:801-810. [PMID: 38258567 PMCID: PMC10954405 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potassium regulates the WNK (with no lysine kinase)-SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) signaling axis, which in turn controls the phosphorylation and activation of the distal convoluted tubule thiazide-sensitive NCC (sodium-chloride cotransporter) for sodium-potassium balance. Although their roles in the kidney have not been investigated, it has been postulated that Cab39 (calcium-binding protein 39) or Cab39l (Cab39-like) is required for SPAK/OSR1 (oxidative stress response 1) activation. This study demonstrates how they control the WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NCC pathway. METHODS We created a global knockout of Cab39l and a tamoxifen-inducible, NCC-driven, Cab39 knockout. The 2 lines were crossed to generate Cab39-DKO (Cab39 double knockout) animals. Mice were studied under control and low-potassium diet, which activates WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NCC phosphorylation. Western blots were used to assess the expression and phosphorylation of proteins. Blood and urine electrolytes were measured to test for compromised NCC function. Immunofluorescence studies were conducted to localize SPAK and OSR1. RESULTS Both Cab39l and Cab39 are expressed in distal convoluted tubule, and only the elimination of both leads to a striking absence of NCC phosphorylation. Cab39-DKO mice exhibited a loss-of-NCC function, like in Gitelman syndrome. In contrast to the apical membrane colocalization of SPAK with NCC in wild-type mice, SPAK and OSR1 become confined to intracellular puncta in the Cab39-DKO mice. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of Cab39 proteins, NCC cannot be phosphorylated, resulting in a Gitelman-like phenotype. Cab39 proteins function to localize SPAK at the apical membrane with NCC, reminiscent of the Cab39 yeast homolog function, translocating kinases during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Ferdaus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (M.Z.F, R.B.K., E.D.)
| | - Rainelli B Koumangoye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (M.Z.F, R.B.K., E.D.)
| | - Paul A Welling
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (P.A.W.)
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (M.Z.F, R.B.K., E.D.)
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Abstract
Excessive salt intake raises blood pressure, but the implications of this observation for human health have remained contentious. It has also been recognized for many years that potassium intake may mitigate the effects of salt intake on blood pressure and possibly on outcomes such as stroke. Recent large randomized intervention trials have provided strong support for the benefits of replacing salt (NaCl) with salt substitute (75% NaCl, 25% KCl) on hard outcomes, including stroke. During the same period of time, major advances have been made in understanding how the body senses and tastes salt, and how these sensations drive intake. Additionally, new insights into the complex interactions between systems that control sodium and potassium excretion by the kidneys, and the brain have highlighted the existence of a potassium switch in the kidney distal nephron. This switch seems to contribute importantly to the blood pressure-lowering effects of potassium intake. In recognition of these evolving data, the United States Food and Drug Administration is moving to permit potassium-containing salt substitutes in food manufacturing. Given that previous attempts to reduce salt consumption have not been successful, this new approach has a chance of improving health and ending the 'Salt Wars'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Little
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- LeDucq Transatlantic Network of Excellence
| | - David H. Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- LeDucq Transatlantic Network of Excellence
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
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3
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Subramanya AR, Boyd-Shiwarski CR. Molecular Crowding: Physiologic Sensing and Control. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:429-452. [PMID: 37931170 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042222-025920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasm is densely packed with molecules that contribute to its nonideal behavior. Cytosolic crowding influences chemical reaction rates, intracellular water mobility, and macromolecular complex formation. Overcrowding is potentially catastrophic; to counteract this problem, cells have evolved acute and chronic homeostatic mechanisms that optimize cellular crowdedness. Here, we provide a physiology-focused overview of molecular crowding, highlighting contemporary advances in our understanding of its sensing and control. Long hypothesized as a form of crowding-induced microcompartmentation, phase separation allows cells to detect and respond to intracellular crowding through the action of biomolecular condensates, as indicated by recent studies. Growing evidence indicates that crowding is closely tied to cell size and fluid volume, homeostatic responses to physical compression and desiccation, tissue architecture, circadian rhythm, aging, transepithelial transport, and total body electrolyte and water balance. Thus, molecular crowding is a fundamental physiologic parameter that impacts diverse functions extending from molecule to organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arohan R Subramanya
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Carbajal-Contreras H, Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Magaña-Avila G, Marquez-Salinas A, Bourqui L, Tellez-Sutterlin M, Bahena-Lopez JP, Cortes-Arroyo E, Behn-Eschenburg SG, Lopez-Saavedra A, Vazquez N, Ellison DH, Loffing J, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. Arginine vasopressin regulates the renal Na +-Cl - and Na +-K +-Cl - cotransporters through with-no-lysine kinase 4 and inhibitor 1 phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F285-F299. [PMID: 38096266 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00343.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin regulates water homeostasis via the V2 receptor in the kidney at least in part through protein kinase A (PKA) activation. Vasopressin, through an unknown pathway, upregulates the activity and phosphorylation of Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) by Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1), which are regulated by the with-no-lysine kinase (WNK) family. Phosphorylation of WNK4 at PKA consensus motifs may be involved. Inhibitor 1 (I1), a protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor, may also play a role. In human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, we assessed the phosphorylation of WNK4, SPAK, NCC, or NKCC2 in response to forskolin or desmopressin. WNK4 and cotransporter phosphorylation were studied in desmopressin-infused WNK4-/- mice and in tubule suspensions. In HEK-293 cells, only wild-type WNK4 but not WNK1, WNK3, or a WNK4 mutant lacking PKA phosphorylation motifs could upregulate SPAK or cotransporter phosphorylation in response to forskolin or desmopressin. I1 transfection maximized SPAK phosphorylation in response to forskolin in the presence of WNK4 but not of mutant WNK4 lacking PP1 regulation. We observed direct PP1 regulation of NKCC2 dephosphorylation but not of NCC or SPAK in the absence of WNK4. WNK4-/- mice with desmopressin treatment did not increase SPAK/OSR1, NCC, or NKCC2 phosphorylation. In stimulated tubule suspensions from WNK4-/- mice, upregulation of pNKCC2 was reduced, whereas upregulation of SPAK phosphorylation was absent. These findings suggest that WNK4 is a central node in which kinase and phosphatase signaling converge to connect cAMP signaling to the SPAK/OSR1-NCC/NKCC2 pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY With-no-lysine kinases regulate the phosphorylation and activity of the Na+-Cl- and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporters. This pathway is modulated by arginine vasopressin (AVP). However, the link between AVP and WNK signaling remains unknown. Here, we show that AVP activates WNK4 through increased phosphorylation at putative protein kinase A-regulated sites and decreases its dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 1. This work increases our understanding of the signaling pathways mediating AVP actions in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - German Magaña-Avila
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Marquez-Salinas
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laurent Bourqui
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Tellez-Sutterlin
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica P Bahena-Lopez
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Eduardo Cortes-Arroyo
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sebastián González Behn-Eschenburg
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Lopez-Saavedra
- Unidad de Aplicaciones Avanzadas en Microscopía del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología y la Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vazquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | | | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Maeoka Y, Nguyen LT, Sharma A, Cornelius RJ, Su XT, Gutierrez MR, Carbajal-Contreras H, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G, McCormick JA. Dysregulation of the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway has a minor effect on baseline NKCC2 phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F39-F56. [PMID: 37881876 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00100.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4)-sterile 20/SPS-1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) pathway mediates activating phosphorylation of the furosemide-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) and the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC). The commonly used pT96/pT101-pNKCC2 antibody cross-reacts with pT53-NCC in mice on the C57BL/6 background due to a five amino acid deletion. We generated a new C57BL/6-specific pNKCC2 antibody (anti-pT96-NKCC2) and tested the hypothesis that the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway strongly regulates the phosphorylation of NCC but not NKCC2. In C57BL/6 mice, anti-pT96-NKCC2 detected pNKCC2 and did not cross-react with NCC. Abundances of pT96-NKCC2 and pT53-NCC were evaluated in Wnk4-/-, Osr1-/-, Spak-/-, and Osr1-/-/Spak-/- mice and in several models of the disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) in which the CUL3-KLHL3 ubiquitin ligase complex that promotes WNK4 degradation is dysregulated (Cul3+/-/Δ9, Klhl3-/-, and Klhl3R528H/R528H). All mice were on the C57BL/6 background. In Wnk4-/- mice, pT53-NCC was almost absent but pT96-NKCC2 was only slightly lower. pT53-NCC was almost absent in Spak-/- and Osr1-/-/Spak-/- mice, but pT96-NKCC2 abundance did not differ from controls. pT96-NKCC2/total NKCC2 was slightly lower in Osr1-/- and Osr1-/-/Spak-/- mice. WNK4 expression colocalized not only with NCC but also with NKCC2 in Klhl3-/- mice, but pT96-NKCC2 abundance was unchanged. Consistent with this, furosemide-induced urinary Na+ excretion following thiazide treatment was similar between Klhl3-/- and controls. pT96-NKCC2 abundance was also unchanged in the other FHHt mouse models. Our data show that disruption of the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway only mildly affects NKCC2 phosphorylation, suggesting a role for other kinases in NKCC2 activation. In FHHt models NKCC2 phosphorylation is unchanged despite higher WNK4 abundance, explaining the thiazide sensitivity of FHHt.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The renal cation cotransporters NCC and NKCC2 are activated following phosphorylation mediated by the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway. While disruption of this pathway strongly affects NCC activity, effects on NKCC2 activity are unclear since the commonly used phospho-NKCC2 antibody was recently reported to cross-react with phospho-NCC in mice on the C57BL/6 background. Using a new phospho-NKCC2 antibody specific for C57BL/6, we show that inhibition or activation of the WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 pathway in mice only mildly affects NKCC2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Maeoka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Luan T Nguyen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Avika Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ryan J Cornelius
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Xiao-Tong Su
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Marissa R Gutierrez
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Héctor Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Gamba G. Thirty years of the NaCl cotransporter: from cloning to physiology and structure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F479-F490. [PMID: 37560773 PMCID: PMC10639029 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00114.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary structure of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) was resolved 30 years ago by the molecular identification of the cDNA encoding this cotransporter, from the winter's flounder urinary bladder, following a functional expression strategy. This review outlines some aspects of how the knowledge about thiazide diuretics and NCC evolved, the history of the cloning process, and the expansion of the SLC12 family of electroneutral cotransporters. The diseases associated with activation or inactivation of NCC are discussed, as well as the molecular model by which the activity of NCC is regulated. The controversies in the field are discussed as well as recent publication of the three-dimensional model of NCC obtained by cryo-electron microscopy, revealing not only the amino acid residues critical for Na+ and Cl- translocation but also the residues critical for polythiazide binding to the transporter, opening the possibility for a new era in thiazide diuretic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Kettritz R, Loffing J. Potassium homeostasis - Physiology and pharmacology in a clinical context. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108489. [PMID: 37454737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane voltage controls the function of excitable cells and is mainly a consequence of the ratio between the extra- and intracellular potassium concentration. Potassium homeostasis is safeguarded by balancing the extra-/intracellular distribution and systemic elimination of potassium to the dietary potassium intake. These processes adjust the plasma potassium concentration between 3.5 and 4.5 mmol/L. Several genetic and acquired diseases but also pharmacological interventions cause dyskalemias that are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The thresholds at which serum K+ not only associates but also causes increased mortality are hotly debated. We discuss physiologic, pathophysiologic, and pharmacologic aspects of potassium regulation and provide informative case vignettes. Our aim is to help clinicians, epidemiologists, and pharmacologists to understand the complexity of the potassium homeostasis in health and disease and to initiate appropriate treatment strategies in dyskalemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kettritz
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Maeoka Y, Cornelius RJ, McCormick JA. Cullin 3 and Blood Pressure Regulation: Insights From Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension. Hypertension 2023; 80:912-923. [PMID: 36861484 PMCID: PMC10133098 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of rare monogenic forms of hypertension has led to the elucidation of important physiological pathways controlling blood pressure. Mutations in several genes cause familial hyperkalemic hypertension (also known as Gordon syndrome or pseudohypoaldosteronism type II). The most severe form of familial hyperkalemic hypertension is caused by mutations in CUL3, encoding CUL3 (Cullin 3)-a scaffold protein in an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that tags substrates for proteasomal degradation. In the kidney, CUL3 mutations cause accumulation of the substrate WNK (with-no-lysine [K]) kinase and ultimately hyperactivation of the renal NaCl cotransporter-the target of the first-line antihypertensive thiazide diuretics. The precise mechanisms by which mutant CUL3 causes WNK kinase accumulation have been unclear, but several functional defects are likely to contribute. The hypertension seen in familial hyperkalemic hypertension also results from effects exerted by mutant CUL3 on several pathways in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium that modulate vascular tone. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which wild type and mutant CUL3 modulate blood pressure through effects on the kidney and vasculature, potential effects in the central nervous system and heart, and future directions for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Maeoka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Ryan J Cornelius
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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9
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Gallafassi E, Bezerra M, Rebouças N. Control of sodium and potassium homeostasis by renal distal convoluted tubules. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12392. [PMID: 36790288 PMCID: PMC9925193 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal convoluted tubules (DCT), which contain the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) inhibited by thiazide diuretics, undergo complex modulation to preserve Na+ and K+ homeostasis. The lysine kinases 1 and 4 (WNK1 and WNK4), identified as hyperactive in the hereditary disease pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2, are responsible for activation of NCC and consequent hypokalemia and hypertension. WNK4, highly expressed in DCT, activates the SPAK/OSR1 kinases, which phosphorylate NCC and other regulatory proteins and transporters in the distal nephron. WNK4 works as a chloride sensor through a Cl- binding site, which acts as an on/off switch at this kinase in response to changes of basolateral membrane electrical potential, the driving force of cellular Cl- efflux. High intracellular Cl- in hyperkalemia decreases NCC phosphorylation and low intracellular Cl- in hypokalemia increases NCC phosphorylation and activity, which makes plasma K+ concentration a central modulator of NCC and of K+ secretion. The WNK4 phosphorylation by cSrc or SGK1, activated by angiotensin II or aldosterone, respectively, is another relevant mechanism of NCC, ENaC, and ROMK modulation in states such as volume reduction, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia. Loss of NCC function induces upregulation of electroneutral NaCl reabsorption by type B intercalated cells through the combined activity of pendrin and NDCBE, as demonstrated in double knockout mice (KO) animal models, Ncc/pendrin or Ncc/NDCBE. The analysis of ks-Nedd-4-2 KO animal models introduced the modulation of NEDD4-2 by intracellular Mg2+ activity as an important regulator of NCC, explaining the thiazide-induced persistent hypokalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.A. Gallafassi
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M.B. Bezerra
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - N.A. Rebouças
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Pathophysiologic approach in genetic hypokalemia: An update. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2023; 84:298-307. [PMID: 36639120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of genetic hypokalemia is close to that of non-genetic hypokalemia. New molecular pathways physiologically involved in renal and extrarenal potassium homeostasis have been highlighted. A physiological approach to diagnosis is illustrated here, with 6 cases. Mechanisms generating and sustaining of hypokalemia are discussed. After excluding acute shift of extracellular potassium to the intracellular compartment, related to hypokalemic periodic paralysis, inappropriate kaliuresis (>40mmol/24h) concomitant to hypokalemia indicates renal potassium wasting. Clinical analysis distinguishes hypertension-associated hypokalemia, due to hypermineralocorticism or related disorders. Genetic hypertensive hypokalemia is rare. It includes familial hyperaldosteronism, Liddle syndrome, apparent mineralocorticoid excess,11beta hydroxylase deficiency and Geller syndrome. In case of normo- or hypo-tensive hypokalemia, two etiologies are to be considered: chloride depletion or salt-wasting tubulopathy. Diarrhea chlorea is a rare disease responsible for intestinal chloride depletion. Due to the severity of hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, this disease can be misdiagnosed as pseudo-Bartter syndrome. Gitelman syndrome is the most frequent cause of genetic hypokalemia. It typically associates renal sodium and potassium wasting, hypomagnesemia, conserved chloride excretion (>40mmol/24h), and low-range calcium excretion (urinary Ca/creatinine ratio<0.20mmol/mmol). Systematic analysis of hydroelectrolytic disorder and dynamic hormonal investigation optimizes indications for and orientation of genotyping of hereditary salt-losing tubulopathy.
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11
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Carbajal-Contreras H, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. The serine-threonine protein phosphatases that regulate the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1100522. [PMID: 36875042 PMCID: PMC9974657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is finely tuned by phosphorylation networks involving serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases. While much attention has been paid to the With-No-lysine (K) kinase (WNK)- STE20-related Proline Alanine rich Kinase (SPAK)/Oxidative Stress Responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) signaling pathway, there remain many unanswered questions regarding phosphatase-mediated modulation of NCC and its interactors. The phosphatases shown to regulate NCC's activity, directly or indirectly, are protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), calcineurin (CN), and protein phosphatase 4 (PP4). PP1 has been suggested to directly dephosphorylate WNK4, SPAK, and NCC. This phosphatase increases its abundance and activity when extracellular K+ is increased, which leads to distinct inhibitory mechanisms towards NCC. Inhibitor-1 (I1), oppositely, inhibits PP1 when phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA). CN inhibitors, like tacrolimus and cyclosporin A, increase NCC phosphorylation, giving an explanation to the Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension-like syndrome that affects some patients treated with these drugs. CN inhibitors can prevent high K+-induced dephosphorylation of NCC. CN can also dephosphorylate and activate Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3), thus decreasing WNK abundance. PP2A and PP4 have been shown in in vitro models to regulate NCC or its upstream activators. However, no studies in native kidneys or tubules have been performed to test their physiological role in NCC regulation. This review focuses on these dephosphorylation mediators and the transduction mechanisms possibly involved in physiological states that require of the modulation of the dephosphorylation rate of NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Molecular Mechanisms of Na-Cl Cotransporter in Relation to Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010286. [PMID: 36613730 PMCID: PMC9820686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common clinical disease with an increasing incidence, affecting 10 to 15% of the world's population. Hypertension is the most common and modifiable risk factor for preventing adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD. A survey from developed countries shows that 47% of hypertensive patients over the age of 20 have uncontrolled blood pressure (BP), and the control rate is even lower in developing countries. CKD is both a common cause of uncontrolled hypertension and a risk factor for altered sequelae. In particular, studies have demonstrated that abnormal blood-pressure patterns in CKD patients, such as non-dipping-blood-pressure patterns, are associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a region of the kidney, and although only 5-10% of the sodium (Na+) filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed by DCT, most studies agree that Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in human, rabbit, mouse, and rat kidneys is the most important route of sodium reabsorption across the DCT for maintaining the homeostasis of sodium. The regulation of NCC involves a large and complex network structure, including certain physiological factors, kinases, scaffold proteins, transporter phosphorylation, and other aspects. This regulation network includes various levels. Naturally, cross-talk between the components of this system must occur in order to relay the important signals to the transporter to play its role. Knowledge of the mechanisms regulating NCC activation is critical for understanding and treating hypertension and CKD. Previous studies from our laboratory have investigated the mechanisms through which NCC is activated in several different models. In the following sections, we review the literature on the mechanisms of NCC in relation to hypertension in CKD.
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13
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WNK1 in the kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2022; 31:471-478. [PMID: 35894282 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this manuscript was to review recent evidence uncovering the roles of the With No lysine (K) kinase 1 (WNK1) in the kidney. RECENT FINDINGS Analyses of microdissected mouse nephron segments have revealed the abundance of long-WNK1 and kidney-specific-WNK1 transcripts in different segments. The low levels of L-WNK1 transcripts in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) stand out and support functional evidence on the lack of L-WNK1 activity in this segment. The recent description of familial hyperkalaemic hypertension (FHHt)-causative mutations affecting the acidic domain of WNK1 supports the notion that KS-WNK1 activates the Na+:Cl- cotransporter NCC. The high sensitivity of KS-WNK1 to KLHL3-targeted degradation and the low levels of L-WNK1 in the DCT, led to propose that this type of FHHt is mainly due to increased KS-WNK1 protein in the DCT. The observation that KS-WNK1 renal protein expression is induced by low K+ diet and recent reassessment of the phenotype of KS-WNK1-/- mice suggested that KS-WNK1 may be necessary to achieve maximal NCC activation under this condition. Evidences on the regulation of other renal transport proteins by WNK1 are also summarized. SUMMARY The diversity of WNK1 transcripts in the kidney has complicated the interpretation of experimental data. Integration of experimental data with the knowledge of isoform abundance in renal cell types is necessary in future studies about WNK1 function in the kidney.
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Kelch-like protein 3 in human disease and therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9813-9824. [PMID: 35585379 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3) is a substrate adaptor of Cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL3), and KLHL3-CUL3 complex plays a vital role in the ubiquitination of specific substrates. Mutations and abnormal post-translational modifications of KLHL3-CUL3 affect substrate ubiquitination and may related to the pathogenesis of Gordon syndrome (GS), Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), Pre-eclampsia (PE) and even cancers. Therefore, it is essential to understand the function and molecular mechanisms of KLHL3-CUL3 for the treatment of related diseases. In this review, we summary the structure and function of KLHL3-CUL3, the effect of KLHL3-CUL3 mutations and aberrant modifications in GS, PHPT, DM, CHD and PE. Moreover, we noted a possible role of KLHL3-CUL3 in carcinogenesis and provided ideas for targeting KLHL3-CUL3 for related disease treatment.
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15
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Polidoro JZ, Luchi WM, Seguro AC, Malnic G, Girardi ACC. Paracrine and endocrine regulation of renal potassium secretion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F360-F377. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00251.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal studies conducted by Giebisch and colleagues in the 1960s paved the way for understanding the renal mechanisms involved in K+ homeostasis. It was demonstrated that differential handling of K+ in the distal segments of the nephron is crucial for proper K+ balance. Although aldosterone had been classically ascribed as the major ion transport regulator in the distal nephron, thereby contributing to K+ homeostasis, it became clear that aldosterone per se could not explain the kidney's ability to modulate kaliuresis in both acute and chronic settings. The existence of alternative kaliuretic and antikaliuretic mechanisms was suggested by physiological studies in the 1980s but only gained form and shape with the advent of molecular biology. It is now established that the kidneys recruit several endocrine and paracrine mechanisms for adequate kaliuretic response. These mechanisms include the direct effects of peritubular K+, a gut-kidney regulatory axis sensing dietary K+ levels, the kidney secretion of kallikrein during postprandial periods, the upregulation of angiotensin II receptors in the distal nephron during chronic changes in the K+ diet, and the local increase of prostaglandins by low K+ diet. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of endocrine and paracrine mechanisms underlying the modulation of K+ secretion and how these mechanisms impact kaliuresis and K+ balance. We also highlight important unknowns about the regulation of renal K+ excretion under physiological circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Z. Polidoro
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Weverton Machado Luchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Seguro
- Department of Nephrology (LIM 12), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Malnic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kong L, Tang X, Kang Y, Dong L, Tong J, Xu J, Gao PJ, Wang JG, Shen W, Zhu L. The Role of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Sodium Chloride Cotransporter in Subtyping Primary Aldosteronism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:834409. [PMID: 35444613 PMCID: PMC9013911 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.834409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is recognized as the gold standard for subtyping primary aldosteronism (PA), but its invasive nature and technical challenges limit its availability. A recent study reported that sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) is a promising marker for assessing the biological activity of aldosterone and can be treated as a potential biomarker of PA. The current study was conducted to verify the hypothesis that the expression of NCC and its phosphorylated form (pNCC) in uEVs are different in various subtypes and genotypes of PA and can be used to select AVS candidates. METHODS A total of 50 patients with PA were enrolled in the study. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were isolated from spot urine samples using ultracentrifugation. NCC and pNCC expressions were tested in patients diagnosed with PA who underwent AVS. Sanger sequencing of KCNJ5 was performed on DNA extracted from adrenal adenoma. RESULTS pNCC (1.89 folds, P<.0001) and NCC (1.82 folds, P=0.0002) was more abundant in the uEVs in the high lateralization index (h-LI, ≥ 4) group than in the low LI (l-LI, < 4) group. Carriers of the somatic KCNJ5 mutations, compared with non-carriers, had more abundant pNCC expression (2.16 folds, P=0.0039). Positive correlation between pNCC abundance and plasma aldosterone level was found in this study (R = 0.1220, P = 0.0129). CONCLUSIONS The expression of pNCC in uEVs in patients with PA with various subtypes and genotypes was different. It can be used as biomarker of AVS for PA subtyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Kong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Central Laboratory, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-jin Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-guang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Limin Zhu, ; Weili Shen,
| | - Limin Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Limin Zhu, ; Weili Shen,
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17
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Castañeda-Bueno M, Ellison DH, Gamba G. Molecular mechanisms for the modulation of blood pressure and potassium homeostasis by the distal convoluted tubule. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 14:e14273. [PMID: 34927382 PMCID: PMC8819348 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical observations have shown that potassium ingestion is inversely correlated with arterial hypertension prevalence and cardiovascular mortality. The higher the dietary potassium, the lower the blood pressure and mortality. This phenomenon is explained, at least in part, by the interaction between salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and potassium secretion in the connecting tubule/collecting duct of the mammalian nephron: In order to achieve adequate K+ secretion levels under certain conditions, salt reabsorption in the DCT must be reduced. Because salt handling by the kidney constitutes the basis for the long‐term regulation of blood pressure, losing salt prevents hypertension. Here, we discuss how the study of inherited diseases in which salt reabsorption in the DCT is affected has revealed the molecular players, including membrane transporters and channels, kinases, and ubiquitin ligases that form the potassium sensing mechanism of the DCT and the processes through which the consequent adjustments in salt reabsorption are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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You R, Chen L, Xu L, Zhang D, Li H, Shi X, Zheng Y, Chen L. High Level of Uromodulin Increases the Risk of Hypertension: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:736001. [PMID: 34540925 PMCID: PMC8440862 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.736001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The association of uromodulin and hypertension has been observed in clinical studies, but not proven by a causal relationship. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between uromodulin and blood pressure. Methods: We selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to urinary uromodulin (uUMOD) and serum uromodulin (sUMOD) from a large Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) meta-analysis study and research in PubMed. Six datasets based on the UK Biobank and the International Consortium for Blood Pressure (ICBP) served as outcomes with a large sample of hypertension (n = 46,188), systolic blood pressure (SBP, n = 1,194,020), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, n = 1,194,020). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was performed in uUMOD MR analysis, while methods of IVW, MR-Egger, Weighted median, and Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) were utilized on sUMOD MR analysis. Results: MR analysis of IVM showed the odds ratio (OR) of the uUMOD to hypertension (“ukb-b-14057” and “ukb-b-14177”) is 1.04 (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.03-1.04, P < 0.001); the effect sizes of the uUMOD to SBP are 1.10 (Standard error (SE) = 0.25, P = 8.92E-06) and 0.03 (SE = 0.01, P = 2.70E-04) in “ieu-b-38” and “ukb-b-20175”, respectively. The β coefficient of the uUMOD to DBP is 0.88 (SE = 0.19, P = 4.38E-06) in “ieu-b-39” and 0.05 (SE = 0.01, P = 2.13E-10) in “ukb-b-7992”. As for the sUMOD, the OR of hypertension (“ukb-b-14057” and “ukb-b-14177”) is 1.01 (95% CI 1.01–1.02, all P < 0.001). The β coefficient of the SBP is 0.37 (SE = 0.07, P = 1.26E-07) in “ieu-b-38” and 0.01 (SE = 0.003, P = 1.04E-04) in “ukb-b-20175”. The sUMOD is causally associated with elevated DBP (“ieu-b-39”: β = 0.313, SE = 0.050, P = 3.43E-10; “ukb-b-7992”: β = 0.018, SE = 0.003, P = 8.41E-09). Conclusion: Our results indicated that high urinary and serum uromodulin levels are potentially detrimental in elevating blood pressure, and serve as a causal risk factor for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilian You
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- First Clinical Medical College of Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lubin Xu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Ningxia People's Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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19
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Taylor CA, Cobb MH. CCT and CCT-like Modular Protein Interaction Domains in WNK Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:201-212. [PMID: 34312216 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNK (with-no lysine (K)) kinases and their downstream effector kinases, OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive 1) and SPAK (SPS/STE20-related proline-alanine rich kinase), have well-established functions in the maintenance of cell volume and ion homeostasis. Mutations in these kinases have been linked to an inherited form of hypertension, neurological defects, and other pathologies. A rapidly expanding body of evidence points to the involvement of WNKs in regulating multiple diverse cellular processes as well as the progression of some forms of cancer. How OSR1/SPAK contribute to these processes is well understood in some cases, but completely unknown in others. OSR1 and SPAK are targeted to both WNKs and substrates via their conserved C-terminal (CCT) protein interaction domains. Considerable effort has been put forth to understand the structure, function, and interaction specificity of the CCT domains in relation to WNK signaling, and multiple inhibitors of WNK signaling target these domains. The domains bind RFxV and RxFxV protein sequence motifs with the consensus sequence R-F-x-V/I or R-x-F-x-V/I, but residues outside the core motif also contribute to specificity. CCT interactions are required for OSR1 and SPAK activation and deactivation as well as cation-chloride cotransporter substrate phosphorylation. All four WNKs also contain CCT-like domains that have similar structures and conserved binding residues when compared to CCT domains, but their functions and interaction specificities are mostly unknown. A better understanding of the varied actions of these domains and their interactions will better define the known signaling mechanisms of the WNK pathway as well as uncover new ones. Significance Statement WNK kinases and downstream effector kinases, OSR1 and SPAK, have been shown to be involved in an array of diverse cellular processes. Here we review the function of modular protein interaction domains found in OSR1 and SPAK as well as related domains found in WNKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton A Taylor
- Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
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20
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Kortenoeven MLA, Esteva-Font C, Dimke H, Poulsen SB, Murali SK, Fenton RA. High dietary potassium causes ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the kidney sodium-chloride cotransporter. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100915. [PMID: 34174287 PMCID: PMC8318901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT) plays a critical role in regulating blood pressure (BP) and K+ homeostasis. During hyperkalemia, reduced NCC phosphorylation and total NCC abundance facilitate downstream electrogenic K+ secretion and BP reduction. However, the mechanism for the K+-dependent reduction in total NCC levels is unknown. Here, we show that NCC levels were reduced in ex vivo renal tubules incubated in a high-K+ medium for 24–48 h. This reduction was independent of NCC transcription, but was prevented using inhibitors of the proteasome (MG132) or lysosome (chloroquine). Ex vivo, high K+ increased NCC ubiquitylation, but inhibition of the ubiquitin conjugation pathway prevented the high K+-mediated reduction in NCC protein. In tubules incubated in high K+ media ex vivo or in the renal cortex of mice fed a high K+ diet for 4 days, the abundance and phosphorylation of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), a key regulator of ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation and protein folding, were decreased. Conversely, in similar samples the expression of PP1α, known to dephosphorylate Hsp70, was also increased. NCC coimmunoprecipitated with Hsp70 and PP1α, and inhibiting their actions prevented the high K+-mediated reduction in total NCC levels. In conclusion, we show that hyperkalemia drives NCC ubiquitylation and degradation via a PP1α-dependent process facilitated by Hsp70. This mechanism facilitates K+-dependent reductions in NCC to protect plasma K+ homeostasis and potentially reduces BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen L A Kortenoeven
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Cristina Esteva-Font
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren B Poulsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sathish K Murali
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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21
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Ostrosky-Frid M, Chávez-Canales M, Zhang J, Andrukhova O, Argaiz ER, Lerdo-de-Tejada F, Murillo-de-Ozores A, Sanchez-Navarro A, Rojas-Vega L, Bobadilla NA, Vazquez N, Castañeda-Bueno M, Alessi DR, Gamba G. Role of KLHL3 and dietary K + in regulating KS-WNK1 expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F734-F747. [PMID: 33682442 PMCID: PMC8174809 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00575.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of the shorter isoform of with no lysine kinase (WNK)1 that is exclusively expressed in the kidney (KS-WNK1), with particular abundance in the distal convoluted tubule, remains elusive. KS-WNK1, despite lacking the kinase domain, is nevertheless capable of stimulating the NaCl cotransporter, apparently through activation of WNK4. It has recently been shown that a less severe form of familial hyperkalemic hypertension featuring only hyperkalemia is caused by missense mutations in the WNK1 acidic domain that preferentially affect cullin 3 (CUL3)-Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3) E3-induced degradation of KS-WNK1 rather than that of full-length WNK1. Here, we show that full-length WNK1 is indeed less impacted by the CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ligase complex compared with KS-WNK1. We demonstrated that the unique 30-amino acid NH2-terminal fragment of KS-WNK1 is essential for its activating effect on the NaCl cotransporter and recognition by KLHL3. We identified specific amino acid residues in this region critical for the functional effect of KS-WNK1 and KLHL3 sensitivity. To further explore this, we generated KLHL3-R528H knockin mice that mimic human mutations causing familial hyperkalemic hypertension. These mice revealed that the KLHL3 mutation specifically increased expression of KS-WNK1 in the kidney. We also observed that in wild-type mice, the expression of KS-WNK1 was only detectable after exposure to a low-K+ diet. These findings provide new insights into the regulation and function of KS-WNK1 by the CUL3-KLHL3 complex in the distal convoluted tubule and indicate that this pathway is regulated by dietary K+ levels.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this work, we demonstrated that the kidney-specific isoform of with no lysine kinase 1 (KS-WNK1) in the kidney is modulated by dietary K+ and activity of the ubiquitin ligase protein Kelch-like protein 3. We analyzed the role of different amino acid residues of KS-WNK1 in its activity against the NaCl cotransporter and sensitivity to Kelch-like protein 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ostrosky-Frid
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Olena Andrukhova
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lerdo-de-Tejada
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Murillo-de-Ozores
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Sanchez-Navarro
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vazquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Louis-Dit-Picard H, Kouranti I, Rafael C, Loisel-Ferreira I, Chavez-Canales M, Abdel-Khalek W, Argaiz ER, Baron S, Vacle S, Migeon T, Coleman R, Do Cruzeiro M, Hureaux M, Thurairajasingam N, Decramer S, Girerd X, O'Shaugnessy K, Mulatero P, Roussey G, Tack I, Unwin R, Vargas-Poussou R, Staub O, Grimm R, Welling PA, Gamba G, Clauser E, Hadchouel J, Jeunemaitre X. Mutation affecting the conserved acidic WNK1 motif causes inherited hyperkalemic hyperchloremic acidosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6379-6394. [PMID: 32790646 DOI: 10.1172/jci94171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) and WNK4 genes are responsible for familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt), a rare, inherited disorder characterized by arterial hypertension and hyperkalemia with metabolic acidosis. More recently, FHHt-causing mutations in the Kelch-like 3-Cullin 3 (KLHL3-CUL3) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex have shed light on the importance of WNK's cellular degradation on renal ion transport. Using full exome sequencing for a 4-generation family and then targeted sequencing in other suspected cases, we have identified new missense variants in the WNK1 gene clustering in the short conserved acidic motif known to interact with the KLHL3-CUL3 ubiquitin complex. Affected subjects had an early onset of a hyperkalemic hyperchloremic phenotype, but normal blood pressure values"Functional experiments in Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK293T cells demonstrated that these mutations strongly decrease the ubiquitination of the kidney-specific isoform KS-WNK1 by the KLHL3-CUL3 complex rather than the long ubiquitous catalytically active L-WNK1 isoform. A corresponding CRISPR/Cas9 engineered mouse model recapitulated both the clinical and biological phenotypes. Renal investigations showed increased activation of the Ste20 proline alanine-rich kinase-Na+-Cl- cotransporter (SPAK-NCC) phosphorylation cascade, associated with impaired ROMK apical expression in the distal part of the renal tubule. Together, these new WNK1 genetic variants highlight the importance of the KS-WNK1 isoform abundance on potassium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chloé Rafael
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Chavez-Canales
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stéphanie Baron
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Vacle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard Coleman
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Marguerite Hureaux
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Decramer
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Girerd
- AP-HP, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Unité de Prévention Cardiovasculaire, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Kevin O'Shaugnessy
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gwenaëlle Roussey
- Néphrologie Pédiatrique-Clinique Médicale Pédiatrique, Hôpital Mère Enfant, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ivan Tack
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Physiologiques, CHU de Toulouse et INSERM U1048-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Unwin
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus and Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Vargas-Poussou
- AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Staub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Grimm
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A Welling
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric Clauser
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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23
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Guo Q, Zhang Y, Jiang GR, Zhang C. Decreased KLHL3 expression is involved in the activation of WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC cascade in type 1 diabetic mice. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:185-196. [PMID: 33432425 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt; also called pseudohypoaldosteronism type II) is a hereditary hypertensive disease which can be caused by mutations in four genes: WNK1 [with no lysine (K) 1], WNK4, Kelch-like3 (KLHL3), and cullin3 (CUL3). Decreased KLHL3 expression was identified as being involved in the pathogenesis of FHHt caused by cullin 3 disease mutations. Recent studies have revealed an increased WNK4 and hence Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) activity in the db/db mice, resulting from PKC-mediated KLHL3 phosphorylation, which impairs the degradation of its substrate, WNK4. However, whether WNK4 and NCC were activated in type 1 diabetes still remains unclear. We created streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice and revealed that renal WNK-oxidative stress response kinase-1/STE20/SPS1-related proline alanine-rich kinase (OSR1/SPAK)-NCC cascade was activated, whereas KLHL3 expression was markedly decreased and CUL3 was heavily neddylated. Moreover, decreased KLHL3 was reversed and WNK1 and WNK4 abundance increased by MLN4924, a neddylation inhibitor. In vitro, our study also showed decreased KLHL3 abundance without any significant change in phosphorylated KLHL3 under high glucose exposure. These results indicate that decreased KLHL3 likely plays a role in the pathogenesis of renal sodium reabsorption in hyperglycemic conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood Pressure
- Cullin Proteins/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Renal Reabsorption
- Signal Transduction
- Sodium/metabolism
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3/metabolism
- Streptozocin
- Ubiquitination
- WNK Lysine-Deficient Protein Kinase 1/genetics
- WNK Lysine-Deficient Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Geng-Ru Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Xinhua Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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24
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Rodríguez-Gama A, Carbajal-Contreras H, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. WNK4 kinase: from structure to physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F378-F403. [PMID: 33491560 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00634.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With no lysine kinase-4 (WNK4) belongs to a serine-threonine kinase family characterized by the atypical positioning of its catalytic lysine. Despite the fact that WNK4 has been found in many tissues, the majority of its study has revolved around its function in the kidney, specifically as a positive regulator of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. This is explained by the description of gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding WNK4 that causes familial hyperkalemic hypertension. This disease is mainly driven by increased downstream activation of the Ste20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase/oxidative stress responsive kinase-1-NCC pathway, which increases salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and indirectly impairs renal K+ secretion. Here, we review the large volume of information that has accumulated about different aspects of WNK4 function. We first review the knowledge on WNK4 structure and enumerate the functional domains and motifs that have been characterized. Then, we discuss WNK4 physiological functions based on the information obtained from in vitro studies and from a diverse set of genetically modified mouse models with altered WNK4 function. We then review in vitro and in vivo evidence on the different levels of regulation of WNK4. Finally, we go through the evidence that has suggested how different physiological conditions act through WNK4 to modulate NCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Héctor Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on recent efforts in identifying with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4) as a physiological intracellular chloride sensor and exploring regulators of intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). RECENT FINDINGS The discovery of WNK1's chloride-binding site provides the mechanistic details of the chloride-sensing regulation of WNK kinases. The subsequent in-vitro studies reveal that the chloride sensitivities of WNK kinases were variable. Because of its highest chloride sensitivity and dominant expression, WNK4 emerges as the leading candidate of the chloride sensor in DCT. The presentation of hypertension and increased sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) activity in chloride-insensitive WNK4 mice proved that WNK4 is inhibitable by physiological [Cl-]i in DCT. The chloride-mediated WNK4 regulation is responsible for hypokalemia-induced NCC activation but unnecessary for hyperkalemia-induced NCC deactivation. This chloride-sensing mechanism requires basolateral potassium and chloride channels or cotransporters, including Kir4.1/5.1, ClC-Kb, and possibly KCCs, to modulate [Cl-]i in response to the changes of plasma potassium. SUMMARY WNK4 is both a master NCC stimulator and an in-vivo chloride sensor in DCT. The understanding of chloride-mediated regulation of WNK4 explains the inverse relationship between dietary potassium intake and NCC activity.
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26
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Chávez-Canales M, de Los Heros P, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. Physiological Processes Modulated by the Chloride-Sensitive WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Kinase Signaling Pathway and the Cation-Coupled Chloride Cotransporters. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585907. [PMID: 33192599 PMCID: PMC7606576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Cl– as an intracellular signaling ion has been increasingly recognized in recent years. One of the currently best described roles of Cl– in signaling is the modulation of the With-No-Lysine (K) (WNK) – STE20-Proline Alanine rich Kinase (SPAK)/Oxidative Stress Responsive Kinase 1 (OSR1) – Cation-Coupled Cl–Cotransporters (CCCs) cascade. Binding of a Cl– anion to the active site of WNK kinases directly modulates their activity, promoting their inhibition. WNK activation due to Cl– release from the binding site leads to phosphorylation and activation of SPAK/OSR1, which in turn phosphorylate the CCCs. Phosphorylation by WNKs-SPAK/OSR1 of the Na+-driven CCCs (mediating ions influx) promote their activation, whereas that of the K+-driven CCCs (mediating ions efflux) promote their inhibition. This results in net Cl– influx and feedback inhibition of WNK kinases. A wide variety of alterations to this pathway have been recognized as the cause of several human diseases, with manifestations in different systems. The understanding of WNK kinases as Cl– sensitive proteins has allowed us to better understand the mechanistic details of regulatory processes involved in diverse physiological phenomena that are reviewed here. These include cell volume regulation, potassium sensing and intracellular signaling in the renal distal convoluted tubule, and regulation of the neuronal response to the neurotransmitter GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola de Los Heros
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Research Division, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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27
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Calcium-Sensing Receptor and Regulation of WNK Kinases in the Kidney. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071644. [PMID: 32659887 PMCID: PMC7407487 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is essential for systemic calcium homeostasis. Urinary calcium excretion can be viewed as an integrative renal response to endocrine and local stimuli. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) elicits a number of adaptive reactions to increased plasma Ca2+ levels including the control of parathyroid hormone release and regulation of the renal calcium handling. Calcium reabsorption in the distal nephron of the kidney is functionally coupled to sodium transport. Apart from Ca2+ transport systems, CaSR signaling affects relevant distal Na+-(K+)-2Cl- cotransporters, NKCC2 and NCC. NKCC2 and NCC are activated by a kinase cascade comprising with-no-lysine [K] kinases (WNKs) and two homologous Ste20-related kinases, SPAK and OSR1. Gain-of-function mutations within the WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NKCC2/NCC pathway lead to renal salt retention and hypertension, whereas loss-of-function mutations have been associated with salt-losing tubulopathies such as Bartter or Gitelman syndromes. A Bartter-like syndrome has been also described in patients carrying gain-of-function mutations in the CaSR gene. Recent work suggested that CaSR signals via the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 cascade to modulate salt reabsorption along the distal nephron. The review presented here summarizes the latest progress in understanding of functional interactions between CaSR and WNKs and their potential impact on the renal salt handling and blood pressure.
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28
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Manis AD, Hodges MR, Staruschenko A, Palygin O. Expression, localization, and functional properties of inwardly rectifying K + channels in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F332-F337. [PMID: 31841387 PMCID: PMC7052651 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00523.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels are expressed in multiple organs and cell types and play critical roles in cellular function. Most notably, Kir channels are major determinants of the resting membrane potential and K+ homeostasis. The renal outer medullary K+ channel (Kir1.1) was the first renal Kir channel identified and cloned in the kidney over two decades ago. Since then, several additional members, including classical and ATP-regulated Kir family classes, have been identified to be expressed in the kidney and to contribute to renal ion transport. Although the ATP-regulated Kir channel class remains the most well known due to severe pathological phenotypes associated with their mutations, progress is being made in defining the properties, localization, and physiological functions of other renal Kir channels, including those localized to the basolateral epithelium. This review is primarily focused on the current knowledge of the expression and localization of renal Kir channels but will also briefly describe their proposed functions in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Manis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew R Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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