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Mostafazadeh N, Resnick A, Young YN, Peng Z. Microstructure-based modeling of primary cilia mechanics. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38676536 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
A primary cilium, made of nine microtubule doublets enclosed in a cilium membrane, is a mechanosensing organelle that bends under an external mechanical load and sends an intracellular signal through transmembrane proteins activated by cilium bending. The nine microtubule doublets are the main load-bearing structural component, while the transmembrane proteins on the cilium membrane are the main sensing component. No distinction was made between these two components in all existing models, where the stress calculated from the structural component (nine microtubule doublets) was used to explain the sensing location, which may be totally misleading. For the first time, we developed a microstructure-based primary cilium model by considering these two components separately. First, we refined the analytical solution of bending an orthotropic cylindrical shell for individual microtubule, and obtained excellent agreement between finite element simulations and the theoretical predictions of a microtubule bending as a validation of the structural component in the model. Second, by integrating the cilium membrane with nine microtubule doublets and simulating the tip-anchored optical tweezer experiment on our computational model, we found that the microtubule doublets may twist significantly as the whole cilium bends. Third, besides being cilium-length-dependent, we found the mechanical properties of the cilium are also highly deformation-dependent. More important, we found that the cilium membrane near the base is not under pure in-plane tension or compression as previously thought, but has significant local bending stress. This challenges the traditional model of cilium mechanosensing, indicating that transmembrane proteins may be activated more by membrane curvature than membrane stretching. Finally, we incorporated imaging data of primary cilia into our microstructure-based cilium model, and found that comparing to the ideal model with uniform microtubule length, the imaging-informed model shows the nine microtubule doublets interact more evenly with the cilium membrane, and their contact locations can cause even higher bending curvature in the cilium membrane than near the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mostafazadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Resnick
- Department of Physics and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Y-N Young
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Liu Z, Sa G, Zhang Z, Wu Q, Zhou J, Yang X. Regulatory role of primary cilia in oral and maxillofacial development and disease. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102389. [PMID: 38714113 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia have versatile functions, such as receiving signals from the extracellular microenvironment, mediating signaling transduction, and transporting ciliary substances, in tissue and organ development and clinical disease pathogenesis. During early development (embryos within 10 weeks) in the oral and maxillofacial region, defects in the structure and function of primary cilia can result in severe craniofacial malformations. For example, mice with mutations in the cilia-related genes Kif3a and IFT88 exhibit midline expansion and cleft lip/palate, which occur due to abnormalities in the fusion of the single frontonasal prominence and maxillary prominences. In the subsequent development of the oral and maxillofacial region, we discussed the regulatory role of primary cilia in the development of the maxilla, mandible, Meckel cartilage, condylar cartilage, lip, tongue, and tooth, among others. Moreover, primary cilia are promising regulators in some oral and maxillofacial diseases, such as tumors and malocclusion. We also summarize the regulatory mechanisms of primary cilia in oral and maxillofacial development and related diseases, including their role in various signaling transduction pathways. For example, aplasia of submandibular glands in the Kif3a mutant mice is associated with a decrease in SHH signaling within the glands. This review summarizes the similarities and specificities of the role of primary cilia in tissue and organ development and disease progression in the oral and maxillofacial region, which is expected to contribute several ideas for the treatment of primary cilia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Guoliang Sa
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhuoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qingwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xuewen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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3
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Akbar NS, Muhammad T. Physical aspects of electro osmotically interactive Cilia propulsion on symmetric plus asymmetric conduit flow of couple stress fluid with thermal radiation and heat transfer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18491. [PMID: 37898684 PMCID: PMC10613247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel mathematical analysis is established that summits the key features of Cilia propulsion for a non-Newtonian Couple Stress fluid with the electroosmosis and heat transfer. In such physiological models, the conduit may have a symmetric or asymmetric configuration in accordance with the biological problem. Being mindful of this fact, we have disclosed an integrated analysis on symmetric in addition to asymmetric conduits that incorporates major physiological applications. The creeping flow inference is reviewed to model this realistic problem and exact solutions are computed for both the conduit cases. Graphical illustrations are unveiled to highlight the physical aspects of cilia propulsion on symmetric in addition to asymmetric conduit and an inclusive comparison study is conveyed. The flow profile attains higher values for an asymmetric conduit in relation to the symmetric. Likewise, the pressure rise and pressure gradient also score high for asymmetric conduit in relation to the symmetric conduit. A visual representation of flow inside symmetric as well as asymmetric conduit is provided by streamline graphs and temperature profile as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Sher Akbar
- DBS&H, CEME, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Taseer Muhammad
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Mamiya A, Sustar A, Siwanowicz I, Qi Y, Lu TC, Gurung P, Chen C, Phelps JS, Kuan AT, Pacureanu A, Lee WCA, Li H, Mhatre N, Tuthill JC. Biomechanical origins of proprioceptor feature selectivity and topographic maps in the Drosophila leg. Neuron 2023; 111:3230-3243.e14. [PMID: 37562405 PMCID: PMC10644877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to sense and move our bodies relies on proprioceptors, sensory neurons that detect mechanical forces within the body. Different subtypes of proprioceptors detect different kinematic features, such as joint position, movement, and vibration, but the mechanisms that underlie proprioceptor feature selectivity remain poorly understood. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we found that proprioceptor subtypes in the Drosophila leg lack differential expression of mechanosensitive ion channels. However, anatomical reconstruction of the proprioceptors and connected tendons revealed major biomechanical differences between subtypes. We built a model of the proprioceptors and tendons that identified a biomechanical mechanism for joint angle selectivity and predicted the existence of a topographic map of joint angle, which we confirmed using calcium imaging. Our findings suggest that biomechanical specialization is a key determinant of proprioceptor feature selectivity in Drosophila. More broadly, the discovery of proprioceptive maps reveals common organizational principles between proprioception and other topographically organized sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mamiya
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne Sustar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Igor Siwanowicz
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tzu-Chiao Lu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pralaksha Gurung
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chenghao Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Jasper S Phelps
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron T Kuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Wei-Chung Allen Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongjie Li
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Natasha Mhatre
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - John C Tuthill
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Shi G, Zhang P, Zhang X, Li J, Zheng X, Yan J, Zhang N, Yang H. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the biophysical microenvironment during hematopoietic stem cell development: from embryo to adult. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:251. [PMID: 37705072 PMCID: PMC10500792 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with the ability to self-renew and differentiate are responsible for maintaining the supply of all types of blood cells. The complex and delicate microenvironment surrounding HSCs is called the HSC niche and can provide physical, chemical, and biological stimuli to regulate the survival, maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of HSCs. Currently, the exploration of the biophysical regulation of HSCs remains in its infancy. There is evidence that HSCs are susceptible to biophysical stimuli, suggesting that the construction of engineered niche biophysical microenvironments is a promising way to regulate the fate of HSCs in vitro and ultimately contribute to clinical applications. In this review, we introduced the spatiotemporal heterogeneous biophysical microenvironment during HSC development, homeostasis, and malignancy. Furthermore, we illustrated how these biophysical cues contribute to HSC behaviors, as well as the possible mechanotransduction mechanisms from the extracellular microenvironment into cells. Comprehending the important functions of these biophysical regulatory factors will provide novel approaches to resolve clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinmin Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinxiao Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Biological Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Technology and Equipment, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics & Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhao C, Liu H, Tian C, Zhang C, Wang W. Multi-scale numerical simulation on mechano-transduction of osteocytes in different gravity fields. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023; 26:1419-1430. [PMID: 36048419 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2117552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional model for osteocyte was established to research the mechanisms of mechano-transduction and amplification of primary cilium and osteocyte process in every gravity field. The results showed that significant stress concentration was observed in the area of physical connection between TES and the osteocyte process, where the fluid shear stress (FSS) was around two orders of magnitude higher than that in other areas. Due to the significant amplification effect of the TES structure on mechanical stimulation, making osteocyte process the "optimal mechanical receptor". In microgravity, the mechanical signal conduction ability of the osteocyte decreased significantly.. HighlightsAt the micro-nano scale, a 3D model for single bone lacunae-osteocyte system is established.The stress amplification mechanism of the transverse element is verified.Compared with the primary cilium, osteocyte process is the 'optimal mechanical receptor'.In microgravity, the mechanical signal conduction ability of osteocyte system decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Congbiao Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Katoh TA, Omori T, Ishikawa T, Okada Y, Hamada H. Biophysical Analysis of Mechanical Signals in Immotile Cilia of Mouse Embryonic Nodes Using Advanced Microscopic Techniques. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4715. [PMID: 37497447 PMCID: PMC10366680 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immotile cilia of crown cells at the node of mouse embryos are required for sensing leftward fluid flow that gives rise to the breaking of left-right (L-R) symmetry. The flow-sensing mechanism has long remained elusive, mainly because of difficulties inherent in manipulating and precisely analyzing the cilium. Recent progress in optical microscopy and biophysical analysis has allowed us to study the mechanical signals involving primary cilia. In this study, we used high-resolution imaging with mechanical modeling to assess the membrane tension in a single cilium. Optical tweezers, a technique used to trap sub-micron-sized particles with a highly focused laser beam, allowed us to manipulate individual cilia. Super-resolution microscopy allowed us to discern the precise localization of ciliary proteins. Using this protocol, we provide a method for applying these techniques to cilia in mouse embryonic nodes. This method is widely applicable to the determination of mechanical signals in other cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu A. Katoh
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Omori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physics, Universal Biology Institute and International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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8
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Mostafazadeh N, Resnick A, Young YN, Peng Z. Microstructure-Based Modeling of Primary Cilia Mechanics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.14.549117. [PMID: 37503231 PMCID: PMC10370030 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
A primary cilium, made of nine microtubule doublets enclosed in a cilium membrane, is a mechanosensing organelle that bends under an external mechanical load and sends an intracellular signal through transmembrane proteins activated by cilium bending. The nine microtubule doublets are the main load-bearing structural component, while the transmembrane proteins on the cilium membrane are the main sensing component. No distinction was made between these two components in all existing models, where the stress calculated from the structural component (nine microtubule doublets) was used to explain the sensing location, which may be totally misleading. For the first time, we developed a microstructure-based primary cilium model by considering these two components separately. First, we refined the analytical solution of bending an orthotropic cylindrical shell for individual microtubule, and obtained excellent agreement between finite element simulations and the theoretical predictions of a microtubule bending as a validation of the structural component in the model. Second, by integrating the cilium membrane with nine microtubule doublets, we found that the microtubule doublets may twist significantly as the whole cilium bends. Third, besides being cilium-length-dependent, we found the mechanical properties of the cilium are also highly deformation-dependent. More important, we found that the cilium membrane near the base is not under pure in-plane tension or compression as previously thought, but has significant local bending stress. This challenges the traditional model of cilium mechanosensing, indicating that transmembrane proteins may be activated more by membrane curvature than membrane stretching. Finally, we incorporated imaging data of primary cilia into our microstructure-based cilium model, and found that comparing to the ideal model with uniform microtubule length, the imaging-informed model shows the nine microtubule doublets interact more evenly with the cilium membrane, and their contact locations can cause even higher bending curvature in the cilium membrane than near the base. SIGNIFICANCE Factors regulating the mechanical response of a primary cilium to fluid flow remain unclear. Modeling the microtubule doublet as a composite of two orthotropic shells and the ciliary axoneme as an elastic shell enclosing nine such microtubule doublets, we found that the length distribution of microtubule doublets (inferred from cryogenic electron tomography images) is the primary determining factor in the bending stiffness of primary cilia, rather than just the ciliary length. This implies ciliary-associated transmembrane proteins may be activated by membrane curvature changes rather than just membrane stretching. These insights challenge the traditional view of ciliary mechanosensation and expands our understanding of the different ways in which cells perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli.
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9
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Cartwright JHE. Quantum noise may limit the mechanosensory sensitivity of cilia in the left-right organizer of the vertebrate bodyplan. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:83-86. [PMID: 37137357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Could nature be harnessing quantum mechanics in cilia to optimize the sensitivity of the mechanism of left-right symmetry breaking during development in vertebrates? I evaluate whether mechanosensing - i.e., the detection of a left-right asymmetric signal through mechanical stimulation of sensory cilia, as opposed to biochemical signalling - might be functioning in the embryonic left-right organizer of the vertebrate bodyplan through quantum mechanics. I conclude that there is a possible role for quantum biology in mechanosensing in cilia. The system may not be limited by classical thermal noise, but instead by quantum noise, with an amplification process providing active cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyan H E Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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10
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Zekaj N, Ryan SD, Resnick A. Fluid-structure interaction modelling of neighboring tubes with primary cilium analysis. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:3677-3699. [PMID: 36899599 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a numerical model of two osculating cylindrical elastic renal tubules to investigate the impact of neighboring tubules on the stress applied to a primary cilium. We hypothesize that the stress at the base of the primary cilium will depend on the mechanical coupling of the tubules due to local constrained motion of the tubule wall. The objective of this work was to determine the in-plane stresses of a primary cilium attached to the inner wall of one renal tubule subject to the applied pulsatile flow, with a neighboring renal tube filled with stagnant fluid in close proximity to the primary tubule. We used the commercial software COMSOLⓇ to model the fluid-structure interaction of the applied flow and tubule wall, and we applied a boundary load to the face of the primary cilium during this simulation to produces a stress at its base. We confirm our hypothesis by observing that on average the in-plane stresses are greater at the base of the cilium when there is a neighboring renal tube versus if there is no neighboring tube at all. In combination with the hypothesized function of a cilium as a biological fluid flow sensor, these results indicate that flow signaling may also depend on how the tubule wall is constrained by neighboring tubules. Our results may be limited in their interpretation due to the simplified nature of our model geometry, and further improvements to the model may potentially lead to the design of future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerion Zekaj
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
| | - Shawn D Ryan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland OH 44115, USA
| | - Andrew Resnick
- Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland OH 44115, USA
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland OH 44115, USA
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11
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Djenoune L, Berg K, Brueckner M, Yuan S. A change of heart: new roles for cilia in cardiac development and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:211-227. [PMID: 34862511 PMCID: PMC10161238 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a growing class of human disorders caused by defective primary cilia, the function of cilia in the heart remains an underexplored area. The primary function of cilia in the heart was long thought to be restricted to left-right axis patterning during embryogenesis. However, new findings have revealed broad roles for cilia in congenital heart disease, valvulogenesis, myocardial fibrosis and regeneration, and mechanosensation. In this Review, we describe advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which cilia function contributes to cardiac left-right axis development and discuss the latest findings that highlight a broader role for cilia in cardiac development. Specifically, we examine the growing line of evidence connecting cilia function to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Furthermore, we also highlight research from the past 10 years demonstrating the role of cilia function in common cardiac valve disorders, including mitral valve prolapse and aortic valve disease, and describe findings that implicate cardiac cilia in mechanosensation potentially linking haemodynamic and contractile forces with genetic regulation of cardiac development and function. Finally, given the presence of cilia on cardiac fibroblasts, we also explore the potential role of cilia in fibrotic growth and summarize the evidence implicating cardiac cilia in heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Berg
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Paediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Shiaulou Yuan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Do TD, Katsuyoshi J, Cai H, Ohashi T. Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:753805. [PMID: 34858960 PMCID: PMC8632022 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.753805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is a well-known mechanism by which cells sense their surrounding mechanical environment, convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, and eventually change their morphology and functions. Primary cilia are believed to be mechanosensors existing on the surface of the cell membrane and support cells to sense surrounding mechanical signals. Knowing the mechanical properties of primary cilia is essential to understand their responses, such as sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Previous studies have so far conducted flow experiments or optical trap techniques to measure the flexural rigidity EI (E: Young’s modulus, I: second moment of inertia) of primary cilia; however, the flexural rigidity is not a material property of materials and depends on mathematical models used in the determination, leading to a discrepancy between studies. For better characterization of primary cilia mechanics, Young’s modulus should be directly and precisely measured. In this study, the tensile Young’s modulus of isolated primary cilia is, for the first time, measured by using an in-house micro-tensile tester. The different strain rates of 0.01–0.3 s−1 were applied to isolated primary cilia, which showed a strain rate–dependent Young’s modulus in the range of 69.5–240.0 kPa on average. Atomic force microscopy was also performed to measure the local Young’s modulus of primary cilia, showing the Young’s modulus within the order of tens to hundreds of kPa. This study could directly provide the global and local Young’s moduli, which will benefit better understanding of primary cilia mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Dung Do
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jimuro Katsuyoshi
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haonai Cai
- Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Ohashi
- Division of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Growth and site-specific organization of micron-scale biomolecular devices on living mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5729. [PMID: 34593818 PMCID: PMC8484582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoscale molecular assemblies on the cell surface, such as cilia and filopodia, integrate information, control transport and amplify signals. Designer cell-surface assemblies could control these cellular functions. Such assemblies could be constructed from synthetic components ex vivo, making it possible to form such structures using modern nanoscale self-assembly and fabrication techniques, and then oriented on the cell surface. Here we integrate synthetic devices, micron-scale DNA nanotubes, with mammalian cells by anchoring them by their ends to specific cell surface receptors. These filaments can measure shear stresses between 0-2 dyn/cm2, a regime important for cell signaling. Nanotubes can also grow while anchored to cells, thus acting as dynamic cell components. This approach to cell surface engineering, in which synthetic biomolecular assemblies are organized with existing cellular architecture, could make it possible to build new types of sensors, machines and scaffolds that can interface with, control and measure properties of cells. Mesoscale molecular assemblies on the cell surface integrate information and amplify signals. Here the authors integrate DNA nanotubes in a controlled manner with mammalian cells to act as sheer stress meters.
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14
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Vasileva VY, Sultanova RF, Sudarikova AV, Ilatovskaya DV. Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms of Polycystic Kidney Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:693130. [PMID: 34566674 PMCID: PMC8456103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.693130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant (AD) and autosomal recessive (AR) polycystic kidney diseases (PKD) are severe multisystem genetic disorders characterized with formation and uncontrolled growth of fluid-filled cysts in the kidney, the spread of which eventually leads to the loss of renal function. Currently, there are no treatments for ARPKD, and tolvaptan is the only FDA-approved drug that alleviates the symptoms of ADPKD. However, tolvaptan has only a modest effect on disease progression, and its long-term use is associated with many side effects. Therefore, there is still a pressing need to better understand the fundamental mechanisms behind PKD development. This review highlights current knowledge about the fundamental aspects of PKD development (with a focus on ADPKD) including the PC1/PC2 pathways and cilia-associated mechanisms, major molecular cascades related to metabolism, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and systemic responses (hormonal status, levels of growth factors, immune system, and microbiome) that affect its progression. In addition, we discuss new information regarding non-pharmacological therapies, such as dietary restrictions, which can potentially alleviate PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina F Sultanova
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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15
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Li H, Luo Q, Shan W, Cai S, Tie R, Xu Y, Lin Y, Qian P, Huang H. Biomechanical cues as master regulators of hematopoietic stem cell fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5881-5902. [PMID: 34232331 PMCID: PMC8316214 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) perceive both soluble signals and biomechanical inputs from their microenvironment and cells themselves. Emerging as critical regulators of the blood program, biomechanical cues such as extracellular matrix stiffness, fluid mechanical stress, confined adhesiveness, and cell-intrinsic forces modulate multiple capacities of HSCs through mechanotransduction. In recent years, research has furthered the scientific community's perception of mechano-based signaling networks in the regulation of several cellular processes. However, the underlying molecular details of the biomechanical regulatory paradigm in HSCs remain poorly elucidated and researchers are still lacking in the ability to produce bona fide HSCs ex vivo for clinical use. This review presents an overview of the mechanical control of both embryonic and adult HSCs, discusses some recent insights into the mechanisms of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, and highlights the application of mechanical cues aiming at HSC expansion or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Li
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyang Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruxiu Tie
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lin
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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16
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Shaheen S, Maqbool K, Beg OA, Gul F. Thermal analysis of airway mucus clearance by ciliary activity in the presence of inertial forces. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this study heat transfer effects on cilia induced mucus flow in human airways is presented. The elliptic wave pattern of cilia tips produces metachronal wave which enables the transportation of highly viscous mucus with nonzero inertial forces. Upper Convective Maxwell model is considered as mucus. The governing partial differential equations are transformed from the fixed frame to the wave frame by using Galilean transformation and viscous dissipation is also incorporated in the energy equation. The non-linear governing equations are evaluated by the perturbation technique by using software “MATHEMATICA” and pressure rise is computed by numerical integration. The impact of interested parameters on temperature profile, velocity, pressure rise and pressure gradient are plotted by the graphs. The comparison of velocities due to symplectic and antiplectic metachronal wave are also achieved graphically.
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17
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Peng Z, Resnick A, Young YN. Primary cilium: a paradigm for integrating mathematical modeling with experiments and numerical simulations in mechanobiology. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:1215-1237. [PMID: 33757184 PMCID: PMC8552149 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, solitary (one per cell) microtubule-based organelles that emerge from the mother centriole after cells have exited the mitotic cycle. Identified as a mechanosensing organelle that responds to both mechanical and chemical stimuli, the primary cilium provides a fertile ground for integrative investigations of mathematical modeling, numerical simulations, and experiments. Recent experimental findings revealed considerable complexity to the underlying mechanosensory mechanisms that transmit extracellular stimuli to intracellular signaling many of which include primary cilia. In this invited review, we provide a brief survey of experimental findings on primary cilia and how these results lead to various mathematical models of the mechanics of the primary cilium bent under an external forcing such as a fluid flow or a trap. Mathematical modeling of the primary cilium as a fluid-structure interaction problem highlights the importance of basal anchorage and the anisotropic moduli of the microtubules. As theoretical modeling and numerical simulations progress, along with improved state-of-the-art experiments on primary cilia, we hope that details of ciliary regulated mechano-chemical signaling dynamics in cellular physiology will be understood in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangli Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Andrew Resnick
- Department of Physics, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Y.-N. Young
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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18
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Chikamori M, Kimura H, Inagi R, Zhou J, Nangaku M, Fujii T. Intracellular calcium response of primary cilia of tubular cells to modulated shear stress under oxidative stress. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:044102. [PMID: 32665806 PMCID: PMC7334031 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia of tubular cells are sensory organelles. Bending of the primary cilia with shear stress from urinary flow results in the elevation of intracellular calcium levels and activation of signaling pathways that maintain kidney function. Elongation of primary cilia is reported to occur due to oxidative stress, which is a major cause of ischemia-reperfusion injury and is accompanied by decreased kidney function. However, in the context of diminished kidney function, this elongation is yet to be investigated. In this study, we developed a new microfluidic device to monitor changes in the intracellular calcium levels while modulating shear stress on the cilia under different degrees of oxidative stress. The microfluidic device was designed to expose even shear stress in the observed area while supplying drugs in four different stepwise concentrations. The results showed that primary cilia were elongated by hydrogen peroxide, which induces oxidative stress. It was also observed that the elongated primary cilia were more sensitive to shear stress than those with normal morphology. This microfluidic device could, thus, be useful in the analysis of the morphology of the primary cilia, under low perfusion conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatomo Chikamori
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | | | - Reiko Inagi
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jing Zhou
- Center for Polycystic Kidney Disease Research and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Teruo Fujii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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19
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Tao F, Jiang T, Tao H, Cao H, Xiang W. Primary cilia: Versatile regulator in cartilage development. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12765. [PMID: 32034931 PMCID: PMC7106963 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue in the skeletal system and has limited regeneration ability and unique biomechanical reactivity. The growth and development of cartilage can be affected by different physical, chemical and biological factors, such as mechanical stress, inflammation, osmotic pressure, hypoxia and signalling transduction. Primary cilia are multifunctional sensory organelles that regulate diverse signalling transduction and cell activities. They are crucial for the regulation of cartilage development and act in a variety of ways, such as react to mechanical stress, mediate signalling transduction, regulate cartilage‐related diseases progression and affect cartilage tumorigenesis. Therefore, research on primary cilia‐mediated cartilage growth and development is currently extremely popular. This review outlines the role of primary cilia in cartilage development in recent years and elaborates on the potential regulatory mechanisms from different aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Leipziger J, Praetorius H. Renal Autocrine and Paracrine Signaling: A Story of Self-protection. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1229-1289. [PMID: 31999508 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autocrine and paracrine signaling in the kidney adds an extra level of diversity and complexity to renal physiology. The extensive scientific production on the topic precludes easy understanding of the fundamental purpose of the vast number of molecules and systems that influence the renal function. This systematic review provides the broader pen strokes for a collected image of renal paracrine signaling. First, we recapitulate the essence of each paracrine system one by one. Thereafter the single components are merged into an overarching physiological concept. The presented survey shows that despite the diversity in the web of paracrine factors, the collected effect on renal function may not be complicated after all. In essence, paracrine activation provides an intelligent system that perceives minor perturbations and reacts with a coordinated and integrated tissue response that relieves the work load from the renal epithelia and favors diuresis and natriuresis. We suggest that the overall function of paracrine signaling is reno-protection and argue that renal paracrine signaling and self-regulation are two sides of the same coin. Thus local paracrine signaling is an intrinsic function of the kidney, and the overall renal effect of changes in blood pressure, volume load, and systemic hormones will always be tinted by its paracrine status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Leipziger
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helle Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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R Ferreira R, Fukui H, Chow R, Vilfan A, Vermot J. The cilium as a force sensor-myth versus reality. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/14/jcs213496. [PMID: 31363000 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to sense their mechanical environment during the growth of developing tissues and maintenance of adult tissues. The concept of force-sensing mechanisms that act through cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions is now well established and accepted. Additionally, it is widely believed that force sensing can be mediated through cilia. Yet, this hypothesis is still debated. By using primary cilia sensing as a paradigm, we describe the physical requirements for cilium-mediated mechanical sensing and discuss the different hypotheses of how this could work. We review the different mechanosensitive channels within the cilium, their potential mode of action and their biological implications. In addition, we describe the biological contexts in which cilia are acting - in particular, the left-right organizer - and discuss the challenges to discriminate between cilium-mediated chemosensitivity and mechanosensitivity. Throughout, we provide perspectives on how quantitative analysis and physics-based arguments might help to better understand the biological mechanisms by which cells use cilia to probe their mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Ferreira
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hajime Fukui
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Renee Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Department of Living Matter Physics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany .,J. Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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22
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Cui J, Liu Y, Fu BM. Numerical study on the dynamics of primary cilium in pulsatile flows by the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:21-35. [PMID: 31256275 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An explicit immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method is applied to numerically investigate the dynamics of primary cilium in pulsatile blood flows with two-way fluid-structure interaction considered. To well characterize the effect of cilium basal body on cilium dynamics, the cilium base is modeled as a nonlinear rotational spring attached to the cilium's basal end as proposed by Resnick (Biophys J 109:18-25, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2015.05.031). After several careful validations, the fluid-cilium interaction system is investigated in detail at various pulsatile flow conditions that are characterized by peak Reynolds numbers ([Formula: see text]) and Womersley numbers ([Formula: see text]). The periodic flapping of primary cilium observed in our simulations is very similar to the in vivo ciliary oscillation captured by O'Connor et al. (Cilia 2:8, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-2530-2-8). The cilium's dynamics is found to be closely related to the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Increase the [Formula: see text] or decrease the [Formula: see text] bring to an increase in the cilium's flapping amplitude, tip angular speed, basal rotation, and maximum tensile stress. It is also demonstrated that by reducing the [Formula: see text] or enhancing the [Formula: see text] to a certain level, one can shift the flapping pattern of cilium from its original two-side one to a one-side one, making the stretch only happen on one particular side. During the flapping process, the location of the maximum tensile stress is not always found at the basal region; instead, it is able to propagate from time to time within a certain distance to the base. Due to the obstruction of the primary cilium, the distribution of wall shear stress no longer remains uniform as in the absence of cilia. It oscillates in space with the minimum magnitude which is always found near where the cilium is located. The presence of cilium also reduces the overall level of wall shear stress, especially at the region near the cilium's anchor point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Cui
- Research Centre for Fluid-Structure Interactions, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Liu
- Research Centre for Fluid-Structure Interactions, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Bingmei M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York City, USA
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23
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Huang X, Lin Z, Meng L, Wang K, Liu X, Zhou W, Zheng H, Niu L. Non-invasive Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Modulates Primary Cilia of Rat Hippocampal Neurons. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1274-1283. [PMID: 30795858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial modulation of primary cilia may provide new opportunities in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigates the effect of non-invasive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation on primary cilia of rat hippocampal neurons. Three hours of LIPUS stimulation significantly reduced the incidence rate and length of cilia on cultured neurons (p < 0.01). Similarly, increasing the duration and intensity of LIPUS stimulation decreased the incidence and length of cilia. LIPUS stimulation improved c-fos expression when it was delivered to CA1 of the intact hippocampus of rats. And prolonged LIPUS stimulation (frequency: 0.5 MHz, pulse repetition frequency: 500 Hz, duty cycle: 5%, Ispta: 255 mW/cm2, 10 min/d, 10 d) caused a statistically significant reduction in the incidence rate (p < 0.05) and length of primary cilia (p < 0.01) of neurons in rat CA1 hippocampus. These results indicate the promising potential of LIPUS stimulation in the treatment of primary cilium-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Huang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengrong Lin
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Long Meng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiufang Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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24
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Deconstructing the principles of ductal network formation in the pancreas. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002842. [PMID: 30048442 PMCID: PMC6080801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian pancreas is a branched organ that does not exhibit stereotypic branching patterns, similarly to most other glands. Inside branches, it contains a network of ducts that undergo a transition from unconnected microlumen to a mesh of interconnected ducts and finally to a treelike structure. This ductal remodeling is poorly understood, both on a microscopic and macroscopic level. In this article, we quantify the network properties at different developmental stages. We find that the pancreatic network exhibits stereotypic traits at each stage and that the network properties change with time toward the most economical and optimized delivery of exocrine products into the duodenum. Using in silico modeling, we show how steps of pancreatic network development can be deconstructed into two simple rules likely to be conserved for many other glands. The early stage of the network is explained by noisy, redundant duct connection as new microlumens form. The later transition is attributed to pruning of the network based on the flux of fluid running through the pancreatic network into the duodenum. In the pancreas of mammals, digestive enzymes are transported from their production site in acini (clusters of cells that secrete the enzymes) to the intestine via a network of ducts. During organ development in fetuses, the ducts initially form by the coordinated polarization of cells to form small holes, which will connect and fuse, to constitute a meshwork. This hyperconnected network further develops into a treelike structure by the time of birth. In this article, we use methods originally developed to analyze road, rail, web, or river networks to quantify the network properties at different developmental stages. We find that the pancreatic network properties are similar between individuals at specific time points but eventually change to achieve the most economical and optimized structure to deliver pancreatic juice into the duodenum. Using in silico modeling, we show how the stages of pancreatic network development follow two simple rules, which are likely to be conserved for the development of other glands. The early stage of the network is explained by noisy, redundant duct connection as new small ductal holes form. Later on, the secretion of fluid that runs through the pancreatic network into the duodenum leads to the widening of ducts with the greatest flow, while nonnecessary ducts are eliminated, akin to how river beds are formed.
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25
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Corrigan MA, Johnson GP, Stavenschi E, Riffault M, Labour MN, Hoey DA. TRPV4-mediates oscillatory fluid shear mechanotransduction in mesenchymal stem cells in part via the primary cilium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3824. [PMID: 29491434 PMCID: PMC5830574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal homeostasis requires the continued replenishment of the bone forming osteoblast from a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) population, a process that has been shown to be mechanically regulated. However, the mechanisms by which a biophysical stimulus can induce a change in biochemical signaling, mechanotransduction, is poorly understood. As a precursor to loading-induced bone formation, deciphering the molecular mechanisms of MSC osteogenesis is a critical step in developing novel anabolic therapies. Therefore, in this study we characterize the expression of the mechanosensitive calcium channel Transient Receptor Potential subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) in MSCs and demonstrate that TRPV4 localizes to areas of high strain, specifically the primary cilium. We demonstrate that TRPV4 is required for MSC mechanotransduction, mediating oscillatory fluid shear induced calcium signaling and early osteogenic gene expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TRPV4 can be activated pharmacologically eliciting a response that mirrors that seen with mechanical stimulation. Lastly, we show that TRPV4 localization to the primary cilium is functionally significant, with MSCs with defective primary cilia exhibiting an inhibited osteogenic response to TRPV4 activation. Collectively, this data demonstrates a novel mechanism of stem cell mechanotransduction, which can be targeted therapeutically, and further highlights the critical role of the primary cilium in MSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Corrigan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Gillian P Johnson
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Elena Stavenschi
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mathieu Riffault
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Marie-Noelle Labour
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary cilia have become important organelles implicated in embryonic development, organogenesis, health, and diseases. Although many studies in cell biology have focused on changes in ciliary length or ciliogenesis, the most common readout for evaluating ciliary function is intracellular calcium. RECENT FINDINGS Recent tools have allowed us to examine intracellular calcium in more precise locations, that is, the cilioplasm and cytoplasm. Advances in calcium imaging have also allowed us to identify which cilia respond to particular stimuli. Furthermore, direct electrophysiological measurement of ionic currents within a cilium has provided a wealth of information for understanding the sensory roles of primary cilia. SUMMARY Calcium imaging and direct measurement of calcium currents demonstrate that primary cilia are sensory organelles that house several types of functional calcium channels. Although intracellular calcium now allows a functional readout for primary cilia, discussions on the relative contributions of the several channel types have just begun. Perhaps, all of these calcium channels are required and necessary to differentiate stimuli in different microenvironments.
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27
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Spasic M, Jacobs CR. Primary cilia: Cell and molecular mechanosensors directing whole tissue function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:42-52. [PMID: 28843978 PMCID: PMC5922257 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile, microtubule-based organelles extending from the surface of nearly every mammalian cell. Mechanical stimulation causes deflection of the primary cilium, initiating downstream signaling cascades to the rest of the cell. The cilium forms a unique subcellular microdomain, and defects in ciliary protein composition or physical structure have been associated with a myriad of human pathologies. In this review, we discuss the importance of ciliary mechanotransduction at the cell and tissue level, and how furthering our molecular understanding of primary cilia mechanobiology may lead to therapeutic strategies to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Spasic
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States.
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28
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Primary Cilium-Dependent Signaling Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112272. [PMID: 29143784 PMCID: PMC5713242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like organelles and play crucial roles in vertebrate development, organogenesis, health, and many genetic disorders. A primary cilium is a mechano-sensory organelle that responds to mechanical stimuli in the micro-environment. A cilium is also a chemosensor that senses chemical signals surrounding a cell. The overall function of a cilium is therefore to act as a communication hub to transfer extracellular signals into intracellular responses. Although intracellular calcium has been one of the most studied signaling messengers that transmit extracellular signals into the cells, calcium signaling by various ion channels remains a topic of interest in the field. This may be due to a broad spectrum of cilia functions that are dependent on or independent of utilizing calcium as a second messenger. We therefore revisit and discuss the calcium-dependent and calcium-independent ciliary signaling pathways of Hedgehog, Wnt, PDGFR, Notch, TGF-β, mTOR, OFD1 autophagy, and other GPCR-associated signaling. All of these signaling pathways play crucial roles in various cellular processes, such as in organ and embryonic development, cardiac functioning, planar cell polarity, transactivation, differentiation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, tissue homeostasis, and the immune response.
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29
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Bhattacharyya S, Jean-Alphonse FG, Raghavan V, McGarvey JC, Rbaibi Y, Vilardaga JP, Carattino MD, Weisz OA. Cdc42 activation couples fluid shear stress to apical endocytosis in proximal tubule cells. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/19/e13460. [PMID: 29038362 PMCID: PMC5641940 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells lining the kidney proximal tubule (PT) respond to acute changes in glomerular filtration rate and the accompanying fluid shear stress (FSS) to regulate reabsorption of ions, glucose, and other filtered molecules and maintain glomerulotubular balance. Recently, we discovered that exposure of PT cells to FSS also stimulates an increase in apical endocytic capacity (Raghavan et al. PNAS, 111:8506–8511, 2014). We found that FSS triggered an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) that required release of extracellular ATP and the presence of primary cilia. In this study, we elucidate steps downstream of the increase in [Ca2+]i that link FSS‐induced calcium increase to increased apical endocytic capacity. Using an intramolecular FRET probe, we show that activation of Cdc42 is a necessary step in the FSS‐stimulated apical endocytosis cascade. Cdc42 activation requires the primary cilia and the FSS‐mediated increase in [Ca2+]i. Moreover, Cdc42 activity and FSS‐stimulated endocytosis are coordinately modulated by activators and inhibitors of calmodulin. Together, these data suggest a mechanism by which PT cell exposure to FSS is translated into enhanced endocytic uptake of filtered molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frédéric G Jean-Alphonse
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Venkatesan Raghavan
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer C McGarvey
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Youssef Rbaibi
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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30
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Nag S, Resnick A. Biophysics and biofluid dynamics of primary cilia: evidence for and against the flow-sensing function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00172.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia have been called “the forgotten organelle” for over 20 yr. As cilia now have their own journal and several books devoted to their study, perhaps it is time to reconsider the moniker “forgotten organelle.” In fact, during the drafting of this review, 12 relevant publications have been issued; we therefore apologize in advance for any relevant work we inadvertently omitted. What purpose is yet another ciliary review? The primary goal of this review is to specifically examine the evidence for and against the hypothesized flow-sensing function of primary cilia expressed by differentiated epithelia within a kidney tubule, bringing together differing disciplines and their respective conceptual and experimental approaches. We will show that understanding the biophysics/biomechanics of primary cilia provides essential information for understanding any potential role of ciliary function in disease. We will summarize experimental and mathematical models used to characterize renal fluid flow and incident force on primary cilia and to characterize the mechanical response of cilia to an externally applied force and discuss possible ciliary-mediated cell signaling pathways triggered by flow. Throughout, we stress the importance of separating the effects of fluid shear and stretch from the action of hydrodynamic drag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Nag
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew Resnick
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio; and
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
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31
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Avidor-Reiss T, Ha A, Basiri ML. Transition Zone Migration: A Mechanism for Cytoplasmic Ciliogenesis and Postaxonemal Centriole Elongation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028142. [PMID: 28108487 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cilium is an elongated and continuous structure that spans two major subcellular domains. The cytoplasmic domain contains a short centriole, which serves to nucleate the main projection of the cilium. This projection, known as the axoneme, remains separated from the cytoplasm by a specialized gatekeeping complex within a ciliary subdomain called the transition zone. In this way, the axoneme is compartmentalized. Intriguingly, however, this general principle of cilium biology is altered in the sperm cells of many animals, which instead contain a cytoplasmic axoneme domain. Here, we discuss the hypothesis that the formation of specialized sperm giant centrioles and cytoplasmic cilia is mediated by the migration of the transition zone from its typical location as part of a structure known as the annulus and examine the intrinsic properties of the transition zone that may facilitate its migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- University of Toledo, Department of Biological Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Andrew Ha
- University of Toledo, Department of Biological Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Marcus L Basiri
- University of Toledo, Department of Biological Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43606
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32
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Ferreira RR, Vilfan A, Jülicher F, Supatto W, Vermot J. Physical limits of flow sensing in the left-right organizer. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28613157 PMCID: PMC5544429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid flows generated by motile cilia are guiding the establishment of the left-right asymmetry of the body in the vertebrate left-right organizer. Competing hypotheses have been proposed: the direction of flow is sensed either through mechanosensation, or via the detection of chemical signals transported in the flow. We investigated the physical limits of flow detection to clarify which mechanisms could be reliably used for symmetry breaking. We integrated parameters describing cilia distribution and orientation obtained in vivo in zebrafish into a multiscale physical study of flow generation and detection. Our results show that the number of immotile cilia is too small to ensure robust left and right determination by mechanosensing, given the large spatial variability of the flow. However, motile cilia could sense their own motion by a yet unknown mechanism. Finally, transport of chemical signals by the flow can provide a simple and reliable mechanism of asymmetry establishment. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25078.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Ferreira
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Frank Jülicher
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7645), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U1182) and Paris Saclay University, Palaiseau, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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33
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Abstract
The primary cilium is a mechanosensor in a variety of mammalian cell types, initiating and directing intracellular signalling cascades in response to external stimuli. When primary cilia formation is disrupted, cells have diminished mechanosensitivity and an abrogated response to mechanical stimulation. Due to this important role, we hypothesised that increasing primary cilia length would enhance the downstream response and therefore, mechanosensitivity. To test this hypothesis, we increased osteocyte primary cilia length with fenoldopam and lithium and found that cells with longer primary cilia were more mechanosensitive. Furthermore, fenoldopam treatment potentiated adenylyl cyclase activity and was able to recover primary cilia form and sensitivity in cells with impaired cilia. This work demonstrates that modulating the structure of the primary cilium directly impacts cellular mechanosensitivity. Our results implicate cilium length as a potential therapeutic target for combating numerous conditions characterised by impaired cilia function.
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34
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Mohammed SG, Arjona FJ, Latta F, Bindels RJM, Roepman R, Hoenderop JGJ. Fluid shear stress increases transepithelial transport of Ca
2+
in ciliated distal convoluted and connecting tubule cells. FASEB J 2017; 31:1796-1806. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600687rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami G. Mohammed
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Francisco J. Arjona
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Femke Latta
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - René J. M. Bindels
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human GeneticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost G. J. Hoenderop
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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35
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Abstract
Primary cilia are small, antenna-like structures that detect mechanical and chemical cues and transduce extracellular signals. While mammalian primary cilia were first reported in the late 1800s, scientific interest in these sensory organelles has burgeoned since the beginning of the twenty-first century with recognition that primary cilia are essential to human health. Among the most common clinical manifestations of ciliary dysfunction are renal cysts. The molecular mechanisms underlying renal cystogenesis are complex, involving multiple aberrant cellular processes and signaling pathways, while initiating molecular events remain undefined. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease is the most common renal cystic disease, caused by disruption of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 transmembrane proteins, which evidence suggests must localize to primary cilia for proper function. To understand how the absence of these proteins in primary cilia may be remediated, we review intracellular trafficking of polycystins to the primary cilium. We also examine the controversial mechanisms by which primary cilia transduce flow-mediated mechanical stress into intracellular calcium. Further, to better understand ciliary function in the kidney, we highlight the LKB1/AMPK, Wnt, and Hedgehog developmental signaling pathways mediated by primary cilia and misregulated in renal cystic disease.
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The proximal tubule plays a critical role in the reabsorption of ions, solutes and low molecular weight proteins from the glomerular filtrate. Although the proximal tubule has long been known to acutely modulate ion reabsorption in response to changes in flow rates of the glomerular filtrate, it has only recently been discovered that proximal tubule cells can similarly adjust endocytic capacity in response to flow. This review synthesizes our current understanding of mechanosensitive regulation of endocytic capacity in proximal tubule epithelia and highlights areas of opportunity for future investigations. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have reported that the endocytic capacity of proximal tubule cells is dramatically increased upon exposure to flow and the accompanying fluid shear stress. Modulation of this pathway is dependent on increases in intracellular calcium initiated by bending of the primary cilium, and also requires purinergic receptor activation that is mediated by release of extracellular ATP. This article summarizes what is currently known about the signaling cascade that transduces changes in flow into alterations in endocytosis. We discuss the implications of this newly described regulatory pathway with respect to our understanding of protein retrieval by the kidney under normal conditions, and in diseases that present with low molecular weight proteinuria. SUMMARY Primary cilia act as mechanotransducers that modulate apical endocytic capacity in proximal tubule cells in response to changes in fluid shear stress.
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37
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Turdalieva A, Solandt J, Shambetova N, Xu H, Blom H, Brismar H, Zelenina M, Fu Y. Bioelectric and Morphological Response of Liquid-Covered Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cell Monolayer to Periodic Deposition of Colloidal 3-Mercaptopropionic-Acid Coated CdSe-CdS/ZnS Core-Multishell Quantum Dots. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149915. [PMID: 26913754 PMCID: PMC4767322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung epithelial cells are extensively exposed to nanoparticles present in the modern urban environment. Nanoparticles, including colloidal quantum dots (QDs), are also considered to be potentially useful carriers for the delivery of drugs into the body. It is therefore important to understand the ways of distribution and the effects of the various types of nanoparticles in the lung epithelium. We use a model system of liquid-covered human airway epithelial Calu-3 cell cultures to study the immediate and long-term effects of repeated deposition of colloidal 3-mercaptopropionic-acid coated CdSe-CdS/ZnS core-multishell QDs on the lung epithelial cell surface. By live confocal microscope imaging and by QD fluorescence measurements we show that the QD permeation through the mature epithelial monolayers is very limited. At the time of QD deposition, the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the epithelial monolayers transiently decreased, with the decrement being proportional to the QD dose. Repeated QD deposition, once every six days for two months, lead to accumulation of only small amounts of the QDs in the cell monolayer. However, it did not induce any noticeable changes in the long-term TEER and the molecular morphology of the cells. The colloidal 3-mercaptopropionic-acid coated CdSe-CdS/ZnS core-multishell QDs could therefore be potentially used for the delivery of drugs intended for the surface of the lung epithelia during limited treatment periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizat Turdalieva
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nestan Shambetova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hao Xu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Blom
- Advanced Light Microscopy facility, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Brismar
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina Zelenina
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ying Fu
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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38
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Nguyen AM, Young YN, Jacobs CR. The primary cilium is a self-adaptable, integrating nexus for mechanical stimuli and cellular signaling. Biol Open 2015; 4:1733-8. [PMID: 26603473 PMCID: PMC4736039 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation is crucial for cells to sense and respond to mechanical signals within their local environment. While adaptation allows a sensor to be conditioned by stimuli within the environment and enables its operation in a wide range of stimuli intensities, the mechanisms behind adaptation remain controversial in even the most extensively studied mechanosensor, bacterial mechanosensitive channels. Primary cilia are ubiquitous sensory organelles. They have emerged as mechanosensors across diverse tissues, including kidney, liver and the embryonic node, and deflect with mechanical stimuli. Here, we show that both mechanical and chemical stimuli can alter cilium stiffness. We found that exposure to flow stiffens the cilium, which deflects less in response to subsequent exposures to flow. We also found that through a process involving acetylation, the cell can biochemically regulate cilium stiffness. Finally, we show that this altered stiffness directly affects the responsiveness of the cell to mechanical signals. These results demonstrate a potential mechanism through which the cell can regulate its mechanosensing apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- An M Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Runway Program, Jacobs Technion-Cornell Innovation Institute, Cornell Tech, New York, NY, 10011 USA
| | - Y-N Young
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102 USA
| | - Christopher R Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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39
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Phua SC, Lin YC, Inoue T. An intelligent nano-antenna: Primary cilium harnesses TRP channels to decode polymodal stimuli. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:415-22. [PMID: 25828566 PMCID: PMC4564334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary hair-like organelle on the cell surface that serves as an antenna sensing ever-changing environmental conditions. In this review, we will first recapitulate the molecular basis of the polymodal sensory function of the primary cilia, specifically focusing on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that accumulate inside the organelle and conduct calcium ions (Ca(2+)). Each subfamily member, namely TRPP2 TRPP3, TRPC1 and TRPV4, is gated by multiple environmental factors, including chemical (receptor ligands, intracellular second messengers such as Ca(2+)), mechanical (fluid shear stress, hypo-osmotic swelling), or physical (temperature, voltage) stimuli. Both activity and heterodimer compositions of the TRP channels may be dynamically regulated for precise tuning to the varying dynamic ranges of the individual input stimuli. We will thus discuss the potential regulation of TRP channels by local second messengers. Despite its reported importance in embryonic patterning and tissue morphogenesis, the precise functional significance of the downstream Ca(2+) signals of the TRP channels remains unknown. We will close our review by featuring recent technological advances in visualizing and analyzing signal transduction inside the primary cilia, together with current perspectives illuminating the functional significance of intraciliary Ca(2+) signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Cheng Phua
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Investigator, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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40
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Khayyeri H, Barreto S, Lacroix D. Primary cilia mechanics affects cell mechanosensation: A computational study. J Theor Biol 2015; 379:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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41
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Mohieldin AM, Haymour HS, Lo ST, AbouAlaiwi WA, Atkinson KF, Ward CJ, Gao M, Wessely O, Nauli SM. Protein composition and movements of membrane swellings associated with primary cilia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2415-29. [PMID: 25650235 PMCID: PMC4503369 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of many ciliary proteins has been linked to a list of diseases, from cystic kidney to obesity and from hypertension to mental retardation. We previously proposed that primary cilia are unique communication organelles that function as microsensory compartments that house mechanosensory molecules. Here we report that primary cilia exhibit membrane swellings or ciliary bulbs, which based on their unique ultrastructure and motility, could be mechanically regulated by fluid-shear stress. Together with the ultrastructure analysis of the swelling, which contains monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3), our results show that ciliary bulb has a distinctive set of functional proteins, including GM3 synthase (GM3S), bicaudal-c1 (Bicc1), and polycystin-2 (PC2). In fact, results from our cilia isolation demonstrated for the first time that GM3S and Bicc1 are members of the primary cilia proteins. Although these proteins are not required for ciliary membrane swelling formation under static condition, fluid-shear stress induced swelling formation is partially modulated by GM3S. We therefore propose that the ciliary bulb exhibits a sensory function within the mechano-ciliary structure. Overall, our studies provided an important step towards understanding the ciliary bulb function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Mohieldin
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Hanan S. Haymour
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shao T. Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Wissam A. AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Kimberly F. Atkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
| | - Christopher J. Ward
- Department of Medicine, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS 66160, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, 1425 University Esplanade, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Surya M. Nauli
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, Health Science Building, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
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42
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Battle C, Ott CM, Burnette DT, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Schmidt CF. Intracellular and extracellular forces drive primary cilia movement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1410-5. [PMID: 25605896 PMCID: PMC4321243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421845112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelles that play diverse roles in sensory transduction in many eukaryotic cells. They interrogate the cellular environment through chemosensing, osmosensing, and mechanosensing using receptors and ion channels in the ciliary membrane. Little is known about the mechanical and structural properties of the cilium and how these properties contribute to ciliary perception. We probed the mechanical responses of primary cilia from kidney epithelial cells [Madin-Darby canine kidney-II (MDCK-II)], which sense fluid flow in renal ducts. We found that, on manipulation with an optical trap, cilia deflect by bending along their length and pivoting around an effective hinge located below the basal body. The calculated bending rigidity indicates weak microtubule doublet coupling. Primary cilia of MDCK cells lack interdoublet dynein motors. Nevertheless, we found that the organelles display active motility. 3D tracking showed correlated fluctuations of the cilium and basal body. These angular movements seemed random but were dependent on ATP and cytoplasmic myosin-II in the cell cortex. We conclude that force generation by the actin cytoskeleton surrounding the basal body results in active ciliary movement. We speculate that actin-driven ciliary movement might tune and calibrate ciliary sensory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Battle
- Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolyn M Ott
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Dylan T Burnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Christoph F Schmidt
- Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
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43
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Du Z, Weinbaum S, Weinstein AM, Wang T. Regulation of glomerulotubular balance. III. Implication of cytosolic calcium in flow-dependent proximal tubule transport. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F839-47. [PMID: 25651568 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00601.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the proximal tubule, axial flow (drag on brush-border microvilli) stimulates Na(+) and HCO3 (-) reabsorption by modulating both Na/H exchanger 3 (NHE3) and H-ATPase activity, a process critical to glomerulotubular balance. We have also demonstrated that blocking the angiotensin II receptor decreases baseline transport, but preserves the flow effect; dopamine leaves baseline fluxes intact, but abrogates the flow effect. In the current work, we provide evidence implicating cytosolic calcium in flow-dependent transport. Mouse proximal tubules were microperfused in vitro at perfusion rates of 5 and 20 nl/min, and reabsorption of fluid (Jv) and HCO3 (-) (JHCO3) were measured. We examined the effect of high luminal Ca(2+) (5 mM), 0 mM Ca(2+), the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor antagonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), and the Ca-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin. In control tubules, increasing perfusion rate from 5 to 20 nl/min increased Jv by 62% and JHCO3 by 104%. With respect to Na(+) reabsorption, high luminal Ca(2+) decreased transport at low flow, but preserved the flow-induced increase; low luminal Ca(2+) had little impact; both BAPTA and 2-APB had no effect on baseline flux, but abrogated the flow effect; thapsigargin decreased baseline flow, leaving the flow effect intact. With respect to HCO3 (-) reabsorption, high luminal Ca(2+) decreased transport at low flow and mildly diminished the flow-induced increase; low luminal Ca(2+) had little impact; both BAPTA and 2-APB had no effect on baseline flux, but abrogated the flow effect. These data implicate IP3 receptor-mediated intracellular Ca(2+) signaling as a critical step in transduction of microvillous drag to modulate Na(+) and HCO3 (-) transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Du
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, New York; and
| | - Alan M Weinstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
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Yuan X, Serra RA, Yang S. Function and regulation of primary cilia and intraflagellar transport proteins in the skeleton. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1335:78-99. [PMID: 24961486 PMCID: PMC4334369 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that project from the cell surface to enable transduction of various developmental signaling pathways. The process of intraflagellar transport (IFT) is crucial for the building and maintenance of primary cilia. Ciliary dysfunction has been found in a range of disorders called ciliopathies, some of which display severe skeletal dysplasias. In recent years, interest has grown in uncovering the function of primary cilia/IFT proteins in bone development, mechanotransduction, and cellular regulation. We summarize recent advances in understanding the function of cilia and IFT proteins in the regulation of cell differentiation in osteoblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We also discuss the mechanosensory function of cilia and IFT proteins in bone cells, cilia orientation, and other functions of cilia in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Rosa A. Serra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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45
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Praetorius HA. The primary cilium as sensor of fluid flow: new building blocks to the model. A review in the theme: cell signaling: proteins, pathways and mechanisms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 308:C198-208. [PMID: 25428884 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00336.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an extraordinary organelle. For many years, it had the full attention of only a few dedicated scientists fascinated by its uniqueness. Unexpectedly, after decades of obscurity, it has moved very quickly into the limelight with the increasing evidence of its central role in the many genetic variations that lead to what are now known as ciliopathies. These studies implicated unique biological functions of the primary cilium, which are not completely straightforward. In parallel, and initially completely unrelated to the ciliopathies, the primary cilium was characterized functionally as an organelle that makes cells more susceptible to changes in fluid flow. Thus the primary cilium was suggested to function as a flow-sensing device. This characterization has been substantiated for many epithelial cell types over the years. Nevertheless, part of the central mechanism of signal transduction has not been explained, largely because of the substantial technical challenges of working with this delicate organelle. The current review considers the recent advances that allow us to fill some of the holes in the model of signal transduction in cilium-mediated responses to fluid flow and to pursue the physiological implications of this peculiar organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle A Praetorius
- Department of Biomedicine-Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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46
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Bone cell mechanosensation of fluid flow stimulation: a fluid–structure interaction model characterising the role integrin attachments and primary cilia. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:703-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Lim YC, Cooling MT, Long DS. Computational models of the primary cilium and endothelial mechanotransmission. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:665-78. [PMID: 25366114 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In endothelial cells (ECs), the mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress is partially dependent on the transmission of force from the fluid into the cell (mechanotransmission). The role of the primary cilium in EC mechanotransmission is not yet known. To motivate a framework towards quantifying cilia contribution to EC mechanotransmission, we have reviewed mechanical models of both (1) the primary cilium (three-dimensional and lower-dimensional) and (2) whole ECs (finite element, non-finite element, and tensegrity). Both the primary cilia and whole EC models typically incorporate fluid-induced wall shear stress and spatial geometry based on experimentally acquired images of cells. This paper presents future modelling directions as well as the major goals towards integrating primary cilium models into a multi-component EC mechanical model. Finally, we outline how an integrated cilium-EC model can be used to better understand mechanotransduction in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chung Lim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, 70 Symonds St, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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48
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Freund JB, Vermot J. The wall-stress footprint of blood cells flowing in microvessels. Biophys J 2014; 106:752-62. [PMID: 24507616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that mechanotransduction of hemodynamic forces mediates cellular processes, particularly those that lead to vascular development and maintenance. Both the strength and space-time character of these forces have been shown to affect remodeling and morphogenesis. However, the role of blood cells in the process remains unclear. We investigate the possibility that in the smallest vessels blood's cellular character of itself will lead to forces fundamentally different than the time-averaged forces usually considered, with fluctuations that may significantly exceed their mean values. This is quantitated through the use of a detailed simulation model of microvessel flow in two principal configurations: a diameter D=6.5 μm tube-a model for small capillaries through which red blood cells flow in single-file-and a D=12 μm tube-a model for a nascent vein or artery through which the cells flow in a confined yet chaotic fashion. Results in both cases show strong sensitivity to the mean flow speed U. Peak stresses exceed their means by greater than a factor of 10 when U/D≲10 s(-1), which corresponds to the inverse relaxation time of a healthy red blood cell. This effect is more significant for smaller D cases. At faster flow rates, including those more commonly observed under normal, nominally static physiological conditions, the peak fluctuations are more comparable with the mean shear stress. Implications for mechanotransduction of hemodynamic forces are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Freund
- Mechanical Science & Engineering and Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
| | - Julien Vermot
- IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/UdS, BP.10142, F-67404 Illkirch, France
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49
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Mathieu PS, Bodle JC, Loboa EG. Primary cilium mechanotransduction of tensile strain in 3D culture: Finite element analyses of strain amplification caused by tensile strain applied to a primary cilium embedded in a collagen matrix. J Biomech 2014; 47:2211-7. [PMID: 24831236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC) exhibit multilineage differentiation potential with lineage specification that is dictated by both the chemical and mechanical stimuli to which they are exposed. We have previously shown that 10% cyclic tensile strain increases hASC osteogenesis and cell-mediated calcium accretion. We have also recently shown that primary cilia are present on hASC and that chemically-induced lineage specification of hASC concurrently results in length and conformation changes of the primary cilia. Further, we have observed cilia length changes in hASC cultured within a collagen I gel in response to 10% cyclic tensile strain. We therefore hypothesize that primary cilia may play a key mechanotransduction role for hASC exposed to tensile strain. The goal of this study was to use finite element analysis (FEA) to determine strains occurring within the ciliary membrane in response to 10% tensile strain applied parallel, or perpendicular, to cilia orientation. To elucidate the mechanical environment experienced by the cilium, several lengths were modeled and evaluated based on cilia lengths measured on hASC grown under varied culture conditions. Principal tensile strains in both hASC and ciliary membranes were calculated using FEA, and the magnitude and location of maximum principal tensile strain determined. We found that maximum principal tensile strain was concentrated at the base of the cilium. In the linear elastic model, applying strain perpendicular to the cilium resulted in maximum strains within the ciliary membrane from 150% to 200%, while applying strain parallel to the cilium resulted in much higher strains, approximately 400%. In the hyperelastic model, applying strain perpendicular to the cilium resulted in maximum strains within the ciliary membrane around 30%, while applying strain parallel to the cilium resulted in much higher strains ranging from 50% to 70%. Interestingly, FEA results indicated that primary cilium length was not directly related to ciliary membrane strain. Rather, it appears that cilium orientation may be more important than cilium length in determining sensitivity of hASC to tensile strain. This is the first study to model the effects of tensile strain on the primary cilium and provides newfound insight into the potential role of the primary cilium as a mechanosensor, particularly in tensile strain and potentially a multitude of other mechanical stimuli beyond fluid shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattie S Mathieu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Engineering Building III (EB3) 4208B, Box 7115, NCSU Campus, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Josephine C Bodle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Engineering Building III (EB3) 4208B, Box 7115, NCSU Campus, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Loboa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Engineering Building III (EB3) 4208B, Box 7115, NCSU Campus, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, USA.
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50
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Goetz JG, Steed E, Ferreira RR, Roth S, Ramspacher C, Boselli F, Charvin G, Liebling M, Wyart C, Schwab Y, Vermot J. Endothelial cilia mediate low flow sensing during zebrafish vascular development. Cell Rep 2014; 6:799-808. [PMID: 24561257 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
VIDEO ABSTRACT The pattern of blood flow has long been thought to play a significant role in vascular morphogenesis, yet the flow-sensing mechanism that is involved at early embryonic stages, when flow forces are low, remains unclear. It has been proposed that endothelial cells use primary cilia to sense flow, but this has never been tested in vivo. Here we show, by noninvasive, high-resolution imaging of live zebrafish embryos, that endothelial cilia progressively deflect at the onset of blood flow and that the deflection angle correlates with calcium levels in endothelial cells. We demonstrate that alterations in shear stress, ciliogenesis, or expression of the calcium channel PKD2 impair the endothelial calcium level and both increase and perturb vascular morphogenesis. Altogether, these results demonstrate that endothelial cilia constitute a highly sensitive structure that permits the detection of low shear forces during vascular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky G Goetz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Emily Steed
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Rita R Ferreira
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Stéphane Roth
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Caroline Ramspacher
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Francesco Boselli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Gilles Charvin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Michael Liebling
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 1127, 75013 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France; UPMC University of Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.
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