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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise. Sports Med 2024; 54:303-321. [PMID: 37792272 PMCID: PMC10933212 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The maximal number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of the one repetition maximum (1RM) [REPS ~ %1RM relationship] is foundational knowledge in resistance exercise programming. The current REPS ~ %1RM relationship is based on few studies and has not incorporated uncertainty into estimations or accounted for between-individuals variation. Therefore, we conducted a meta-regression to estimate the mean and between-individuals standard deviation of the number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of 1RM. We also explored if the REPS ~ %1RM relationship is moderated by sex, age, training status, and/or exercise. A total of 952 repetitions-to-failure tests, completed by 7289 individuals in 452 groups from 269 studies, were identified. Study groups were predominantly male (66%), healthy (97%), < 59 years of age (92%), and resistance trained (60%). The bench press (42%) and leg press (14%) were the most commonly studied exercises. The REPS ~ %1RM relationship for mean repetitions and standard deviation of repetitions were best described using natural cubic splines and a linear model, respectively, with mean and standard deviation for repetitions decreasing with increasing %1RM. More repetitions were evident in the leg press than bench press across the loading spectrum, thus separate REPS ~ %1RM tables were developed for these two exercises. Analysis of moderators suggested little influences of sex, age, or training status on the REPS ~ %1RM relationship, thus the general main model REPS ~ %1RM table can be applied to all individuals and to all exercises other than the bench press and leg press. More data are needed to develop REPS ~ %1RM tables for other exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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Chen Y, Feng X, Huang L, Wang K, Mi J. Comparative efficacy of concurrent training types on lower limb strength and muscular hypertrophy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:86-96. [PMID: 38187085 PMCID: PMC10767279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to compare, through quantitative analysis, the effectiveness of different endurance training types on increasing lower limb strength and muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) in concurrent training. Methods This systematic literature search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) [PROSPERO ID: CRD42023396886]. Web of Science, SportDiscuss, Pubmed, Cochrane, and Scopus were systematically searched from their inception date to October 20, 2023. Results A total of 40 studies (841 participants) were included in this meta-analysis. MCSA analysis showed that, compared to resistance training alone, concurrent high-intensity interval running training and resistance training and concurrent moderate-intensity continuous cycling training and resistance training were more effective (SMD = 0.15, 95% CI = -0.46 to 0.76, and SMD = 0.07, 95% CI = -0.24 to 0.38 respectively), while other modalities of concurrent training not. Lower body maximal strength analysis showed that all modalities of concurrent training were inferior to resistance training alone, but concurrent high-intensity interval training and resistance training showed an advantage in four different concurrent training modalities (SMD = -0.08, 95% CI = -0.25 to 0.08). For explosive strength, only concurrent high-intensity interval training and resistance training was superior to resistance training (SMD = 0.06, 95% CI = -0.21 to 0.33). Conclusion Different endurance training types have an impact on the effectiveness of concurrent training, particularly on lower limb strength. Adopting high-intensity interval running as the endurance training type in concurrent training can effectively minimize the adverse effects on lower limb strength and MCSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Chen
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinmiao Feng
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lanmin Huang
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Keli Wang
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Mi
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
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3
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Akima H, Maeda K, Shima N. Neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps femoris, including the vastus intermedius, during isokinetic knee extensions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7674. [PMID: 37169819 PMCID: PMC10175244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the neuromuscular activation patterns of the individual muscles of the quadriceps femoris (QF), including the vastus intermedius (VI), during isokinetic concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) contractions. Thirteen healthy men performed maximum isokinetic CON and ECC knee extensions at angular velocities of 30, 90, and 120°/sec at knee joint angles from 80 to 180° (180° = full extension). The surface electromyographic (EMG) activities of the four individual muscles of the QF were recorded. The root mean squares of the EMG signals were normalized by the root mean square (nRMS) during CON contraction at 30°/sec. To investigate the nRMS changes, we classified the range of motion into four subcategories for each CON and ECC contraction. The nRMS of the VI was significantly higher in the flexed position during CON and ECC contractions at all velocities, and gradually decreased toward the extended positions regardless of the type of muscle contraction or angular velocity. These results suggest that the QF undergoes neuromuscular activation in a joint angle-dependent manner. In particular, the VI may contribute greatly during flexed contractions, independent of the type of contraction and angular velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akima
- Physical Fitness and Sports, Research Center of Health, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Norihiro Shima
- School of Sports and Health Science, Tokai Gakuen University, 21-233 Nishi-no-hora, Ukigai, Miyoshi, Aichi, 470-0207, Japan
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Monserdà-Vilaró A, Balsalobre-Fernández C, Hoffman JR, Alix-Fages C, Jiménez SL. Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training Using Continuous or Intermittent Protocols on Muscle Hypertrophy: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:688-709. [PMID: 36508686 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Monserdà-Vilaró, A, Balsalobre-Fernández, C, Hoffman, JR, Alix-Fages, C, and Jiménez, SL. Effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training using continuous or intermittent protocols on muscle hypertrophy: Systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 688-709, 2023-The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to explore the effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training (CT) incorporating continuous or intermittent endurance training (ET) on whole-muscle and type I and II muscle fiber hypertrophy compared with resistance training (RT) alone. Randomized and nonrandomized studies reporting changes in cross-sectional area at muscle fiber and whole-muscle levels after RT compared with CT were included. Searches for such studies were performed in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL electronic databases. The data reported in the included studies were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMDs). Twenty-five studies were included. At the whole-muscle level, there were no significant differences for any comparison (SMD < 0.03). By contrast, RT induced greater type I and type II muscle fiber hypertrophy than CT when high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was incorporated alone (SMD > 0.33) or combined with continuous ET (SMD > 0.27), but not compared with CT incorporating only continuous ET (SMD < 0.16). The subgroup analyses of this systematic review and meta-analysis showed that RT induces greater muscle fiber hypertrophy than CT when HIIT is included. However, no CT affected whole-muscle hypertrophy compared with RT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel ; and
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio L Jiménez
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain
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Lundberg TR, Feuerbacher JF, Sünkeler M, Schumann M. The Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training on Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01688-x p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Whole muscle hypertrophy does not appear to be negatively affected by concurrent aerobic and strength training compared to strength training alone. However, there are contradictions in the literature regarding the effects of concurrent training on hypertrophy at the myofiber level.
Objective
The current study aimed to systematically examine the extent to which concurrent aerobic and strength training, compared with strength training alone, influences type I and type II muscle fiber size adaptations. We also conducted subgroup analyses to examine the effects of the type of aerobic training, training modality, exercise order, training frequency, age, and training status.
Design
A systematic literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [PROSPERO: CRD42020203777]. The registered protocol was modified to include only muscle fiber hypertrophy as an outcome.
Data Sources
PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were systematically searched on 12 August, 2020, and updated on 15 March, 2021.
Eligibility Criteria
Population: healthy adults of any sex and age; intervention: supervised, concurrent aerobic and strength training of at least 4 weeks; comparison: identical strength training prescription, with no aerobic training; and outcome: muscle fiber hypertrophy.
Results
A total of 15 studies were included. The estimated standardized mean difference based on the random-effects model was − 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.46 to − 0.00, p = 0.050) for overall muscle fiber hypertrophy. The standardized mean differences were − 0.34 (95% CI − 0.72 to 0.04, p = 0.078) and − 0.13 (95% CI − 0.39 to 0.12, p = 0.315) for type I and type II fiber hypertrophy, respectively. A negative effect of concurrent training was observed for type I fibers when aerobic training was performed by running but not cycling (standardized mean difference − 0.81, 95% CI − 1.26 to − 0.36). None of the other subgroup analyses (i.e., based on concurrent training frequency, training status, training modality, and training order of same-session training) revealed any differences between groups.
Conclusions
In contrast to previous findings on whole muscle hypertrophy, the present results suggest that concurrent aerobic and strength training may have a small negative effect on fiber hypertrophy compared with strength training alone. Preliminary evidence suggests that this interference effect may be more pronounced when aerobic training is performed by running compared with cycling, at least for type I fibers.
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Lundberg TR, Feuerbacher JF, Sünkeler M, Schumann M. The Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training on Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2391-2403. [PMID: 35476184 PMCID: PMC9474354 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Whole muscle hypertrophy does not appear to be negatively affected by concurrent aerobic and strength training compared to strength training alone. However, there are contradictions in the literature regarding the effects of concurrent training on hypertrophy at the myofiber level. Objective The current study aimed to systematically examine the extent to which concurrent aerobic and strength training, compared with strength training alone, influences type I and type II muscle fiber size adaptations. We also conducted subgroup analyses to examine the effects of the type of aerobic training, training modality, exercise order, training frequency, age, and training status. Design A systematic literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) [PROSPERO: CRD42020203777]. The registered protocol was modified to include only muscle fiber hypertrophy as an outcome. Data Sources PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were systematically searched on 12 August, 2020, and updated on 15 March, 2021. Eligibility Criteria Population: healthy adults of any sex and age; intervention: supervised, concurrent aerobic and strength training of at least 4 weeks; comparison: identical strength training prescription, with no aerobic training; and outcome: muscle fiber hypertrophy. Results A total of 15 studies were included. The estimated standardized mean difference based on the random-effects model was − 0.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.46 to − 0.00, p = 0.050) for overall muscle fiber hypertrophy. The standardized mean differences were − 0.34 (95% CI − 0.72 to 0.04, p = 0.078) and − 0.13 (95% CI − 0.39 to 0.12, p = 0.315) for type I and type II fiber hypertrophy, respectively. A negative effect of concurrent training was observed for type I fibers when aerobic training was performed by running but not cycling (standardized mean difference − 0.81, 95% CI − 1.26 to − 0.36). None of the other subgroup analyses (i.e., based on concurrent training frequency, training status, training modality, and training order of same-session training) revealed any differences between groups. Conclusions In contrast to previous findings on whole muscle hypertrophy, the present results suggest that concurrent aerobic and strength training may have a small negative effect on fiber hypertrophy compared with strength training alone. Preliminary evidence suggests that this interference effect may be more pronounced when aerobic training is performed by running compared with cycling, at least for type I fibers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-022-01688-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy R Lundberg
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua F Feuerbacher
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marvin Sünkeler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Moritz Schumann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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7
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Compatibility of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training for Skeletal Muscle Size and Function: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:601-612. [PMID: 34757594 PMCID: PMC8891239 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both athletes and recreational exercisers often perform relatively high volumes of aerobic and strength training simultaneously. However, the compatibility of these two distinct training modes remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This systematic review assessed the compatibility of concurrent aerobic and strength training compared with strength training alone, in terms of adaptations in muscle function (maximal and explosive strength) and muscle mass. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the influence of training modality, training type, exercise order, training frequency, age, and training status. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were systematically searched (12 August 2020, updated on 15 March 2021). Eligibility criteria were as follows. POPULATION healthy adults of any sex and age; Intervention: supervised concurrent aerobic and strength training for at least 4 weeks; Comparison: identical strength training prescription, with no aerobic training; Outcome: maximal strength, explosive strength, and muscle hypertrophy. RESULTS A total of 43 studies were included. The estimated standardised mean differences (SMD) based on the random-effects model were - 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.20 to 0.09; p = 0.446), - 0.28 (95% CI - 0.48 to - 0.08; p = 0.007), and - 0.01 (95% CI - 0.16 to 0.18; p = 0.919) for maximal strength, explosive strength, and muscle hypertrophy, respectively. Attenuation of explosive strength was more pronounced when concurrent training was performed within the same session (p = 0.043) than when sessions were separated by at least 3 h (p > 0.05). No significant effects were found for the other moderators, i.e. type of aerobic training (cycling vs. running), frequency of concurrent training (> 5 vs. < 5 weekly sessions), training status (untrained vs. active), and mean age (< 40 vs. > 40 years). CONCLUSION Concurrent aerobic and strength training does not compromise muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development. However, explosive strength gains may be attenuated, especially when aerobic and strength training are performed in the same session. These results appeared to be independent of the type of aerobic training, frequency of concurrent training, training status, and age. PROSPERO CRD42020203777.
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8
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Pito PG, Cardoso JR, Tufano J, Guariglia D. Effects of Concurrent Training on 1RM and VO2 in Adults: Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:297-304. [PMID: 34638141 DOI: 10.1055/a-1506-3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of concurrent training on one repetition maximum (1RM), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in healthy adults. The review followed PRISMA recommendations using randomized controlled trials in nine databases. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria, totaling a sample of 796 subjects to perform the meta-analysis. As result, concurrent training provides similar increases in 1RM as strength training for upper limbs (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.12; 95% IC: [-0.18; 0.41]; p=0.43) and for the lower limbs (SMD: -0.32; 95% IC: [-0.79; 0.15]; p=0.19). Similarly, no difference was found in the aerobic capacity between the concurrent training vs. aerobic training groups ([SMD - VO2max]: -0.19; 95% IC: [-0.71; 0.33]; p=0.48 and [SMD - VO2peak]: -0.24; 95% IC: [-0.57; 0.08]; p=0.14). Based on the results found, we can affirm that a) similar to strength training, concurrent training provides maximum strength development for upper and lower limbs; and b) cardiorespiratory capacity is not impaired by concurrent training in relation to aerobic training, demonstrating the compatibility of the two training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gabriel Pito
- Physical Education Department, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Jacarezinho, Brazil.,Physical Education Department, Faculdade Estácio de Sá de Ourinhos, Ourinhos, Brazil
| | - Jefferson R Cardoso
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - James Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Débora Guariglia
- Physical Education Department, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Jacarezinho, Brazil.,Physical Education Department, Faculdade Estácio de Sá de Ourinhos, Ourinhos, Brazil
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Panissa VLG, Greco CC, Ribeiro N, Julio UF, Tricoli V, Franchini E. Concurrent Training and the Acute Interference Effect on Strength: Reviewing the Relevant Variables. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Vechin FC, Conceição MS, Telles GD, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C. Interference Phenomenon with Concurrent Strength and High-Intensity Interval Training-Based Aerobic Training: An Updated Model. Sports Med 2021; 51:599-605. [PMID: 33405189 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that concurrent training (CT) may attenuate resistance training (RT)-induced gains in muscle strength and mass, i.e.' the interference effect. In 2000, a seminal theoretical model indicated that the interference effect should occur when high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (repeated bouts at 95-100% of the aerobic power) and RT (multiple sets at ~ 10 repetition maximum;10 RM) were performed in the same training routine. However, there was a paucity of data regarding the likelihood of other HIIT-based CT protocols to induce the interference effect at the time. Thus, based on current HIIT-based CT literature and HIIT nomenclature and framework, the present manuscript updates the theoretical model of the interference phenomenon previously proposed. We suggest that very intense HIIT protocols [i.e., resisted sprint training (RST), and sprint interval training (SIT)] can greatly minimize the odds of occurring the interference effect on muscle strength and mass. Thus, very intensive HIIT protocols should be implemented when performing CT to avoid the interference effect. Long and short HIIT-based CT protocols may induce the interference effect on muscle strength when HIIT bout is performed before RT with no rest interval between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Vechin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations To Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Miguel S Conceição
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Guilherme D Telles
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations To Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
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Kreipke PhD VC, Moffatt PhD RJ, Tanner Ma CJ, Ormsbee PhD MJ. Effects of Concurrent Training and a Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplement Containing Rhodiola rosea and Cordyceps sinensis on Body Composition, Performance, and Health in Active Men. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:597-613. [PMID: 33078636 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1822486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Supplementation with Rhodiola Rosea (RR) and Cordyceps Sinensis (CS) has been shown to improve aerobic performance, but their influence on concurrent training (resistance training plus high intensity interval training) outcomes has not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation with a multi-ingredient performance supplement (MIPS) containing RR and CS during a 14-week training and testing program on body composition, weekly exercise training outcomes, overall training and performance outcomes, and hormone profiles. METHODS Active college-aged men (N = 21) were stratified into either a MIPS or a placebo (PLA) group. Both groups completed 14 weeks of training and testing. Body composition, overall training outcomes, and blood sample collection occurred at weeks 0, 7, and 14, while training performance was evaluated weekly. RESULTS Both groups improved (p < 0.05) percent body fat (-1.3%), bench press (+4%) and squat strength (+8%), with no difference between groups. Serum cortisol concentrations significantly decreased (-11%) but there were no differences between groups. No other changes in blood hormone profiles occurred. Weekly exercise performance data suggests that MIPS improved sprint performance, bench press lifting volume, and total workload, but this did not lead to improved overall training performance compared to PLA over the14-week study. CONCLUSION Despite MIPS improving certain aspects of weekly training performance, supplementation with MIPS for 14 weeks did not improve body composition, overall training and performance outcomes, or blood biomarkers of health in response to concurrent training in young men compared to PLA. This study was registered with clinicaltrials. gov (NCT02383017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince C Kreipke PhD
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Robert J Moffatt PhD
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Charles J Tanner Ma
- Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee PhD
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Lee MJC, Ballantyne JK, Chagolla J, Hopkins WG, Fyfe JJ, Phillips SM, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD. Order of same-day concurrent training influences some indices of power development, but not strength, lean mass, or aerobic fitness in healthy, moderately-active men after 9 weeks of training. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233134. [PMID: 32407361 PMCID: PMC7224562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of concurrent exercise order for improving endurance and resistance adaptations remains unclear, particularly when sessions are performed a few hours apart. We investigated the effects of concurrent training (in alternate orders, separated by ~3 hours) on endurance and resistance training adaptations, compared to resistance-only training. Materials and methods Twenty-nine healthy, moderately-active men (mean ± SD; age 24.5 ± 4.7 y; body mass 74.9 ± 10.8 kg; height 179.7 ± 6.5 cm) performed either resistance-only training (RT, n = 9), or same-day concurrent training whereby high-intensity interval training was performed either 3 hours before (HIIT+RT, n = 10) or after resistance training (RT+HIIT, n = 10), for 3 d.wk-1 over 9 weeks. Training-induced changes in leg press 1-repetition maximal (1-RM) strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, body composition, peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2peak), aerobic power ( W˙peak), and lactate threshold ( W˙LT) were assessed before, and after both 5 and 9 weeks of training. Results After 9 weeks, all training groups increased leg press 1-RM (~24–28%) and total lean mass (~3-4%), with no clear differences between groups. Both concurrent groups elicited similar small-to-moderate improvements in all markers of aerobic fitness ( V˙O2peak ~8–9%; W˙LT ~16-20%; W˙peak ~14-15%). RT improved CMJ displacement (mean ± SD, 5.3 ± 6.3%), velocity (2.2 ± 2.7%), force (absolute: 10.1 ± 10.1%), and power (absolute: 9.8 ± 7.6%; relative: 6.0 ± 6.6%). HIIT+RT elicited comparable improvements in CMJ velocity only (2.2 ± 2.7%). Compared to RT, RT+HIIT attenuated CMJ displacement (mean difference ± 90%CI, -5.1 ± 4.3%), force (absolute: -8.2 ± 7.1%) and power (absolute: -6.0 ± 4.7%). Only RT+HIIT reduced absolute fat mass (mean ± SD, -11.0 ± 11.7%). Conclusions In moderately-active males, concurrent training, regardless of the exercise order, presents a viable strategy to improve lower-body maximal strength and total lean mass comparably to resistance-only training, whilst also improving indices of aerobic fitness. However, improvements in CMJ displacement, force, and power were attenuated when RT was performed before HIIT, and as such, exercise order may be an important consideration when designing training programs in which the goal is to improve lower-body power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. -C. Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Javier Chagolla
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William G. Hopkins
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jackson J. Fyfe
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joonalup, Australia
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Conrado de Freitas M, Panissa VL, Cholewa JM, Franchini E, Gobbo LA, Rossi FE. Postactivation potentiation attenuates resistance exercise performance decrements following aerobic exercise in trained men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:374-379. [PMID: 32037784 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate if a post-activation potentiation (PAP) protocol may attenuate the acute interference induced by high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) and on subsequent strength exercise performance in recreationally trained men. METHODS Eleven resistance-trained men (age: 25.7±3.7 y) randomly completed three experimental trials: strength exercise (SE) only (4 sets of maximal number of repetitions at 70% on the 45º leg press); concurrent exercise (CE) comprised 5000-m of HIIE at maximal aerobic speed (1:1 effort and pause ratio) followed by SE protocol; CE with post-activation potentiation (CE-PAP), comprised the same CE protocol preceded by one set of 2 repetitions at 90% of 1RM on the 45° leg-press before strength exercise. The number of repetitions performed was recorded for each set and total weight lifted was calculated. RESULTS The CE condition induced a greater decrement in volume for the leg press compared to SE and CE-PAP in sets 1 (24±21%; 18±25%), 2 (20±21%; 22±22%), and 3 (19±20%; 25±15%), respectively. Total weight lifted was greater after SE (8,795±2,581 kg) and CE-PAP (8.809±2.655 kg) conditions compared to CE (7.049±2.822 kg) (SE vs. CE: P=0.020) and (CE-PAP vs. CE: P=0.010) but there was no significant difference between SE and CE-PAP (P=1.00). CONCLUSIONS PAP using a heavy load attenuated acute interference (total volume during lower-body strength) generated by HIIE protocol, but did not enhance volume compared to SE alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Conrado de Freitas
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory (LABSIM), Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil - .,Department of Nutrition, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil -
| | - Valéria L Panissa
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason M Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina, SC, USA
| | - Emerson Franchini
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís A Gobbo
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory (LABSIM), Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Fabricio E Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil
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14
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Solfest JS, Nie Y, Weiss JA, Garner RT, Kuang S, Stout J, Gavin TP. Effects of acute aerobic and concurrent exercise on skeletal muscle metabolic enzymes in untrained men. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1117-1149. [PMID: 29249083 PMCID: PMC5889786 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Middle- and long-distance running performance is constrained by several important aerobic and anaerobic parameters. The efficacy of strength training (ST) for distance runners has received considerable attention in the literature. However, to date, the results of these studies have not been fully synthesized in a review on the topic. Objectives This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive critical commentary on the current literature that has examined the effects of ST modalities on the physiological determinants and performance of middle- and long-distance runners, and offer recommendations for best practice. Methods Electronic databases were searched using a variety of key words relating to ST exercise and distance running. This search was supplemented with citation tracking. To be eligible for inclusion, a study was required to meet the following criteria: participants were middle- or long-distance runners with ≥ 6 months experience, a ST intervention (heavy resistance training, explosive resistance training, or plyometric training) lasting ≥ 4 weeks was applied, a running only control group was used, data on one or more physiological variables was reported. Two independent assessors deemed that 24 studies fully met the criteria for inclusion. Methodological rigor was assessed for each study using the PEDro scale. Results PEDro scores revealed internal validity of 4, 5, or 6 for the studies reviewed. Running economy (RE) was measured in 20 of the studies and generally showed improvements (2–8%) compared to a control group, although this was not always the case. Time trial (TT) performance (1.5–10 km) and anaerobic speed qualities also tended to improve following ST. Other parameters [maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{ \hbox{max} }}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max, blood lactate, body composition] were typically unaffected by ST. Conclusion Whilst there was good evidence that ST improves RE, TT, and sprint performance, this was not a consistent finding across all works that were reviewed. Several important methodological differences and limitations are highlighted, which may explain the discrepancies in findings and should be considered in future investigations in this area. Importantly for the distance runner, measures relating to body composition are not negatively impacted by a ST intervention. The addition of two to three ST sessions per week, which include a variety of ST modalities are likely to provide benefits to the performance of middle- and long-distance runners.
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Ribeiro N, Ugrinowitsch C, Panissa VLG, Tricoli V. Acute effects of aerobic exercise performed with different volumes on strength performance and neuromuscular parameters. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:287-294. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1500643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ribeiro
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Faramarzi M, Bagheri L, Banitalebi E. Effect of sequence order of combined strength and endurance training on new adiposity indices in overweight elderly women. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-172195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Gidlund EK, von Walden F, Venojärvi M, Risérus U, Heinonen OJ, Norrbom J, Sundberg CJ. Humanin skeletal muscle protein levels increase after resistance training in men with impaired glucose metabolism. Physiol Rep 2018; 4:4/23/e13063. [PMID: 27923980 PMCID: PMC5357820 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrially encoded and secreted peptide linked to glucose metabolism and tissue protecting mechanisms. Whether skeletal muscle HN gene or protein expression is influenced by exercise remains unknown. In this intervention study we show, for the first time, that HN protein levels increase in human skeletal muscle following 12 weeks of resistance training in persons with prediabetes. Male subjects (n = 55) with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) were recruited and randomly assigned to resistance training, Nordic walking or a control group. The exercise interventions were performed three times per week for 12 weeks with progressively increased intensity during the intervention period. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and venous blood samples were taken before and after the intervention. Skeletal muscle and serum protein levels of HN were analyzed as well as skeletal muscle gene expression of the mitochondrially encoded gene MT‐RNR2, containing the open reading frame for HN. To elucidate mitochondrial training adaptation, mtDNA, and nuclear DNA as well as Citrate synthase were measured. Skeletal muscle HN protein levels increased by 35% after 12 weeks of resistance training. No change in humanin protein levels was seen in serum in any of the intervention groups. There was a significant correlation between humanin levels in serum and the improvements in the 2 h glucose loading test in the resistance training group. The increase in HN protein levels in skeletal muscle after regular resistance training in prediabetic males may suggest a role for HN in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Given the preventative effect of exercise on diabetes type 2, the role of HN as a mitochondrially derived peptide and an exercise‐responsive mitokine warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Karin Gidlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Astrid Lindgren's Pediatric Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Venojärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sports and exercise medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Departmen of Health & Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica Norrbom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy with Concurrent Exercise Training: Contrary Evidence for an Interference Effect. Sports Med 2017; 46:1029-39. [PMID: 26932769 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30+ years, it has become axiomatic that performing aerobic exercise within the same training program as resistance exercise (termed concurrent exercise training) interferes with the hypertrophic adaptations associated with resistance exercise training. However, a close examination of the literature reveals that the interference effect of concurrent exercise training on muscle growth in humans is not as compelling as previously thought. Moreover, recent studies show that, under certain conditions, concurrent exercise may augment resistance exercise-induced hypertrophy in healthy human skeletal muscle. The purpose of this article is to outline the contrary evidence for an acute and chronic interference effect of concurrent exercise on skeletal muscle growth in humans and provide practical literature-based recommendations for maximizing hypertrophy when training concurrently.
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Gentil P, de Lira CAB, Filho SGC, La Scala Teixeira CV, Steele J, Fisher J, Carneiro JA, Campos MH. High intensity interval training does not impair strength gains in response to resistance training in premenopausal women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1257-1265. [PMID: 28424870 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the increases in upper- and lower-body muscle strength in premenopausal women performing resistance training (RT) alone or alongside concurrent high-intensity interval training (CT). METHODS Sixteen women (26-40 years) were randomly assigned into two groups that performed either RT or CT. Both groups performed the same RT program; however, CT performed additional high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on a bicycle ergometer before RT. The study lasted 8 weeks and the participants were tested for ten repetition maximum (10RM) load in elbow flexion (barbell biceps curl) and knee extension exercises pre- and post-intervention. RT was performed with 10-12 repetitions to self-determined repetition maximum in the first four weeks and then progressed to 8-10. During CT, HIIT was performed before RT with six 1-min bouts at 7-8 of perceived subjective exertion (RPE) and then progressed to eight bouts at 9-10 RPE. RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed significant increases in upper and lower body strength for both the RT and CT groups. Biceps barbell curl 10RM load increased from 12.9 ± 3.2 kg to 14 ± 1.5 kg in CT (p < 0.05) and from 13 ± 1.8 kg to 15.9 ± 2.5 kg in RT (p < 0.05), with no significant between-groups differences. Knee extension 10RM increase from 31.9 ± 11.6 kg to 37.5 ± 8.5 kg for CT (p < 0.05) and from 30.6 ± 8.6 kg to 41.2 ± 7.4 kg for RT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, performing HIIT on a cycle ergometer before resistance training does not seem to impair muscle strength increases in the knee extensors or elbow flexors of pre-menopausal women. This information should be considered when prescribing exercise sessions, since both activities may be combined without negative effects in muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil.
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Suedi Gonçalves Cardoso Filho
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | | | - James Steele
- Sport Science Laboratory, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - James Fisher
- Sport Science Laboratory, Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - Juliana Alves Carneiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Mário Hebling Campos
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimento Humano/FEFD, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
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21
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Guedes JM, Bortoluzzi MG, Matte LP, Andrade CMD, Zulpo NC, Sebben V, Tourinho Filho H. EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO COMBINADO SOBRE A FORÇA, RESISTÊNCIA E POTÊNCIA AERÓBICA EM IDOSAS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220162206124834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Introdução: O envelhecimento traz várias modificações, entre as quais o declínio progressivo das funções fisiológicas do organismo. Tanto o treino de força quanto um programa de resistência aeróbica são importantes para evitar o declínio funcional associado à idade. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento combinado de força e resistência aeróbica sobre a força de preensão manual, a massa muscular, a resistência e potência aeróbica de idosas. Métodos: Trinta e cinco mulheres (65,7 ± 6,68 anos) foram divididas em três grupos: treinamento combinado (TC; n = 15), treinamento de força (TF; n = 10) e treinamento aeróbico (TA; n = 10). Cada grupo treinou duas vezes por semana durante oito semanas, sendo que o grupo TC teve treinamento de força e aeróbico uma vez por semana. Foi utilizado o teste estatístico ANOVA e t de Student, com p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Foi possível verificar melhoras significativas (p ≤ 0,05) dos valores de VO2pico no momento da determinação do limiar anaeróbico e aumento na força de preensão manual em todos os grupos pesquisados, assim como dos valores de massa muscular do vasto lateral (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que um programa de treinamento combinado é tão eficaz para ocasionar aumentos de massa muscular, potência e resistência aeróbica de idosas, quanto o treinamento de resistência aeróbica ou força realizado duas vezes por semana, organizados separadamente.
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22
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Jones TW, Howatson G, Russell M, French DN. Effects of strength and endurance exercise order on endocrine responses to concurrent training. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 17:326-334. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1236148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Robineau J, Babault N, Piscione J, Lacome M, Bigard AX. Specific Training Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Exercises Depend on Recovery Duration. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:672-83. [PMID: 25546450 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether the duration (0, 6, or 24 hours) of recovery between strength and aerobic sequences influences the responses to a concurrent training program. Fifty-eight amateur rugby players were randomly assigned to control (CONT), concurrent training (C-0h, C-6h, or C-24h), or strength training (STR) groups during a 7-week training period. Two sessions of each quality were proposed each week with strength always performed before aerobic training. Neuromuscular and aerobic measurements were performed before and immediately after the overall training period. Data were assessed for practical significance using magnitude-based inference. Gains in maximal strength for bench press and half squat were lower in C-0h compared with that in C-6h, C-24h, and STR. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) during isokinetic knee extension at 60°·s(-1) was likely higher for C-24h compared with C-0h. Changes in MVC at 180°·s(-1) was likely higher in C-24h and STR than in C-0h and C-6h. Training-induced gains in isometric MVC for C-0h, C-6h, C-24h, and STR were unclear. V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak increased in C-0h, C-6h, and C-24h. Training-induced changes in V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak were higher in C-24h than in C-0h and C-6h. Our study emphasized that the interference on strength development depends on the recovery delay between the 2 sequences. Daily training without a recovery period between sessions (C-0h) and, to a lesser extent, training twice a day (C-6h), is not optimal for neuromuscular and aerobic improvements. Fitness coaches should avoid scheduling 2 contradictory qualities, with less than 6-hour recovery between them to obtain full adaptive responses to concurrent training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Robineau
- 1French Federation of Rugby Union, Department of research and development, Marcoussis, France; 2INSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France; 3Center for performance and expertise, Dijon, France; and 4French Antidoping Agency, Paris, France
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Alves AR, Marta CC, Neiva HP, Izquierdo M, Marques MC. Concurrent Training in Prepubescent Children: The Effects of 8 Weeks of Strength and Aerobic Training on Explosive Strength and V̇o 2max. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2019-32. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Panissa VLG, Cal Abad CC, Julio UF, Andreato LV, Franchini E. High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and its Effects on Heart Rate Variability and Subsequent Strength Performance. Front Physiol 2016; 7:81. [PMID: 26973543 PMCID: PMC4777986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prupose: To investigate the effects of a 5-km high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on heart rate variability (HRV) and subsequent strength performance. Methods: Nine trained males performed a control session composed of a half-squat strength exercise (4 × 80% of one repetition maximum—1 RM) in isolation and 30-min, 1-, 4-, 8-, and 24-h after an HIIE (1-min at the velocity peak:1-min passive recovery). All experimental sessions were performed on different days. The maximum number of repetitions (MNR) and total weight lifted (TWL) during the strength exercise were registered in all conditions; in addition, prior to each session, HRV were assessed [beat-to-beat intervals (RR) and log-transformed of root means square of successive differences in the normal-to-normal intervals (lnRMSSD)]. Results: Performance in the strength exercise dropped at 30-min (31%) and 1-h (19%) post-HIIE concomitantly with lower values of RR (781 ± 79 ms; 799 ± 134 ms, respectively) in the same recovery intervals compared to the control (1015 ± 197 ms). Inferential analysis did not detect any effect of condition on lnRMSSD, however, values were lower after 30-min (3.5 ± 0.4 ms) and 1-h (3.3 ± 0.5 ms) with moderate and large effect sizes (0.9 and 1.2, respectively) compared with the control condition (3.9 ± 0.4 ms). Conclusion: Both RR and lnRMSSD seem to be associated with deleterious effects on strength performance, although further studies should be conducted to clarify this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria L G Panissa
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ursula F Julio
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo V Andreato
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Ploutz-Snyder L. Evaluating countermeasures in spaceflight analogs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 120:915-21. [PMID: 26662054 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00860.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Countermeasures are defined as solutions to prevent the undesirable physiologic outcomes associated with spaceflight. Spaceflight analogs provide a valuable opportunity for the evaluation of countermeasures because they allow for the evaluation of more subjects, more experimental control, and are considerably less expensive than actual spaceflight. The various human analogs have differing strengths and weaknesses with respect to the development and evaluation of countermeasures. The human analogs are briefly reviewed with a focus on their suitability for countermeasure evaluation. Bed rest is the most commonly used analog for evaluating countermeasures. While countermeasures are typically developed to target one or maybe two particular physiologic issues, it is increasingly important to evaluate all of the organ systems to discern whether they might be unintended consequences on nontargeted tissues. In preparation for Mars exploration it will be necessary to fully integrate countermeasures to protect all organ systems. The synergistic and antagonistic effects of multiple countermeasures needs to be the focus of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Ploutz-Snyder
- Exercise Physiology and Countermeasures, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
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Vikmoen O, Ellefsen S, Trøen Ø, Hollan I, Hanestadhaugen M, Raastad T, Rønnestad BR. Strength training improves cycling performance, fractional utilization of VO2max and cycling economy in female cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:384-96. [PMID: 25892654 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding heavy strength training to well-trained female cyclists' normal endurance training on cycling performance. Nineteen female cyclists were randomly assigned to 11 weeks of either normal endurance training combined with heavy strength training (E+S, n = 11) or to normal endurance training only (E, n = 8). E+S increased one repetition maximum in one-legged leg press and quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) more than E (P < 0.05), and improved mean power output in a 40-min all-out trial, fractional utilization of VO2 max and cycling economy (P < 0.05). The proportion of type IIAX-IIX muscle fibers in m. vastus lateralis was reduced in E+S with a concomitant increase in type IIA fibers (P < 0.05). No changes occurred in E. The individual changes in performance during the 40-min all-out trial was correlated with both change in IIAX-IIX fiber proportion (r = -0.63) and change in muscle CSA (r = 0.73). In conclusion, adding heavy strength training improved cycling performance, increased fractional utilization of VO2 max , and improved cycling economy. The main mechanisms behind these improvements seemed to be increased quadriceps muscle CSA and fiber type shifts from type IIAX-IIX toward type IIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Vikmoen
- Section of Sports Sciences, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - S Ellefsen
- Section of Sports Sciences, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ø Trøen
- Section of Sports Sciences, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - I Hollan
- Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - M Hanestadhaugen
- Department of Pathology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - T Raastad
- Deparment of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - B R Rønnestad
- Section of Sports Sciences, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
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Panissa VL, Tricoli VA, Julio UF, Ribeiro N, de Azevedo Neto RM, Carmo EC, Franchini E. Acute Effect of High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Performed on Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer on Strength Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1077-82. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Psilander N, Frank P, Flockhart M, Sahlin K. Adding strength to endurance training does not enhance aerobic capacity in cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e353-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Psilander
- Åstrand Laboratory; GIH; The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - P. Frank
- Åstrand Laboratory; GIH; The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. Flockhart
- Åstrand Laboratory; GIH; The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. Sahlin
- Åstrand Laboratory; GIH; The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences; Stockholm Sweden
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Jones TW, Howatson G, Russell M, French DN. Performance and neuromuscular adaptations following differing ratios of concurrent strength and endurance training. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:3342-51. [PMID: 24270456 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b2cf39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interference effect attenuates strength and hypertrophic responses when strength and endurance training are conducted concurrently; however, the influence of training frequency on these responses remain unclear when varying ratios of concurrent strength and endurance training are performed. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the strength, limb girth, and neuromuscular adaptations to varying ratios of concurrent strength and endurance training. Twenty-four men with >2 years resistance training experience completed 6 weeks of 3 days per week of (a) strength training (ST), (b) concurrent strength and endurance training ratio 3:1 (CT3), (c) concurrent strength and endurance training ratio 1:1 (CT1), or (d) no training (CON) in an isolated limb model. Assessments of maximal voluntary contraction by means of isokinetic dynamometry leg extensions (maximum voluntary suppression [MVC]), limb girth, and neuromuscular responses through electromyography (EMG) were conducted at baseline, mid-intervention, and postintervention. After training, ST and CT3 conditions elicited greater MVC increases than CT1 and CON conditions (p ≤ 0.05). Strength training resulted in significantly greater increases in limb girth than both CT1 and CON conditions (p = 0.05 and 0.004, respectively). The CT3 induced significantly greater limb girth adaptations than CON condition (p = 0.04). No effect of time or intervention was observed for EMG (p > 0.05). In conclusion, greater frequencies of endurance training performed increased the magnitude of the interference response on strength and limb girth responses after 6 weeks of 3 days a week of training. Therefore, the frequency of endurance training should remain low if the primary focus of the training intervention is strength and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Jones
- 1Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; and 2Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Sharifnezhad A, Marzilger R, Arampatzis A. Effects of load magnitude, muscle length and velocity during eccentric chronic loading on the longitudinal growth of the vastus lateralis muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:2726-33. [PMID: 24803466 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the longitudinal growth of the vastus lateralis muscle using four eccentric exercise protocols with different mechanical stimuli by modifying the load magnitude, lengthening velocity and muscle length at which the load was applied. Thirty-one participants voluntarily participated in this study in two experimental and one control group. The first experimental group (N=10) exercised the knee extensors of one leg at 65% (low load magnitude) of the maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) and the second leg at 100% MVC (high load magnitude) with 90 deg s(-1) angular velocity, from 25 to 100 deg knee angle. The second experimental group (N=10) exercised one leg at 100% MVC, 90 deg s(-1), from 25 to 65 deg knee angle (short muscle length). The other leg was exercised at 100% MVC, 240 deg s(-1) angular velocity (high muscle lengthening velocity) from 25 to 100 deg. In the pre- and post-intervention measurements, we examined the fascicle length of the vastus lateralis at rest and the moment-angle relationship of the knee extensors. After 10 weeks of intervention, we found a significant increase (~14%) of vastus lateralis fascicle length compared with the control group, yet only in the leg that was exercised with high lengthening velocity. The findings provide evidence that not every eccentric loading causes an increase in fascicle length and that the lengthening velocity of the fascicles during the eccentric loading, particularly in the phase where the knee joint moment decreases (i.e. deactivation of the muscle), seems to be an important factor for longitudinal muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sharifnezhad
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Marzilger
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Issurin VB. Training transfer: scientific background and insights for practical application. Sports Med 2014; 43:675-94. [PMID: 23633165 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Training transfer as an enduring, multilateral, and practically important problem encompasses a large body of research findings and experience, which characterize the process by which improving performance in certain exercises/tasks can affect the performance in alternative exercises or motor tasks. This problem is of paramount importance for the theory of training and for all aspects of its application in practice. Ultimately, training transfer determines how useful or useless each given exercise is for the targeted athletic performance. The methodological background of training transfer encompasses basic concepts related to transfer modality, i.e., positive, neutral, and negative; the generalization of training responses and their persistence over time; factors affecting training transfer such as personality, motivation, social environment, etc. Training transfer in sport is clearly differentiated with regard to the enhancement of motor skills and the development of motor abilities. The studies of bilateral skill transfer have shown cross-transfer effects following one-limb training associated with neural adaptations at cortical, subcortical, spinal, and segmental levels. Implementation of advanced sport technologies such as motor imagery, biofeedback, and exercising in artificial environments can facilitate and reinforce training transfer from appropriate motor tasks to targeted athletic performance. Training transfer of motor abilities has been studied with regard to contralateral effects following one limb training, cross-transfer induced by arm or leg training, the impact of strength/power training on the preparedness of endurance athletes, and the impact of endurance workloads on strength/power performance. The extensive research findings characterizing the interactions of these workloads have shown positive transfer, or its absence, depending on whether the combinations conform to sport-specific demands and physiological adaptations. Finally, cross-training as a form of concurrent exercising in different athletic disciplines has been examined in reference to the enhancement of general fitness, the preparation of recreational athletes, and the preparation of athletes for multi-sport activities such as triathlon, duathlon, etc.
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Rowing performance, body composition, and bone mineral density outcomes in college-level rowers after a season of concurrent training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 9:966-72. [PMID: 24622942 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess changes in body composition, lumbar-spine bone mineral density (BMD), and rowing performance in college-level rowers over a competition season. METHODS Eleven Division I college rowers (mean ± SD 21.4 ± 3.7 y) completed 6 testing sessions throughout the course of their competition season. Testing included measurements of fat mass, bone-free lean mass (BFLM), body fat (%BF), lumbar-spine BMD, and 2000-m time-trial performance. After preseason testing, rowers participated in a periodized training program, with the addition of resistance training to the traditional aerobic-training program. RESULTS Significant (P < .05) improvements in %BF, total mass, and BFLM were observed at midseason and postseason compared with preseason. Neither lumbar-spine BMD nor BMC significantly changed over the competitive season (P > .05). Finally, rowing performance (as measured by 2000-m time and average watts achieved) significantly improved at midseason and postseason compared with preseason. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the efficacy of a seasonal concurrent training program serving to improve body composition and rowing performance, as measured by 2000-m times and average watts, among college-level rowers. Our findings offer practical applications for coaches and athletes looking to design a concurrent strength and aerobic training program to improve rowing performance across a season.
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Apró W, Wang L, Pontén M, Blomstrand E, Sahlin K. Resistance exercise induced mTORC1 signaling is not impaired by subsequent endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E22-32. [PMID: 23632629 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00091.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current dogma is that the muscle adaptation to resistance exercise is blunted when combined with endurance exercise. The suggested mechanism (based on rodent experiments) is that activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) during endurance exercise impairs muscle growth through inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The purpose of this study was to investigate potential interference of endurance training on the signaling pathway of resistance training [mTORC1 phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1)] in human muscle. Ten healthy and moderately trained male subjects performed on two separate occasions either acute high-intensity and high-volume resistance exercise (leg press, R) or R followed by 30 min of cycling (RE). Muscle biopsies were collected before and 1 and 3 h post resistance exercise. Phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser²⁴⁴⁸) increased 2-fold (P < 0.05) and that of S6K1 (Thr³⁸⁹) 14-fold (P < 0.05), with no difference between R and RE. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2, Thr⁵⁶) was reduced ~70% during recovery in both trials (P < 0.05). An interesting finding was that phosphorylation of AMPK (Thr¹⁷²) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC, Ser⁷⁹) decreased ~30% and ~50%, respectively, 3 h postexercise (P < 0.05). Proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1α) mRNA increased more after RE (6.5-fold) than after R (4-fold) (RE vs. R: P < 0.01) and was the only gene expressed differently between trials. These data show that the signaling of muscle growth through the mTORC1-S6K1 axis after heavy resistance exercise is not inhibited by subsequent endurance exercise. It is also suggested that prior activation of mTORC1 signaling may repress subsequent phosphorylation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Apró
- Åstrand Laboratory, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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Attenuated increase in maximal force of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle after concurrent peak power and endurance training. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:935671. [PMID: 23509812 PMCID: PMC3581157 DOI: 10.1155/2013/935671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of muscle peak power and oxidative capacity are generally presumed to be mutually exclusive. However, this may not be valid by using fibre type-specific recruitment. Since rat medial gastrocnemius muscle (GM) is composed of high and low oxidative compartments which are recruited task specifically, we hypothesised that the adaptive responses to peak power training were unaffected by additional endurance training. Thirty rats were subjected to either no training (control), peak power training (PT), or both peak power and endurance training (PET), which was performed on a treadmill 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Maximal running velocity increased 13.5% throughout the training and was similar in both training groups. Only after PT, GM maximal force was 10% higher than that of the control group. In the low oxidative compartment, mRNA levels of myostatin and MuRF-1 were higher after PT as compared to those of control and PET groups, respectively. Phospho-S6 ribosomal protein levels remained unchanged, suggesting that the elevated myostatin levels after PT did not inhibit mTOR signalling. In conclusion, even by using task-specific recruitment of the compartmentalized rat GM, additional endurance training interfered with the adaptive response of peak power training and attenuated the increase in maximal force after power training.
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Wilson JM, Marin PJ, Rhea MR, Wilson SM, Loenneke JP, Anderson JC. Concurrent Training. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2293-307. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823a3e2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Babcock L, Escano M, D'Lugos A, Todd K, Murach K, Luden N. Concurrent aerobic exercise interferes with the satellite cell response to acute resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R1458-65. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00035.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The addition of aerobic exercise (AE) to a resistance exercise (RE) program (concurrent exercise, CE) can interfere with maximum muscle fiber growth achieved with RE. Further, CE appears to markedly affect the growth of myosin heavy chain (MHC) I, but not MHC IIa fibers. The mechanism responsible for this “interference” is unclear. Satellite cell (SC) responsiveness to exercise appears to influence muscle adaptation but has not yet been examined following acute concurrent exercise. Thus, we assessed the fiber-type-specific SC response to RE, AE, and CE exercise. Eight college-aged males completed the following two exercise trials: the RE trial, which consisted of unilateral leg extensions and presses (4 sets ≥ 10 repetitions: 75% 1 repetition maximum, RM); and the AE/CE trial, which included an identical RE protocol with the opposite leg, immediately followed by subjects cycling for 90 min (60% Wmax). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and 4 days after each session. Samples were cross-sectioned, stained with antibodies against NCAM, Ki-67, and MHC I, counterstained with DAPI, and analyzed for SC density (SC per fiber), SC activation, and fiber type. SC density increased to a greater extent following RE (38 ± 10%), compared with CE (−6 ± 8%). Similarly, MHC I muscle fiber SC density displayed a greater increase following RE (46 ± 14%), compared with AE (−7 ± 17%) and CE (−8 ± 8%). Our data indicate that the SC response to RE is blunted when immediately followed by AE, at least in MHC I muscle fibers, and possibly MHC II fibers. This suggests that the physiological environment evoked by AE might attenuate the eventual addition of myonuclei important for maximum muscle fiber growth and consequent force-producing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Babcock
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Matthew Escano
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Andrew D'Lugos
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Kent Todd
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Kevin Murach
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
| | - Nicholas Luden
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
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Santos AP, Marinho DA, Costa AM, Izquierdo M, Marques MC. The Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training Follow a Detraining Period in Elementary School Students. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:1708-16. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318234e872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang L, Mascher H, Psilander N, Blomstrand E, Sahlin K. Resistance exercise enhances the molecular signaling of mitochondrial biogenesis induced by endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1335-44. [PMID: 21836044 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00086.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining endurance and strength training (concurrent training) may change the adaptation compared with single mode training. However, the site of interaction and the mechanisms are unclear. We have investigated the hypothesis that molecular signaling of mitochondrial biogenesis after endurance exercise is impaired by resistance exercise. Ten healthy subjects performed either only endurance exercise (E; 1-h cycling at ∼65% of maximal oxygen uptake), or endurance exercise followed by resistance exercise (ER; 1-h cycling + 6 sets of leg press at 70–80% of 1 repetition maximum) in a randomized cross-over design. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after exercise (1 and 3 h postcycling). The mRNA of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis [(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1)α, PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC)] related coactivator) and substrate regulation (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4) increased after both E and ER, but the mRNA levels were about twofold higher after ER ( P < 0.01). Phosphorylation of proteins involved in the signaling cascade of protein synthesis [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), ribosomal S6 kinase 1, and eukaryotic elongation factor 2] was altered after ER but not after E. Moreover, ER induced a larger increase in mRNA of genes associated with positive mTOR signaling (cMyc and Rheb). Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and Akt increased similarly at 1 h postcycling ( P < 0.01) after both types of exercise. Contrary to our hypothesis, the results demonstrate that ER, performed after E, amplifies the adaptive signaling response of mitochondrial biogenesis compared with single-mode endurance exercise. The mechanism may relate to a cross talk between signaling pathways mediated by mTOR. The results suggest that concurrent training may be beneficial for the adaptation of muscle oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- The Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, GIH, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, and
| | - Henrik Mascher
- The Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, GIH, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, and
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Psilander
- The Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, GIH, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, and
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomstrand
- The Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, GIH, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, and
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kent Sahlin
- The Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, GIH, the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, and
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Inspiratory muscle training abolishes the blood lactate increase associated with volitional hyperpnoea superimposed on exercise and accelerates lactate and oxygen uptake kinetics at the onset of exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2117-29. [PMID: 21964908 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) upon volitional hyperpnoea-mediated increases in blood lactate ([lac(-)](B)) during cycling at maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) power, and blood lactate and oxygen uptake kinetics at the onset of exercise. Twenty males formed either an IMT (n = 10) or control group (n = 10). Prior to and following a 6-week intervention, two 30 min trials were performed at MLSS (207 ± 28 W), determined using repeated 30 min constant power trials. The first was a reference trial, whereas during the second trial, from 20 to 28 min, participants mimicked the breathing pattern commensurate with 90% of the maximal incremental exercise test minute ventilation ([Formula: see text]). Prior to the intervention, the MLSS [lac(-)](B) was 3.7 ± 1.8 and 3.9 ± 1.6 mmol L(-1) in the IMT and control groups, respectively. During volitional hyperpnoea, [Formula: see text] increased from 79.9 ± 9.5 and 76.3 ± 15.4 L min(-1) at 20 min to 137.8 ± 15.2 and 135.0 ± 19.7 L min(-1) in IMT and control groups, respectively; [lac(-)](B) concurrently increased by 1.0 ± 0.6 (+27%) and 0.9 ± 0.7 mmol L(-1) (+25%), respectively (P < 0.05). Following the intervention, maximal inspiratory mouth pressure increased 19% in the IMT group only (P < 0.01). Following IMT only, the increase in [lac(-)](B) during volitional hyperpnoea was abolished (P < 0.05). In addition, the blood lactate (-28%) and phase II oxygen uptake (-31%) kinetics time constants at the onset of exercise and the MLSS [lac(-)](B) (-15%) were reduced (P < 0.05). We attribute these changes to an IMT-mediated increase in the oxidative and/or lactate transport capacity of the inspiratory muscles.
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Marques MC, Zajac A, Pereira A, Costa AM. Strength training and detraining in different populations: case studies. J Hum Kinet 2011; 29A:7-14. [PMID: 23487418 PMCID: PMC3588903 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many researchers have demonstrated that a specific strength training program can improve maximal strength and, the rate of force production, reduce the incidence of muscle-skeletal injury, and contribute to faster injury recovery times, thereby minimizing the number of missed practice sessions or competitions. Yet, to our best knowledge, there is no apparent consensus on the appropriate method of muscle strength and power training to enhance performance in distinct populations groups. Interruptions in training process because of illness, injury, holidays, post-season break or other factors are normal situations in any kind of sport. However, the detraining period and its consequences are not well reported in sports literature, and namely during puberty. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to discuss several case studies concerning different populations such us physical students, age-swimming competitors and elite power athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário C. Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adam Zajac
- Department of Sports Training, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ana Pereira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Centre for Sport Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Aldo M. Costa
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
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Santos A, Marinho DA, Costa AM, Izquierdo M, Marques MC. The effects of concurrent resistance and endurance training follow a specific detraining cycle in young school girls. J Hum Kinet 2011; 29A:93-103. [PMID: 23487482 PMCID: PMC3588889 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an 8-week training period of strength training alone (GR), or combined strength and endurance training (GCOM), followed by 12-weeks of de-training (DT) on body composition, power strength and VO2max adaptations in a schooled group of adolescent girls. METHODS Sixty-seven healthy girls recruited from a Portuguese public high school (age: 13.5+1.03 years, from 7(th) and 9th grade) were divided into three experimental groups to train twice a week for 8 wks: GR (n=21), GCOM (n=25) and a control group (GC: n=21; no training program). Anthropometric parameters variables as well as performance variables (strength and aerobic fitness) were assessed. RESULTS No significant training-induced differences were observed in 1kg and 3kg medicine ball throw gains (2.7 to 10.8%) between GR and GCOM groups, whereas no significant changes were observed after a DT period in any of the experimental groups. Significant training-induced gains in CMVJ (8 to 12%) and CMSLJ (0.8 to 5.4%) were observed in the experimental groups. Time of 20m significantly decreased (GR: -11.5% and GCOM: -10%) after both treatment periods, whereas only the GR group kept the running speed after a DT period of 12 weeks. After training VO2max increased only slightly for GCOM (4.0%). No significant changes were observed after the DT period in all groups, except to GCOM in CMVJ and CMSLJ. CONCLUSION Performing simultaneous strength and endurance training in the same workout does not appear to negatively influence power strength and aerobic fitness development in adolescent girls. Indeed, concurrent strength and endurance training seems to be an effective, well-rounded exercise program that can be prescribed as a means to improve initial or general strength in healthy school girls. De-training period was not sufficient to reduce the overall training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albano Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal ; Research Centre for Sport Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
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Reis JF, Alves FB, Bruno PM, Vleck V, Millet GP. Effects of aerobic fitness on oxygen uptake kinetics in heavy intensity swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1689-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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García-Pallarés J, Izquierdo M. Strategies to optimize concurrent training of strength and aerobic fitness for rowing and canoeing. Sports Med 2011; 41:329-43. [PMID: 21425890 DOI: 10.2165/11539690-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the last several decades many researchers have reported an interference effect on muscle strength development when strength and endurance were trained concurrently. The majority of these studies found that the magnitude of increase in maximum strength was higher in the group that performed only strength training compared with the concurrent training group, commonly referred to as the 'interference phenomenon'. Currently, concurrent strength and endurance training has become essential to optimizing athletic performance in middle- and long-distance events. Rowing and canoeing, especially in the case of Olympic events, with exercise efforts between 30 seconds and 8 minutes, require high amounts of maximal aerobic and anaerobic capacities as well as high levels of maximum strength and muscle power. Thus, strength training, in events such as rowing and canoeing, is integrated into the training plan. However, several studies indicate that the degree of interference is affected by the training protocols and there may be ways in which the interference effect can be minimized or avoided. Therefore, the aim of this review is to recommend strategies, based on research, to avoid or minimize any interference effect when training to optimize performance in endurance sports such as rowing and canoeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Pallarés
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
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Ferrauti A, Bergermann M, Fernandez-Fernandez J. Effects of a concurrent strength and endurance training on running performance and running economy in recreational marathon runners. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 24:2770-8. [PMID: 20885197 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d64e9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a concurrent strength and endurance training program on running performance and running economy of middle-aged runners during their marathon preparation. Twenty-two (8 women and 14 men) recreational runners (mean ± SD: age 40.0 ± 11.7 years; body mass index 22.6 ± 2.1 kg·m⁻²) were separated into 2 groups (n = 11; combined endurance running and strength training program [ES]: 9 men, 2 women and endurance running [E]: 7 men, and 4 women). Both completed an 8-week intervention period that consisted of either endurance training (E: 276 ± 108 minute running per week) or a combined endurance and strength training program (ES: 240 ± 121-minute running plus 2 strength training sessions per week [120 minutes]). Strength training was focused on trunk (strength endurance program) and leg muscles (high-intensity program). Before and after the intervention, subjects completed an incremental treadmill run and maximal isometric strength tests. The initial values for VO2peak (ES: 52.0 ± 6.1 vs. E: 51.1 ± 7.5 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) and anaerobic threshold (ES: 3.5 ± 0.4 vs. E: 3.4 ± 0.5 m·s⁻¹) were identical in both groups. A significant time × intervention effect was found for maximal isometric force of knee extension (ES: from 4.6 ± 1.4 to 6.2 ± 1.0 N·kg⁻¹, p < 0.01), whereas no changes in body mass occurred. No significant differences between the groups and no significant interaction (time × intervention) were found for VO2 (absolute and relative to VO2peak) at defined marathon running velocities (2.4 and 2.8 m·s⁻¹) and submaximal blood lactate thresholds (2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mmol·L⁻¹). Stride length and stride frequency also remained unchanged. The results suggest no benefits of an 8-week concurrent strength training for running economy and coordination of recreational marathon runners despite a clear improvement in leg strength, maybe because of an insufficient sample size or a short intervention period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ferrauti
- Department of Coaching Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
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46
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Vila-Chã C, Falla D, Farina D. Motor unit behavior during submaximal contractions following six weeks of either endurance or strength training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1455-66. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01213.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated changes in motor output and motor unit behavior following 6 wk of either strength or endurance training programs commonly used in conditioning and rehabilitation. Twenty-seven sedentary healthy men (age, 26.1 ± 3.9 yr; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to strength training (ST; n = 9), endurance training (ET; n = 10), or a control group (CT; n = 8). Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), time to task failure (isometric contraction at 30% MVC), and rate of force development (RFD) of the quadriceps were measured before ( week 0), during ( week 3), and after a training program of 6 wk. In each experimental session, surface and intramuscular EMG signals were recorded from the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis muscles during isometric knee extension at 10 and 30% MVC. After 6 wk of training, MVC and RFD increased in the ST group (17.5 ± 7.5 and 33.3 ± 15.9%, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas time to task failure was prolonged in the ET group (29.7 ± 13.4%; P < 0.05). The surface EMG amplitude at 30% MVC force increased with training in both groups, but the training-induced changes in motor unit discharge rates differed between groups. After endurance training, the motor unit discharge rate at 30% MVC decreased from 11.3 ± 1.3 to 10.1 ± 1.1 pulses per second (pps; P < 0.05) in the vasti muscles, whereas after strength training it increased from 11.4 ± 1.2 to 12.7 ± 1.3 pps ( P < 0.05). Finally, motor unit conduction velocity during the contractions at 30% MVC increased for both the ST and ET groups, but only after 6 wk of training ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, these strength and endurance training programs elicit opposite adjustments in motor unit discharge rates but similar changes in muscle fiber conduction velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vila-Chã
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, Porto, Portugal and
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- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
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- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Karavirta L, Tulppo MP, Laaksonen DE, Nyman K, Laukkanen RT, Kinnunen H, Häkkinen A, Häkkinen K. Heart rate dynamics after combined endurance and strength training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 41:1436-43. [PMID: 19516157 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181994a91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aging alters cardiac autonomic function, which may contribute to a higher risk of cardiac events. Spectral measures of HR variability (HRV) and fractal-like behavior of HR are considered as markers of a healthy heart. The present study examined the effects of combining endurance and strength training compared with endurance or strength training alone on HR dynamics and physical fitness in older previously untrained men aged 40-67 yr. METHODS Subjects were randomized into endurance training (E, n = 23), strength training (S, n = 25), combined endurance and strength training (ES, n = 29), or control group (C, n = 16). Short-term fractal scaling exponent (alpha1) and spectral HRV were analyzed from maximal aerobic cycling tests and during supine rest, and leg extension one repetition maximum strength was measured. RESULTS Aerobic capacity and maximal strength increased in the training groups performing endurance and/or strength training, respectively. Only ES showed a decrease after training in fractal HR behavior during exercise, and the difference was significant between groups (P = 0.019). During supine rest, alpha1 only decreased significantly (P = 0.039) in ES from 1.18 (SD = 0.20) to 1.11 (SD = 0.21). The decrease in alpha1 at rest from 1.21 (SD = 0.19) to 1.11 (SD = 0.22) also approached significance (P = 0.061) in E. Changes in spectral measures of HRV were minor during the study period and only occurred during exercise. CONCLUSION Fractal HR dynamics were improved more by combining strength training with endurance training in our older men compared with endurance training alone, although strength training alone produced no changes in fractal HR behavior. The synergistic effect in fractal HR behavior occurred regardless of changes in aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Karavirta
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Izquierdo-Gabarren M, González De Txabarri Expósito R, García-pallarés J, Sánchez-medina L, De Villarreal ESS, Izquierdo M. Concurrent endurance and strength training not to failure optimizes performance gains. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:1191-9. [PMID: 19997025 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c67eec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of 8 wk of resistance training to failure versus not to failure training regimens at both moderate and low volumes for increasing upper-body strength and power as well as cardiovascular parameters into a combined resistance and endurance periodized training scheme. METHODS Forty-three trained male rowers were matched and then randomly assigned to four groups that performed the same endurance training but differed on their resistance training regimen: four exercises leading to repetition failure (4RF; n = 14), four exercises not leading to failure (4NRF; n = 15), two exercises not to failure (2NRF; n = 6), and control group (C; n = 8). One-repetition maximum strength and maximal muscle power output during prone bench pull (BP), average power during a 20-min all-out row test (W 20 min), average row power output eliciting a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol x L(-1) (W 4 mmol x L(-1)), and power output in 10 maximal strokes (W 10 strokes) were assessed before and after 8 wk of periodized training. RESULTS 4NRF group experienced larger gains in one- repetition maximum strength and muscle power output (4.6% and 6.4%, respectively) in BP compared with both 4RF (2.1% and j1.2%) and 2NRF (0.6% and -0.6%). 4NRF and 2NRF groups experienced larger gains in W 10 strokes (3.6% and 5%) and in W 20 min (7.6% and 9%) compared with those found after 4RF (-0.1% and 4.6%), whereas no significant differences between groups were observed in the magnitude of changes in W 4 mmol x L(-1) (4NRF = 6.2%, 4RF = 5.3%, 2NRF = 6.8%, and C = 4.5%). CONCLUSIONS An 8-wk linear periodized concurrent strength and endurance training program using a moderate number of repetitions not to failure (4NRF group) provides a favorable environment for achieving greater enhancements in strength, muscle power, and rowing performance when compared with higher training volumes of repetitions to failure in experienced highly trained rowers.
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Gallagher D, DiPietro L, Visek AJ, Bancheri JM, Miller TA. The effects of concurrent endurance and resistance training on 2,000-m rowing ergometer times in collegiate male rowers. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1208-14. [PMID: 20386119 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d8331e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluated if high rep, low rep, or no weight training at all would be best suited for decreasing 2,000-m rowing ergometer times in male varsity rowers. Subjects (n = 18) were rowers from Grand Valley State University who were randomly and equally assigned to 1 of 3 groups: control (CON), high-load low repetitions (HLLR), and low-load high repetitions (LLHR). The weight training groups resistance trained and rowed twice a week, whereas the control group only rowed twice a week. Each group performed the training study workouts (weight training and rowing) along with their daily prescribed varsity practices. The subjects performed both pre and post 2,000-m ergometer tests on concept 2 indoor rowers to evaluate the effects of each training protocol. Paired t-tests revealed statistically significant decreases in 2,000-m times from pre to posttesting for all groups (p < 0.05), whereas a 1-way analysis of variance with repeated measures did not reveal a statistically significant difference (p < 0.96) between the 3 groups (Delta CON: -2.8%, Delta LLHR: -3.1%, and Delta HLLR: -3.5%). However, a trend existed in the hypothesized direction, as the HLLR illustrated the greatest decrease in mean rowing time (CON: 11 seconds, LLHR: 12 seconds, and HLLR: 15 seconds). Overall, the current study demonstrates that although weight training does not create a statistically significant short-term training effect on rowing performance, the profound decreases in 2,000-m times seen in this study may be of practical significance for the oarsman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Gallagher
- Department of Excercise Science, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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50
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Wong PL, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Dellal A, Wisloff U. Effect of Preseason Concurrent Muscular Strength and High-Intensity Interval Training in Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:653-60. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181aa36a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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