1
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Meade RD, Notley SR, Akerman AP, McGarr GW, Richards BJ, McCourt ER, King KE, McCormick JJ, Boulay P, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP. Physiological responses to 9 hours of heat exposure in young and older adults. Part I: Body temperature and hemodynamic regulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:673-687. [PMID: 37439239 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00227.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an elevated risk of heat-related mortality and morbidity, attributed, in part, to declines in thermoregulation. However, comparisons between young and older adults have been limited to brief exposures (1-4 h), which may not adequately reflect the duration or severity of the heat stress experienced during heat waves. We therefore evaluated physiological responses in 20 young (19-31 yr; 10 females) and 39 older (61-78 yr; 11 females) adults during 9 h of rest at 40°C and 9% relative humidity. Whole body heat exchange and storage were measured with direct calorimetry during the first 3 h and final 3 h. Core temperature (rectal) was monitored continuously. The older adults stored 88 kJ [95% confidence interval (CI): 29, 147] more heat over the first 3 h of exposure (P = 0.006). Although no between-group differences were observed after 3 h [young: 37.6°C (SD 0.2°C) vs. older: 37.7°C (0.3°C); P = 0.216], core temperature was elevated by 0.3°C [0.1, 0.4] (adjusted for baseline) in the older group at hour 6 [37.6°C (0.2°C) vs. 37.9°C (0.2°C); P < 0.001] and by 0.2°C [0.0, 0.3] at hour 9 [37.7°C (0.3°C) vs. 37.8°C (0.3°C)], although the latter comparison was not significant after multiplicity correction (P = 0.061). Our findings indicate that older adults sustain greater increases in heat storage and core temperature during daylong exposure to hot dry conditions compared with their younger counterparts. This study represents an important step in the use of ecologically relevant, prolonged exposures for translational research aimed at quantifying the physiological and health impacts of hot weather and heat waves on heat-vulnerable populations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found greater increases in body heat storage and core temperature in older adults than in their younger counterparts during 9 h of resting exposure to hot dry conditions. Furthermore, the age-related increase in core temperature was exacerbated in older adults with common heat-vulnerability-linked health conditions (type 2 diabetes and hypertension). Impairments in thermoregulatory function likely contribute to the increased risk of heat-related illness and injury seen in older adults during hot weather and heat waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sean R Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley P Akerman
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory W McGarr
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brodie J Richards
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma R McCourt
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelli E King
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James J McCormick
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Boulay
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Bigalke JA, Cleveland EL, Barkstrom E, Gonzalez JE, Carter JR. Core body temperature changes before sleep are associated with nocturnal heart rate variability. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:136-145. [PMID: 37262106 PMCID: PMC10292981 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00020.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Core body temperature (CBT) reductions occur before and during the sleep period, with the extent of presleep reductions corresponding to sleep onset and quality. Presleep reductions in CBT coincide with increased cardiac parasympathetic activity measured via heart rate variability (HRV), and while this appears to persist into the sleep period, individual differences in presleep CBT decline and nocturnal HRV remain unexplored. The purpose of the current study was to assess the relationship between individual differences in presleep CBT reductions and nocturnal heart rate (HR) and HRV in a population of 15 objectively poor sleeping adults [10 males, 5 females; age, 33 ± 4 yr; body mass index (BMI) 27 ± 1 kg/m2] with the hypothesis that blunted CBT rate of decline would be associated with elevated HR and reduced nocturnal HRV. Following an adaptation night, all participants underwent an overnight, in-laboratory sleep study with simultaneous recording of polysomnographic sleep including electrocardiography (ECG) and CBT recording. Correlations between CBT rate of change before sleep and nocturnal HRV were assessed. Blunted rate of CBT decline was significantly associated with increased heart rate (HR) in stage 2 (N2; R = 0.754, P = 0.001), stage 3 (N3; R = 0.748, P = 0.001), and rapid-eye movement (REM; R = 0.735, P = 0.002). Similarly, blunted rate of CBT decline before sleep was associated with reduced HRV across sleep stages. These findings indicate a relationship between individual differences in presleep thermoregulatory processes and nocturnal cardiac autonomic function in poor sleeping adults.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Core body temperature (CBT) reductions before sleep onset coincide with increases in heart rate variability (HRV) that persist throughout the sleep period. However, the relationship between individual differences in the efficiency of presleep core temperature regulation and nocturnal heart rate variability remains equivocal. The present study reports an association between the magnitude of presleep core body temperature changes and nocturnal parasympathetic activity, highlighting overlap between thermoregulatory processes before sleep and nocturnal cardiac autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Bigalke
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
| | - Emily L Cleveland
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States
| | - Elyse Barkstrom
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States
| | - Joshua E Gonzalez
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Jason R Carter
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States
- Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
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3
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Ioannucci S, Chirokoff V, Dilharreguy B, Ozenne V, Chanraud S, Zénon A. Neural fatigue by passive induction: repeated stimulus exposure results in cognitive fatigue and altered representations in task-relevant networks. Commun Biol 2023; 6:142. [PMID: 36737639 PMCID: PMC9898557 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive fatigue is defined by a reduced capacity to perform mental tasks. Despite its pervasiveness, the underlying neural mechanisms remain elusive. Specifically, it is unclear whether prolonged effort affects performance through alterations in over-worked task-relevant neuronal assemblies. Our paradigm based on repeated passive visual stimulation discerns fatigue effects from the influence of motivation, skill and boredom. We induced performance loss and observed parallel alterations in the neural blueprint of the task, by mirroring behavioral performance with multivariate neuroimaging techniques (MVPA) that afford a subject-specific approach. Crucially, functional areas that responded the most to repeated stimulation were also the most affected. Finally, univariate analysis revealed clusters displaying significant disruption within the extrastriate visual cortex. In sum, here we show that repeated stimulation impacts the implicated brain areas' activity and causes tangible behavioral repercussions, providing evidence that cognitive fatigue can result from local, functional, disruptions in the neural signal induced by protracted recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ioannucci
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine (INCIA)-UMR 5287, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Valentine Chirokoff
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XInstitut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine (INCIA)—UMR 5287, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France ,grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Bixente Dilharreguy
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XInstitut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine (INCIA)—UMR 5287, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valéry Ozenne
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XCentre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Chanraud
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XInstitut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine (INCIA)—UMR 5287, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France ,grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Zénon
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XInstitut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine (INCIA)—UMR 5287, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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4
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Murphy CJ, Hartescu I, Leicht CA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Altered Core Temperature and Salivary Melatonin in Athletes with a Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:117-125. [PMID: 36368657 DOI: 10.1055/a-1925-7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are common in athletes with a cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) and may be associated with circadian alterations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare physiological circadian outputs between athletes with a cSCI and non-disabled controls (CON). Eight male wheelchair athletes with a cSCI and eight male CON (30±4 and 30±6 yrs, respectively) had their core body temperature (Tcore), skin temperature (Tskin), and salivary melatonin measured during a 24 h period. In the cSCI group, daytime Tcore was significantly lower (36.5 (0.2) vs 36.9 (0.3)°C; p=0.02) and time of the Tcore sleep minimum was significantly earlier (23:56±00:46 vs 02:39 ± 02:57; p=0.04). The athletes with a cSCI had significantly lower Tcore values during the beginning of the night compared with the CON group, but their Tcore increased at a greater rate, thereafter, indicated by a significant time/group interaction (p=0.04). Moreover, the cSCI group did not display a salivary melatonin response and exhibited significantly lower concentrations at 22:00 (p=0.01) and 07:00 (p=0.01) compared with the CON group. Under natural living conditions, athletes with a cSCI displayed circadian changes in the Tcore rhythm and nocturnal melatonin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Murphy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Iuliana Hartescu
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Christof A Leicht
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria L Goosey-Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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5
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Cruz-Sanabria F, Carmassi C, Bruno S, Bazzani A, Carli M, Scarselli M, Faraguna U. Melatonin as a Chronobiotic with Sleep-promoting Properties. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:951-987. [PMID: 35176989 PMCID: PMC10227911 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220217152617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of exogenous melatonin (exo-MEL) as a sleep-promoting drug has been under extensive debate due to the lack of consistency of its described effects. In this study, we conduct a systematic and comprehensive review of the literature on the chronobiotic, sleep-inducing, and overall sleep-promoting properties of exo-MEL. To this aim, we first describe the possible pharmacological mechanisms involved in the sleep-promoting properties and then report the corresponding effects of exo-MEL administration on clinical outcomes in: a) healthy subjects, b) circadian rhythm sleep disorders, c) primary insomnia. Timing of administration and doses of exo-MEL received particular attention in this work. The exo-MEL pharmacological effects are hereby interpreted in view of changes in the physiological properties and rhythmicity of endogenous melatonin. Finally, we discuss some translational implications for the personalized use of exo-MEL in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francy Cruz-Sanabria
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Simone Bruno
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Andrea Bazzani
- Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa – Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa - Italy
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Yousefzadehfard Y, Wechsler B, DeLorenzo C. Human circadian rhythm studies: Practical guidelines for inclusion/exclusion criteria and protocol. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2022; 13:100080. [PMID: 35989718 PMCID: PMC9382328 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2022.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As interest in circadian rhythms and their effects continues to grow, there is an increasing need to perform circadian studies in humans. Although the constant routine is the gold standard for these studies, there are advantages to performing more naturalistic studies. Here, a review of protocols for such studies is provided along with sample inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sleep routines, drug use, shift work, and menstrual cycle are addressed as screening considerations. Regarding protocol, best practices for measuring melatonin, including light settings, posture, exercise, and dietary habits are described. The inclusion/exclusion recommendations and protocol guidelines are intended to reduce confounding variables in studies that do not involve the constant routine. Given practical limitations, a range of recommendations is provided from stringent to lenient. The scientific rationale behind these recommendations is discussed. However, where the science is equivocal, recommendations are based on empirical decisions made in previous studies. While not all of the recommendations listed may be practical in all research settings and with limited potential participants, the goal is to allow investigators to make well informed decisions about their screening procedures and protocol techniques and to improve rigor and reproducibility, in line with the objectives of the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Yousefzadehfard
- Center for Understanding Biology Using Imaging Technology, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Midland, TX, USA
| | - Bennett Wechsler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christine DeLorenzo
- Center for Understanding Biology Using Imaging Technology, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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7
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Danilenko KV. Objective Measures of Immediate “Energizing” Effect of Light: Studies Review and Data Analysis. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:475-496. [PMID: 36278531 PMCID: PMC9589941 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the energizing effect of light has been known since the early years of light therapy, its reliable detection using objective measures is still not well-established. This review aims to ascertain the immediate energizing effect of light and determine its best indicators. Sixty-four articles published before July 2022 were included in the review. The articles described 72 (sub-)studies performed in healthy individuals. Fourteen measures were analyzed. The analysis showed that light causes an energizing effect that can be best documented by measuring core (rectal) body temperature: the proportion of the studies revealing increasing, unchanging, and decreasing rectal temperature was 13/6/1. The second most suitable indicator was heart rate (10/22/1), which showed concordant changes with rectal temperature (a trend, seven mutual studies). There is no evidence from the reviewed articles that oxygen consumption, skin conductance, blood pressure, heart rate variability, non-rectal inner temperature (combined digestive, tympanic, and oral), skin temperature, or cortisol levels can provide light effect detection. Four other measures were found to be unsuitable as well but with less certainty due to the low number of studies (≤3): skin blood flow, noradrenaline, salivary alpha-amylase, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. On the other hand, light exposure had a noticeable effect on sympathetic nerve activity measured using microneurography; however, this measure can be accepted as a marker only tentatively as it was employed in a single study. The analysis took into account three factors—study limitation in design/analysis, use of light in day- or nighttime, and relative brightness of the light stimulus—that were found to significantly influence some of the analyzed variables. The review indicates that the energizing effect of light in humans can be reliably detected using rectal temperature and heart rate.
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8
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Lok R, Woelders T, van Koningsveld MJ, Oberman K, Fuhler SG, Beersma DGM, Hut RA. Bright Light Decreases Peripheral Skin Temperature in Healthy Men: A Forced Desynchrony Study Under Dim and Bright Light (II). J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:417-428. [PMID: 35723003 PMCID: PMC9326805 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221096948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human thermoregulation is strictly regulated by the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, which is directly influenced by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The main input pathway of the SCN is light. Here, thermoregulatory effects of light were assessed in humans in a forced desynchrony (FD) design. The FD experiment was performed in dim light (DL, 6 lux) and bright white light (BL, 1300 lux) in 8 men in a semi-randomized within-subject design. A 4 × 18 h FD protocol (5 h sleep, 13 h wake) was applied, with continuous core body temperature (CBT) and skin temperature measurements at the forehead, clavicles, navel, palms, foot soles and toes. Skin temperature parameters indicated sleep-wake modulations as well as internal clock variations. All distal skin temperature parameters increased during sleep, when CBT decreased. Light significantly affected temperature levels during the wake phase, with decreased temperature measured at the forehead and toes and increased navel and clavicular skin temperatures. These effects persisted when the lights were turned off for sleep. Circadian amplitude of CBT and all skin temperature parameters decreased significantly during BL exposure. Circadian proximal skin temperatures cycled in phase with CBT, while distal skin temperatures cycled in anti-phase, confirming the idea that distal skin regions reflect heat dissipation and proximal regions approximate CBT. In general, we find that increased light intensity exposure may have decreased heat loss in humans, especially at times when the circadian system promotes sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lok
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherland.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.,University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - T Woelders
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherland
| | - M J van Koningsveld
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherland
| | - K Oberman
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherland
| | - S G Fuhler
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherland
| | - D G M Beersma
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherland
| | - R A Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherland
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9
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Abstract
Melatonin is a hormonal product of the pineal gland, a fact that is often forgotten. Instead it is promoted as a dietary supplement that will overcome insomnia, as an antioxidant and as a prescription only drug in most countries outside the United States of America and Canada. The aim of this review is to step back and highlight what we know about melatonin following its discovery 60 years ago. What is the role of endogenous melatonin; what does melatonin do to sleep, body temperature, circadian rhythms, the cardiovascular system, reproductive system, endocrine system and metabolism when administered to healthy subjects? When used as a drug/dietary supplement, what safety studies have been conducted? Can we really say melatonin is safe when it has not been systematically studied and many studies show interactions with a wide range of physiological processes? Finally the results of studies investigating the efficacy of melatonin as a drug to alleviate insomnia are critically evaluated. In summary, melatonin is an endogenous pineal gland hormone with specific physiological functions in animals and humans, with its primary role in humans to maintain synchrony of sleep with the day/night cycle. When administered as a drug it affects a wide range of physiological systems and has clinically important drug interactions. With respect to efficacy for treating sleep disorders, melatonin can advance the time of sleep onset but the effect is modest and variable. In children with neurodevelopmental disabilities melatonin appears to have the greatest impact on sleep onset but little effect on sleep efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Starr KE, Burns K, Demler TL. Pharmacological and philosophical considerations for the around-the-clock use of scheduled melatonin to promote sedation and reduce aggression in individuals with serious mental illness: a case report. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:296-304. [PMID: 34605448 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, the endogenous hormone that helps maintain circadian rhythm, has been used exogenously for both primary and secondary sleep disorders. While the effects of melatonin given prior to planned sleep and to restore normal circadian sleep phases have been well studied, there is little information on the use of melatonin as a pharmacotherapeutic intervention for around-the-clock sedation to prevent agitation and aggressive patient behaviors. This is the first case report to our knowledge of melatonin used throughout the day, as a scheduled dose for prolonged treatment duration, to reduce aggression in a patient with severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Starr
- Department of Pharmacy, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System
| | - Kimberly Burns
- Department of Pharmacy, New York State Office of Mental Health
| | - Tammie Lee Demler
- Department of Pharmacy, New York State Office of Mental Health
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA
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11
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Sanchez REA, Kalume F, de la Iglesia HO. Sleep timing and the circadian clock in mammals: Past, present and the road ahead. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:3-14. [PMID: 34092510 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all mammals display robust daily rhythms of physiology and behavior. These approximately 24-h cycles, known as circadian rhythms, are driven by a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and affect biological processes ranging from metabolism to immune function. Perhaps the most overt output of the circadian clock is the sleep-wake cycle, the integrity of which is critical for health and homeostasis of the organism. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep. We discuss the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying daily sleep timing, and the trajectory of circadian regulation of sleep across development. We conclude by proposing future research priorities for the field that will significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E A Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Franck Kalume
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Horacio O de la Iglesia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Using Theoretical Domains Framework for Exploring Appropriate Sitting Posture Determinants Among Office Workers: A Content Analysis Study. HEALTH SCOPE 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.108354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sedentary occupations frequently expose employees to prolonged periods with poor posture, which has been considered as the cause of musculoskeletal disorder. Objectives: The study set out to identify the related factors of a taking healthy sitting posture in office workers. Methods: This qualitative study aimed to use the theoretical domains framework (TDF) to investigate perceived determinants to taking a proper sitting posture in office workers. Semi-structured interviews with 25 office workers according to purposive sampling was conducted with a convenience sample of university office workers in Iran. Recorded interviews were transcribed into MAXQDA version 10. Directed content analysis and framework analysis were used for drawing the 12 domains of the TDF. Results: Explored themes were mapped onto the TDF domains, including skills, knowledge, behavioral regulation, goals, environmental context and resources, social influences, beliefs about capability, intentions, emotion, beliefs about consequences, memory, and attention and reinforcement. Conclusions: This study is a theoretical starting point in making structured interventions to change improper sitting posture among office workers. Also, the identified factors provide organizational managers with a wide list of factors by which they can encourage their employees to use proper postures in the workplace, leading to a significant reduction in job absenteeism and insurance fees associated with health problems. In addition, this study enriches the literature by providing additional empirical evidence for the TDF theory.
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13
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Periocular skin warming promotes body heat loss and sleep onset: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20325. [PMID: 33230185 PMCID: PMC7683599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Periocular skin warming was reported to have favorable effects on subjective and objective sleep quality. We hypothesized that enhancing body heat loss by periocular skin warming would reduce sleep onset and improve sleep quality. Eighteen healthy volunteers were asked to maintain wakefulness with their eyes closed for 60 min after applying either a warming or sham eye mask, followed by a 60-min sleep period. Compared to the sham, periocular warming increased the distal skin temperature and distal-proximal skin temperature gradient only during the 30-min thermal manipulation period. In the subsequent sleep period, periocular warming facilitated sleep onset, increased stage 2 sleep and electroencephalographic delta activity during the first half of the sleep period relative to the sham. These results suggest that periocular skin warming may accelerate and deepen sleep by enhancing physiological heat loss via the distal skin, mimicking physiological conditions preceding habitual sleep.
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14
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Bach V, Abbiss CR, Libert JP, McCabe SM. Skin Temperatures of Back or Neck Are Better Than Abdomen for Indication of Average Proximal Skin Temperature During Sleep of School-Aged Children. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:494528. [PMID: 33061911 PMCID: PMC7530240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.494528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The tight association between sleep, body temperature regulation, and patterns of skin temperature change highlights the necessity for accurate and valid assessment of skin temperatures during sleep. With increased interest in this functional relationship in infants and children, it is important to identify where to best measure proximal skin temperature and whether it is possible to reduce the number of sites of measures, in order to limit the experimental effects in natural settings. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the most suitable single skin temperature sites for representation of average proximal skin temperature during sleep of school aged children. METHODS Statistical analyses were applied to skin temperature data of 22 children, aged 6 to 12 years, measured over four consecutive school nights in their home settings, to compare single site measures of abdomen, back, neck, forehead and subclavicular skin temperatures (local temperatures) with average proximal skin temperatures. RESULTS Abdomen and forehead skin temperatures were significantly different (respectively higher and lower) to the other local proximal temperatures and to average proximal skin temperatures. Moreover, the time pattern of forehead temperature was very different from that of the other local temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Local forehead and abdomen skin temperatures are least suitable as single site representations of average proximal skin temperatures in school aged children when considering both the level and the time course pattern of the temperature across the night. Conversely, back and neck temperatures provide most fitting representation of average proximal skin temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bach
- Peritox, UMR_I 01, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Susan M McCabe
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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15
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Farrokhian A, Tohidi M, Ahanchi NS, Khalili D, Niroomand M, Mahboubi A, Derakhshi A, Abbasinazari M, Hadaegh F. Effect of Bedtime Melatonin Administration in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 18:258-268. [PMID: 32802105 PMCID: PMC7393042 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.112011.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is widely available as over the counter product. Despite promising effects of melatonin supplementation on glycemic control, there is a significant heterogeneity between studies. The current study aimed at determining the effect of melatonin on fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin resistance/sensitivity indices, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) population during 8 weeks in a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty four subjects with the mean age ± standard deviation of 57.74 ± 8.57 years and 36 subjects with the mean age of 57.61 ± 9.11 years were allocated to 6 mg nightly melatonin and placebo groups, respectively. Melatonin and placebo groups were matched by age, gender, body mass index, and duration of diabetes. Also, there was no significant difference in laboratory findings except for HbA1c, which was lower in the placebo group (7.00 ± 0.89% vs 7.60 ± 1.47%, P=0.042). After trial completion, the increase of serum levels of melatonin was greater in the intervention than the placebo group (3.38 ± 1.33 vs 0.94 ± 1.28 ng/L, P=0.192). Moreover, compared to placebo group, among melatonin users, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA1-IR) tended to be unfavorable at the end of follow-up [-0.51 (-1.76-0.81) vs. 0.28 (-1.24-1.74), P=0.20]; the similar trend was also shown for insulin sensitivity index (HOMA1-S) [2.33 (-3.59-12.46) vs. -2.33 (-10.61-9.16), P=0.148]. No differences were observed in FBG, HbA1C, and hs-CRP changes between the trial groups. The current study did not support the improving effect of melatonin on glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Farrokhian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tohidi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Sadat Ahanchi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Khalili
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran .,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Niroomand
- Internal Medicine Department, Endocrinology Division, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Mahboubi
- Food Safety Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Derakhshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasinazari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Hadaegh
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Gunata M, Parlakpinar H, Acet H. Melatonin: A review of its potential functions and effects on neurological diseases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 176:148-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Böhm MF, Bayen UJ, Schaper ML. Are subjective sleepiness and sleep quality related to prospective memory? COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2020; 5:5. [PMID: 32034561 PMCID: PMC7007451 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-019-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Event-based prospective memory (PM) involves carrying out intentions when specific events occur and is ubiquitous in everyday life. It consists of a prospective component (remembering that something must be done) and a retrospective component (remembering what must be done and when). Subjective sleep-related variables may be related to PM performance and an attention-demanding prospective component. In two studies, the relationship of subjective sleepiness and subjective sleep quality with both PM components was investigated with a laboratory PM task and separation of its components via Bayesian multinomial processing tree modeling. In Study 1, neither component of PM was related to naturally occurring subjective sleepiness or sleep quality. In Study 2, sleepiness was experimentally increased by placing some participants in a supine body posture. Testing participants in upright vs. supine posture affected neither PM component. However, body posture moderated the relationship between subjective sleep quality and the prospective component: In supine posture, subjective sleep quality tended to be more positively related to the prospective component. Overall, neither subjective sleepiness nor subjective sleep quality alone was related to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja F Böhm
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Gebäude 23.02, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ute J Bayen
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Gebäude 23.02, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marie Luisa Schaper
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Gebäude 23.02, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Bonmati-Carrion MA, Revell VL, Cook TJ, Welch TRE, Rol MA, Skene DJ, Madrid JA. Living Without Temporal Cues: A Case Study. Front Physiol 2020; 11:11. [PMID: 32116739 PMCID: PMC7020909 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation from external time cues allows endogenous circadian rhythmicity to be demonstrated. In this study, also filmed as a television documentary, we assessed rhythmic changes in a healthy man time isolated in a bunker for 9 days/nights. During this period the lighting conditions were varied between: (1) self-selected light/dark cycle, (2) constant dim light, and (3) light/dark cycle with early wake up. A range of variables was assessed and related to the sleep-wake cycle, psychomotor and physical performance and clock-time estimation. This case study using modern non-invasive monitoring techniques emphasizes how different physiological circadian rhythms persist in temporal isolation under constant dim light conditions with different waveforms, free-running with a period (τ) between 24 and 25 h. In addition, a significant correlation between time estimation and mid-sleep time, a proxy for circadian phase, was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Bonmati-Carrion
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Espinardo, Spain.,Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria L Revell
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Maria-Angeles Rol
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Espinardo, Spain.,Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Espinardo, Spain.,Ciber de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Postolache TT, Gulati A, Okusaga OO, Stiller JW. An Introduction to Circadian Endocrine Physiology: Implications for Exercise and Sports Performance. ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Martin T, Dauvilliers Y, Koumar OC, Bouet V, Freret T, Besnard S, Dauphin F, Bessot N. Dual orexin receptor antagonist induces changes in core body temperature in rats after exercise. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18432. [PMID: 31804545 PMCID: PMC6895233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic orexin neurons are involved in various physiological functions, including thermoregulation. The orexinergic system has been considered as a potent mediator of the exercise response. The present study describes how the antagonization of the orexinergic system by a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) modifies the thermoregulatory process during exercise. Core Body Temperature (CBT) and Spontaneous Locomotor Activity (SLA) of 12 male Wistar rats were recorded after either oral administration of DORA (30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg) or placebo solution, both at rest and in exercise conditions with treadmill running. DORA ingestion decreased SLA for 8 hours (p < 0.001) and CBT for 4 hours (p < 0.01). CBT (°C) response was independent of SLA. The CBT level decreased from the beginning to the end of exercise when orexin receptors were antagonized, with a dose-dependent response (39.09 ± 0.36 and 38.88 ± 0.28 for 30 and 60 mg/kg; p < 0.001) compared to placebo (39.29 ± 0.31; p < 0.001). CBT increased during exercise was also blunted after DORA administration, but without dose effects of DORA. In conclusion, our results favor the role of orexin in the thermoregulation under stress related to exercise conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Martin
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, INSERM, COMETE, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Reference National Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, INSERM U1061, France
| | | | - Valentine Bouet
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, INSERM, COMETE, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Thomas Freret
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, INSERM, COMETE, 14000, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Bessot
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, INSERM, COMETE, 14000, Caen, France.
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21
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Te Kulve M, Schlangen LJM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Early evening light mitigates sleep compromising physiological and alerting responses to subsequent late evening light. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16064. [PMID: 31690740 PMCID: PMC6831674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of electric light and electronic devices has resulted in an excessive exposure to light during the late-evening and at night. This late light exposure acutely suppresses melatonin and sleepiness and delays the circadian clock. Here we investigate whether the acute effects of late-evening light exposure on our physiology and sleepiness are reduced when this light exposure is preceded by early evening bright light. Twelve healthy young females were included in a randomised crossover study. All participants underwent three evening (18:30-00:30) sessions during which melatonin, subjective sleepiness, body temperature and skin blood flow were measured under different light conditions: (A) dim light, (B) dim light with a late-evening (22:30-23:30) light exposure of 750 lx, 4000 K, and (C) the same late-evening light exposure, but now preceded by early-evening bright light exposure (18.30-21.00; 1200 lx, 4000 K). Late-evening light exposure reduced melatonin levels and subjective sleepiness and resulted in larger skin temperature gradients as compared to dim. Interestingly, these effects were reduced when the late-evening light was preceded by an early evening 2.5-hour bright light exposure. Thus daytime and early-evening exposure to bright light can mitigate some of the sleep-disruptive consequences of light exposure in the later evening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Te Kulve
- Department of Human Biology & Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,bba indoor environmental consultancy, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J M Schlangen
- Intelligent Lighting Institute, Department of Human Technology Interaction, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Signify, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Lok R, van Koningsveld MJ, Gordijn MCM, Beersma DGM, Hut RA. Daytime melatonin and light independently affect human alertness and body temperature. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12583. [PMID: 31033013 PMCID: PMC6767594 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Light significantly improves alertness during the night (Cajochen, Sleep Med Rev, 11, 2007 and 453; Ruger et al., AJP Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 290, 2005 and R1413), but results are less conclusive at daytime (Lok et al., J Biol Rhythms, 33, 2018 and 589). Melatonin and core body temperature levels at those times of day may contribute to differences in alerting effects of light. In this experiment, the combined effect of daytime exogenous melatonin administration and light intensity on alertness, body temperature, and skin temperature was studied. The goal was to assess whether (a) alerting effects of light are melatonin dependent, (b) soporific effects of melatonin are mediated via the thermoregulatory system, and (c) light can improve alertness after melatonin-induced sleepiness during daytime. 10 subjects (5 females, 5 males) received melatonin (5 mg) in dim (10 lux) and, on a separate occasion, in bright polychromatic white light (2000 lux). In addition, they received placebo both under dim and bright light conditions. Subjects participated in all four conditions in a balanced order, yielding a balanced within-subject design, lasting from noon to 04:00 pm. Alertness and performance were assessed half hourly, while body temperature and skin temperature were measured continuously. Saliva samples to detect melatonin concentrations were collected half hourly. Melatonin administration increased melatonin concentrations in all subjects. Subjective sleepiness and distal skin temperature increased after melatonin ingestion. Bright light exposure after melatonin administration did not change subjective alertness scores, but body temperature and proximal skin temperature increased, while distal skin temperature decreased. Light exposure did not significantly affect these parameters in the placebo condition. These results indicate that (a) exogenous melatonin administration during daytime increases subjective sleepiness, confirming a role for melatonin in sleepiness regulation, (b) bright light exposure after melatonin ingestion significantly affected thermoregulatory parameters without altering subjective sleepiness, therefore temperature changes seem nonessential for melatonin-induced sleepiness, (c) subjective sleepiness was increased by melatonin ingestion, but bright light administration was not able to improve melatonin-induced sleepiness feelings nor performance. Other (physiological) factors may therefore contribute to differences in alerting effects of light during daytime and nighttime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Lok
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Minke J. van Koningsveld
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marijke C. M. Gordijn
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Chrono@WorkGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Domien G. M. Beersma
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Roelof A. Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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23
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Harding EC, Franks NP, Wisden W. The Temperature Dependence of Sleep. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:336. [PMID: 31105512 PMCID: PMC6491889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals have evolved a range of behavioural and neurological mechanisms that coordinate cycles of thermoregulation and sleep. Whether diurnal or nocturnal, sleep onset and a reduction in core temperature occur together. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep episodes are also accompanied by core and brain cooling. Thermoregulatory behaviours, like nest building and curling up, accompany this circadian temperature decline in preparation for sleeping. This could be a matter of simply comfort as animals seek warmth to compensate for lower temperatures. However, in both humans and other mammals, direct skin warming can shorten sleep-latency and promote NREM sleep. We discuss the evidence that body cooling and sleep are more fundamentally connected and that thermoregulatory behaviours, prior to sleep, form warm microclimates that accelerate NREM directly through neuronal circuits. Paradoxically, this warmth might also induce vasodilation and body cooling. In this way, warmth seeking and nesting behaviour might enhance the circadian cycle by activating specific circuits that link NREM initiation to body cooling. We suggest that these circuits explain why NREM onset is most likely when core temperature is at its steepest rate of decline and why transitions to NREM are accompanied by a decrease in brain temperature. This connection may have implications for energy homeostasis and the function of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Harding
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Periocular skin warming elevates the distal skin temperature without affecting the proximal or core body temperature. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5743. [PMID: 30952920 PMCID: PMC6450979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periocular skin warming reportedly improves the objective and subjective sleep quality in adults with mild difficulty in falling asleep. To clarify the effects of periocular warming, we examined the distal skin temperatures (hands and feet), proximal skin temperature (infraclavicular region) and core body temperature as well as the distal-proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG). Nineteen healthy males underwent two experimental sessions, wherein they used a warming or sham eye mask under a semi-constant routine protocol in a crossover manner. Participants were instructed to maintain wakefulness with their eyes closed for 60 minutes after wearing the eye mask. The warming eye mask increased the periocular skin temperature to 38–40 °C for the first 20 minutes, whereas the temperature remained unchanged with the sham mask. Compared to that of the sham eye mask, the warming eye mask significantly increased the temperatures of the hands and feet and the DPG, whereas the proximal skin and core body temperatures were unaffected. Subjective sleepiness and pleasantness were significantly increased by the warming eye mask. These results represent physiological heat loss associated with sleep initiation without affecting the proximal skin or core body temperatures, suggesting that thermal stimulation in certain areas can provoke similar changes in remote areas of the body.
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25
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Kiriyama K, Goto T, Yamamoto H, Ara T, Takahashi H, Jheng HF, Nomura W, Inoue H, Nakata R, Kawada T. Lactobacillus helveticus-MIKI-020 enhances hepatic FGF21 expression and decreases the core body temperature during sleep in mice. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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26
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Gorlova S, Ichiba T, Nishimaru H, Takamura Y, Matsumoto J, Hori E, Nagashima Y, Tatsuse T, Ono T, Nishijo H. Non-restorative Sleep Caused by Autonomic and Electroencephalography Parameter Dysfunction Leads to Subjective Fatigue at Wake Time in Shift Workers. Front Neurol 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 30804882 PMCID: PMC6370690 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a physiological state that plays important role in the recovery of fatigue. However, the relationship between the physiological status of sleep and subjective fatigue remains unknown. In the present study, we hypothesized that the non-recovery of fatigue at wake time due to non-restorative sleep might be ascribed to changes in specific parameters of electroencephalography (EEG) and heart rate variability (HRV) in poor sleepers. Twenty healthy female shift-working nurses participated in the study. Subjective fatigue was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) at bedtime and wake time. During sleep on the night between 2 consecutive day shifts, the EEG powers at the frontal pole, HRV based on electrocardiograms, and distal-proximal gradient of skin temperature were recorded and analyzed. The results indicated that the subjects with high fatigue on the VAS at wake time exhibited (1) a decrease in deep non-rapid eye movement (NREM) (stageN3) sleep duration in the first sleep cycle; (2) a decrease in REM latency; (3) a decrease in ultra-slow and delta EEG powers, particularly from 30 to 65 min after sleep onset; (4) a decrease in the total power of HRV, particularly from 0 to 30 min after sleep onset; (5) an increase in the very low frequency component of HRV; and (6) a smaller increase in the distal-proximal gradient of skin temperature, than those of the subjects with low fatigue levels. The correlational and structural equation modeling analyses of these parameters suggested that an initial decrease in the total power of HRV from 0 to 30 min after sleep onset might inhibit the recovery from fatigue during sleep (i.e., increase the VAS score at wake time) via its effects on the ultra-slow and delta powers from 30 to 65 min after sleep onset, stageN3 duration in the first sleep cycle, REM latency, and distal-proximal gradient of skin temperature. These findings suggest an important role of these physiological factors in recovery from fatigue during sleep, and that interventions to modify these physiological factors might ameliorate fatigue at wake time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya Gorlova
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Tatsuse
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Bach V, Delanaud S, Barcat L, Bodin E, Tourneux P, Libert JP. Distal skin vasodilation in sleep preparedness, and its impact on thermal status in preterm neonates. Sleep Med 2019; 60:26-30. [PMID: 30777678 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior to sleep onset in human adults, distal body temperatures change progressively from wakefulness levels (low skin temperatures and a high core temperature) to sleep levels (high skin temperatures and a low core temperature) due to distal skin vasodilation and greater body cooling. It is not known whether this sleep preparedness exists in preterm neonates, even though sleep has a key role in neonatal health and neurodevelopment. The present study's objectives were to determine whether sleep preparedness (as observed in adults) can be evidenced in preterm neonates, and to assess repercussions on thermal stress. METHODS During a 12-h night-time polysomnography session, skin temperatures (recorded with an infrared camera), sleep, and wakefulness episodes were measured in 18 nine-day-old preterm neonates. RESULTS Fifteen wakefulness episodes were considered. Our results highlighted significant pre-sleep distal skin vasodilation (mainly at the foot: an increase of 0.38 °C in the 20 min preceding sleep onset) for the first time in preterm neonates. This vasodilation occurred even though (1) most factors known to influence pre-sleep vasodilation in adults were not present in these neonates, and (2) the neonates were nursed in a nearly constant thermal environment. The vasodilatation-related increase in body heat loss corresponded to a 0.15°C/h fall in mean body temperature (calculated using partitional calorimetry). CONCLUSION Compensation for this body heat loss and the maintenance of body homeothermia would require a 4% increase in metabolic heat production. In neonates, this type of energy expenditure cannot be maintained for a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bach
- PériTox, UMR_I 01, Jules Verne University of Picardy, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Amiens, France.
| | - Stéphane Delanaud
- PériTox, UMR_I 01, Jules Verne University of Picardy, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Lucie Barcat
- PériTox, UMR_I 01, Jules Verne University of Picardy, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Amiens, France; Médecine Néonatale et Réanimation Pédiatrique, Pôle Femme Couple Enfant, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Emilie Bodin
- PériTox, UMR_I 01, Jules Verne University of Picardy, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Amiens, France; Neurologie Pédiatrique, Pôle Femme Couple Enfant, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Pierre Tourneux
- PériTox, UMR_I 01, Jules Verne University of Picardy, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Amiens, France; Médecine Néonatale et Réanimation Pédiatrique, Pôle Femme Couple Enfant, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Libert
- PériTox, UMR_I 01, Jules Verne University of Picardy, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Amiens, France
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Boafo A, Greenham S, Alenezi S, Robillard R, Pajer K, Tavakoli P, De Koninck J. Could long-term administration of melatonin to prepubertal children affect timing of puberty? A clinician's perspective. Nat Sci Sleep 2019; 11:1-10. [PMID: 30774488 PMCID: PMC6362935 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s181365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous melatonin can be used to treat sleep disturbance in adults, children, and adolescents. While its short-term use is considered safe, there are some concerns that long-term use might delay children's sexual maturation, possibly by disrupting the decline in nocturnal melatonin levels that occur at the onset of puberty. This narrative review aimed to summarize some of the current knowledge about the potential effects of exogenous melatonin on puberty. We found no clinical studies that experimentally tested the effects of melatonin on pubertal timing in children, but we reviewed the small number of observational studies. We also drew on animal data to try to answer our question. The photoperiod and melatonin-mediated seasonal transitions in sexual activity and breeding in some mammals across the seasons have been used as a model of sexual development in mammals, including humans. The switch from non-sexual activity (in the non-breeding period) to sexual activity (in the breeding period) has been likened to the onset of puberty as there are similarities between the two. We conclude that to investigate an association between melatonin and pubertal timing, it will be important to conduct long-term randomized controlled trials of latency age children and also examine the cellular and systems-level interactions between melatonin and kisspeptin, a recently identified neuropeptide with a locus of action at the gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons that is important in contributing to the timing of puberty onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addo Boafo
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada, .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Stephanie Greenham
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada, .,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shuliweeh Alenezi
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada, .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Rébecca Robillard
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Sleep Research Unit, Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen Pajer
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada, .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Paniz Tavakoli
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada,
| | - Joseph De Koninck
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Sleep Research Unit, Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Last year melatonin was 60 years old, or at least its discovery was 60 years ago. The molecule itself may well be almost as old as life itself. So it is time to take yet another perspective on our understanding of its functions, effects and clinical uses. This is not a formal review-there is already a multitude of systematic reviews, narrative reviews, meta-analyses and even reviews of reviews. In view of the extraordinary variety of effects attributed to melatonin in the last 25 years, it is more of an attempt to sort out some areas where a consensus opinion exists, and where placebo controlled, randomized, clinical trials have confirmed early observations on therapeutic uses. The current upsurge of concern about the multiple health problems associated with disturbed circadian rhythms has generated interest in related therapeutic interventions, of which melatonin is one. The present text will consider the physiological role of endogenous melatonin, and the mostly pharmacological effects of exogenous treatment, on the assumption that normal circulating concentrations represent endogenous pineal production. It will concentrate mainly on the most researched, and accepted area of therapeutic use and potential use of melatonin-its undoubted ability to realign circadian rhythms and sleep-since this is the author's bias. It will touch briefly upon some other systems with prominent rhythmic attributes including certain cancers, the cardiovascular system, the entero-insular axis and metabolism together with the use of melatonin to assess circadian status. Many of the ills of the developed world relate to deranged rhythms-and everything is rhythmic unless proved otherwise.
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Quera-Salva MA, Claustrat B. Mélatonine : aspects physiologiques et pharmacologiques en relation avec le sommeil, intérêt d’une forme galénique à libération prolongée (Circadin®) dans l’insomnie. Encephale 2018; 44:548-557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Baker J, Kimpinski K. Role of melatonin in blood pressure regulation: An adjunct anti-hypertensive agent. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:755-766. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquie Baker
- School of Kinesiology; Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences; London Health Sciences Centre; University Hospital; London ON Canada
| | - Kurt Kimpinski
- School of Kinesiology; Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences; London Health Sciences Centre; University Hospital; London ON Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; Western University; London ON Canada
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Huang J, Ulke C, Sander C, Jawinski P, Spada J, Hegerl U, Hensch T. Impact of brain arousal and time-on-task on autonomic nervous system activity in the wake-sleep transition. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:18. [PMID: 29642849 PMCID: PMC5896037 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity has been shown to vary with the state of brain arousal. In a previous study, this association of ANS activity with distinct states of brain arousal was demonstrated using 15-min EEG data, but without directly controlling for possible time-on-task effects. In the current study we examine ANS-activity in fine-graded EEG-vigilance stages (indicating states of brain arousal) during two conditions of a 2-h oddball task while controlling for time-on-task. In addition, we analyze the effect of time-on-task on ANS-activity while holding the level of brain arousal constant. METHODS Heart rate and skin conductance level of healthy participants were recorded during a 2-h EEG with eyes closed under simultaneous presentation of stimuli in an ignored (N = 39) and attended (N = 39) oddball condition. EEG-vigilance stages were classified using the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL 2.1). The time-on-task effect was tested by dividing the EEG into four 30-min consecutive time blocks. ANS-activity was compared between EEG-vigilance stages across the entire 2 h and within each time block. RESULTS We found a coherent decline of ANS-activity with declining brain arousal states, over the 2-h recording and in most cases within each 30-min block in both conditions. Furthermore, we found a significant time-on-task effect on heart rate, even when arousal was kept constant. It was most pronounced between the first and all subsequent blocks and could have been a consequence of postural change at the beginning of the experiment. CONCLUSION Our findings contribute to the validation of VIGALL 2.1 using ANS parameters in 2-h EEG recording under oddball conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Ulke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philippe Jawinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janek Spada
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Depression Research Centre, German Depression Foundation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tilman Hensch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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te Kulve M, Schlangen L, Schellen L, Souman JL, van Marken Lichtenbelt W. Correlated colour temperature of morning light influences alertness and body temperature. Physiol Behav 2018; 185:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A randomised controlled trial of bright light therapy and morning activity for adolescents and young adults with Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder. Sleep Med 2018; 45:114-123. [PMID: 29680419 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A randomised controlled trial evaluated bright light therapy and morning activity for the treatment of Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD) in young people. 60 adolescents and young adults (range = 13-24 years, mean = 15.9 ± 2.2 y, 63% f) diagnosed with DSWPD were randomised to receive three weeks of post-awakening Green Bright Light Therapy (∼507 nm) and Sedentary Activity (sitting, watching TV), Green Bright Light Therapy and Morning Activity (standing, playing motion-sensing videogame), Red Light Therapy (∼643 nm) and Sedentary Activity or Red Light Therapy and Morning Activity. Sleep (ie sleep onset time, wake up time, sleep onset latency, total sleep time) and daytime functioning (ie morning alertness, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, functional impairment) were measured pre-treatment, post-treatment and at one and three month follow-up. Contrary to predictions, there were no significant differences in outcomes between treatment groups; and interaction effects between treatment group and time for all outcome variables were not statistically significant. However, adolescents and young adults in morning activity conditions did not meaningfully increase their objective activity (ie movement frequency). Overall, adolescents reported significantly improved sleep timing (d = 0.30-0.46), sleep onset latency (d = 0.32) and daytime functioning (d = 0.45-0.87) post-treatment. Improvements in sleep timing (d = 0.53-0.61), sleep onset latency (d = 0.57), total sleep time (d = 0.51), and daytime functioning (d = 0.52-1.02) were maintained, or improved upon, at the three month follow-up. However, relapse of symptomology was common and 38% of adolescents and young adults requested further treatment in addition to the three weeks of light therapy. Although there is convincing evidence for the short-term efficacy of chronobiological treatments for DSWPD, long-term treatment outcomes can be improved. To address this gap in our current knowledge, avenues for future research are discussed. CLINICAL TRIAL Australian & New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, https://www.anzctr.org.au, ACTRN12614000308695.
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35
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Te Lindert BHW, Van Someren EJW. Skin temperature, sleep, and vigilance. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 156:353-365. [PMID: 30454600 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have shown a close association between the 24-hour rhythms in core body temperature and sleep propensity. More recently, studies have have begun to elucidate an intriguing association of sleep with skin temperature as well. The present chapter addresses the association of sleep and alertness with skin temperature. It discusses whether the association could reflect common underlying drivers of both sleep propensity and skin vasodilation; whether it could reflect efferents of sleep-regulating brain circuits to thermoregulatory circuits; and whether skin temperature could provide afferent input to sleep-regulating brain circuits. Sleep regulation and concomitant changes in skin temperature are systematically discussed and three parallel factors suggested: a circadian clock mechanism, a homeostatic hourglass mechanism, and a third set of sleep-permissive and wake-promoting factors that gate the effectiveness of signals from the clock and hourglass in the actual induction of sleep or maintenance of alert wakefulness. The chapter moreover discusses how the association between skin temperature and arousal can change with sleep deprivation and insomnia. Finally it addresses whether the promising laboratory findings on the effects of skin temperature manipulations on vigilance can be applied to improve sleep in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart H W Te Lindert
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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36
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Ekhart D, Wicht H, Kersken T, Ackermann H, Kaczmarczyk M, Pretzsch G, Alexander H, Korf HW. Dynamics of core body temperature cycles in long-term measurements under real life conditions in women. Chronobiol Int 2017; 35:8-23. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1375942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Ekhart
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H Wicht
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - H Ackermann
- Institut für Biostatistik und mathematische Modellierung, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Kaczmarczyk
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - G Pretzsch
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Leipzig, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - H Alexander
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Leipzig, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - HW Korf
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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37
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Potter GDM, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Cade JE, Grant PJ, Hardie LJ. Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:584-608. [PMID: 27763782 PMCID: PMC5142605 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian (∼24-hour) timing systems pervade all kingdoms of life and temporally optimize behavior and physiology in humans. Relatively recent changes to our environments, such as the introduction of artificial lighting, can disorganize the circadian system, from the level of the molecular clocks that regulate the timing of cellular activities to the level of synchronization between our daily cycles of behavior and the solar day. Sleep/wake cycles are intertwined with the circadian system, and global trends indicate that these, too, are increasingly subject to disruption. A large proportion of the world's population is at increased risk of environmentally driven circadian rhythm and sleep disruption, and a minority of individuals are also genetically predisposed to circadian misalignment and sleep disorders. The consequences of disruption to the circadian system and sleep are profound and include myriad metabolic ramifications, some of which may be compounded by adverse effects on dietary choices. If not addressed, the deleterious effects of such disruption will continue to cause widespread health problems; therefore, implementation of the numerous behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions that can help restore circadian system alignment and enhance sleep will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D M Potter
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Arendt
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E Cade
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Grant
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Hardie
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.D.M.P., L.J.H.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Chronobiology Section (D.J.S., J.A.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Nutritional Epidemiology Group (J.E.C.), School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research (P.J.G.), LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Thibault RT, Raz A. Imaging Posture Veils Neural Signals. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:520. [PMID: 27818629 PMCID: PMC5073137 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas modern brain imaging often demands holding body positions incongruent with everyday life, posture governs both neural activity and cognitive performance. Humans commonly perform while upright; yet, many neuroimaging methodologies require participants to remain motionless and adhere to non-ecological comportments within a confined space. This inconsistency between ecological postures and imaging constraints undermines the transferability and generalizability of many a neuroimaging assay. Here we highlight the influence of posture on brain function and behavior. Specifically, we challenge the tacit assumption that brain processes and cognitive performance are comparable across a spectrum of positions. We provide an integrative synthesis regarding the increasingly prominent influence of imaging postures on autonomic function, mental capacity, sensory thresholds, and neural activity. Arguing that neuroimagers and cognitive scientists could benefit from considering the influence posture wields on both general functioning and brain activity, we examine existing imaging technologies and the potential of portable and versatile imaging devices (e.g., functional near infrared spectroscopy). Finally, we discuss ways that accounting for posture may help unveil the complex brain processes of everyday cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Thibault
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amir Raz
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada; The Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at the Jewish General HospitalMontreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Community and Family Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
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Barclay NL, Myachykov A. Sustained wakefulness and visual attention: moderation by chronotype. Exp Brain Res 2016; 235:57-68. [PMID: 27624836 PMCID: PMC5225193 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Attentional networks are sensitive to sleep deprivation and increased time awake. However, existing evidence is inconsistent and may be accounted for by differences in chronotype or time-of-day. We examined the effects of sustained wakefulness over a normal “socially constrained” day (following 18 h of sustained wakefulness), following a night of normal sleep, on visual attention as a function of chronotype. Methods Twenty-six good sleepers (mean age 25.58; SD 4.26; 54 % male) completed the Attention Network Test (ANT) at two time points (baseline at 8 am; following 18-h sustained wakefulness at 2 am). The ANT provided mean reaction times (RTs), error rates, and the efficiency of three attentional networks—alerting, orienting, and executive control/conflict. The Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire measured chronotype. Results Mean RTs were longer at time 2 compared to time 1 for those with increasing eveningness; the opposite was true for morningness. However, those with increasing morningness exhibited longer RT and made more errors, on incongruent trials at time 2 relative to those with increasing eveningness. There were no significant main effects of time or chronotype (or interactions) on attentional network scores. Conclusion Sustained wakefulness produced differential effects on visual attention as a function of chronotype. Whilst overall our results point to an asynchrony effect, this effect was moderated by flanker type. Participants with increasing eveningness outperformed those with increasing morningness on incongruent trials at time 2. The preservation of executive control in evening-types following sustained wakefulness is likely driven by differences in circadian phase between chronotypes across the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Barclay
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Andriy Myachykov
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.,Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Emet M, Ozcan H, Ozel L, Yayla M, Halici Z, Hacimuftuoglu A. A Review of Melatonin, Its Receptors and Drugs. Eurasian J Med 2016; 48:135-41. [PMID: 27551178 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2015.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
After a Turkish scientist took Nobel Prize due to his contributions to understand clock genes, melatonin, closely related to these genes, may begin to shine. Melatonin, a hormone secreted from the pineal gland at night, plays roles in regulating sleep-wake cycle, pubertal development and seasonal adaptation. Melatonin has antinociceptive, antidepressant, anxiolytic, antineophobic, locomotor activity-regulating, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, pain-modulating, blood pressure-reducing, retinal, vascular, anti-tumor and antioxidant effects. It is related with memory, ovarian physiology, and osteoblast differentiation. Pathologies associated with an increase or decrease in melatonin levels are summarized in the review. Melatonin affects by four mechanisms: 1) Binding to melatonin receptors in plasma membrane, 2) Binding to intracellular proteins such as calmoduline, 3) Binding to Orphan nuclear receptors, and 4) Antioxidant effect. Receptors associated with melatonin are as follows: 1) Melatonin receptor type 1a: MT1 (on cell membrane), 2) Melatonin receptor type 1b: MT2 (on cell membrane), 3) Melatonin receptor type 1c (found in fish, amphibians and birds), 4) Quinone reductase 2 enzyme (MT3 receptor, a detoxification enzyme), 5) RZR/RORα: Retinoid-related Orphan nuclear hormone receptor (with this receptor, melatonin binds to the transcription factors in nucleus), and 6) GPR50: X-linked Melatonin-related Orphan receptor (it is effective in binding of melatonin to MT1). Melatonin agonists such as ramelteon, agomelatine, circadin, TIK-301 and tasimelteon are introduced and side effects will be discussed. In conclusion, melatonin and related drugs is a new and promising era for medicine. Melatonin receptors and melatonin drugs will take attention with greater interest day by day in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mucahit Emet
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Halil Ozcan
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Lutfu Ozel
- Department of Neurology, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Yayla
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halici
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
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Martin T, Moussay S, Bulla I, Bulla J, Toupet M, Etard O, Denise P, Davenne D, Coquerel A, Quarck G. Exploration of Circadian Rhythms in Patients with Bilateral Vestibular Loss. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155067. [PMID: 27341473 PMCID: PMC4920359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New insights have expanded the influence of the vestibular system to the regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Indeed, hypergravity or bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) in rodents causes a disruption in their daily rhythmicity for several days. The vestibular system thus influences hypothalamic regulation of circadian rhythms on Earth, which raises the question of whether daily rhythms might be altered due to vestibular pathology in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate human circadian rhythmicity in people presenting a total bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) in comparison with control participants. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Nine patients presenting a total idiopathic BVL and 8 healthy participants were compared. Their rest-activity cycle was recorded by actigraphy at home over 2 weeks. The daily rhythm of temperature was continuously recorded using a telemetric device and salivary cortisol was recorded every 3 hours from 6:00AM to 9:00PM over 24 hours. BVL patients displayed a similar rest activity cycle during the day to control participants but had higher nocturnal actigraphy, mainly during weekdays. Sleep efficiency was reduced in patients compared to control participants. Patients had a marked temperature rhythm but with a significant phase advance (73 min) and a higher variability of the acrophase (from 2:24 PM to 9:25 PM) with no correlation to rest-activity cycle, contrary to healthy participants. Salivary cortisol levels were higher in patients compared to healthy people at any time of day. CONCLUSION We observed a marked circadian rhythmicity of temperature in patients with BVL, probably due to the influence of the light dark cycle. However, the lack of synchronization between the temperature and rest-activity cycle supports the hypothesis that the vestibular inputs are salient input to the circadian clock that enhance the stabilization and precision of both external and internal entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Martin
- UNICAEN, COMETE, 14032 Caen, France
- INSERM, U1075, 14032 Caen, France
- Normandie Universite, Caen, France
| | - Sébastien Moussay
- UNICAEN, COMETE, 14032 Caen, France
- INSERM, U1075, 14032 Caen, France
- Normandie Universite, Caen, France
| | - Ingo Bulla
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Group T-6, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Institut für Mathematik und Informatik, Universität Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 47, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Bulla
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michel Toupet
- Centre d’explorations fonctionnelles oto-neurologiques, 10 rue Falguière, 75 015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Etard
- Normandie Universite, Caen, France
- CHU de Caen, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Pierre Denise
- UNICAEN, COMETE, 14032 Caen, France
- INSERM, U1075, 14032 Caen, France
- Normandie Universite, Caen, France
- CHU de Caen, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Damien Davenne
- UNICAEN, COMETE, 14032 Caen, France
- INSERM, U1075, 14032 Caen, France
- Normandie Universite, Caen, France
| | - Antoine Coquerel
- UNICAEN, COMETE, 14032 Caen, France
- INSERM, U1075, 14032 Caen, France
- Normandie Universite, Caen, France
- CHU de Caen, Laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Gaëlle Quarck
- UNICAEN, COMETE, 14032 Caen, France
- INSERM, U1075, 14032 Caen, France
- Normandie Universite, Caen, France
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Blessing W, McAllen R, McKinley M. Control of the Cutaneous Circulation by the Central Nervous System. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1161-97. [PMID: 27347889 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS), via its control of sympathetic outflow, regulates blood flow to the acral cutaneous beds (containing arteriovenous anastomoses) as part of the homeostatic thermoregulatory process, as part of the febrile response, and as part of cognitive-emotional processes associated with purposeful interactions with the external environment, including those initiated by salient or threatening events (we go pale with fright). Inputs to the CNS for the thermoregulatory process include cutaneous sensory neurons, and neurons in the preoptic area sensitive to the temperature of the blood in the internal carotid artery. Inputs for cognitive-emotional control from the exteroceptive sense organs (touch, vision, sound, smell, etc.) are integrated in forebrain centers including the amygdala. Psychoactive drugs have major effects on the acral cutaneous circulation. Interoceptors, chemoreceptors more than baroreceptors, also influence cutaneous sympathetic outflow. A major advance has been the discovery of a lower brainstem control center in the rostral medullary raphé, regulating outflow to both brown adipose tissue (BAT) and to the acral cutaneous beds. Neurons in the medullary raphé, via their descending axonal projections, increase the discharge of spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons controlling the cutaneous vasculature, utilizing glutamate, and serotonin as neurotransmitters. Present evidence suggests that both thermoregulatory and cognitive-emotional control of the cutaneous beds from preoptic, hypothalamic, and forebrain centers is channeled via the medullary raphé. Future studies will no doubt further unravel the details of neurotransmitter pathways connecting these rostral control centers with the medullary raphé, and those operative within the raphé itself. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1161-1197, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Blessing
- Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
| | - Robin McAllen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael McKinley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Sharma S, Singh H, Ahmad N, Mishra P, Tiwari A. The role of melatonin in diabetes: therapeutic implications. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2015; 59:391-9. [PMID: 26331226 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin referred as the hormone of darkness is mainly secreted by pineal gland, its levels being elevated during night and low during the day. The effects of melatonin on insulin secretion are mediated through the melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2). It decreases insulin secretion by inhibiting cAMP and cGMP pathways but activates the phospholipaseC/IP3 pathway, which mobilizes Ca2+from organelles and, consequently increases insulin secretion. Both in vivo and in vitro, insulin secretion by the pancreatic islets in a circadian manner, is due to the melatonin action on the melatonin receptors inducing a phase shift in the cells. Melatonin may be involved in the genesis of diabetes as a reduction in melatonin levels and a functional interrelationship between melatonin and insulin was observed in diabetic patients. Evidences from experimental studies proved that melatonin induces production of insulin growth factor and promotes insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. The disturbance of internal circadian system induces glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, which could be restored by melatonin supplementation. Therefore, the presence of melatonin receptors on human pancreatic islets may have an impact on pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nabeel Ahmad
- School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Abe N, Kodama H. Distal-proximal skin temperature gradient prior to sleep onset in infants for clinical use. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:227-33. [PMID: 25142182 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of using distal-proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG) to predict sleep-onset latency of night-time sleep for infants at home. METHODS Foot (for distal) and abdominal (for proximal) skin temperature during sleep onset in healthy infants, aged 4-9 months, was continuously recorded using a temperature logger at home. Sleep-onset latency during each study night was defined as the interval from lights-off to sleep onset, determined on actigraphy. Association of DPG profile after lights-off with sleep-onset latency on the study nights was evaluated. RESULTS Data for 43 nights from 28 infants were available for analysis. With regard to low DPG (<-2.5°C) at lights-off, >60% of infants fell asleep within 30 min if DPG was increased to ≥-2.5°C within 15 min after lights-off. If DPG remained at <-2.5°C at 15 min after lights-off, however, only 20% of infants fell asleep within 30 min. In addition, if infants were still awake at 15 min after lights-off and the DPG at that time was <-2.5°C, they were not likely to quickly fall asleep (predictive value was 0.875). CONCLUSIONS Increase in DPG by 15 min after lights-off is a key determinant for sleep-onset latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Abe
- Japanese Red Cross Akita College of Nursing, Akita Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Science, Akita, Japan
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Ramos-Lobo AM, Buonfiglio DC, Cipolla-Neto J. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes disrupts the body temperature daily rhythm in rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:39. [PMID: 25960780 PMCID: PMC4424512 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, the temperature rhythm is regulated by the circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, and is considered a "marker rhythm". Melatonin, the pineal gland hormone, is a major regulator of the endogenous rhythms including body temperature. Its production is influenced by many factors, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus. In rats, diabetes leads to hypothermia and reduced melatonin synthesis; insulin treatment reestablishes both. AIM To study the body temperature daily rhythm of diabetic animals and the effects of insulin and/or melatonin treatment on its structure. METHODS We studied the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes (60 mg/kg) on the body temperature rhythm of Wistar rats and the possible modifications resulting from early and late treatments with insulin (6U/day) and/or melatonin (daily 0.5 mg/kg). We monitored the daily body temperature rhythm, its rhythmic parameters (MESOR, amplitude and acrophase), glycemia and body weight for 55 days. Data were classified by groups and expressed as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA analysis was performed followed by Bonferroni posttest. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Diabetes led to complete disruption of the temperature rhythm and hypothermia, which were accentuated over time. All early treatments (insulin or/and melatonin) prevented the temperature rhythm disruption and hypothermia. Insulin plus melatonin restored the body temperature rhythm whereas insulin alone resulted less efficient; melatonin alone did not restore any of the parameters studied; however, when supplemented close to diabetes onset, it maintained the temperature rhythmicity. All these corrective effects of the early treatments were dependent on the continuous maintenance of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings show the disruption of the body temperature daily rhythm, a new consequence of insulin-dependent diabetes, as well as the beneficial effect of the complementary action of melatonin and insulin restoring the normal rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Daniella C Buonfiglio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
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Costello RB, Lentino CV, Boyd CC, O'Connell ML, Crawford CC, Sprengel ML, Deuster PA. The effectiveness of melatonin for promoting healthy sleep: a rapid evidence assessment of the literature. Nutr J 2014; 13:106. [PMID: 25380732 PMCID: PMC4273450 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted using Samueli Institute’s Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature (REAL©) process to determine the evidence base for melatonin as an agent to optimize sleep or improve sleep quality, and generalize the results to a military, civilian, or other healthy, active, adult population. Multiple databases were searched yielding 35 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) meeting the review’s inclusion criteria, which were assessed for methodological quality as well as for melatonin effectiveness. The majority of included studies were high quality (83.0%). Overall, according to Grading Recommendations, Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, weak recommendations were made for preventing phase shifts from jet lag, for improving insomnia in both healthy volunteers and individuals with a history of insomnia, and for initiating sleep and/or improving sleep efficacy. Based on the literature to date, no recommendations for use in shift workers or to improve hormonal phase shift changes in healthy people can be made at this time. Larger and longer-duration RCTs utilizing well characterized products are needed to warrant melatonin recommendations in young, healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patricia A Deuster
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
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Expression and putative functions of melatonin receptors in malignant cells and tissues. Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 164:472-8. [PMID: 25023005 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, the popular hormone of the darkness, is primarily synthesized in the pineal gland, and acts classically through the G-protein coupled plasma membrane melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, respectively. Although some of the receptor mediated functions of melatonin, especially those on the (central) circadian system, have been more or less clarified, the functional meaning of MT-receptors in various peripheral organs are still not sufficiently investigated yet. There is, however, accumulating evidence for oncostatic effects of melatonin with both, antioxidative and MT-receptor mediated mechanisms possibly playing a role. This review briefly summarizes the physiology of melatonin and MT-receptors, and discusses the expression and function of MT-receptors in human cancer cells and tissues.
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Cronise RJ, Sinclair DA, Bremer AA. The "metabolic winter" hypothesis: a cause of the current epidemics of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:355-61. [PMID: 24918620 DOI: 10.1089/met.2014.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of the "Calorie" originated in the 1800 s in an environment with limited food availability, primarily as a means to define economic equivalencies in the energy density of food substrates. Soon thereafter, the energy densities of the major macronutrients-fat, protein, and carbohydrates-were defined. However, within a few decades of its inception, the "Calorie" became a commercial tool for industries to promote specific food products, regardless of health benefit. Modern technology has altered our living conditions and has changed our relationship with food from one of survival to palatability. Advances in agriculture, food manufacturing, and processing have ensured that calorie scarcity is less prevalent than calorie excess in the modern world. Yet, many still approach dietary macronutrients in a reductionist manner and assume that isocalorie foodstuffs are isometabolic. Herein, we discuss a novel way to view the major food macronutrients and human diet in this era of excessive caloric consumption, along with a novel relationship among calorie scarcity, mild cold stress, and sleep that may explain the increasing prevalence of nutritionally related diseases.
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Muehlhan M, Marxen M, Landsiedel J, Malberg H, Zaunseder S. The effect of body posture on cognitive performance: a question of sleep quality. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:171. [PMID: 24723874 PMCID: PMC3973903 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are conducted in the supine body posture, which has been discussed as a potential confounder of such examinations. The literature suggests that cognitive functions, such as problem solving or perception, differ between supine and upright postures. However, the effect of posture on many cognitive functions is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of body posture (supine vs. sitting) on one of the most frequently used paradigms in the cognitive sciences: the N-back working memory paradigm. Twenty-two subjects were investigated in a randomized within-subject design. Subjects performed the N-back task on two consecutive days in either the supine or the upright posture. Subjective sleep quality and chronic stress were recorded as covariates. Furthermore, changes in mood dimensions and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed during the experiment. Results indicate that the quality of sleep strongly affects reaction times when subjects performed a working memory task in a supine posture. These effects, however, could not be observed in the sitting position. The findings can be explained by HRV parameters that indicated differences in autonomic regulation in the upright vs. the supine posture. The finding is of particular relevance for fMRI group comparisons when group differences in sleep quality cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Muehlhan
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Michael Marxen
- Department of Psychology, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Julia Landsiedel
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Hagen Malberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zaunseder
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
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Martinez-Nicolas A, Madrid JA, Rol MA. Day-night contrast as source of health for the human circadian system. Chronobiol Int 2013; 31:382-93. [PMID: 24304407 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.861845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern societies are characterized by a 24/7 lifestyle (LS) with no environmental differences between day and night, resulting in weak zeitgebers (weak day light, absence of darkness during night, constant environmental temperature, sedentary LS and frequent snacking), and as a consequence, in an impaired circadian system (CS) through a process known as chronodisruption. Both weak zeitgebers and CS impairment are related to human pathologies (certain cancers, metabolic syndrome and affective and cognitive disorders), but little is known about how to chronoenhance the CS. The aim of this work is to propose practical strategies for chronoenhancement, based on accentuating the day/night contrast. For this, 131 young subjects were recruited, and their wrist temperature (WT), activity, body position, light exposure, environmental temperature and sleep were recorded under free-living conditions for 1 week. Subjects with high contrast (HC) and low contrast (LC) for each variable were selected to analyze the HC effect in activity, body position, environmental temperature, light exposure and sleep would have on WT. We found that HC showed better rhythms than LC for every variable except sleep. Subjects with HC and LC for WT also demonstrated differences in LS, where HC subjects had a slightly advanced night phase onset and a general increase in day/night contrast. In addition, theoretical high day/night contrast calculated using mathematical models suggests an improvement by means of LS contrast. Finally, some individuals classified as belonging to the HC group in terms of WT when they are exposed to the LS characteristic of the LC group, while others exhibit WT arrhythmicity despite their good LS habits, revealing two different WT components: an exogenous component modified by LS and another endogenous component that is refractory to it. Therefore, intensifying day/night contrast in subject's LS has proven to be a feasible measure to chronoenhance the CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martinez-Nicolas
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Biology, University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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