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Wang T, Zhong Y, Wei X. Early excellence and future performance advantage. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306134. [PMID: 38917179 PMCID: PMC11198806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the impact of athletes achieving excellence at different ages (excellent age) on their subsequent performance development. The aim was to deepen understanding of the interplay among talent, training, and athletes' performance development. Additionally, the study aimed to provide insights for athletics coaches to better identify talent and devise more effective personalized long-term training plans. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. METHOD A hierarchical linear model was employed to analyze the correlation between excellent age and subsequent performance development in a cohort of 775 elite track and field athletes. This analysis was expanded upon by the application of a general linear regression model, which was used to explore the relationship between excellent age and peak age, peak performance, as well as the growth in performance during adulthood. RESULTS As athletes reached excellence at later ages, their peak performance exhibited a U-shaped pattern(p <0.001), initially decreasing and then rising. Simultaneously, their peak age became increasingly advanced(p <0.001), with a progressively larger performance improvement during adulthood(p <0.001). In various disciplines, excellent age is negatively correlated with peak performance for speed athletes(p = 0.025), exhibiting a U-shaped pattern for endurance athletes(p = 0.024), and showing no significant correlation for fast-power athletes(p = 0.916). CONCLUSIONS Athletes who achieve excellence either early or later often show more remarkable future developments. However, there are significant distinctions in the age at which these athletes reach their peak performance and the pace of improvement leading up to it. Those who excel early may possess greater innate athletic talent, whereas those who excel later may exhibit superior training adaptability. Consequently, an athlete's early performance can predict his/her future performance trajectory, offering support for individualized long-term training plans. In summary, the age at which athletes achieve excellence may bring different advantages to their future athletic performance and development. This implies that we should harness these differences to uncover each athlete's maximum potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaping Zhong
- Sports Big-data Research Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Wei
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Grummt M, Hafermann L, Claussen L, Herrmann C, Wolfarth B. Rating of Perceived Exertion: A Large Cross-Sectional Study Defining Intensity Levels for Individual Physical Activity Recommendations. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:71. [PMID: 38856875 PMCID: PMC11164849 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a growing risk factor worldwide, therefore getting people into sports is necessary. When prescribing physical activity, it is essential to recommend the correct training intensities. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) enables precise determination of individuals' training intensities but is unavailable for a broad population. Therefore, the Borg scale allows individuals to assess perceived exertion and set their intensity easily and cost-efficiently. In order to transfer CPX to rating of perceived exertion (RPE), previous studies investigated RPE on specific physiological anchors, e.g. blood lactate (bLa) concentrations, but representativeness for a broad population is questionable. Some contradictory findings regarding individual factors influencing RPE occur, whereas univariable analysis has been performed so far. Moreover, a multivariable understanding of individual factors influencing RPE is missing. This study aims to determine RPE values at the individual anaerobic threshold (LT2) and defined bLa concentrations in a large cohort and to evaluate individual factors influencing RPE with multivariable analysis. METHODS CPX with bicycle or treadmill ergometer of 6311 participants were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. RPE values at bLa concentrations 2 mmol/l, 3 mmol/l, 4 mmol/l, and LT2 (first rise in bLa over baseline + 1.5 mmol/l) were estimated by spline interpolation. Multivariable cumulative ordinal regression models were performed to assess the influence of sex, age, type of ergometry, VO2max, and duration of exercise testing on RPE. RESULTS Median values [interquartile range (IQR)] of the total population were RPE 13 [11; 14] at 2 mmol/l, RPE 15 [13; 16] at 3 mmol/l, RPE 16 [15; 17] at 4 mmol/l, and RPE 15 [14; 16] at LT2. Main influence of individual factors on RPE were seen especially at 2 mmol/l: male sex (odds ratio (OR) [95%-CI]: 0.65 [0.587; 0.719]), treadmill ergometry (OR 0.754 [0.641; 0.886]), number of stages (OR 1.345 [1.300; 1.394]), age (OR 1.015 [1.012; 1.018]), and VO2max (OR 1.023 [1.015; 1.030]). Number of stages was the only identified influencing factor on RPE at all lactate concentrations/LT2 (3 mmol/l: OR 1.290 [1.244; 1.336]; 4 mmol/l: OR 1.229 [1.187; 1.274]; LT2: OR 1.155 [1.115; 1.197]). CONCLUSION Our results suggest RPE ≤ 11 for light intensity, RPE 12-14 for moderate intensity, and RPE 15-17 for vigorous intensity, which slightly differs from the current American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations. Additionally, we propose an RPE of 15 delineating heavy and severe intensity domain. Age, sex, type of ergometry, duration of exercise, and cardiopulmonary fitness should be considered when recommending individualized intensities with RPE, primarily at lower intensities. Therefore, this study can be used as a new guideline for prescribing individual RPE values in the clinical practice, predominantly for endurance type exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Grummt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Philippstr. 13 Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lorena Hafermann
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Claussen
- Institute of Sports Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Herrmann
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Philippstr. 13 Haus 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Sports Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Kuerschner B, Kirton M, Dalleck LC, Beleigoli A, Gebremichael L, Weatherwax R, Ramos JS. The impact of individualised versus standardised endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in inactive adults. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:326-332. [PMID: 38388327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of individualised versus standardised combined endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in physically inactive adults. DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. METHODS Fifty-four participants aged 21-55 years were randomised into three groups; 1) non-exercise control (n = 18), 2) standardised moderate-intensity continuous training (n = 18), or 3) individualised moderate-intensity continuous training + high-intensity interval training (n = 18). The fitness-fatness index was calculated by dividing cardiorespiratory fitness (expressed as metabolic equivalents) by the waist-to-height ratio. Participants were classified as likely responders to the intervention if a change of ≥1 fitness-fatness index unit was achieved. RESULTS The individualised group showed the greatest fitness-fatness index improvement (between group difference p < 0.001), with 100 % of this group classified as likely responders, compared to the standardised (68 %) and non-exercise control (0 %) groups. CONCLUSIONS An individualised, threshold-based exercise programme may produce more favourable changes in the fitness-fatness index than a standardised exercise programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Kuerschner
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
| | - Michael Kirton
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
| | - Lance C Dalleck
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia; Western Colorad University, Recreation, Exercise & Sports Science Department, USA
| | - Alline Beleigoli
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Lemlem Gebremichael
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Ryan Weatherwax
- Southern Oregon University, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Ashland, USA
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia; Flinders University, Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Australia.
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Ellis C, Ingram TE, Kite C, Taylor SR, Howard E, Pike JL, Lee E, Buckley JP. Effects of a Transoceanic Rowing Challenge on Cardiorespiratory Function and Muscle Fitness. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:349-358. [PMID: 37931909 DOI: 10.1055/a-2205-1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance sports and exercise events are becoming increasingly popular for older age groups. We aimed to evaluate changes in cardiac function and physical fitness in males aged 50-60 years who completed a 50-day transoceanic rowing challenge. This case account of four self-selected males included electro- and echo-cardiography (ECG, echo), cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness measures recorded nine months prior to and three weeks after a transatlantic team-rowing challenge. No clinically significant changes to myocardial function were found over the course of the study. The training and race created expected functional changes to left ventricular and atrial function; the former associated with training, the latter likely due to dehydration, both resolving towards baseline within three weeks post-event. From race-start to finish all rowers lost 8.4-15.6 kg of body mass. Absolute cardiorespiratory power and muscular strength were lower three weeks post-race compared to pre-race, but cardiorespiratory exercise economy improved in this same period. A structured program of moderate-vigorous aerobic endurance and muscular training for>6 months, followed by 50-days of transoceanic rowing in older males proved not to cause any observable acute or potential long-term risks to cardiovascular health. Pre-event screening, fitness testing, and appropriate training is recommended, especially in older participants where age itself is an increasingly significant risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ellis
- Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, Cardio Respiratory, Apley Castle Telford, TF16TF, UK
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, Health & Exercise Medicine, University Centre, Shrewsbury, The Guildhall, Frankwell, Shrewsbury, SY3 8HQ, UK
| | - Thomas E Ingram
- Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, Cardio Respiratory, Apley Castle Telford, TF16TF, UK
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, Health & Exercise Medicine, University Centre, Shrewsbury, The Guildhall, Frankwell, Shrewsbury, SY3 8HQ, UK
| | - Chris Kite
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, Health & Exercise Medicine, University Centre, Shrewsbury, The Guildhall, Frankwell, Shrewsbury, SY3 8HQ, UK
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Suzan R Taylor
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, Health & Exercise Medicine, University Centre, Shrewsbury, The Guildhall, Frankwell, Shrewsbury, SY3 8HQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Howard
- Spire Healthcare Ltd, Perform at St Georges Park, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, DE13 9PD, UK
| | - Joanna L Pike
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, Health & Exercise Medicine, University Centre, Shrewsbury, The Guildhall, Frankwell, Shrewsbury, SY3 8HQ, UK
| | - Eveline Lee
- Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, Cardio Respiratory, Apley Castle Telford, TF16TF, UK
| | - John P Buckley
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, Health & Exercise Medicine, University Centre, Shrewsbury, The Guildhall, Frankwell, Shrewsbury, SY3 8HQ, UK
- Keele University, School of Allied Health Professions, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
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Noone J, Mucinski JM, DeLany JP, Sparks LM, Goodpaster BH. Understanding the variation in exercise responses to guide personalized physical activity prescriptions. Cell Metab 2024; 36:702-724. [PMID: 38262420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that contribute to exercise response variation is the first step in achieving the goal of developing personalized exercise prescriptions. This review discusses the key molecular and other mechanistic factors, both extrinsic and intrinsic, that influence exercise responses and health outcomes. Extrinsic characteristics include the timing and dose of exercise, circadian rhythms, sleep habits, dietary interactions, and medication use, whereas intrinsic factors such as sex, age, hormonal status, race/ethnicity, and genetics are also integral. The molecular transducers of exercise (i.e., genomic/epigenomic, proteomic/post-translational, transcriptomic, metabolic/metabolomic, and lipidomic elements) are considered with respect to variability in physiological and health outcomes. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges that impede our ability to develop effective personalized exercise prescriptions. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) aims to fill significant gaps in the understanding of exercise response variability, yet further investigations are needed to address additional health outcomes across all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Noone
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | | | - James P DeLany
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
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Liu D, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Han R, Cheng D, Wu L, Guo J, Yu X, Ge W, Ni J, Li Y, Ma T, Fang Q, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Sun B, Li H, Jia W. Exercise-induced improvement of glycemic fluctuation and its relationship with fat and muscle distribution in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2024; 16:e13549. [PMID: 38584275 PMCID: PMC10999499 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Management of blood glucose fluctuation is essential for diabetes. Exercise is a key therapeutic strategy for diabetes patients, although little is known about determinants of glycemic response to exercise training. We aimed to investigate the effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on blood glucose fluctuation in type 2 diabetes patients and explore the predictors of exercise-induced glycemic response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty sedentary diabetes patients were randomly assigned to control or exercise group. Participants in the control group maintained sedentary lifestyle for 2 weeks, and those in the exercise group specifically performed combined exercise training for 1 week. All participants received dietary guidance based on a recommended diet chart. Glycemic fluctuation was measured by flash continuous glucose monitoring. Baseline fat and muscle distribution were accurately quantified through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Combined exercise training decreased SD of sensor glucose (SDSG, exercise-pre vs exercise-post, mean 1.35 vs 1.10 mmol/L, p = .006) and coefficient of variation (CV, mean 20.25 vs 17.20%, p = .027). No significant change was observed in the control group. Stepwise multiple linear regression showed that baseline MRI-quantified fat and muscle distribution, including visceral fat area (β = -0.761, p = .001) and mid-thigh muscle area (β = 0.450, p = .027), were significantly independent predictors of SDSG change in the exercise group, as well as CV change. CONCLUSIONS Combined exercise training improved blood glucose fluctuation in diabetes patients. Baseline fat and muscle distribution were significant factors that influence glycemic response to exercise, providing new insights into personalized exercise intervention for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Di Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Clinical Research CenterShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangtian Yu
- Clinical Research CenterShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenli Ge
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Jiacheng Ni
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Yaohui Li
- School of Sports Science and Physical EducationNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tianshu Ma
- Department of KinesiologyNanjing Sport InstituteNanjingChina
| | - Qichen Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Sports and Health ScienceNanjing Sport InstituteNanjingChina
| | - Yanan Zhao
- School of Sports Science and Physical EducationNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Biao Sun
- Department of KinesiologyNanjing Sport InstituteNanjingChina
| | - Huating Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes MellitusShanghaiChina
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Hota M, Barber JL, Ruiz-Ramie JJ, Schwartz CS, Lam DTUH, Rao P, Mi MY, Katz DH, Robbins JM, Clish CB, Gerszten RE, Sarzynski MA, Ghosh S, Bouchard C. Omics-driven investigation of the biology underlying intrinsic submaximal working capacity and its trainability. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:517-543. [PMID: 37661925 PMCID: PMC11178266 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00163.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Submaximal exercise capacity is an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness with clinical and public health implications. Submaximal exercise capacity and its response to exercise programs are characterized by heritability levels of about 40%. Using physical working capacity (power output) at a heart rate of 150 beats/min (PWC150) as an indicator of submaximal exercise capacity in subjects of the HERITAGE Family Study, we have undertaken multi-omics and in silico explorations of the underlying biology of PWC150 and its response to 20 wk of endurance training. Our goal was to illuminate the biological processes and identify panels of genes associated with human variability in intrinsic PWC150 (iPWC150) and its trainability (dPWC150). Our bioinformatics approach was based on a combination of genome-wide association, skeletal muscle gene expression, and plasma proteomics and metabolomics experiments. Genes, proteins, and metabolites showing significant associations with iPWC150 or dPWC150 were further queried for the enrichment of biological pathways. We compared genotype-phenotype associations of emerging candidate genes with reported functional consequences of gene knockouts in mouse models. We investigated the associations between DNA variants and multiple muscle and cardiovascular phenotypes measured in HERITAGE subjects. Two panels of prioritized genes of biological relevance to iPWC150 (13 genes) and dPWC150 (6 genes) were identified, supporting the hypothesis that genes and pathways associated with iPWC150 are different from those underlying dPWC150. Finally, the functions of these genes and pathways suggested that human variation in submaximal exercise capacity is mainly driven by skeletal muscle morphology and metabolism and red blood cell oxygen-carrying capacity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Multi-omics and in silico explorations of the genes and underlying biology of submaximal exercise capacity and its response to 20 wk of endurance training were undertaken. Prioritized genes were identified: 13 genes for variation in submaximal exercise capacity in the sedentary state and 5 genes for the response level to endurance training, with no overlap between them. Genes and pathways associated with submaximal exercise capacity in the sedentary state are different from those underlying trainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Hota
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jacob L Barber
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jonathan J Ruiz-Ramie
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Charles S Schwartz
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Do Thuy Uyen Ha Lam
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prashant Rao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael Y Mi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Daniel H Katz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jeremy M Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Clary B Clish
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Section, Human Genomics Core, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
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8
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LaRocca TJ, Smith ME, Freeberg KA, Craighead DH, Helmuth T, Robinson MM, Nair KS, Bryan AD, Seals DR. Novel whole blood transcriptome signatures of changes in maximal aerobic capacity in response to endurance exercise training in healthy women. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:338-344. [PMID: 37335021 PMCID: PMC10396280 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00017.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximal aerobic exercise capacity [maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max)] is one of the strongest predictors of morbidity and mortality. Aerobic exercise training can increase V̇o2max, but inter-individual variability is marked and unexplained physiologically. The mechanisms underlying this variability have major clinical implications for extending human healthspan. Here, we report a novel transcriptome signature related to ΔV̇o2max with exercise training detected in whole blood RNA. We used RNA-Seq to characterize transcriptomic signatures of ΔV̇o2max in healthy women who completed a 16-wk randomized controlled trial comparing supervised, higher versus lower aerobic exercise training volume and intensity (4 training groups, fully crossed). We found significant baseline gene expression differences in subjects who responded to aerobic exercise training with robust versus little/no ΔV̇o2max, and differentially expressed genes/transcripts were mostly related to inflammatory signaling and mitochondrial function/protein translation. Baseline gene expression signatures associated with robust versus little/no ΔV̇o2max were also modulated by exercise training in a dose-dependent manner, and they predicted ΔV̇o2max in this and a separate dataset. Collectively, our data demonstrate the potential utility of using whole blood transcriptomics to study the biology of inter-individual variability in responsiveness to the same exercise training stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J LaRocca
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
- Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Meghan E Smith
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
- Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Kaitlin A Freeberg
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Daniel H Craighead
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Timothy Helmuth
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
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Kaminsky LA, Imboden MT, Ozemek C. It's Time to (Again) Recognize the Considerable Clinical and Public Health Significance of Cardiorespiratory Fitness. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:1148-1150. [PMID: 36948730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Kaminsky
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA; Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Mary T Imboden
- Department of Kinesiology, George Fox University, Newberg, Oregon, USA; Health Enhancement Research Organization, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cemal Ozemek
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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The genetic basis of exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness – Relation to cardiovascular disease. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2023.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Thomas HJ, Marsh CE, Lester L, Maslen BA, Naylor LH, Green DJ. Sex differences in cardiovascular risk factor responses to resistance and endurance training in younger subjects. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H67-H78. [PMID: 36399383 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00482.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study compared differences in cardiovascular (CV) risk factor responses between males and females following endurance (END) and resistance (RES) training. We present the frequency of responders to each training modality and the magnitude of response. Using a randomized crossover design, 68 healthy adults [age: female (F): 24.5 ± 4.6; male (M): 27.3 ± 6.6] completed 3 mo of RES and END, with 3 mo washout. Peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak), strength, body composition, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, and lipids were measured. V̇o2peak (L/min) significantly increased in both sexes following END, but not RES. The magnitude of change was larger in males (F: +0.20 L/min; M: +0.32 L/min), although this did not achieve statistical significance (P = 0.051). Strength significantly increased in both sexes following RES (P < 0.01), with a larger increase in males (Leg press: F: +39 kg; M: +63 kg; P < 0.05). Lean mass significantly increased in both sexes (P < 0.01) following RES and fat mass decreased in females following END (P = 0.019). The change in C-reactive protein following END was significantly different between sexes (F: -0.4 mg/L; M: +0.5 mg/L; P = 0.035). There were no differences between sexes in the proportion of individuals who responded positively to any variable following RES or END; differences between sexes were due to the magnitude of change. Males had a larger increase in V̇o2peak following END and strength following RES. There were no sex differences in other CV risk factors. This suggests differences in physiological responses to strength and V̇o2peak may not translate to changes in CV risk in healthy subjects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigated sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors in response to different exercise training modalities. Males had a larger improvement in peak oxygen consumption following endurance training and strength following resistance training compared with females. These changes in peak oxygen consumption and strength did not translate to changes in other cardiovascular risk factors. Despite the greater magnitude of change in males, there were no sex differences in the proportion of individuals who responded to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Thomas
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Channa E Marsh
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne Lester
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Barbara A Maslen
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Xie L, Gou B, Bai S, Yang D, Zhang Z, Di X, Su C, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang J. Unsupervised cluster analysis reveals distinct subgroups in healthy population with different exercise responses of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:147-156. [PMID: 36688000 PMCID: PMC9827383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable attention has been paid to interindividual differences in the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) response to exercise. However, the complex multifactorial nature of CRF response variability poses a significant challenge to our understanding of this issue. We aimed to explore whether unsupervised clustering can take advantage of large amounts of clinical data and identify latent subgroups with different CRF exercise responses within a healthy population. Methods 252 healthy participants (99 men, 153 women; 36.8 ± 13.4 yr) completed moderate endurance training on 3 days/week for 4 months, with exercise intensity prescribed based on anaerobic threshold (AT). Detailed clinical measures, including resting vital signs, ECG, cardiorespiratory parameters, echocardiography, heart rate variability, spirometry and laboratory data, were obtained before and after the exercise intervention. Baseline phenotypic variables that were significantly correlated with CRF exercise response were identified and subjected to selection steps, leaving 10 minimally redundant variables, including age, BMI, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal heart rate, VO2 at AT as a percentage of VO2max, minute ventilation at AT, interventricular septal thickness of end-systole, E velocity, root mean square of heart rate variability, and hematocrit. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was performed on these variables to detect latent subgroups that may be associated with different CRF exercise responses. Results Unsupervised clustering revealed two mutually exclusive groups with distinct baseline phenotypes and CRF exercise responses. The two groups differed markedly in baseline characteristics, initial fitness, echocardiographic measurements, laboratory values, and heart rate variability parameters. A significant improvement in CRF following the 16-week endurance training, expressed by the absolute change in VO2max, was observed only in one of the two groups (3.42 ± 0.4 vs 0.58 ± 0.65 ml⋅kg-1∙min-1, P = 0.002). Assuming a minimal clinically important difference of 3.5 ml⋅kg-1∙min-1 in VO2max, the proportion of population response was 56.1% and 13.9% for group 1 and group 2, respectively (P<0.001). Although group 1 exhibited no significant improvement in CRF at group level, a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (70.4 ± 7.8 vs 68.7 ± 7.2 mm Hg, P = 0.027) was observed. Conclusions Unsupervised learning based on dense phenotypic characteristics identified meaningful subgroups within a healthy population with different CRF responses following standardized aerobic training. Our model could serve as a useful tool for clinicians to develop personalized exercise prescriptions and optimize training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bo Gou
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Shuwen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaohui Di
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chunwang Su
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Jianbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China,Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, China.
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Thomas HJ, Marsh CE, Maslen BA, Lester L, Naylor LH, Green DJ. Endurance versus resistance training in treatment of cardiovascular risk factors: A randomized cross-over trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274082. [PMID: 36067151 PMCID: PMC9447867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Individual variability in traditional cardiovascular risk factor responses to different exercise modalities has not been directly addressed in humans using a randomized cross-over design.
Methods
Body weight and body mass index, resting blood pressure, blood glucose, insulin and lipids were assessed in 68 healthy untrained adults (26±6 years) who underwent three-months of exercise training targeted at improving cardiopulmonary fitness (endurance) and skeletal muscle function (resistance), separated by three-months washout.
Results
There were significant increases in weight and body mass index following resistance (+0.8 kg, P<0.01; and +0.26 kg/m2, P<0.01, respectively), but not endurance (+0.1 kg, P = 0.75; and +0.03 kg/m2, P = 0.70, respectively). Although no significant group changes resulted from training in other cardiovascular risk factors, the positive response rate for all variables ranged from 27–49% for resistance and 42–58% for endurance. Between 39–59% of individuals who did not respond to resistance nonetheless responded to endurance, and 28–54% who did not respond to endurance responded to resistance.
Conclusion
Whilst, on average, 12 weeks of resistance or endurance did not change most cardiovascular risk factors, many subjects showed robust positive responses. Exercise modality had an impact on the proportion of subjects who responded to training, and non-response to one mode of training did not imply non-response to the alternate mode. Although the effect of exercise on a single risk factor may be modest, the effect on overall cardiovascular risk profile can be dramatic.
Study registration
The study was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, which was published prior to recruitment and randomization (ACTRN12616001095459).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Thomas
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Channa E. Marsh
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Barbara A. Maslen
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne Lester
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise H. Naylor
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Manresa-Rocamora A, Sarabia JM, Guillen-Garcia S, Pérez-Berbel P, Miralles-Vicedo B, Roche E, Vicente-Salar N, Moya-Ramón M. Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Improving Mortality Predictors in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10463. [PMID: 36078179 PMCID: PMC9518028 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training improves mortality predictors to a greater extent than predefined training in coronary artery disease patients. Twenty-one patients were randomly allocated to the HRV-guided training group (HRV-G) or the predefined training group (PRED-G). They measured their HRV at home daily and trained three times a week for six weeks. Resting heart rate, isolated vagal-related HRV indices (i.e., RMSSD, HF, and SD1), weekly averaged RMSSD, heart rate recovery, and maximum oxygen uptake were assessed before and after the training period. There was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.034) in the change in weekly averaged RMSSD in favor of the HRV-G, while no differences were found in the remaining analyzed variables (p > 0.050). Regardless of the training prescription method, exercise training decreased resting heart rate (p = 0.001; -4.10 [95% CI = -6.37--1.82] beats per minute (bpm)), and increased heart rate recovery at 2 min (p = 0.010; 4.33 [95% CI = 1.15-7.52] bpm) and maximum oxygen uptake (p < 0.001; 3.04 [95% CI = 1.70-4.37] mL·kg-1·min-1). HRV-guided training is superior to predefined training in improving vagal-related HRV when methodological factors are accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sarabia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Patricio Pérez-Berbel
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Juan, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario del Vinalopó, 03293 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Roche
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Néstor Vicente-Salar
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
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Leahy DJ, Dalleck LC, Ramos JS. Changes in the Fitness Fatness Index following reduced exertion high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in physically inactive adults. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:961957. [PMID: 35992158 PMCID: PMC9388827 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.961957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMany adults do not reach the recommended exercise participation guidelines, often citing lack of time as a barrier. Reduced exertion high-intensity training (REHIT) is a mode of exercise that takes as few as 10 min and has been shown to be as effective as other modalities. The Fitness Fatness Index (FFI) is a recently developed index that is used to predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a REHIT vs. a traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on FFI in physically inactive adults.MethodsThirty-two participants were randomized into one of two 8-week exercise intervention groups: (i) REHIT (n = 16); (ii) MICT (n = 16). The REHIT group performed 10 min of individualized cycling intervals on 2–4 days of the week. The MICT group were prescribed aerobic exercise at 50–65% of their heart rate reserve (HRR) on 3–5 days of the week. FFI was recorded at baseline and post 8-weeks, with FFI being calculated as cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (expressed as metabolic equivalents) divided by waist to height ratio (WtHR). A 1-unit increase in FFI was recognized as a clinically significant change in FFI.ResultsThe REHIT group showed significantly greater (+1.95, ±0.63) improvements in FFI compared to those in the MICT (+0.99, ±0.47) group (between group difference, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a greater proportion of participants who achieved a clinically significant change in FFI in the REHIT group (12/12, 100%) than in the MICT group (8/15, 53%) (between group difference, p = 0.01).ConclusionThis study suggests that REHIT may be a more efficacious exercise modality to increase FFI than MICT. This outcome is beneficial as the clinician can prescribe REHIT to physically inactive adults who cite lack of time as a barrier to physical activity participation and achieve significant reductions in CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Leahy
- Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lance C. Dalleck
- Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Recreation, Exercise and Sport, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO, United States
| | - Joyce S. Ramos
- Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Joyce S. Ramos
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Associations Between Selected Biological Features and Absolute and Relative Swimming Performance of Prepubescent Boys Over a 3-Year Swimming Training Program: A Longitudinal Study. J Hum Kinet 2022; 83:143-153. [PMID: 36157965 PMCID: PMC9465769 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of 3-year swimming training on selected biological variables in prepubescent male swimmers and to determine the best predictors of absolute (VSa) and relative (VSr) swimming velocity for 50 m and 400 m front crawl. Twenty-one 10-year old boys subjected to endurance swimming training (4 x 70 min per week) and 18 boys consisting a control group were assessed semi-annually for basic anthropometric and respiratory characteristics, breath-hold time (BHT), VO2max, leg explosiveness (HJ), and abdominal strength endurance (ASE). After three years of training, BHT (p < 0.001), VO2max (p < 0.01), HJ (p < 0.01) and ASE (p < 0.01) were greater in the swimmers than in the controls. VSa and VSr expressed as a percentage of baseline velocity increased more for the 50 m than for the 400 m distance (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). The 50 m VSa and VSr positively correlated with those obtained for the distance of 400 m (in both cases p < 0.001). Baseline VSa was negatively correlated with the increase in absolute swimming velocity for both distances (50 m: r = -0.684, p < 0.001 and 400 m: r = -0.673, p < 0.001). The best predictors of VSa for 50 m and 400 m front crawl were HJ (r2 = 0.388; p < 0.001) and VO2max (r2 = 0.333; p < 0.001), respectively. The key predictors of VSr for both distances were age (50 m: r2 = 0.340, p < 0.001 and 400 m: r2 = 0.207, p < 0.001) and, after excluding it from analysis, HJ (50 m: r2 = 0.176, p < 0.001 and 400 m: r2 = 0.104, p < 0.001). These results suggest that regardless of prepubescent boys’ initial abilities and exercise capacity, improvement in their swimming performance mainly depends on increases in power and neuromuscular coordination.
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Gabriel KP, Jaeger BC, Sternfeld B, Dooley EE, Carnethon MR, Jacobs DR, Lewis CE, Hornikel B, Reis JP, Schreiner PJ, Shikany JM, Whitaker KM, Sidney S. Factors Associated with Age-Related Declines in Cardiorespiratory Fitness from Early Adulthood Through Midlife: CARDIA. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1147-1154. [PMID: 35704440 PMCID: PMC9201221 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to describe maximal and submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness from early adulthood to midlife and examine differences in maximal fitness at age 20 yr and changes in fitness overtime by subcategories of sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related factors. METHODS Data include 5018 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults participants (mean (SD) age, 24.8 (3.7) yr; 53.3% female; and 51.4% Black participants) who completed at least one maximal graded exercise test at baseline and/or the year 7 and 20 exams. Maximal and submaximal fitness were estimated by exercise duration and heart rate at the end of stage 2. Multivariable adjusted linear-mixed models were used to estimate fitness trajectories using age as the mechanism for time after adjustment for covariates. Fitness trajectories from ages 20 to 50 yr in 5-yr increments were estimated overall and by subgroups determined by each factor after adjustment for duration within the less favorable category. RESULTS Mean (95% confidence interval) maximal fitness at age 20 and 50 yr was 613 (607-616) and 357 (350-362) s; submaximal heart rate during this period also reflected age-related fitness declines (126 (125-127) and 138 (137-138) bpm). Compared with men, women had lower maximal fitness at age 20 yr (P < 0.001), which persisted over follow-up (P < 0.001); differences were also found by race within sex strata (all P < 0.001). Differences in maximal fitness at age 20 yr were noted by socioeconomic, behavioral, and health-related status in young adulthood (all P < 0.05), which persisted over follow-up (all P < 0.001) and were generally consistent in sex-stratified analyses. CONCLUSIONS Targeting individuals experiencing accelerated fitness declines with tailored intervention strategies may provide an opportunity to preserve fitness throughout midlife to reduce lifetime cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Byron C. Jaeger
- Wake Forest University; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Department of Biostatistics and Data Science; Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Barbara Sternfeld
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California; Division of Research, Oakland, CA
| | - Erin E. Dooley
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology; Birmingham, AL
| | - Mercedes R. Carnethon
- Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Department of Preventive Medicine; Chicago, IL
| | - David R. Jacobs
- University of Minnesota; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health; Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cora E. Lewis
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology; Birmingham, AL
| | - Bjoern Hornikel
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Epidemiology; Birmingham, AL
| | - Jared P. Reis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Division of Cardiovascular Sciences; Bethesda, MD
| | - Pamela J. Schreiner
- University of Minnesota; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health; Minneapolis, MN
| | - James M. Shikany
- University of Alabama at Birmingham; Division of Preventive Medicine; Birmingham, AL
| | - Kara M. Whitaker
- University of Iowa; Department of Health and Human Physiology; Iowa City, IA
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California; Division of Research, Oakland, CA
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Tangen EM, Gjestvang C, Stensrud T, Haakstad LAH. Is there an association between total physical activity level and VO 2max among fitness club members? A cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:109. [PMID: 35715819 PMCID: PMC9206379 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Since cardiorespiratory fitness is an important predictor for all-cause mortality, it is of interest to know if meeting the physical activity (PA) recommendations is associated with higher levels of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). We aimed to investigate the association between total PA level given as counts per minute (cpm) and minutes in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and VO2max in new fitness club members.
Methods A total of 62 men and 63 women (≥ 18 years), defined as healthy (no disease considered to hinder PA) participated in this study. VO2max (mL kg−1 min−1) was measured with a cardiopulmonary exercise (modified Balke protocol), and total PA level was measured with ActiGraph GT1M for seven consecutive days. All participants accumulating ≥ 10 h of activity recordings ≥ 4 days were included in the data analysis. To examine associations between PA level and VO2max, a Pearson correlation and a multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for covariates were used. Results VO2max (mL kg−1 min−1) was 40.5 ± 7.2 in men and 35.1 ± 6.0 in women. Total PA level (cpm) and MVPA (min) were 352.4 ± 123.4 and 260.0 ± 132.6 in men and 361.4 ± 103.8 and 273.2 ± 137.0 in women. Total PA level (men: r = 0.346, p < 0.01, women: r = 0.267 p < 0.01) and MVPA (men: r = 0.359, p = < 0.01, women: r = 0.236, p = 0.03) was associated with VO2max. When adjusting for age and body fat percentage, total PA level and MVPA were no longer associated with VO2max (men: p = 0.11 and p = 0.79, women: p = 0.40 and p = 0.61). In men, age (β = − 0.469 p < 0.01) and body fat percentage (β = − 0.483, p < 0.01) were the strongest predictor for VO2max. For women, body fat percentage was the strongest predictor for VO2max (β = − 0.483, p < 0.01). Conclusions Total PA level and MVPA were associated with VO2max, but the association was low and diminished when adjusted for age and body fat percentage. Body fat percentage (men and women) and age (men) were more strongly associated with VO2max than total PA level and MVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elene Mauseth Tangen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, P.O Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christina Gjestvang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, P.O Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trine Stensrud
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, P.O Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene A H Haakstad
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, P.O Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway
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Myers J, Harber MP, Johnson L, Arena R, Kaminsky LA. Current state of unhealthy living characteristics in White, African American and Latinx populations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 71:20-26. [PMID: 35594981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The United States (US) is similar to most industrialized countries in that it falls short on many of the basic metrics related to cardiovascular and overall health. These metrics include nutritional patterns, levels of physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and prevalence of overweight and obesity. These issues are even more apparent in underserved communities, among whom unhealthy living characteristics cluster and contribute to a disproportionate chronic disease burden. The reasons for these inequities are complex and include social and economic factors as well as reduced access to health care. CRF has been demonstrated to be a critically important risk factor that tends to be lower in disadvantaged groups. In this article we discuss the current state of health & lifestyle characteristics in the US, the impact of social inequality on health, and the particular role that CRF and PA patterns play in the current state of unhealthy living characteristics as they relate to underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Myers
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System and Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Matthew P Harber
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, USA; Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Lakeisha Johnson
- Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA; Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being, College of Health, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Ross Arena
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leonard A Kaminsky
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, USA; Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being, College of Health, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
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20
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Fausto BA, Gluck MA. Low body mass and high-quality sleep maximize the ability of aerobic fitness to promote improved cognitive function in older African Americans. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2022; 27:909-928. [PMID: 32931310 PMCID: PMC7956916 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2020.1821176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTObjectives: Because African Americans are at elevated risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease, it is important to understand which health and lifestyle factors are most important for reducing this risk. Obesity and poor sleep quality are common in lower-income, urban African Americans and have been linked to cognitive decline in older age. Fortunately, increasing aerobic fitness via regular exercise can improve cognitive function. This study sought to (1) examine the cross-sectional relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older African Americans, and (2) determine whether body mass index and sleep quality moderated the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition.Design: 402 older African Americans, ages 60-90 (84% female, mean education level = 14 years) completed neuropsychological testing, computerized behavioral tasks, physical performance measures, and health and lifestyle questionnaires. Hierarchical linear regressions were performed to determine associations between aerobic fitness and cognition and whether body mass index and sleep quality moderate the fitness-cognition relationship while controlling for age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, and literacy.Results: Higher aerobic fitness levels were significantly associated with better executive function. The relationships between fitness and hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions (learning and memory, generalization) were attenuated in those who are obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) or rated their sleep quality as poor, ps < .05.Conclusion: Our results suggest that while exercise and associated improvements in aerobic fitness are key for improved cognition, these benefits are maximized in those who maintain low body weight and get sufficient, high quality sleep. Exercise programs for older African Americans will be most effective if they are integrated with education programs that emphasize healthy eating, weight control, and sleep hygiene and conceptualize individuals as part of their broader social and environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette A. Fausto
- Aging & Brain Health Alliance, Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University–Newark, NJ, United States
- Corresponding author: Bernadette A. Fausto, PhD, Aging & Brain Health Alliance, Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University–Newark, 197 University Ave., Suite 209, Newark, NJ 07102, United States, Phone: (973) 353-3673,
| | - Mark A. Gluck
- Aging & Brain Health Alliance, Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University–Newark, NJ, United States
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21
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SARZYNSKI MARKA, RICE TREVAK, DESPRÉS JEANPIERRE, PÉRUSSE LOUIS, TREMBLAY ANGELO, STANFORTH PHILIPR, TCHERNOF ANDRÉ, BARBER JACOBL, FALCIANI FRANCESCO, CLISH CLARY, ROBBINS JEREMYM, GHOSH SUJOY, GERSZTEN ROBERTE, LEON ARTHURS, SKINNER JAMESS, RAO DC, BOUCHARD CLAUDE. The HERITAGE Family Study: A Review of the Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiometabolic Health, with Insights into Molecular Transducers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:S1-S43. [PMID: 35611651 PMCID: PMC9012529 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the HERITAGE Family Study was to investigate individual differences in response to a standardized endurance exercise program, the role of familial aggregation, and the genetics of response levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors. Here we summarize the findings and their potential implications for cardiometabolic health and cardiorespiratory fitness. It begins with overviews of background and planning, recruitment, testing and exercise program protocol, quality control measures, and other relevant organizational issues. A summary of findings is then provided on cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise hemodynamics, insulin and glucose metabolism, lipid and lipoprotein profiles, adiposity and abdominal visceral fat, blood levels of steroids and other hormones, markers of oxidative stress, skeletal muscle morphology and metabolic indicators, and resting metabolic rate. These summaries document the extent of the individual differences in response to a standardized and fully monitored endurance exercise program and document the importance of familial aggregation and heritability level for exercise response traits. Findings from genomic markers, muscle gene expression studies, and proteomic and metabolomics explorations are reviewed, along with lessons learned from a bioinformatics-driven analysis pipeline. The new opportunities being pursued in integrative -omics and physiology have extended considerably the expected life of HERITAGE and are being discussed in relation to the original conceptual model of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARK A. SARZYNSKI
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - TREVA K. RICE
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - JEAN-PIERRE DESPRÉS
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - LOUIS PÉRUSSE
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - ANGELO TREMBLAY
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - PHILIP R. STANFORTH
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - ANDRÉ TCHERNOF
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, CANADA
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - JACOB L. BARBER
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - FRANCESCO FALCIANI
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - CLARY CLISH
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - JEREMY M. ROBBINS
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - SUJOY GHOSH
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, SINGAPORE
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - ROBERT E. GERSZTEN
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - ARTHUR S. LEON
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - D. C. RAO
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - CLAUDE BOUCHARD
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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22
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Taylor JL, Medina-Inojosa JR, Chacin-Suarez A, Smith JR, Squires RW, Thomas RJ, Johnson BD, Olson TP, Bonikowske AR. Age-Related Differences for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Rehabilitation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:872757. [PMID: 35498026 PMCID: PMC9047908 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.872757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated age-related differences for peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) improvement with exercise training during cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Patients and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of the Mayo Clinic Rochester CR program including adult patients who attended CR (≥1 session) for any eligible indication between 1999 and 2017 and who had a cardiopulmonary exercise test pre and post CR with VO2 data (peak respiratory exchange ratio ≥1.0). Younger (20–49 yrs), midlife (50–64 yrs), and older adults (≥65 yrs) were compared using ANOVA for delta and percent change in peak VO2; and percentage of peak VO2 responders (>0% change). Results 708 patients (age: 60.8 ± 12.1 years; 24% female) met inclusion criteria. Delta and percent change in peak VO2 was lower for older adults (1.6 ± 3.2 mL.kg.min−1; 12 ± 27%) compared with younger (3.7 ± 4.0 mL.kg.min−1, p < 0.001; 23 ± 28%, p = 0.002) and midlife adults (2.8 ± 3.8 mL.kg.min−1, p < 0.001; 17 ± 28%, p = 0.04). For midlife, delta change, but not percent change in peak VO2 was significantly lower (p = 0.02) compared with younger. Percentage of responders was only different between older and younger (72 vs. 86%; p = 0.008). Sensitivity analyses in non-surgical patients showed similar differences for delta change, and differences in percent change remained significant between older and younger adults (10 ± 20% vs. 16 ± 18%; p = 0.04). Conclusions In CR patients, older adults had lower improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness than younger and midlife adults. While excluding surgical patients reduced age-related differences, older adults still had lower cardiorespiratory fitness improvement during CR. These findings may have implications for individualizing CR programming in aging populations to reduce future cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Taylor
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Human Integrative and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jenna L. Taylor
| | - Jose R. Medina-Inojosa
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Audry Chacin-Suarez
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joshua R. Smith
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ray W. Squires
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Randal J. Thomas
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bruce D. Johnson
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Human Integrative and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Thomas P. Olson
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amanda R. Bonikowske
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Manresa-Rocamora A, Sarabia JM, Javaloyes A, Flatt AA, Moya-Ramón M. Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Enhancing Cardiac-Vagal Modulation, Aerobic Fitness, and Endurance Performance: A Methodological Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10299. [PMID: 34639599 PMCID: PMC8507742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to establish whether heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training enhances cardiac-vagal modulation, aerobic fitness, or endurance performance to a greater extent than predefined training while accounting for methodological factors. METHODS We searched Web of Science Core Collection, Pubmed, and Embase databases up to October 2020. A random-effects model of standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated for each outcome measure. Chi-square and the I2 index were used to evaluate the degree of homogeneity. RESULTS Accounting for methodological factors, HRV-guided training was superior for enhancing vagal-related HRV indices (SMD+ = 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.09, 0.91)), but not resting HR (SMD+ = 0.04 (95% CI = -0.34, 0.43)). Consistently small but non-significant (p > 0.05) SMDs in favor of HRV-guided training were observed for enhancing maximal aerobic capacity (SMD+ = 0.20 (95% CI = -0.07, 0.47)), aerobic capacity at second ventilatory threshold (SMD+ = 0.26 (95% CI = -0.05, 0.57)), and endurance performance (SMD+ = 0.20 (95% CI = -0.09, 0.48)), versus predefined training. No heterogeneity was found for any of the analyzed aerobic fitness and endurance performance outcomes. CONCLUSION Best methodological practices pertaining to HRV index selection, recording position, and approaches for establishing baseline reference values and daily changes (i.e., fixed or rolling HRV averages) require further study. HRV-guided training may be more effective than predefined training for maintaining and improving vagal-mediated HRV, with less likelihood of negative responses. However, if HRV-guided training is superior to predefined training for producing group-level improvements in fitness and performance, current data suggest it is only by a small margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sarabia
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Javaloyes
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA 31419, USA;
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (J.M.S.); (A.J.)
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Alicante, Spain
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24
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Väisänen D, Kallings LV, Andersson G, Wallin P, Hemmingsson E, Ekblom-Bak E. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Occupational Groups-Trends over 20 Years and Future Forecasts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168437. [PMID: 34444184 PMCID: PMC8394663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports have indicated a negative trend in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in the general population. However, trends in relation to different occupational groups are missing. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the trends in CRF during the last 20 years, and to provide a prognosis of future trends in CRF, in different occupational groups of Swedish workers. METHODS Data from 516,122 health profile assessments performed between 2001 to 2020 were included. CRF was assessed as maximal oxygen consumption and was estimated from a submaximal cycling test. Analyses include CRF as a weighted average, standardized proportions with low CRF (<32 mL/min/kg), adjusted annual change in CRF, and forecasting of future trends in CRF. RESULTS There was a decrease in CRF over the study period, with the largest decrease in both absolute and relative CRF seen for individuals working in administrative and customer service (-10.1% and -9.4%) and mechanical manufacturing (-6.5% and -7.8%) occupations. The greatest annual decrease was seen in transport occupations (-1.62 mL/min/kg, 95% CI -0.190 to -0.134). Men and younger individuals had in generally a more pronounced decrease in CRF. The proportion with a low CRF increased, with the greatest increase noted for blue-collar and low-skilled occupations (range: +19% to +27% relative change). The forecast analyses predicted a continuing downward trend of CRF. CONCLUSION CRF has declined in most occupational groups in Sweden over the last two decades, with a more pronounced decline in blue-collar and low-skilled occupational groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Väisänen
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 10316 Stockholm, Sweden; (L.V.K.); (E.H.); (E.E.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-701-899-017
| | - Lena. V. Kallings
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 10316 Stockholm, Sweden; (L.V.K.); (E.H.); (E.E.-B.)
| | - Gunnar Andersson
- Health Profile Institute, 18211 Danderyd, Sweden; (G.A.); (P.W.)
| | - Peter Wallin
- Health Profile Institute, 18211 Danderyd, Sweden; (G.A.); (P.W.)
| | - Erik Hemmingsson
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 10316 Stockholm, Sweden; (L.V.K.); (E.H.); (E.E.-B.)
| | - Elin Ekblom-Bak
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 10316 Stockholm, Sweden; (L.V.K.); (E.H.); (E.E.-B.)
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25
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Meyler S, Bottoms L, Muniz-Pumares D. Biological and methodological factors affecting V ̇ O 2 max response variability to endurance training and the influence of exercise intensity prescription. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1410-1424. [PMID: 34036650 DOI: 10.1113/ep089565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Biological and methodological factors associated with the variable changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training. What advances does it highlight? Several biological and methodological factors exist that each contribute, to a given extent, to response variability. Notably, prescribing exercise intensity relative to physiological thresholds reportedly increases cardiorespiratory fitness response rates compared to when prescribed relative to maximum physiological values. As threshold-based approaches elicit more homogeneous acute physiological responses among individuals, when repeated over time, these uniform responses may manifest as more homogeneous chronic adaptations thereby reducing response variability. ABSTRACT Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in response to endurance training (ET) exhibit large variations, possibly due to a multitude of biological and methodological factors. It is acknowledged that ∼20% of individuals may not achieve meaningful increases in CRF in response to ET. Genetics, the most potent biological contributor, has been shown to explain ∼50% of response variability, whilst age, sex and baseline CRF appear to explain a smaller proportion. Methodological factors represent the characteristics of the ET itself, including the type, volume and intensity of exercise, as well as the method used to prescribe and control exercise intensity. Notably, methodological factors are modifiable and, upon manipulation, alter response rates to ET, eliciting increases in CRF regardless of an individual's biological predisposition. Particularly, prescribing exercise intensity relative to a physiological threshold (e.g., ventilatory threshold) is shown to increase CRF response rates compared to when intensity is anchored relative to a maximum physiological value (e.g., maximum heart rate). It is, however, uncertain whether the increased response rates are primarily attributable to reduced response variability, greater mean changes in CRF or both. Future research is warranted to elucidate whether more homogeneous chronic adaptations manifest over time among individuals, as a result of exposure to more homogeneous exercise stimuli elicited by threshold-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Meyler
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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26
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Robbins JM, Peterson B, Schranner D, Tahir UA, Rienmüller T, Deng S, Keyes MJ, Katz DH, Beltran PMJ, Barber JL, Baumgartner C, Carr SA, Ghosh S, Shen C, Jennings LL, Ross R, Sarzynski MA, Bouchard C, Gerszten RE. Human plasma proteomic profiles indicative of cardiorespiratory fitness. Nat Metab 2021; 3:786-797. [PMID: 34045743 PMCID: PMC9216203 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a direct measure of human cardiorespiratory fitness and is associated with health. However, the molecular determinants of interindividual differences in baseline (intrinsic) VO2max, and of increases of VO2max in response to exercise training (ΔVO2max), are largely unknown. Here, we measure ~5,000 plasma proteins using an affinity-based platform in over 650 sedentary adults before and after a 20-week endurance-exercise intervention and identify 147 proteins and 102 proteins whose plasma levels are associated with baseline VO2max and ΔVO2max, respectively. Addition of a protein biomarker score derived from these proteins to a score based on clinical traits improves the prediction of an individual's ΔVO2max. We validate findings in a separate exercise cohort, further link 21 proteins to incident all-cause mortality in a community-based cohort and reproduce the specificity of ~75% of our key findings using antibody-based assays. Taken together, our data shed light on biological pathways relevant to cardiorespiratory fitness and highlight the potential additive value of protein biomarkers in identifying exercise responsiveness in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bennet Peterson
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Schranner
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Usman A Tahir
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Rienmüller
- Institute of Health Care Engineering with Testing Center of Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Shuliang Deng
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle J Keyes
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Daniel H Katz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jacob L Barber
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Christian Baumgartner
- Institute of Health Care Engineering with Testing Center of Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program and Center for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Changyu Shen
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori L Jennings
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Ross
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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27
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Castro A, Duft RG, Silva LM, Ferreira MLV, Andrade ALL, Bernardes CF, Cavaglieri CR, Chacon-Mikahil MPT. Understanding the Relationship between Intrinsic Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Serum and Skeletal Muscle Metabolomics Profile. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2397-2409. [PMID: 33909435 PMCID: PMC8280739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic cardiorespiratory fitness (iCRF) indicates the CRF level in the sedentary state. However, even among sedentary individuals, a wide interindividual variability is observed in the iCRF levels, whose associated molecular characteristics are little understood. This study aimed to investigate whether serum and skeletal muscle metabolomics profiles are associated with iCRF, measured by maximal power output (MPO). Seventy sedentary young adults were submitted to venous blood sampling, a biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle and iCRF assessment. Blood serum and muscle tissue samples were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Metabolites related to iCRF were those supported by three levels of evidence: (1) correlation with iCRF, (2) significant difference between individuals with low and high iCRF, and (3) metabolite contribution to significant pathways associated with iCRF. From 43 serum and 70 skeletal muscle analyzed metabolites, iCRF was positively associated with levels of betaine, threonine, proline, ornithine, and glutamine in serum and lactate, fumarate, NADP+, and formate in skeletal muscle. Serum betaine and ornithine and skeletal muscle lactate metabolites explained 31.2 and 16.8%, respectively, of the iCRF variability in addition to body mass. The results suggest that iCRF in young adults is positively associated with serum and skeletal muscle metabolic levels, indicative of the amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Castro
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata G Duft
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Silva
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina L V Ferreira
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André L L Andrade
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celene F Bernardes
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia R Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara P T Chacon-Mikahil
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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De Revere JL, Clausen RD, Astorino TA. Changes in VO2max and cardiac output in response to short-term high-intensity interval training in Caucasian and Hispanic young women: A pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244850. [PMID: 33481836 PMCID: PMC7822506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Data obtained in primarily Caucasian (C) and African American adults show that ethnicity does not mediate responsiveness to exercise training. It is unknown if Hispanics (H), who face elevated health risks and are less active than C, exhibit a similar response to exercise training. This study compared cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic responses to high intensity interval training (HIIT) between C and H women. Twelve C and ten H women ages 19–35 yr who were non-obese and inactive completed nine sessions of HIIT over a 3 wk period. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was assessed twice at baseline during which thoracic impedance was used to evaluate heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO). Habitual physical activity was assessed using accelerometry. Results showed a significant main effect of training for VO2max in C and H (F = 13.97, p = 0.001) and no group by training interaction (p = 0.65). There was a main effect of training for CO and SV in C and H (F = 7.57, p = 0.01; F = 7.16, p = 0.02), yet post hoc analyses revealed significant increases were only exhibited in C. There was a tendency for a group by training interaction for a-VO2diff (F = 1.32, p = 0.054), and a large effect size was seen in H (d = 1.02). Overall, data show no effect of ethnicity on changes in VO2max with low-volume HIIT, yet C and H may achieve this outcome differently. Longer studies in similar populations are needed to verify this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. De Revere
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, California, United States of America
| | - Rasmus D. Clausen
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, California, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University—San Marcos, San Marcos, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Brief Report: Effects of Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training in Hispanic HIV+ Women: A Nonrandomized Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 84:285-289. [PMID: 32530906 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is usually observed in people living with HIV. The effect of a low-volume high-intensity interval training (LV-HIIT) on CRF in HIV+ and HIV- Hispanic women was evaluated in this study. SETTING A nonrandomized clinical trial with pre-test and post-test using a LV-HIIT intervention was conducted in the AIDS Clinical Trials Unit and the Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium at the University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus. METHODS Twenty-nine HIV+ and 13 HIV- Hispanic women recruited from community-based programs and clinics, and able to engage in daily physical activities, volunteered to participate. Of these, 20 HIV+ (69%) and 11 HIV- (85%) completed the study and were included in the analyses. LV-HIIT consisted of 6-week, 3 d/wk, 8-10 high-intensity and low-intensity intervals on a cycle ergometer at 80%-90% of heart rate reserve. Main outcome measures were CRF (defined as VO2peak), peak workload, and time to peak exercise. RESULTS Average peak workload and time to peak exercise increased after training (P < 0.05) in both groups. However, average CRF was significantly higher after training only in the HIV- group. Gains in CRF were observed in 100% of HIV- and 50% of HIV+ women. This was not influenced by exercise testing, habitual physical activity, or anthropometric variables. CONCLUSIONS Given the lack of change in CRF observed in the HIV+ group after LV-HIIT intervention, it is important to focus on variations that may occur within groups.
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Lier LM, Breuer C, Ferrari N, Friesen D, Maisonave F, Schmidt N, Graf C. Individual Physical Activity Behaviour and Group Composition as Determinants of the Effectiveness of a Childhood Obesity Intervention Program. Obes Facts 2021; 14:100-107. [PMID: 33352573 PMCID: PMC7983679 DOI: 10.1159/000512293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to now, there is limited clarity on factors that determine the effectiveness of childhood obesity interventions. OBJECTIVE This study intends to uncover individual- and program-level predictors of BMI-SDS and fitness to achieve significant, sustainable health improvements. METHODS Data of 249 children with obesity or overweight who participated in an outpatient multidisciplinary program were analysed and compared to 54 waitlist controls. Linear regression models were used to examine associations between individual- and group-level variables and BMI-SDS and fitness. RESULTS Among intervention children, BMI-SDS decreased by 0.19 units and physical fitness increased by 11.5%, versus a BMI-SDS decrease of 0.07 and a 1.8% decrease in fitness in the control group. Participants who reported being physically active before the program start achieved greater improvements in BMI-SDS (β = -0.177, p < 0.05) and physical fitness (β = 0.174, p < 0.05) than inactive peers. BMI-SDS decreased significantly more for members of gender-heterogeneous groups (β = 0.194, p < 0.05) with a narrow age range (β = 0.152, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The program under review is effective in counteracting juvenile obesity. The results give reason to believe that forming mixed-gender groups with a small age range and providing increased support for reportedly inactive children may improve program effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesa Marie Lier
- Department of Sports Economics and Sport Management, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany,
| | - Christoph Breuer
- Department of Sports Economics and Sport Management, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Ferrari
- Cologne Center for Prevention and Youth/Heart Center Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Friesen
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fernanda Maisonave
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikola Schmidt
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Graf
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Naureen Z, Perrone M, Paolacci S, Maltese PE, Dhuli K, Kurti D, Dautaj A, Miotto R, Casadei A, Fioretti B, Beccari T, Romeo F, Bertelli M. Genetic test for the personalization of sport training. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:e2020012. [PMID: 33170162 PMCID: PMC8023127 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i13-s.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants may contribute to confer elite athlete status. However, this does not mean that a person with favourable genetic traits would become a champion because multiple genetic interactions and epigenetic contributions coupled with confounding environmental factors shape the overall phenotype. This opens up a new area in sports genetics with respect to commercial genetic testing. The analysis of genetic polymorphisms linked to sport performance would provide insights into the potential of becoming an elite endurance or power performer. This mini-review aims to highlight genetic interactions that are associated with performance phenotypes and their potentials to be used as markers for talent identification and trainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakira Naureen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Marco Perrone
- Division of Cardiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Fioretti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Romeo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI'S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy; EBTNA-LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy; MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy.
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McNarry MA, Winn CON, Davies GA, Eddolls WTB, Mackintosh KA. Effect of High-Intensity Training and Asthma on the V˙O2 Kinetics of Adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1322-1329. [PMID: 31972630 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) represents a potent stimulus to the dynamic oxygen uptake (V˙O2) response in adults, but whether the same is evident in youth is unknown. HIIT has also been suggested to place a lower demand on the respiratory system, decreasing the likelihood of exacerbation in those with respiratory conditions, such as asthma. METHODS Sixty-nine adolescents (13.6 ± 0.9 yr; 36 asthma) took part, 35 of which (17 asthma) participated in a 30-min HIIT intervention three times a week for 6 months. Each participant completed an incremental ramp test to volitional exhaustion and three heavy-intensity constant work rate tests to determine the dynamic V˙O2, heart rate, and deoxyhemoglobin response at baseline, midintervention, postintervention and at a 3-month follow-up. RESULTS There was no influence of asthma at baseline or in response to the intervention. Participants in the intervention group demonstrated a faster V˙O2 time constant (τp) after intervention (intervention: 29.2 ± 5.7 s vs control: 34.2 ± 6.5 s; P = 0.003), with these differences maintained at follow-up (intervention: 32.5 ± 5.5 s vs control: 37.3 ± 8.7 s; P = 0.008). The intervention was associated with a speeding of the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin τ (pre: 20.1 ± 4.7 s vs post: 18.2 ± 4.1 s; P = 0.05) compared with a slowing over the same time period in the control participants (pre: 17.9 ± 4.9 s vs post: 20.1 ± 4.6 s; P = 0.012). Heart rate kinetics were not altered (pre: 46.5 ± 12.2 s vs post: 47.7 ± 11.1 s; P = 0.98). CONCLUSION These findings highlight the potential utility of school-based HIIT as a strategy to enhance the V˙O2 kinetics of youth, regardless of the presence of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Gwyneth A Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - William T B Eddolls
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UNITED KINGDOM
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The Relation between Domain-Specific Physical Behaviour and Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Compositional Data Analysis on the Physical Activity Health Paradox Using Accelerometer-Assessed Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217929. [PMID: 33137943 PMCID: PMC7662405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to leisure time physical activity (LTPA), occupational physical activity (OPA) does not have similar beneficial health effects. These differential health effects might be explained by dissimilar effects of LTPA and OPA on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). This study investigated cross-sectional associations between different physical behaviours during both work and leisure time and CRF by using a Compositional Data Analysis approach. Physical behaviours were assessed by two accelerometers among 309 workers with various manual jobs. During work time, more sedentary behaviour (SB) was associated with higher CRF when compared relatively to time spent on other work behaviours, while more SB during leisure time was associated with lower CRF when compared to other leisure time behaviours. Reallocating more time to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) from the other behaviours within leisure time was positively associated with CRF, which was not the case for MVPA during work. The results of our study are in line with the physical activity health paradox and we call for further study on the interaction between LTPA and OPA by implementing device-worn measures in a longitudinal design. Our results highlight the need for recommendations to take into account the different effects of OPA and LTPA on CRF.
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Moreno-Cabañas A, Ortega JF, Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Alvarez-Jimenez L, Pallares JG, Mora-Rodriguez R. The use of a graded exercise test may be insufficient to quantify true changes in V̇o 2max following exercise training in unfit individuals with metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:760-767. [PMID: 32881617 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00455.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the accuracy of graded exercise testing (GXT) to assess improvements in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) with exercise training in unfit individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Forty-four adults with MetS (58 ± 7 yr, 36% women, BMI 31.8 ± 4.8 kg/m-2) underwent 4 mo of supervised high-intensity interval exercise training. V̇o2max was assessed using GXT, followed by a constant-load verification test (VerT) at 110% of the maximal work rate achieved during GXT. V̇o2 data from GXT and VerT were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. The mean improvement in V̇o2max following exercise training was similar when using GXT only or VerT. However, before training, 18 subjects achieved a higher V̇o2max during the verification test that was (+159 mLO2/min) higher than the GXT (P < 0.001). After training, the underestimation of V̇o2max by GXT was reduced but still present (+64 mLO2/min). As a result, improvements in V̇o2max following exercise training as assessed using GXT only almost doubled the "real" increase in V̇o2max as measured by VerT in these 18 individuals. In the remaining 26 subjects, GXT scored below VerT only after training (+54 mLO2/min, P = 0.046). As a consequence, GXT underestimated the actual V̇o2max increases (-49 mLO2/min, P = 0.013) in these individuals. Assessment of changes in V̇o2max following exercise training using only GXT over- or underestimates V̇o2max gains in unfit individuals with MetS. Thus, a verification test may be required to 1) identify the highest V̇o2max during a maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer and 2) accurately quantify the true changes in cardiorespiratory fitness following exercise training in unfit individuals with MetS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is unclear whether the traditional GXT is suitable to assess V̇o2max changes in unfit individuals with metabolic syndrome. Mean changes in V̇o2max following exercise training were similar using GXT or VerT. However, we showed that the GXT overestimated V̇o2max improvements in 41% and underestimated V̇o2max improvements in 59% of subjects. Our data suggest the need for a verification test to appropriately determine training-induced improvements in V̇o2max in unfit individuals with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Moreno-Cabañas
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Fernando Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Felix Morales-Palomo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Miguel Ramirez-Jimenez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Laura Alvarez-Jimenez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jesus G Pallares
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Masuki S, Morikawa M, Nose H. Internet of Things (IoT) System and Field Sensors for Exercise Intensity Measurements. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1207-1240. [PMID: 32941686 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although exercise training according to individual peak aerobic capacity ( V ˙ o2peak ) has been recommended at all ages, sensors available in the field are limited. The most popular sensors in the field are pedometers, but they cannot be used to monitor exercise intensity. Instead, although heart rate (HR) monitors are broadly available in the field to estimate exercise intensity, HR responses to exercise vary by individual according to physical fitness and environmental conditions, which hinders the precise measurement of energy expenditure. These issues make it difficult for exercise physiologists to collaborate with geneticists, nutritionists, and clinicians using the internet of things (IoT). To conquer these problems, we have developed a device that is equipped with a triaxial accelerometer and a barometer to measure energy expenditure during interval walking training (IWT) in the field with inclines. IWT is a training regimen to repeat fast and slow walking for 3 min each, equivalent to greater than 70% and approximately 40% of individual V ˙ o2peak , respectively. Additionally, we developed an IoT system that enables users to receive instructions from trainers according to their walking records even if they live far away. Since the system is available at low cost with minimum personnel, we can investigate any factors affecting the adherence to and effects of IWT in a large population for a long period. This system was also used to verify any effects of nutritional supplements during IWT and to examine the value of applying IWT to clinical medicine. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1207-1240, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Masuki
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Mayuko Morikawa
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.,Jukunen Taiikudaigaku Research Center, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nose
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Jukunen Taiikudaigaku Research Center, Matsumoto, Japan
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Parry-Williams G, Sharma S. The effects of endurance exercise on the heart: panacea or poison? Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:402-412. [PMID: 32152528 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regular aerobic physical exercise of moderate intensity is undeniably associated with improved health and increased longevity, with some studies suggesting that more is better. Endurance athletes exceed the usual recommendations for exercise by 15-fold to 20-fold. The need to sustain a large cardiac output for prolonged periods is associated with a 10-20% increase in left and right ventricular size and a substantial increase in left ventricular mass. A large proportion of endurance athletes have raised levels of cardiac biomarkers (troponins and B-type natriuretic peptide) and cardiac dysfunction for 24-48 h after events, but what is the relevance of these findings? In the longer term, some endurance athletes have an increased prevalence of coronary artery disease, myocardial fibrosis and arrhythmias. The inherent association between these 'maladaptations' and sudden cardiac death in the general population raises the question of whether endurance exercise could be detrimental for some individuals. However, despite speculation that these abnormalities confer an increased risk of future adverse events, elite endurance athletes have an increased life expectancy compared with the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Parry-Williams
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiology Clinical and Academic Group, St. George's University of London, London, UK.
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Joyner MJ, Dominelli PB. Central cardiovascular system limits to aerobic capacity. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:2299-2303. [PMID: 32058638 DOI: 10.1113/ep088187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? The limits to maximal aerobic capacity. What advances does it highlight? A synthesis of data and ideas about what limits maximal aerobic capacity demonstrates the central roles of cardiac output, stroke volume and red blood cell mass in the complex physiological responses to maximal exercise. In healthy humans these factors, along with skeletal muscle blood flow, dominate systemic delivery of oxygen to the contracting muscles and set the upper limit of aerobic energy production by skeletal muscles. In elite athletes and patients with pulmonary disease the lungs can also limit oxygen uptake and delivery. ABSTRACT In this paper we review the physiological determinants of V ̇ O 2 max and discuss the role this variable plays as a determinant of endurance exercise performance. Because the ability to sustain a given pace during a competitive athletic event requires competitors to 'manage' fatigue and go as fast as possible without fatiguing prematurely, V ̇ O 2 max is one of the variables that sets the physiological upper limit for sustained energy production by the contracting skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Paolo B Dominelli
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
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Guio de Prada V, Ortega JF, Morales-Palomo F, Ramirez-Jimenez M, Moreno-Cabañas A, Mora-Rodriguez R. Women with metabolic syndrome show similar health benefits from high-intensity interval training than men. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225893. [PMID: 31821339 PMCID: PMC6903716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT), is effective to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components in adults. However, it is unclear if CRF and MetS components respond similarly in men and women after HIIT. For 16 weeks, 63 women (53±7 years) and 56 men (55±8 years) with MetS underwent a three day/week HIIT program. Bodyweight and composition, VO2MAX, surrogate parameters of CRF (Ventilatory threshold (VT), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) and VE/VCO2 slope), maximal rate of fat oxidation (MFO), and MetS components were assessed before and after training. All reported variables were analyzed by split-plot ANOVA looking for time by sex interactions. Before training men had higher absolute values of VO2MAX (58.6%), and MFO (24.6%), while lower body fat mass (10.5%) than women (all P<0.05). After normalization by fat-free mass (FFM), VO2MAX remained 16.6% higher in men (P<0.05), whereas differences in MFO disappeared (P = 0.292). After intervention VO2MAX (P<0.001), VO2 at VT (P<0.001), OUES (P<0.001), and VE/VCO2 slope (P<0.001) increased without differences by sex (P>0.05). After training MetS Z-score (P<0.001) improved without differences between men and women (P>0.05). From the MetS components, only blood pressure (P<0.001) and waist circumference (P<0.001) improved across time, without differences by sex. In both, women and men, changes in OUES (r = 0.685 and r = 0.445, respectively), and VO2 at VT (r = 0.378, and r = 0.445, respectively), correlated with VO2MAX. While only bodyweight changes correlated with MetS Z-score changes (r = 0.372, and = 0.300, respectively). Despite baseline differences, 16-weeks of HIIT similarly improved MetS, cardiorespiratory and metabolic fitness in women and men with MetS. This suggests that there are no restrictions due to sex on the benefits derived from an intense exercise program in the health of MetS participants. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT03019796
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Affiliation(s)
- Valle Guio de Prada
- Sports Medicine Center, Diputacion de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Weatherwax RM, Harris NK, Kilding AE, Dalleck LC. Incidence of V˙O2max Responders to Personalized versus Standardized Exercise Prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:681-691. [PMID: 30673687 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite knowledge of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) training responders and nonresponders, it is not well understood how the exercise intensity prescription affects the incidence of response. The purpose of this study was to determine CRF training responsiveness based on cohort-specific technical error after 12 wk of standardized or individually prescribed exercise and the use of a verification protocol to confirm maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max). METHODS Sedentary adult participants (9 men, 30 women; 48.2 ± 12.2 yr) completed exercise training on 3 d·wk for 12 wk, with exercise intensity prescribed based on standardized methods using heart rate reserve or an individualized approach using ventilatory thresholds. A verification protocol was used at baseline and 12 wk to confirm the identification of a true V˙O2max and subsequent relative percent changes to quantify CRF training responsiveness. A cohort-specific technical error (4.7%) was used as a threshold to identify incidence of response. RESULTS Relative V˙O2max significantly increased (P < 0.05) from 24.3 ± 4.6 to 26.0 ± 4.2 and 29.2 ± 7.5 to 32.8 ± 8.6 mL·kg·min for the standardized and individualized groups, respectively. Absolute V˙O2max significantly increased (P < 0.05) from 2.0 ± 0.6 to 2.2 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.8 to 2.6 ± 0.9 L·min for the standardized and individualized groups, respectively. A significant difference in responsiveness was found between the individualized and standardized groups with 100% and 60% of participants categorized as responders, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A threshold model for exercise intensity prescription had a greater effect on the incidence of CRF training response compared with a standardized approach using heart rate reserve. The use of thresholds for intensity markers accounts for individual metabolic characteristics and should be considered as a viable and practical method to prescribe exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Weatherwax
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND.,Recreation, Exercise & Sport Science, Western State Colorado University, Gunnison, CO
| | - Nigel K Harris
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Lance C Dalleck
- Recreation, Exercise & Sport Science, Western State Colorado University, Gunnison, CO
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Kiely M, Warrington G, McGoldrick A, Cullen S. Physiological and Performance Monitoring in Competitive Sporting Environments: A Review for Elite Individual Sports. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Masuki S, Morikawa M, Nose H. High-Intensity Walking Time Is a Key Determinant to Increase Physical Fitness and Improve Health Outcomes After Interval Walking Training in Middle-Aged and Older People. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:2415-2426. [PMID: 31477320 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of interval walking training (IWT) on the estimated peak aerobic capacity (eV˙O2peak) and lifestyle-related disease (LSD) score while focusing on exercise intensity and volume in middle-aged and older people. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Men and women (N=679; mean age, 65±7 SD years) completed 5-month IWT. Participants were instructed to repeat 5 or more sets of fast and slow walking for 3 minutes each at 70% or more and 40% eV˙O2peak for walking, respectively, per day for 4 or more d/wk. This study was conducted from April 1, 2005, through February 29, 2008. RESULTS Interval walking training increased eV˙O2peak by 14% and decreased LSD score by 17% on average (P<.001). During 5-month IWT, fast and slow walking times were 88±65 SD and 100±86 min/wk, respectively, but varied among participants. We divided participants into approximately 10 bins for 6 minutes each of fast and slow walking times per week up to 60 min/wk, and above this time, approximately 8 bins for 30 or 60 minutes each of fast and slow walking up to the maximal time. We found that both eV˙O2peak and LSD score improved as fast walking time per week increased up to 50 min/wk (R2=0.94; P<.001 for eV˙O2peak; R2=0.51; P=.03 for LSDS) but plateaued above this time. In contrast, improvement in neither eV˙O2peak nor LSDS was positively correlated with slow or total walking time per week. Multiple regression analyses confirmed that fast walking time per week was the major determinant of improvements in eV˙O2peak (P<.001) and LSD score (P=.001). CONCLUSION High-intensity walking time during IWT is a key factor to increase eV˙O2peak and decrease LSD score in middle-aged and older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Masuki
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Morikawa
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan; Jukunen Taiikudaigaku Research Center, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nose
- Jukunen Taiikudaigaku Research Center, Matsumoto, Japan
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Linder SM, Davidson S, Rosenfeldt A, Penko A, Lee J, Koop MM, Phelan D, Alberts JL. Predictors of Improved Aerobic Capacity in Individuals With Chronic Stroke Participating in Cycling Interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 101:717-721. [PMID: 31778659 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.10.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine demographic and physiological factors that predict improvement in aerobic capacity among individuals with chronic stroke participating in cycling interventions. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from 2 randomized clinical trials. SETTING Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Individuals with chronic stroke (N=44). INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to one of the following interventions: forced aerobic exercise and upper extremity repetitive task practice (FE+UERTP, n=16), voluntary aerobic exercise and upper extremity repetitive task practice (VE+UERTP, n=15), or a nonaerobic control group (control, n=13). All interventions were time-matched and occurred 3 times per week for 8 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Aerobic capacity as measured by peak oxygen consumption per unit time (VO2peak) during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing. RESULTS Significant improvements in VO2peak were observed from baseline to postintervention in the VE+UERTP group (P<.001). Considerable variability was observed among participants relating to postintervention change in VO2peak. Among aerobic exercise participants, a multivariate regression analysis revealed that cycling cadence, baseline VO2peak, and group allocation were significant predictors of change in VO2peak. CONCLUSIONS High exercise rate (cycling cadence) appears to be an important variable in improving aerobic capacity and should be considered when prescribing aerobic exercise for individuals with chronic stroke. Those with low VO2peak at baseline may benefit the most from aerobic interventions as it relates to cardiorespiratory fitness. Further investigation is warranted to understand the precise role of other exercise and demographic variables in the prescription of aerobic exercise for this population and their effects on secondary stroke prevention and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Linder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Concussion Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Sara Davidson
- Concussion Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anson Rosenfeldt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amanda Penko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mandy Miller Koop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dermot Phelan
- Sports Cardiology Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jay L Alberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Concussion Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Neurologic Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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43
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Wang Y, Li F, Cheng Y, Gu L, Xie Z. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of the risk of stroke: a dose–response meta-analysis. J Neurol 2019; 267:491-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Gevaert AB, Adams V, Bahls M, Bowen TS, Cornelissen V, Dörr M, Hansen D, Kemps HM, Leeson P, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Kränkel N. Towards a personalised approach in exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation: How can translational research help? A 'call to action' from the Section on Secondary Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:1369-1385. [PMID: 31581819 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319877716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The benefit of regular physical activity and exercise training for the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is undisputed. Many molecular mechanisms mediating exercise effects have been deciphered. Personalised exercise prescription can help patients in achieving their individual greatest benefit from an exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation programme. Yet, we still struggle to provide truly personalised exercise prescriptions to our patients. In this position paper, we address novel basic and translational research concepts that can help us understand the principles underlying the inter-individual differences in the response to exercise, and identify early on who would most likely benefit from which exercise intervention. This includes hereditary, non-hereditary and sex-specific concepts. Recent insights have helped us to take on a more holistic view, integrating exercise-mediated molecular mechanisms with those influenced by metabolism and immunity. Unfortunately, while the outline is recognisable, many details are still lacking to turn the understanding of a concept into a roadmap ready to be used in clinical routine. This position paper therefore also investigates perspectives on how the advent of 'big data' and the use of animal models could help unravel inter-individual responses to exercise parameters and thus influence hypothesis-building for translational research in exercise-based cardiovascular rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B Gevaert
- GENCOR Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Belgium.,Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Belgium
| | - Volker Adams
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bahls
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University of Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Scott Bowen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University of Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dominique Hansen
- Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Belgium.,Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Hareld Mc Kemps
- Fitheid, Leefstijl, Ontwikkeling en Wetenschap (FLOW), Máxima Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Leeson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Emeline M Van Craenenbroeck
- GENCOR Department, University of Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Belgium
| | - Nicolle Kränkel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany
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Effects of Physical Exercise Training in the Workplace on Physical Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019; 49:1903-1921. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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46
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Comparative Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children: Racial Disparity May Begin Early in Childhood. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:1183-1189. [PMID: 31177302 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
African American (AA) adults are reported to have lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as compared to Caucasian adults. CRF is linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that the disparities start early in childhood. This was a retrospective analysis of the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). We included normal healthy children, ≤ 18 years of age, who had normal electrocardiograms and normal cardiac function. We excluded patients with congenital heart disease, obesity and suboptimal exercise test. The entire cohort was divided into two groups based on race (Caucasian vs. AA) and then further subcategorized by gender. The cohort of 248 patients had a mean ± SD age of 14.4 ± 2.1 years. 158 (60.8%) were males and 158 (60.8%) were Caucasians. Oxygen consumption was higher among Caucasian children when compared to the AA children (48.7 ± 7.9 vs. 45.4 ± 7 mL/kg/min, p = 0.01). This racial disparity continued to persist when comparisons were performed separately for girls and boys. Upon comparing the four groups, the AA females were found to have the lowest values of VO2max, exercise time and METS (p = 0.001). Thus, in conclusion, the AA children have significantly lower level of CRF, as measured by VO2max and exercise time. The racial disparity is independent of gender. African American females show the lowest level of aerobic capacity. The findings of our study suggest that the racial disparity in the CRF levels seen in the adult population may begin early in childhood.
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Sapp RM, Shill DD, Dash C, Hicks JC, Adams‐Campbell LL, Hagberg JM. Circulating microRNAs and endothelial cell migration rate are associated with metabolic syndrome and fitness level in postmenopausal African American women. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14173. [PMID: 31347282 PMCID: PMC6658676 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal African American women are at elevated risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS), which predisposes them to cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Circulating microRNAs (ci-miR) are potential mediators of cardiometabolic diseases also impacted by cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we compared the expression of vascular-related ci-miRs (miR-21-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-126-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-221-3p) in sedentary, overweight/obese, postmenopausal African American women based on 1) presence (n = 31) or absence (n = 42) of MetS and 2) CRF level (VO2peak ) (Very Low < 18.0 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 [n = 31], Low = 18.0-22.0 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 [n = 24], or Moderate >22.0 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 [n = 18]). Endothelial migration rate in response to subjects' serum was assessed to determine the effect of circulating blood-borne factors on endothelial repair. Ci-miR-21-5p was the only ci-miR that differed between women with MetS compared to those without MetS (0.93 ± 0.43 vs. 1.28 ± 0.71, P = 0.03). There were borderline significant differences (P = 0.06-0.09) in ci-miR-21-5p, 126-5p, and 221-3p levels between the CRF groups, and these three ci-miRs correlated with VO2peak (r = -0.25 to -0.28, P < 0.05). Endothelial migration rate was impaired in response to serum from women with MetS compared to those without after 16-24 h. Serum from women with Moderate CRF induced greater endothelial migration than the Very Low and Low CRF groups after 4 and 16-24 h, that was also not different from a young, healthy reference group. Ci-miR-21-5p is lower in postmenopausal African American women with MetS, while ci-miRs-21-5p, 126-5p, and 221-3p are associated with CRF. Factors which impair endothelial cell migration rate are present in serum of women with MetS, though having Moderate CRF may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Sapp
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | - Daniel D. Shill
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | - Chiranjeev Dash
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Office of Minority Health & Health Disparities ResearchWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Jennifer C. Hicks
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Office of Minority Health & Health Disparities ResearchWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Lucile L. Adams‐Campbell
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Office of Minority Health & Health Disparities ResearchWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - James M. Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public HealthUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
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Byrd BR, Keith J, Keeling SM, Weatherwax RM, Nolan PB, Ramos JS, Dalleck LC. Personalized Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training Combined with High-Intensity Interval Training Enhances Training Responsiveness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122088. [PMID: 31200443 PMCID: PMC6616602 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine if personalized moderate-intensity continuous exercise training (MICT) combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) was more effective at improving comprehensive training responsiveness than MICT alone. Apparently healthy, but physically inactive men and women (n = 54) were randomized to a non-exercise control group or one of two 13-week exercise training groups: (1) a personalized MICT + HIIT aerobic and resistance training program based on the American Council on Exercise guidelines, or (2) a standardized MICT aerobic and resistance training program designed according to current American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. Mean changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and Metabolic (MetS) z-score in the personalized MICT + HIIT group were more favorable (p < 0.05) when compared to both the standardized MICT and control groups. Additionally, on the individual level, there were positive improvements in VO2max (Δ > 4.9%) and MetS z-score (Δ ≤ -0.48) in 100% (16/16) of participants in the personalized MICT + HIIT group. In the present study, a personalized exercise prescription combining MICT + HIIT in conjunction with resistance training elicited greater improvements in VO2max, MetS z-score reductions, and diminished inter-individual variation in VO2max and cardiometabolic training responses when compared to standardized MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant R Byrd
- Recreation, Exercise & Sport Science Department, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO 81231, USA.
| | - Jamie Keith
- Recreation, Exercise & Sport Science Department, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO 81231, USA.
| | - Shawn M Keeling
- Recreation, Exercise & Sport Science Department, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO 81231, USA.
| | - Ryan M Weatherwax
- Recreation, Exercise & Sport Science Department, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO 81231, USA.
| | - Paul B Nolan
- SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Lance C Dalleck
- Recreation, Exercise & Sport Science Department, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO 81231, USA.
- SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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49
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The Development of a Personalised Training Framework: Implementation of Emerging Technologies for Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4020025. [PMID: 33467340 PMCID: PMC7739422 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been considerable interest in the individualisation of athlete training, including the use of genetic information, alongside more advanced data capture and analysis techniques. Here, we explore the evidence for, and practical use of, a number of these emerging technologies, including the measurement and quantification of epigenetic changes, microbiome analysis and the use of cell-free DNA, along with data mining and machine learning. In doing so, we develop a theoretical model for the use of these technologies in an elite sport setting, allowing the coach to better answer six key questions: (1) To what training will my athlete best respond? (2) How well is my athlete adapting to training? (3) When should I change the training stimulus (i.e., has the athlete reached their adaptive ceiling for this training modality)? (4) How long will it take for a certain adaptation to occur? (5) How well is my athlete tolerating the current training load? (6) What load can my athlete handle today? Special consideration is given to whether such an individualised training framework will outperform current methods as well as the challenges in implementing this approach.
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50
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Ghosh S, Hota M, Chai X, Kiranya J, Ghosh P, He Z, Ruiz-Ramie JJ, Sarzynski MA, Bouchard C. Exploring the underlying biology of intrinsic cardiorespiratory fitness through integrative analysis of genomic variants and muscle gene expression profiling. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1292-1314. [PMID: 30605401 PMCID: PMC6589809 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00035.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is defined as the level of CRF in the sedentary state. There are large individual differences in intrinsic CRF among sedentary adults. The physiology of variability in CRF has received much attention, but little is known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that impact intrinsic CRF. These issues were explored in the present study by interrogating intrinsic CRF-associated DNA sequence variation and skeletal muscle gene expression data from the HERITAGE Family Study through an integrative bioinformatics guided approach. A combined analytic strategy involving genetic association, pathway enrichment, tissue-specific network structure, cis-regulatory genome effects, and expression quantitative trait loci was used to select and rank genes through a variation-adjusted weighted ranking scheme. Prioritized genes were further interrogated for corroborative evidence from knockout mouse phenotypes and relevant physiological traits from the HERITAGE cohort. The mean intrinsic V̇o2max was 33.1 ml O2·kg-1·min-1 (SD = 8.8) for the sample of 493 sedentary adults. Suggestive evidence was found for gene loci related to cardiovascular physiology (ATE1, CASQ2, NOTO, and SGCG), hematopoiesis (PICALM, SSB, CA9, and CASQ2), skeletal muscle phenotypes (SGCG, DMRT2, ADARB1, and CASQ2), and metabolism (ATE1, PICALM, RAB11FIP5, GBA2, SGCG, PRADC1, ARL6IP5, and CASQ2). Supportive evidence for a role of several of these loci was uncovered via association between DNA variants and muscle gene expression levels with exercise cardiovascular and muscle physiological traits. This initial effort to define the underlying molecular substrates of intrinsic CRF warrants further studies based on appropriate cohorts and study designs, complemented by functional investigations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intrinsic cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is measured in the sedentary state and is highly variable among sedentary adults. The physiology of variability in intrinsic cardiorespiratory fitness has received much attention, but little is known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that impact intrinsic CRF. These issues were explored computationally in the present study, with further corroborative evidence obtained from analysis of phenotype data from knockout mouse models and human cardiovascular and skeletal muscle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Ghosh
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore
| | - Monalisa Hota
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore
| | - Xiaoran Chai
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore
| | - Jencee Kiranya
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore
| | - Palash Ghosh
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore
| | - Zihong He
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Department of Biology, China Institute of Sport Science , Beijing , China
| | - Jonathan J Ruiz-Ramie
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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