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McCue MD. CO 2 scrubbing, zero gases, Keeling plots, and a mathematical approach to ameliorate the deleterious effects of ambient CO 2 during 13 C breath testing in humans and animals. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9639. [PMID: 37817343 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
13 C breath testing is increasingly used in physiology and ecology research because of what it reveals about the different fuels that animals oxidize to meet their energetic demands. Here I review the practice of 13 C breath testing in humans and other animals and describe the impact that contamination by ambient/background CO2 in the air can have on the accuracy of 13 C breath measurements. I briefly discuss physical methods to avoid sample contamination as well as the Keeling plot approach that researchers have been using for the past two decades to estimate δ13 C from breath samples mixed with ambient CO2 . Unfortunately, Keeling plots are not suited for 13 C breath testing in common situations where (1) a subject's VCO2 is dynamic, (2) ambient [CO2 ] may change, (3) a subject is sensitive to hypercapnia, or (4) in any flow-through indirect calorimetry system. As such, I present a mathematical solution that addresses these issues by using information about the instantaneous [CO2 ] and the δ13 CO2 of ambient air as well as the diluted breath sample to back-calculate the δ13 CO2 in the CO2 exhaled by the animal. I validate this approach by titrating a sample of 13 C-enriched gas into an air stream and demonstrate its ability to provide accurate values across a wide range of breath and air mixtures. This approach allows researchers to instantaneously calculate the δ13 C of exhaled gas of humans or other animals in real time without having to scrub ambient CO2 or rely on estimated values.
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Karevanpour F, Tavalaee M, Kazeminasab F, Abdollahi M, Shirkhani S, Rahmani M, Ghaedi K, Marandi SM, Nasr‐Esfahani MH. The effect of green coffee and/or endurance exercise on sperm function in pre‐diabetic mice. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14560. [DOI: 10.1111/and.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karevanpour
- ACECR Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan Branch Isfahan Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR Isfahan Iran
| | - Marziyeh Tavalaee
- ACECR Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan Branch Isfahan Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR Isfahan Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kazeminasab
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences University of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Milad Abdollahi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Isfahan Isfahan Iran
| | - Samaneh Shirkhani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Isfahan Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR Isfahan Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology University of Isfahan Isfahan Iran
| | - Sayed Mohammad Marandi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Isfahan Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr‐Esfahani
- ACECR Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan Branch Isfahan Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR Isfahan Iran
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Ding M, Zeleznik OA, Guasch-Ferre M, Hu J, Lasky-Su J, Lee IM, Jackson RD, Shadyab AH, LaMonte MJ, Clish C, Eliassen AH, Sacks F, Willett WC, Hu FB, Rexrode KM, Kraft P. Metabolome-Wide Association Study of the Relationship Between Habitual Physical Activity and Plasma Metabolite Levels. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1932-1943. [PMID: 31364705 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified plasma metabolites associated with habitual physical activity among 5,197 US participants from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II), and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). Physical activity was assessed every 2-4 years via self-report questionnaires. Blood was collected in the NHS in 1989-1990, in NHS II during 1996-1999, and in the HPFS during 1993-1995. Metabolic profiling was conducted by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our study included 337 known metabolites, with 256 of them classified as lipids. We corrected for multiple testing by controlling the tail probability of the proportion of false positives (TPPFP) and accounted for correlated tests using bootstrapping. Physical activity was significantly associated with 20 metabolites after correction for multiple testing (TPPFP < 0.05), and positive associations were found for most of the metabolites, including 2 amino acids (citrulline and glycine), 4 cholesteryl esters (C18:2, C18:1, C16:0, C18:3), 8 phosphocholines (PCs) (C36:4 PC-A, C34:3 PC plasmalogen, C36:3 PC plasmalogen, C34:2 PC plasmalogen, C36:2 PC) and lysophosphatidylcholines (C18:2, C20:5, C18:1), and 3 phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) (C38:3 PE plasmalogen) and lysophosphatidylethanolamines (C18:2, C18:1). We independently replicated the 20 metabolites among 2,305 women in the Women's Health Initiative using 1993 data, and half of the metabolites were replicated. Our study may help identify biomarkers of physical activity and provide insight into biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of being physically active on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oana A Zeleznik
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marta Guasch-Ferre
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jie Hu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - I-Min Lee
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca D Jackson
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael J LaMonte
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn M Rexrode
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kaviani S, Schoeller DA, Ravussin E, Melanson EL, Henes ST, Dugas LR, Dechert RE, Mitri G, Schoffelen PFM, Gubbels P, Tornberg A, Garland S, Akkermans M, Cooper JA. Determining the Accuracy and Reliability of Indirect Calorimeters Utilizing the Methanol Combustion Technique. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 33:206-216. [PMID: 29658183 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several indirect calorimetry (IC) instruments are commercially available, but comparative validity and reliability data are lacking. Existing data are limited by inconsistencies in protocols, subject characteristics, or single-instrument validation comparisons. The aim of this study was to compare accuracy and reliability of metabolic carts using methanol combustion as the cross-laboratory criterion. METHODS Eight 20-minute methanol burn trials were completed on 12 metabolic carts. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and percent O2 and CO2 recovery were calculated. RESULTS For accuracy, 1 Omnical, Cosmed Quark CPET (Cosmed), and both Parvos (Parvo Medics trueOne 2400) measured all 3 variables within 2% of the true value; both DeltaTracs and the Vmax Encore System (Vmax) showed similar accuracy in measuring 1 or 2, but not all, variables. For reliability, 8 instruments were shown to be reliable, with the 2 Omnicals ranking best (coefficient of variation [CV] < 1.26%). Both Cosmeds, Parvos, DeltaTracs, 1 Jaeger Oxycon Pro (Oxycon), Max-II Metabolic Systems (Max-II), and Vmax were reliable for at least 1 variable (CV ≤ 3%). For multiple regression, humidity and amount of combusted methanol were significant predictors of RER (R2 = 0.33, P < .001). Temperature and amount of burned methanol were significant predictors of O2 recovery (R2 = 0.18, P < .001); only humidity was a predictor for CO2 recovery (R2 = 0.15, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Omnical, Parvo, Cosmed, and DeltaTrac had greater accuracy and reliability. The small number of instruments tested and expected differences in gas calibration variability limits the generalizability of conclusions. Finally, humidity and temperature could be modified in the laboratory to optimize IC conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Kaviani
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Edward L Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah T Henes
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lara R Dugas
- Public Health Sciences, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ronald E Dechert
- Pediatric Respiratory Care, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - George Mitri
- Pediatric Respiratory Care, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul F M Schoffelen
- Department of Human Biology & Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pim Gubbels
- Topsport Expertise & Innovation Centre, Sittard, the Netherlands
| | - Asa Tornberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen Garland
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marco Akkermans
- Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Experimental evidences are strong for a role of long-chain saturated fatty acids in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Ectopic accretion of triglycerides in lean organs is a characteristic of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and has been linked to end-organ complications. The contribution of disordered dietary fatty acid (DFA) metabolism to lean organ overexposure and lipotoxicity is still unclear, however. DFA metabolism is very complex and very difficult to study in vivo in humans. RECENT FINDINGS We have recently developed a novel imaging method using PET with oral administration of 14-R,S-F-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (FTHA) to quantify organ-specific DFA partitioning. Our studies thus far confirmed impaired storage of DFA per volume of fat mass in abdominal adipose tissues of individuals with prediabetes. They also highlighted the increased channeling of DFA toward the heart, associated with subclinical reduction in cardiac systolic and diastolic function in individuals with prediabetes. SUMMARY In the present review, we summarize previous work on DFA metabolism in healthy and prediabetic states and discuss these in the light of our novel findings using PET imaging of DFA metabolism. We herein provide an integrated view of abnormal organ-specific DFA partitioning in prediabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Noll
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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McCue MD, Welch KC. (13)C-Breath testing in animals: theory, applications, and future directions. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:265-85. [PMID: 26660654 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The carbon isotope values in the exhaled breath of an animal mirror the carbon isotope values of the metabolic fuels being oxidized. The measurement of stable carbon isotopes in carbon dioxide is called (13)C-breath testing and offers a minimally invasive method to study substrate oxidation in vivo. (13)C-breath testing has been broadly used to study human exercise, nutrition, and pathologies since the 1970s. Owing to reduced use of radioactive isotopes and the increased convenience and affordability of (13)C-analyzers, the past decade has witnessed a sharp increase in the use of breath testing throughout comparative physiology--especially to answer questions about how and when animals oxidize particular nutrients. Here, we review the practical aspects of (13)C-breath testing and identify the strengths and weaknesses of different methodological approaches including the use of natural abundance versus artificially-enriched (13)C tracers. We critically compare the information that can be obtained using different experimental protocols such as diet-switching versus fuel-switching. We also discuss several factors that should be considered when designing breath testing experiments including extrinsic versus intrinsic (13)C-labelling and different approaches to model nutrient oxidation. We use case studies to highlight the myriad applications of (13)C-breath testing in basic and clinical human studies as well as comparative studies of fuel use, energetics, and carbon turnover in multiple vertebrate and invertebrate groups. Lastly, we call for increased and rigorous use of (13)C-breath testing to explore a variety of new research areas and potentially answer long standing questions related to thermobiology, locomotion, and nutrition.
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Smith JW, Holmes ME, McAllister MJ. Nutritional Considerations for Performance in Young Athletes. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION) 2015; 2015:734649. [PMID: 26464898 PMCID: PMC4590906 DOI: 10.1155/2015/734649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is an integral component to any athletes training and performance program. In adults the balance between energy intake and energy demands is crucial in training, recovery, and performance. In young athletes the demands for training and performance remain but should be a secondary focus behind the demands associated with maintaining the proper growth and maturation. Research interventions imposing significant physiological loads and diet manipulation are limited in youth due to the ethical considerations related to potential negative impacts on the growth and maturation processes associated with younger individuals. This necessary limitation results in practitioners providing nutritional guidance to young athletes to rely on exercise nutrition recommendations intended for adults. While many of the recommendations can appropriately be repurposed for the younger athlete attention needs to be taken towards the differences in metabolic needs and physiological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- JohnEric W. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6186, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Megan E. Holmes
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6186, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Matthew J. McAllister
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6186, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Clevenger HC, Stevenson JL, Cooper JA. Metabolic responses to dietary fatty acids in obese women. Physiol Behav 2015; 139:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Frost EA, Redman LM, de Jonge L, Rood J, Zachwieja JJ, Volaufova J, Bray GA, Smith SR. Interaction between dietary fat and exercise on excess postexercise oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1093-8. [PMID: 24644241 PMCID: PMC4010654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00383.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increased physical activity on subsequent sleeping energy expenditure (SEE) measured in a whole room calorimeter under differing levels of dietary fat. We hypothesized that increased physical activity would increase SEE. Six healthy young men participated in a randomized, single-blind, crossover study. Subjects repeated an 8-day protocol under four conditions separated by at least 7 days. During each condition, subjects consumed an isoenergetic diet consisting of 37% fat, 15% protein, and 48% carbohydrate for the first 4 days, and for the following 4 days SEE and energy balance were measured in a respiration chamber. The first chamber day served as a baseline measurement, and for the remaining 3 days diet and activity were randomly assigned as high-fat/exercise, high-fat/sedentary, low-fat/exercise, or low-fat/sedentary. Energy balance was not different between conditions. When the dietary fat was increased to 50%, SEE increased by 7.4% during exercise (P < 0.05) relative to being sedentary (baseline day), but SEE did not increase with exercise when fat was lowered to 20%. SEE did not change when dietary fat was manipulated under sedentary conditions. Physical activity causes an increase in SEE when dietary fat is high (50%) but not when dietary fat is low (20%). Dietary fat content influences the impact of postexercise-induced increases in SEE. This finding may help explain the conflicting data regarding the effect of exercise on energy expenditure.
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Clevenger HC, Kozimor AL, Paton CM, Cooper JA. Acute effect of dietary fatty acid composition on postprandial metabolism in women. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1182-90. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui C. Clevenger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Texas Tech University; PO Box 41240 Lubbock TX 79409 USA
| | - Amanda L. Kozimor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Texas Tech University; PO Box 41240 Lubbock TX 79409 USA
| | - Chad M. Paton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Texas Tech University; PO Box 41240 Lubbock TX 79409 USA
| | - Jamie A. Cooper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Texas Tech University; PO Box 41240 Lubbock TX 79409 USA
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Ando T, Usui C, Ohkawara K, Miyake R, Miyashita M, Park J, Ezaki O, Higuchi M, Tanaka S. Effects of intermittent physical activity on fat utilization over a whole day. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1410-8. [PMID: 23377836 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182885e4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined whether continuous and intermittent physical activity (PA) differentially influence fat utilization. METHODS This was a randomized crossover study. Nine healthy young male participants performed two 39-h (two nights, three days) PA sessions (continuous and intermittent exercise) in a respiratory chamber to measure energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation. Participants used a stationary cycling ergometer continuously for 40 min and then 45 min in the continuous PA trial and for 5 min every 30 min 17 times in the intermittent PA trial. They consumed high-carbohydrate meals corresponding to predicted daily total EE for 3 d before entering the respiratory chamber and four high-fat meals corresponding to predicted total EE in the chamber. RESULTS Twenty-three-hour RER adjusted for sleeping RER on the preceding day was significantly lower in the intermittent PA trial than that in the continuous PA trial (P = 0.021). Twenty-three-hour RER adjusted for sleeping RER on the preceding day was correlated with accumulated consecutive minutes of METs ≤ 1.5 (3 min or more, r = 0.477; 5 min or more, r = 0.510; 10 min or more, r = 0.605). CONCLUSIONS The intermittent PA trial induced greater fat utilization than the continuous PA trial. The present study, therefore, suggests that intermittent PA has a beneficial effect on 24-h fat oxidation after consumption of a high-fat meal, which may help prevent weight gain over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ando
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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12
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Krishnan S, Cooper JA. Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on substrate utilization and body weight maintenance in humans. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:691-710. [PMID: 24363161 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Dietary fat content is a primary factor associated with the increase in global obesity rates. There is a delay in achieving fat balance following exposure to a high-fat (HF) diet (≥ 40% of total energy from fat) and fat balance is closely linked to energy balance. Exercise has been shown to improve this rate of adaptation to a HF diet. Recently, however, the role of dietary fatty acid composition on energy and macronutrient balance has come into question. METHODS We chose studies that compared monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and saturated fatty acids (SFA). We have reviewed studies that measured diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), energy expenditure (EE), or fat oxidation (FOx) in response to a HF meal challenge, or long-term dietary intervention comparing these fatty acids. RESULTS While single-meal studies show that SFA induce lower DIT and FOx compared to unsaturated fats, the effect of the degree of unsaturation (MUFA vs. PUFA) appears to yet be determined. Long-term dietary interventions also support the notion that unsaturated fats induce greater EE, DIT, and/or FOx versus SFA and that a high MUFA diet induces more weight loss compared to a high SFA diet. Sex and BMI status also affect the metabolic responses to different fatty acids; however, more research in these areas is warranted. CONCLUSION SFA are likely more obesigenic than MUFA, and PUFA. The unsaturated fats appear to be more metabolically beneficial, specifically MUFA ≥ PUFA > SFA, as evidenced by the higher DIT and FOx following HF meals or diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Krishnan
- Department of Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing, Texas Tech University, PO Box 41240, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA,
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13
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Numao S, Kawano H, Endo N, Yamada Y, Konishi M, Takahashi M, Sakamoto S. Effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise on short-term low-carbohydrate/high-fat intake-induced postprandial glucose metabolism during an oral glucose tolerance test. Metabolism 2013; 62:1406-15. [PMID: 23764436 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A single bout of exercise can improve acute postprandial glucose metabolism aggravated by short-term low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (HFD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on short-term HFD-induced postprandial glucose and incretin metabolism during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). MATERIALS/METHODS Eleven healthy young men (age [mean±SE] 27±1 years; body mass index, 22±1 kg/m(2)) performed three, 3-day interventions in randomized order: (1) a normal diet (ND: ~22% fat), (2) an HFD (~69% fat) and (3) an HFD with a single bout of aerobic exercise (HFDEx). The exercise (50% peak oxygen consumption; ~200 kcal) was performed on the third day in HFDEx. An OGTT was performed after each 3-day dietary intervention. RESULTS The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of plasma glucose levels during the OGTT was significantly higher in the HFD and HFDEx trials than in the ND trial (P=0.001). In addition, the iAUC of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level was significantly higher in the HFD trial than in the ND and HFDEx trials (P=0.04). The first-phase insulin secretion indexes were significantly lower in the HFD (P=0.01 and 0.002) and HFDEx trials (P=0.05 and 0.008) than in the ND trial. CONCLUSION A single bout of aerobic exercise did not improve the short-term HFD-induced aggravation of postprandial glucose and insulin metabolism during the OGTT. However, it did normalize the increased postprandial GLP-1 level induced by HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Numao
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences.
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14
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Bergouignan A, Momken I, Lefai E, Antoun E, Schoeller DA, Platat C, Chery I, Zahariev A, Vidal H, Gabert L, Normand S, Freyssenet D, Laville M, Simon C, Blanc S. Activity energy expenditure is a major determinant of dietary fat oxidation and trafficking, but the deleterious effect of detraining is more marked than the beneficial effect of training at current recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:648-58. [PMID: 23902784 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.057075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggested that physical activity energy expenditure (AEE) is a major determinant of dietary fat oxidation, which is a central component of fat metabolism and body weight regulation. OBJECTIVE We tested this hypothesis by investigating the effect of contrasted physical activity levels on dietary saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid oxidation in relation to insulin sensitivity while controlling energy balance. DESIGN Sedentary lean men (n = 10) trained for 2 mo according to the current guidelines on physical activity, and active lean men (n = 9) detrained for 1 mo by reducing structured and spontaneous activity. Dietary [d31]palmitate and [1-¹³C]oleate oxidation and incorporation into triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and nonesterified fatty acid, AEE, and muscle markers were studied before and after interventions. RESULTS Training increased palmitate and oleate oxidation by 27% and 20%, respectively, whereas detraining reduced them by 31% and 13%, respectively (P < 0.05 for all). Changes in AEE were positively correlated with changes in oleate (R² = 0.62, P < 0.001) and palmitate (R² = 0.66, P < 0.0001) oxidation. The d31-palmitate appearance in nonesterified fatty acid and very-low-density lipoprotein pools was negatively associated with changes in fatty acid translocase CD36 (R² = 0.30), fatty acid transport protein 1 (R² = 0.24), and AcylCoA synthetase long chain family member 1 (ACSL1) (R² = 0.25) expressions and with changes in fatty acid binding protein expression (R² = 0.33). The d31-palmitate oxidation correlated with changes in ACSL1 (R² = 0.39) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (R² = 0.30) expressions (P < 0.05 for all). Similar relations were observed with oleate. Insulin response was associated with AEE (R² = 0.34, P = 0.02) and oleate (R² = 0.52, P < 0.01) and palmitate (R² = 0.62, P < 001) oxidation. CONCLUSION Training and detraining modified the oxidation of the 2 most common dietary fats, likely through a better trafficking and uptake by the muscle, which was negatively associated with whole-body insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bergouignan
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Gillingham LG, Robinson KS, Jones PJH. Effect of high-oleic canola and flaxseed oils on energy expenditure and body composition in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Metabolism 2012; 61:1598-605. [PMID: 22698766 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The fatty acid profile of dietary fats may contribute to its channelling toward oxidation versus storage, influencing energy and weight balance. Our objective was to compare the effects of diets enriched with high-oleic canola oil (HOCO), alone or blended with flaxseed oil (FXCO), on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and body composition versus a typical Western diet (WD). MATERIALS/METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, 34 hypercholesterolemic subjects (n=22 females) consumed 3 controlled diets for 28 days containing ~49% energy from carbohydrate, 14% energy from protein, and 37% energy from fat, of which 70% of fat was provided by HOCO rich in oleic acid, FXCO rich in alpha-linolenic acid, or WD rich in saturated fat. Indirect calorimetry measured energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Body composition was analyzed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULT After 28 days, resting and postprandial energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were not different after consumption of the HOCO or FXCO diets compared with a typical Western diet. No significant changes in body composition measures were observed between diets. However, the android-to-gynoid ratio tended to increase (P=.055) after the FXCO diet compared with the HOCO diet. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that substituting a typical Western dietary fatty acid profile with HOCO or FXCO does not significantly modulate energy expenditure, substrate oxidation or body composition in hypercholesterolemic males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Gillingham
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Numao S, Kawano H, Endo N, Yamada Y, Konishi M, Takahashi M, Sakamoto S. Short-term low carbohydrate/high-fat diet intake increases postprandial plasma glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels during an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:926-31. [PMID: 22669333 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Postprandial hyperglycemia increases the risks of development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 3-day low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (LC/HFD) alters postprandial plasma glucose and incretin levels during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in healthy men. SUBJECTS/METHODS Nine healthy young men (age (mean ± s.e.), 27 ± 1 years; body mass index, 22 ± 1 kg/m(2)) consumed either a normal diet (ND: energy from ∼22% fat) or a LC/HFD (energy from ∼69% fat) for 3 days each. The total energy intake from each diet was similar. An OGTT was performed after each 3-day dietary intervention. Postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acid and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were determined at rest and during the OGTT. RESULTS Plasma glucose levels and incremental area under the curve during the OGTT were significantly higher in the LC/HFD trial than in the ND trial (P=0.024). In addition, increase in GLP-1 levels was significantly higher in the LC/HFD trial than in the ND trial (P=0.025). The first-phase insulin secretion indexes were significantly lower in the LC/HFD trial than in the ND trial (P<0.041). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that even short-term LC/HFD increased postprandial plasma glucose and GLP-1 levels in healthy young men. A decrease in first-phase insulin secretion may partially contribute to the short-term LC/HFD-induced increase in postprandial plasma glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Numao
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Hawkins KR, Hansen KC, Schoeller DA, Cooper JA. Effect of exercise on the diurnal variation in energy substrate use during a high-fat diet. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3775-85. [PMID: 22382668 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation following initiation of a high-fat diet. The objective of this study is to examine the time course of increased fat oxidation under exercise and sedentary conditions. Eighteen healthy subjects completed a randomized crossover design (sedentary and exercise visits) staying for five consecutive days in a metabolic chamber each visit. On day 1, 30% of energy intake was from fat; days 2-5 had 50% of energy as fat. During exercise, subjects rode on a stationary cycle at 45% of VO2max for 1 h in the mornings and evenings. Respiratory gases and urinary nitrogen were collected to calculate macronutrient oxidation and non-protein respiratory exchange ratio (NPRER). This data, collected continuously (24-h periods), were subsequently divided into three time segments: (1) exercise + recovery (1000-1200 hours, 2100-2200 hours), (2) sleep (2300-0645 hours), and (3) wake (all remaining hours). NPRER on exercise versus sedentary visits was lower for the sleep segment (0.77 ± 0.01 01 vs. 0.81 ± 0.01, p < 0.001), higher for the exercise + recovery segment (0.88 ± 0.01 vs. 0.86 ± 0.01, p < 0.001), and was not different for the wake segment. Fat oxidation was significantly higher for exercise versus sedentary treatments during sleep (41 ± 2 vs. 31 ± 2 g), wake (62 ± 3 vs. 51 ± 3 g), and exercise + recovery segments (33 ± 3 vs.16 ± 1 g), but so was fat intake by design (171 ± 8 vs. 128 ± 7 g/d). Although exercise showed greater fat oxidation during all segments, dietary fat intake was also higher. Therefore, based on NPRER, the time of day during which the exercise treatment increased the ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation was during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Hawkins
- Department of Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41240, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Postprandial metabolism of meal triglyceride in humans. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:721-6. [PMID: 22281699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intake of dietary fat above energy needs has contributed to the growing rates of obesity worldwide. The concept of disease development occurring in the fed state now has much support and dysregulation of substrate flux may occur due to poor handling of dietary fat in the immediate postprandial period. The present paper will review recent observations implicating cephalic phase events in the control of enterocyte lipid transport, the impact of varying the composition of meals on subsequent fat metabolism, and the means by which dietary lipid carried in chylomicrons can lead to elevated postprandial non-esterified fatty acid concentrations. This discussion is followed by an evaluation of the data on quantitative meal fat oxidation at the whole body level and an examination of dietary fat clearance to peripheral tissues - with particular attention paid to skeletal muscle and liver given the role of ectopic lipid deposition in insulin resistance. Estimates derived from data of dietary-TG clearance show good agreement with clearance to the liver equaling 8-12% of meal fat in lean subjects and this number appears higher (10-16%) in subjects with diabetes and fatty liver disease. Finally, we discuss new methods with which to study dietary fatty acid partitioning in vivo. Future research is needed to include a more comprehensive understanding of 1) the potential for differential oxidation of saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids which might lead to meaningful energy deficit and whether this parameter varies based on insulin sensitivity, 2) whether compartmentalization exists for diet-derived fatty acids within tissues vs. intracellular pools, and 3) the role of reduced peripheral fatty acid clearance in the development of fatty liver disease. Further advancements in the quantitation of dietary fat absorption and disposal will be central to the development of therapies designed to treat diet-induced obesity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Triglyceride Metabolism and Disease.
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Cooper JA, Watras AC, Paton CM, Wegner FH, Adams AK, Schoeller DA. Impact of exercise and dietary fatty acid composition from a high-fat diet on markers of hunger and satiety. Appetite 2010; 56:171-8. [PMID: 21035513 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To compare the effects of both dietary fatty acid composition and exercise vs. sedentary conditions on circulating levels of hunger and satiety hormones. Eight healthy males were randomized in a 2 × 2 crossover design. The four treatments were 3 days of HF diets (50% of energy) containing high saturated fat (22% of energy) with exercise (SE) or sedentary (SS) conditions, and high monounsaturated fat (30% of energy) with exercise (UE) or sedentary (US) conditions. Cycling exercise was completed at 45% of VO(2)max for 2h daily. On the third HF day, 20 blood samples were drawn over a 24h period for each hormone (leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and peptide YY (PYY)). A visual analog scale (VAS) was completed hourly between 0800 and 2200. Average 24h leptin and insulin levels were lower while 24h PYY was higher during exercise vs. sedentary conditions. FA composition did not differentially affect 24h hormone values. VAS scores for hunger and fullness did not differ between any treatment but did correlate with ghrelin, leptin, and insulin. High saturated or unsaturated fat diets did not differ with respect to markers of hunger or satiety. Exercise decreased 24h leptin and insulin while increasing PYY regardless of FA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cooper
- Department of Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing, Texas Tech University, PO Box 41240, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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