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Reeve EH, Barnes JN, Moir ME, Walker AE. Impact of arterial stiffness on cerebrovascular function: a review of evidence from humans and preclincal models. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H689-H704. [PMID: 38214904 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00592.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
With advancing age, the cerebral vasculature becomes dysfunctional, and this dysfunction is associated with cognitive decline. However, the initiating cause of these age-related cerebrovascular impairments remains incompletely understood. A characteristic feature of the aging vasculature is the increase in stiffness of the large elastic arteries. This increase in arterial stiffness is associated with elevated pulse pressure and blood flow pulsatility in the cerebral vasculature. Evidence from both humans and rodents supports that increases in large elastic artery stiffness are associated with cerebrovascular impairments. These impacts on cerebrovascular function are wide-ranging and include reductions in global and regional cerebral blood flow, cerebral small vessel disease, endothelial cell dysfunction, and impaired perivascular clearance. Furthermore, recent findings suggest that the relationship between arterial stiffness and cerebrovascular function may be influenced by genetics, specifically APOE and NOTCH genotypes. Given the strength of the evidence that age-related increases in arterial stiffness have deleterious impacts on the brain, interventions that target arterial stiffness are needed. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence from human and rodent studies, supporting the role of increased arterial stiffness in age-related cerebrovascular impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Reeve
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Jill N Barnes
- Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - M Erin Moir
- Department of Kinesiology University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Ashley E Walker
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
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2
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Wang Y, Payne SJ. Static autoregulation in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023:271678X231210430. [PMID: 37933742 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231210430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The process by which cerebral blood flow (CBF) remains approximately constant in response to short-term variations in arterial blood pressure (ABP) is known as cerebral autoregulation. This classic view, that it remains constant over a wide range of ABP, has however been challenged by a growing number of studies. To provide an updated understanding of the static cerebral pressure-flow relationship and to characterise the autoregulation curve more rigorously, we conducted a comprehensive literature research. Results were based on 143 studies in healthy individuals aged 18 to 65 years. The mean sensitivities of CBF to changes in ABP were found to be 1.47 ± 0.71%/% for decreased ABP and 0.37 ± 0.38%/% for increased ABP. The significant difference in CBF directional sensitivity suggests that cerebral autoregulation appears to be more effective in buffering increases in ABP than decreases in ABP. Regression analysis of absolute CBF and ABP identified an autoregulatory plateau of approximately 20 mmHg (ABP between 80 and 100 mmHg), which is much smaller than the widely accepted classical view. Age and sex were found to have no effect on autoregulation strength. This data-driven approach provides a quantitative method of analysing static autoregulation that can be easily updated as more experimental data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen J Payne
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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Marôco JL, Rosenberg AJ, Grigoriadis G, Lefferts EC, Fernhall B, Baynard T. Older females but not males exhibit increases in cerebral blood velocity, despite similar pulsatility increases after high-intensity resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H909-H916. [PMID: 37594485 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00349.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in resting cerebral hemodynamics decline with aging. Given that acute resistance exercise (RE) is a hypertensive challenge, it may reveal sex-dependent abnormalities in cerebral hemodynamics. Thus, we hypothesized that cerebral blood velocity and pulsatility responses to RE would be sex-dependent in older adults. Fourteen older females and 11 males (50-68 yr) completed a high-intensity unilateral isokinetic knee flexion/extension exercise. Measurements were collected at baseline, immediately, 5- and 30-min post-RE. Blood pressure was measured via finger photoplethysmography. Mean middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and pulsatility were assessed via transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Carotid pulsatility was obtained via duplex ultrasound. MCAv increased immediately after RE in older females [mean difference (d) = 6.02, 95% CI: 1.66 to 10.39 cm/s, P < 0.001] but not in males (d = -0.72, 95% CI: -3.83 to 5.27 cm/s, P = 0.99), followed by similar reductions 5-min post-RE in older females (d = -4.40, 95% CI: -8.81 to -0.10 cm/s, P = 0.045) and males (d = -6.41, 95% CI: -11.19 to -1.62 cm/s, P = 0.003). MCAv pulsatility increased similarly in older females (d = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.40, P < 0.001) and males (d = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.53, P < 0.001), persisting 5-min post-RE. Older females showed smaller increases in carotid pulsatility immediately after RE (d = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.38, P = 0.01) than males (d = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.68, P < 0.001). An exercise-mediated hypertensive stimulus revealed differential sex responses in MCAv and carotid pulsatility but not in cerebral pulsatility. Cerebral pulsatility findings suggest a similar sex susceptibility to cerebrovascular abnormalities following exercise-mediated hypertensive stimulus in older adults.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex differences in resting cerebral hemodynamics decline with advancing age as females experience larger reductions in cerebral blood velocity and steeper pulsatility increases than males. However, an exercise-mediated hypertensive stimulus might reveal sex differences in cerebral hemodynamics not apparent at rest. Following high-intensity resistance exercise, older females but not males exhibit increases in cerebral blood velocity, despite similar increases in cerebral pulsatility. The susceptibility to cerebrovascular abnormalities following exercise-mediated hypertensive stimulus appears similar between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L Marôco
- Integrative Human Physiology Laboratory, Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Alexander J Rosenberg
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States
| | - Georgios Grigoriadis
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Lefferts
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Clinical Vascular Research Laboratory, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Bo Fernhall
- Integrative Human Physiology Laboratory, Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Tracy Baynard
- Integrative Human Physiology Laboratory, Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Fillingham P, Romero Bhathal J, Marsh LMM, Barbour MC, Kurt M, Ionita CN, Davies JM, Aliseda A, Levitt MR. Improving the accuracy of computational fluid dynamics simulations of coiled cerebral aneurysms using finite element modeling. J Biomech 2023; 157:111733. [PMID: 37527606 PMCID: PMC10528313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysms are a serious clinical challenge, with ∼half resulting in death or disability. Treatment via endovascular coiling significantly reduces the chances of rupture, but the techniquehas failure rates of ∼20 %. This presents a pressing need to develop a method fordetermining optimal coildeploymentstrategies. Quantification of the hemodynamics of coiled aneurysms using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has the potential to predict post-treatment outcomes, but representing the coil mass in CFD simulations remains a challenge. We use the Finite Element Method (FEM) for simulating patient-specific coil deployment for n = 4 ICA aneurysms for which 3D printed in vitro models were also generated, coiled, and scanned using ultra-high resolution synchrotron micro-CT. The physical and virtual coil geometries were voxelized onto a binary structured grid and porosity maps were generated for geometric comparison. The average binary accuracy score is 0.8623 and the average error in porosity map is 4.94 %. We then conduct patient-specific CFD simulations of the aneurysm hemodynamics using virtual coils geometries, micro-CT generated oil geometries, and using the porous medium method to represent the coil mass. Hemodynamic parameters including Neck Inflow Rate (Qneck) and Wall Shear Stress (WSS) were calculated for each of the CFD simulations. The average relative error in Qneck and WSS from CFD using FEM geometry were 6.6 % and 21.8 % respectively, while the error from CFD using a porous media approximation resulted in errors of 55.1 % and 36.3 % respectively; demonstrating a marked improvement in the accuracy of CFD simulations using FEM generated coil geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fillingham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | | | - Laurel M M Marsh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael C Barbour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mehmet Kurt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ciprian N Ionita
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jason M Davies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Alberto Aliseda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael R Levitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Moir ME, Klassen SA, Zamir M, Hamner JW, Tan CO, Shoemaker JK. Regulation of cerebrovascular compliance compared with forearm vascular compliance in humans: a pharmacological study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H100-H108. [PMID: 36459447 PMCID: PMC9799136 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00377.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that cerebrovascular compliance contributes to the dynamic regulation of cerebral blood flow but the mechanisms regulating cerebrovascular compliance in humans are unknown. This retrospective study investigated the impact of neural, endothelial, and myogenic mechanisms on the regulation of vascular compliance in the cerebral vascular bed compared with the forearm vascular bed. An index of vascular compliance (Ci) was assessed using a Windkessel model applied to blood pressure waveforms (finger photoplethysmography) and corresponding middle cerebral artery blood velocity or brachial artery blood velocity waveforms (Doppler ultrasound). Data were analyzed during a 5-min baseline period (10 waveforms) under control conditions and during distinct sympathetic blockade (experiment 1, phentolamine; 10 adults), cholinergic blockade (experiment 2, glycopyrrolate; 9 adults), and myogenic blockade (experiment 3, nicardipine; 14 adults). In experiment 1, phentolamine increased Ci similarly in the cerebral vascular bed (131 ± 135%) and forearm vascular bed (93 ± 75%; P = 0.45). In experiment 2, glycopyrrolate increased cerebrovascular Ci (72 ± 61%) and forearm vascular Ci (74 ± 64%) to a similar extent (P = 0.88). In experiment 3, nicardipine increased Ci but to a greater extent in the cerebral vascular bed (88 ± 88%) than forearm vascular bed (20 ± 45%; P = 0.01). Therefore, adrenergic, cholinergic, and myogenic mechanisms contribute to the regulation of cerebrovascular and forearm vascular compliance. However, myogenic mechanisms appear to exert more specific control over vascular compliance in the brain relative to the forearm.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vascular compliance represents an important determinant in the dynamics and regulation of blood flow through a vascular bed. However, the mechanisms that regulate vascular compliance remain poorly understood. This study examined the impact of neural, endothelial, and myogenic mechanisms on cerebrovascular compliance compared with forearm vascular compliance. Distinct pharmacological blockade of α-adrenergic, endothelial muscarinic, and myogenic inputs altered cerebrovascular and forearm vascular compliance. These results further our understanding of vascular control and blood flow regulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Erin Moir
- 1School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen A. Klassen
- 2Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mair Zamir
- 3Department of Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada,4Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. W. Hamner
- 5Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Spaulding Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Can Ozan Tan
- 6RAM, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science,
University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J. Kevin Shoemaker
- 1School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada,7Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Parametric analysis of an efficient boundary condition to control outlet flow rates in large arterial networks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19092. [PMID: 36351976 PMCID: PMC9646762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial effort is being invested in the creation of a virtual human-a model which will improve our understanding of human physiology and diseases and assist clinicians in the design of personalised medical treatments. A central challenge of achieving blood flow simulations at full-human scale is the development of an efficient and accurate approach to imposing boundary conditions on many outlets. A previous study proposed an efficient method for implementing the two-element Windkessel model to control the flow rate ratios at outlets. Here we clarify the general role of the resistance and capacitance in this approach and conduct a parametric sweep to examine how to choose their values for complex geometries. We show that the error of the flow rate ratios decreases exponentially as the resistance increases. The errors fall below 4% in a simple five-outlets model and 7% in a human artery model comprising ten outlets. Moreover, the flow rate ratios converge faster and suffer from weaker fluctuations as the capacitance decreases. Our findings also establish constraints on the parameters controlling the numerical stability of the simulations. The findings from this work are directly applicable to larger and more complex vascular domains encountered at full-human scale.
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Saehle T. Cerebral Hemodynamics During Exposure to Hypergravity (+G z) or Microgravity (0 G). Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:581-592. [DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6008.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Optimal human performance and health is dependent on steady blood supply to the brain. Hypergravity (+Gz) may impair cerebral blood flow (CBF), and several investigators have also reported that microgravity (0 G) may influence cerebral hemodynamics. This
has led to concerns for safe performance during acceleration maneuvers in aviation or the impact long-duration spaceflights may have on astronaut health.METHODS: A systematic PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) search was done in PubMed and Web of Science, addressing studies on
how elevated +Gz forces or absence of such may impact cerebral hemodynamics. All primary research containing anatomical or physiological data on relevant intracranial parameters were included. Quality of the evidence was analyzed using the GRADE tool.RESULTS: The search
revealed 92 eligible articles. It is evident that impaired CBF during +Gz acceleration remains an important challenge in aviation, but there are significant variations in individual tolerance. The reports on cerebral hemodynamics during weightlessness are inconsistent, but published
data indicate that adaptation to sustained microgravity is also characterized by significant variations among individuals.DISCUSSION: Despite a high number of publications, the quality of evidence is limited due to observational study design, too few included subjects, and methodological
challenges. Clinical consequences of high +Gz exposure are well described, but there are significant gaps in knowledge regarding the intracranial pathophysiology and individual hemodynamic tolerance to both hypergravity and microgravity environments.Saehle T. Cerebral
hemodynamics during exposure to hypergravity (+Gz) or microgravity (0 G). Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(7):581–592.
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8
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Tomoto T, Repshas J, Zhang R, Tarumi T. Midlife aerobic exercise and dynamic cerebral autoregulation: associations with baroreflex sensitivity and central arterial stiffness. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1599-1612. [PMID: 34647828 PMCID: PMC8616602 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00243.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Midlife aerobic exercise may significantly impact age-related changes in the cerebro- and cardiovascular regulations. This study investigated the associations of midlife aerobic exercise with dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA), cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and central arterial stiffness. Twenty middle-aged athletes (MA) who had aerobic training for >10 yr were compared with 20 young (YS) and 20 middle-aged sedentary (MS) adults. Beat-to-beat cerebral blood flow velocity, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate were measured at rest and during forced BP oscillations induced by repeated sit-stand maneuvers at 0.05 Hz. Transfer function analysis was used to calculate dCA and BRS parameters. Carotid distensibility was measured by ultrasonography. MA had the highest peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) among all groups. During forced BP oscillations, MS showed lower BRS gain than YS, but this age-related reduction was absent in MA. Conversely, dCA was similar among all groups. At rest, BRS and dCA gains at low frequency (∼0.1 Hz) were higher in the MA than in MS and YS groups. Carotid distensibility was similar between MA and YS groups, but it was lower in the MS. Across all subjects, V̇o2peak was positively associated with BRS gains at rest and during forced BP oscillations (r = 0.257∼0.382, P = 0.003∼0.050) and carotid distensibility (r = 0.428∼0.490, P = 0.001). Furthermore, dCA gain at rest and carotid distensibility were positively correlated with BRS gain at rest in YS and MA groups (all P < 0.05). These findings suggest that midlife aerobic exercise improves central arterial elasticity and BRS, which may contribute to cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation through dCA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Middle-aged athletes (MA) showed intact dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) during sit-stand maneuvers when compared with young (YS) and middle-aged sedentary (MS) adults. Conversely, MA showed the significant attenuation of age-related carotid distensibility and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) impairments. In MA and YS groups, BRS was positively associated with dCA gain at rest and carotid distensibility. Our findings suggest that midlife aerobic exercise improves BRS by reducing central arterial stiffness, which contributes to CBF regulation through dCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Tomoto
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Justin Repshas
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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Robles FAB, Panerai RB, Katsogridakis E, Chacon M. Superior fitting of arterial resistance and compliance parameters with genetic algorithms in models of dynamic cerebral autoregulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 69:503-512. [PMID: 34314353 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The capacity of discriminating between normal and impaired dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA), based on spontaneous fluctuations in arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF), has considerable clinical relevance. This study aimed to quantify the separate contributions of vascular resistance and compliance as parameters that could reflect myogenic and metabolic mechanisms to dCA. METHODS Forty-five subjects were studied under normo and hypercapnic conditions induced by breathing a mixture of 5% carbon dioxide in air. Dynamic cerebrovascular resistance and compliance models with ABP as input and CBFV as output were fitted using Genetic Algorithms to identify parameter values for each subject, and respiratory condition. RESULTS The efficiency of dCA was assessed from the models generated CBFV response to an ABP step change, corresponding to an autoregulation index of 5.561.57 in normocapnia and 2.381.73 in hypercapnia, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.9 between both conditions. Vascular compliance increased from 0.750.7 ml/mmHg in normocapnia to 5.8212.0 ml/mmHg during hypercapnia, with an AUC of 0.88. CONCLUSION we demonstrated that Genetic Algorithms are a powerful tool to provide accurate identification of model parameters expressing the performance of human CA Significance: Further work is needed to validate this approach in clinical applications where individualised model parameters could provide relevant diagnostic and prognostic information about dCA impairment Index Terms arterial compliance, autoregulation impairment, cerebral blood flow, Genetic Algorithms, hypercapnia.
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Moir ME, Vermeulen TD, Smith SO, Woehrle E, Matushewski BJ, Zamir M, Shoemaker JK. Vasodilatation by carbon dioxide and sodium nitroglycerin reduces compliance of the cerebral arteries in humans. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1679-1688. [PMID: 34117663 DOI: 10.1113/ep089533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Vascular compliance importantly contributes to the regulation of cerebral perfusion and complex mechanisms are known to influence compliance of a vascular bed: while vasodilatation mediates changes in vascular resistance, does it also affect compliance, particularly in the cerebral vasculature? What is the main finding and its importance? Cerebral vasodilatation, elicited by hypercapnia and sodium nitroglycerin administration, reduced cerebrovascular compliance by approximately 26% from baseline. This study provides new insight into mechanisms mediating cerebrovascular compliance. ABSTRACT Changes in vascular resistance and vascular compliance contribute to the regulation of cerebral perfusion. While changes in vascular resistance are known to be mediated by vasodilatation, the mechanisms contributing to changes in vascular compliance are complex. In particular, whether vasodilatation affects compliance of the vasculature within the cranium remains unknown. Therefore, the present study examined the impact of two vasodilatation pathways on cerebrovascular compliance in humans. Fifteen young, healthy adults (26 ± 5 years, seven females) completed two protocols: (i) sublingual sodium nitroglycerin (SNG; 0.4 mg) and (ii) hypercapnia (5-6% carbon dioxide gas mixture for 4 min). Blood pressure waveforms (finger photoplethysmography) and middle cerebral artery blood velocity waveforms (transcranial Doppler ultrasound) were input into a modified Windkessel model and an index of cerebrovascular compliance (Ci) was calculated. During the SNG protocol, Ci decreased 24 ± 17% from baseline ((5.0 ± 2.3) × 10-4 cm s-1 mmHg-1 ) to minute 10 ((3.6 ± 1.2) × 10-4 cm s-1 mmHg-1 ; P = 0.009). During the hypercapnia protocol, Ci decreased 28 ± 9% from baseline ((4.4 ± 1.9) × 10-4 cm s-1 mmHg-1 ) to minute 4 ((3.1 ± 1.4) × 10-4 cm s-1 mmHg-1 ; P < 0.001). Cerebral vasodilatory stimuli induced by nitric oxide and carbon dioxide mechanisms reduced compliance of the cerebral vascular bed by approximately 26% from supine baseline values.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Erin Moir
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler D Vermeulen
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sydney O Smith
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emilie Woehrle
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad J Matushewski
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mair Zamir
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Moir ME, Klassen SA, Zamir M, Shoemaker JK. Rapid changes in vascular compliance contribute to cerebrovascular adjustments during transient reductions in blood pressure in young, healthy adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:27-35. [PMID: 32463732 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00272.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of dynamic cerebral autoregulation has focused primarily on adjustments in cerebrovascular resistance in response to blood pressure (BP) alterations. However, the role of vascular compliance in dynamic autoregulatory processes remains elusive. The present study examined changes in cerebrovascular compliance and resistance during standing-induced transient BP reductions in nine young, healthy adults (3 women). Brachial artery BP (Finometer) and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (BV; Multigon) waveforms were collected. Beginning 20 beats before standing and continuing 40 beats after standing, individual BP and BV waveforms of every second heartbeat were extracted and input into a four-element modified Windkessel model to calculate indexes of cerebrovascular resistance (Ri) and compliance (Ci). Standing elicited a transient reduction in mean BP of 20 ± 9 mmHg. In all participants, a large increase in Ci (165 ± 84%; P < 0.001 vs. seated baseline) occurred 2 ± 2 beats following standing. Reductions in Ri occurred 11 ± 3 beats after standing (Ci vs. Ri delay: P < 0.001). The increase in Ci contributed to maintained systolic BV before the decrease in Ri. The present results demonstrate rapid, large but transient increases in Ci that precede reductions in Ri, in response to standing-induced reductions in BP. Therefore, Ci represents a discreet component of cerebrovascular responses during acute decreases in BP and, consequently, dynamic autoregulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Historically, dynamic cerebral autoregulation has been characterized by adjustments in cerebrovascular resistance following systematic changes in blood pressure. However, with the use of Windkessel modeling approaches, this study revealed rapid and large increases in cerebrovascular compliance that preceded reductions in cerebrovascular resistance following standing-induced blood pressure reductions. Importantly, the rapid cerebrovascular compliance response contributed to preservation of systolic blood velocity during the transient hypotensive phase. These results broaden our understanding of dynamic cerebral autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Erin Moir
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen A Klassen
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mair Zamir
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Foster LD, Barsan WG, Goldstein JN, Hanley DF, Hsu CY, Moy CS, Qureshi MH, Silbergleit R, Suarez JI, Toyoda K, Yamamoto H. Blood Pressure-Attained Analysis of ATACH 2 Trial. Stroke 2018; 49:1412-1418. [PMID: 29789395 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.019845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We compared the rates of death or disability, defined by modified Rankin Scale score of 4 to 6, at 3 months in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage according to post-treatment systolic blood pressure (SBP)-attained status. METHODS We divided 1000 subjects with SBP ≥180 mm Hg who were randomized within 4.5 hours of symptom onset as follows: SBP <140 mm Hg achieved or not achieved within 2 hours; subjects in whom SBP <140 mm Hg was achieved within 2 hours were further divided: SBP <140 mm Hg for 21 to 22 hours (reduced and maintained) or SBP was ≥140 mm Hg for at least 2 hours during the period between 2 and 24 hours (reduced but not maintained). RESULTS Compared with subjects without reduction of SBP <140 mm Hg within 2 hours, subjects with reduction and maintenance of SBP <140 mm Hg within 2 hours had a similar rate of death or disability (relative risk of 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-1.29). The rates of neurological deterioration within 24 hours were significantly higher in reduced and maintained group (10.4%; relative risk, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-3.62) and in reduced but not maintained group (11.5%; relative risk, 2.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-3.75) compared with reference group. The rates of cardiac-related adverse events within 7 days were higher among subjects with reduction and maintenance of SBP <140 mmHg compared to subjects without reduction (11.2% versus 6.4%). CONCLUSIONS No decline in death or disability but higher rates of neurological deterioration and cardiac-related adverse events were observed among intracerebral hemorrhage subjects with reduction with and without maintenance of intensive SBP goals. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01176565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan I Qureshi
- From the Department of Neurology, Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.I.Q., M.H.Q.)
| | - Yuko Y Palesch
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Y.Y.P., L.D.F.)
| | - Lydia D Foster
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Y.Y.P., L.D.F.)
| | - William G Barsan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.G.B., R.S.)
| | - Joshua N Goldstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.N.G.)
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (D.F.H.)
| | - Chung Y Hsu
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (C.Y.H.)
| | - Claudia S Moy
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.S.M.)
| | - Mushtaq H Qureshi
- From the Department of Neurology, Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.I.Q., M.H.Q.)
| | - Robert Silbergleit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (W.G.B., R.S.)
| | - Jose I Suarez
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.I.S.)
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan (K.T., H.Y.)
| | - Haruko Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan (K.T., H.Y.)
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de Jong DLK, Tarumi T, Liu J, Zhang R, Claassen JAHR. Lack of linear correlation between dynamic and steady-state cerebral autoregulation. J Physiol 2017; 595:5623-5636. [PMID: 28597991 PMCID: PMC5556173 DOI: 10.1113/jp274304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points For correct application and interpretation of cerebral autoregulation (CA) measurements in research and in clinical care, it is essential to understand differences and similarities between dynamic and steady‐state CA. The present study found no correlation between dynamic and steady‐state CA indices in healthy older adults. There was variability between individuals in all (steady‐state and dynamic) autoregulatory indices, ranging from low (almost absent) to highly efficient CA in this healthy population. These findings challenge the assumption that assessment of a single CA parameter or a single set of parameters can be generalized to overall CA functioning. Therefore, depending on specific research purposes, the choice for either steady‐state or dynamic measures or both should be weighed carefully.
Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between dynamic (dCA) and steady‐state cerebral autoregulation (sCA). In 28 healthy older adults, sCA was quantified by a linear regression slope of proportionate (%) changes in cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) in response to proportionate (%) changes in mean blood pressure (BP) induced by stepwise sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and phenylephrine (PhE) infusion. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured at the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery (VA) and CBF velocity at the middle cerebral artery (MCA). With CVR = BP/CBF, Slope‐CVRICA, Slope‐CVRVA and Slope‐CVRiMCA were derived. dCA was assessed (i) in supine rest, analysed with transfer function analysis (gain and phase) and autoregulatory index (ARI) fit from spontaneous oscillations (ARIBaseline), and (ii) with transient changes in BP using a bolus injection of SNP (ARISNP) and PhE (ARIPhE). Comparison of sCA and dCA parameters (using Pearson's r for continuous and Spearman's ρ for ordinal parameters) demonstrated a lack of linear correlations between sCA and dCA measures. However, comparisons of parameters within dCA and within sCA were correlated. For sCA slope‐CVRVA with Slope‐CVRiMCA (r = 0.45, P < 0.03); for dCA ARISNP with ARIPhE (ρ = 0.50, P = 0.03), ARIBaseline (ρ = 0.57, P = 0.03) and PhaseLF (ρ = 0.48, P = 0.03); and for GainVLF with GainLF (r = 0.51, P = 0.01). By contrast to the commonly held assumption based on an earlier study, there were no linear correlations between sCA and dCA. As an additional observation, there was strong inter‐individual variability, both in dCA and sCA, in this healthy group of elderly, in a range from low to high CA efficiency. For correct application and interpretation of cerebral autoregulation (CA) measurements in research and in clinical care, it is essential to understand differences and similarities between dynamic and steady‐state CA. The present study found no correlation between dynamic and steady‐state CA indices in healthy older adults. There was variability between individuals in all (steady‐state and dynamic) autoregulatory indices, ranging from low (almost absent) to highly efficient CA in this healthy population. These findings challenge the assumption that assessment of a single CA parameter or a single set of parameters can be generalized to overall CA functioning. Therefore, depending on specific research purposes, the choice for either steady‐state or dynamic measures or both should be weighed carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan L K de Jong
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud Alzheimer Center, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Texas, USA
| | - Jurgen A H R Claassen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud Alzheimer Center, and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Intracranial volumetric changes govern cerebrospinal fluid flow in the Aqueduct of Sylvius in healthy adults. Biomed Signal Process Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Garrett ZK, Pearson J, Subudhi AW. Postural effects on cerebral blood flow and autoregulation. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/4/e13150. [PMID: 28242827 PMCID: PMC5328778 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation (CA) is thought to maintain relatively constant cerebral blood flow (CBF) across normal blood pressures. To determine if postural changes alter CA, we measured cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) in the middle cerebral arteries, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), cardiac output (Q), and end‐tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) in 18 healthy individuals (11 female and seven male; 26 ± 9 years) during repeated periods of supine and seated rest. Multiple regression was used to evaluate the influence of PETCO2, MABP, Q, and hydrostatic pressure on CBFv. Static CA was assessed by evaluating absolute changes in steady‐state CBFv. Dynamic CA was assessed by transfer function analysis of the CBFv response to spontaneous oscillations in MABP. In the seated versus supine posture, MABP (67.2 ± 7.2 vs. 84.2 ± 12.1 mmHg; P < 0.001), CBFv (55.2 ± 9.1 vs. 63.6 ± 10.6 cm/sec; P < 0.001) and PETCO2 (29.1 ± 2.6 vs. 30.9 ± 2.3 mmHg; P < 0.001) were reduced. Changes in CBFv were not explained by variance in PETCO2, MABP, Q, or hydrostatic pressure. A reduction in MABP to CBFv transfer function gain while seated (P < 0.01) was explained by changes in the power spectrum of MABP, not CBFv. Our findings suggest that changes in steady‐state cerebral hemodynamics between postures do not appear to have a large functional consequence on the dynamic regulation of CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K Garrett
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - James Pearson
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Andrew W Subudhi
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
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Henley BC, Shin DC, Zhang R, Marmarelis VZ. Compartmental and Data-Based Modeling of Cerebral Hemodynamics: Nonlinear Analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 64:1078-1088. [PMID: 27411214 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2588438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As an extension to our study comparing a putative compartmental and data-based model of linear dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA) and CO2-vasomotor reactivity (VR), we study the CA-VR process in a nonlinear context. METHODS We use the concept of principal dynamic modes (PDM) in order to obtain a compact and more easily interpretable input-output model. This in silico study permits the use of input data with a dynamic range large enough to simulate the classic homeostatic CA and VR curves using a putative structural model of the regulatory control of the cerebral circulation. The PDM model obtained using theoretical and experimental data are compared. RESULTS It was found that the PDM model was able to reflect accurately both the simulated static CA and VR curves in the associated nonlinear functions (ANFs). Similar to experimental observations, the PDM model essentially separates the pressure-flow relationship into a linear component with fast dynamics and nonlinear components with slow dynamics. In addition, we found good qualitative agreement between the PDMs representing the dynamic theoretical and experimental CO2-flow relationship. CONCLUSION Under the modeling assumption and in light of other experimental findings, we hypothesize that PDMs obtained from experimental data correspond with passive fluid dynamical and active regulatory mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE Both hypothesis-based and data-based modeling approaches can be combined to offer some insight into the physiological basis of PDM model obtained from human experimental data. The PDM modeling approach potentially offers a practical way to quantify the status of specific regulatory mechanisms in the CA-VR process.
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Curry BH, Bond V, Pemminati S, Gorantla VR, Volkova YA, Kadur K, Millis RM. Effects of a Dietary Beetroot Juice Treatment on Systemic and Cerebral Haemodynamics- A Pilot Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:CC01-5. [PMID: 27630836 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/20049.8113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beetroot Juice (BJ) contains dietary nitrates that increase the blood Nitric Oxide (NO) level, decrease Blood Pressure (BP), increase athletic performance and improve cognitive functions but the mechanism remains unclear. Ultrasonographic measurement of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity with computation of Cerebral Augmentation Index (CAIx) is a measure of the reflected flow signal, modulated by changes in cerebrovascular resistance and compliance. AIM This pilot study tests the hypothesis that ingestion of an amount of BJ sufficient to raise the blood NO level two-to three-fold, decreases Transcranial Doppler (TCD) measured CAIx. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten healthy young-adult African-American women were studied at two levels of submaximal exercise, 40% and 80% of their predetermined peak oxygen consumptions. The subjects ingested nitrate-free orange juice (OJ, control) and an isocaloric BJ beverage (1.5 mg/mL nitrate, 220 Cal), on different days, 1-2 weeks apart. RESULTS The BJ treatment increased blood NO and decreased systolic BP at rest and at the two levels of exercise. The BJ treatment decreased CAIx only at the two levels of exercise (from 79 ± 2% to 62 ± 2% and from 80 ± 2% to 60 ± 3%, p<0.05). Exercise increased TCD-measured resistance and pulsatility indices (RIx, PIx) without changing AIx. The BJ treatment had no effect on RIx and PIx. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that decreased CAIx associated with aerobic exercise reflects the change in cerebral haemodynamics resulting from dietary nitrate supplementation. Future studies should determine whether the BJ-induced decrement in CAIx is correlated with an improvement in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Heath Curry
- Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Howard University College of Medicine and Howard University Hospital , Washington, DC 20060, United States of America
| | - Vernon Bond
- Professor, Department of Recreation, Human Performance and Leisure Studies and Exercise Science and Human Nutrition Laboratory, Howard University Cancer Centre , Washington, DC 20060, United States of America
| | - Sudhakar Pemminati
- Associate Professor, Department of Medical Pharmacology, AUA College of Medicine and Manipal University , Antigua
| | - Vasavi Rakesh Gorantla
- Assistant Professor, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Neuroscience, AUA College of Medicine , Antigua
| | | | - Kishan Kadur
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Physiology, AUA College of Medicine , Antigua
| | - Richard Mark Millis
- Professor, Department of Medical Physiology, AUA College of Medicine , Antigua
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18
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Henley B, Shin D, Zhang R, Marmarelis V. Compartmental and Data-Based Modeling of Cerebral Hemodynamics: Linear Analysis. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2015; 3:2317-2332. [PMID: 26900535 PMCID: PMC4756910 DOI: 10.1109/access.2015.2492945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Compartmental and data-based modeling of cerebral hemodynamics are alternative approaches that utilize distinct model forms and have been employed in the quantitative study of cerebral hemodynamics. This paper examines the relation between a compartmental equivalent-circuit and a data-based input-output model of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA) and CO2-vasomotor reactivity (DVR). The compartmental model is constructed as an equivalent-circuit utilizing putative first principles and previously proposed hypothesis-based models. The linear input-output dynamics of this compartmental model are compared with data-based estimates of the DCA-DVR process. This comparative study indicates that there are some qualitative similarities between the two-input compartmental model and experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.C. Henley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - D.C. Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - R. Zhang
- Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas
| | - V.Z. Marmarelis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
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19
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Warnert EAH, Murphy K, Hall JE, Wise RG. Noninvasive assessment of arterial compliance of human cerebral arteries with short inversion time arterial spin labeling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:461-8. [PMID: 25515216 PMCID: PMC4348387 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A noninvasive method of assessing cerebral arterial compliance (AC) is introduced in which arterial spin labeling (ASL) is used to measure changes in arterial blood volume (aBV) occurring within the cardiac cycle. Short inversion time pulsed ASL (PASL) was performed in healthy volunteers with inversion times ranging from 250 to 850 ms. A model of the arterial input function was used to obtain the cerebral aBV. Results indicate that aBV depends on the cardiac phase of the arteries in the imaging volume. Cerebral AC, estimated from aBV and brachial blood pressure measured noninvasively in systole and diastole, was assessed in the flow territories of the basal cerebral arteries originating from the circle of Willis: right and left middle cerebral arteries (RMCA and LMCA), right and left posterior cerebral arteries (RPCA and LPCA), and the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Group average AC values calculated for the RMCA, LMCA, ACA, RPCA, and LPCA were 0.56%±0.2%, 0.50%±0.3%, 0.4%±0.2%, 1.1%±0.5%, and 1.1%±0.3% per mm Hg, respectively. The current experiment has shown the feasibility of measuring AC of cerebral arteries with short inversion time PASL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther AH Warnert
- Cardiff University Brain Research and Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research and Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Judith E Hall
- Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard G Wise
- Cardiff University Brain Research and Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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20
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Static autoregulation in humans: a review and reanalysis. Med Eng Phys 2014; 36:1487-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Tzeng YC, MacRae BA, Ainslie PN, Chan GSH. Fundamental relationships between blood pressure and cerebral blood flow in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:1037-48. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00366.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow responses to transient blood pressure challenges are frequently attributed to cerebral autoregulation (CA), yet accumulating evidence indicates vascular properties like compliance are also influential. We hypothesized that middle cerebral blood velocity (MCAv) dynamics during or following a transient blood pressure perturbation can be accurately explained by the windkessel mechanism. Eighteen volunteers underwent blood pressure manipulations, including bilateral thigh-cuff deflation and sit-to-stand maneuvers under normocapnic and hypercapnic (5% CO2) conditions. Pressure-flow recordings were analyzed using a windkessel analysis approach that partitions the frequency-dependent resistance and compliance contributions to MCAv dynamics. The windkessel was typically able to explain more than 50% of the MCAv variance, as indicated by R2 values for both the flow recovery and postrecovery phase. The most consistent predictors of MCAv dynamics under the control condition were the windkessel capacitive gain and high-frequency resistive gain. However, there were significant interindividual variations in the composition of windkessel predictors. Hypercapnia consistently reduced the capacitive gain and enhanced the low-frequency (0.04–0.20 Hz) resistive gain for both thigh-cuff deflation and sit-to-stand trials. These findings indicate that 1) MCAv dynamics during acute transient hypotension challenges are dominated by cerebrovascular windkessel properties independent of CA; 2) there is significant heterogeneity in windkessel properties between individuals; and 3) hemodynamic effects of hypercapnia during transient blood pressure challenges primarily reflect changes in windkessel properties rather than pure CA impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. C. Tzeng
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - B. A. MacRae
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - P. N. Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - G. S. H. Chan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Idris Z, Mustapha M, Abdullah JM. Microgravity environment and compensatory: Decompensatory phases for intracranial hypertension form new perspectives to explain mechanism underlying communicating hydrocephalus and its related disorders. Asian J Neurosurg 2014; 9:7-13. [PMID: 24891884 PMCID: PMC4038869 DOI: 10.4103/1793-5482.131058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis underlying communicating hydrocephalus has been centered on impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow secondary to abnormal CSF pulsation and venous hypertension. Hydrodynamic theory of hydrocephalus fares better than traditional theory in explaining the possible mechanisms underlying communicating hydrocephalus. Nonetheless, hydrodynamic theory alone could not fully explain some conditions that have ventriculomegaly but without hydrocephalus. By revisiting brain buoyancy from a fresher perspective, called microgravity environment of the brain, introducing wider concepts of anatomical and physiological compensatory–decompensatory phases for a persistent raise in intracranial pressure, and along with combining these two concepts with the previously well-accepted concepts of Monro–Kellie doctrine, intracranial hypertension, cerebral blood flow, cerebral perfusion pressure, brain compliance and elasticity, cerebral autoregulation, blood–brain and blood–CSF barriers, venous and cardiopulmonary hypertension, Windkessel phenomenon, and cerebral pulsation, we provide plausible explanations to the pathogenesis for communicating hydrocephalus and its related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jafri M Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Lefferts WK, Augustine JA, Heffernan KS. Effect of acute resistance exercise on carotid artery stiffness and cerebral blood flow pulsatility. Front Physiol 2014; 5:101. [PMID: 24678301 PMCID: PMC3958641 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness is associated with cerebral flow pulsatility. Arterial stiffness increases following acute resistance exercise (RE). Whether this acute RE-induced vascular stiffening affects cerebral pulsatility remains unknown. Purpose: To investigate the effects of acute RE on common carotid artery (CCA) stiffness and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) pulsatility. Methods: Eighteen healthy men (22 ± 1 yr; 23.7 ± 0.5 kg·m−2) underwent acute RE (5 sets, 5-RM bench press, 5 sets 10-RM bicep curls with 90 s rest intervals) or a time control condition (seated rest) in a randomized order. CCA stiffness (β-stiffness, Elastic Modulus (Ep)) and hemodynamics (pulsatility index, forward wave intensity, and reflected wave intensity) were assessed using a combination of Doppler ultrasound, wave intensity analysis and applanation tonometry at baseline and 3 times post-RE. CBFv pulsatility index was measured with transcranial Doppler at the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Results: CCA β-stiffness, Ep and CCA pulse pressure significantly increased post-RE and remained elevated throughout post-testing (p < 0.05). No changes in MCA or CCA pulsatility index were observed (p > 0.05). There were significant increases in forward wave intensity post-RE (p < 0.05) but not reflected wave intensity (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although acute RE increases CCA stiffness and pressure pulsatility, it does not affect CCA or MCA flow pulsatility. Increases in pressure pulsatility may be due to increased forward wave intensity and not pressure from wave reflections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley K Lefferts
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Kevin S Heffernan
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University Syracuse, NY, USA
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Willie CK, Tzeng YC, Fisher JA, Ainslie PN. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol 2014; 592:841-59. [PMID: 24396059 PMCID: PMC3948549 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.268953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we review mechanisms regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF), with specific focus on humans. We revisit important concepts from the older literature and describe the interaction of various mechanisms of cerebrovascular control. We amalgamate this broad scope of information into a brief review, rather than detailing any one mechanism or area of research. The relationship between regulatory mechanisms is emphasized, but the following three broad categories of control are explicated: (1) the effect of blood gases and neuronal metabolism on CBF; (2) buffering of CBF with changes in blood pressure, termed cerebral autoregulation; and (3) the role of the autonomic nervous system in CBF regulation. With respect to these control mechanisms, we provide evidence against several canonized paradigms of CBF control. Specifically, we corroborate the following four key theses: (1) that cerebral autoregulation does not maintain constant perfusion through a mean arterial pressure range of 60-150 mmHg; (2) that there is important stimulatory synergism and regulatory interdependence of arterial blood gases and blood pressure on CBF regulation; (3) that cerebral autoregulation and cerebrovascular sensitivity to changes in arterial blood gases are not modulated solely at the pial arterioles; and (4) that neurogenic control of the cerebral vasculature is an important player in autoregulatory function and, crucially, acts to buffer surges in perfusion pressure. Finally, we summarize the state of our knowledge with respect to these areas, outline important gaps in the literature and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Willie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7.
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25
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Blood pressure regulation IX: cerebral autoregulation under blood pressure challenges. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013. [PMID: 23737006 DOI: 10.1007/s00421‐013‐2667‐y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation (CA) is integral to the delicate process of maintaining stable cerebral perfusion and brain tissue oxygenation against changes in arterial blood pressure. The last four decades has seen dramatic advances in understanding CA physiology, and the role that CA might play in the causation and progression of disease processes that affect the cerebral circulation such as stroke. However, the translation of these basic scientific advances into clinical practice has been limited by the maintenance of old constructs and because there are persistent gaps in our understanding of how this vital vascular mechanism should be quantified. In this review, we re-evaluate relevant studies that challenge established paradigms about how the cerebral perfusion pressure and blood flow are related. In the context of blood pressure being a major haemodynamic challenge to the cerebral circulation, we conclude that: (1) the physiological properties of CA remain inconclusive, (2) many extant methods for CA characterisation are based on simplistic assumptions that can give rise to misleading interpretations, and (3) robust evaluation of CA requires thorough consideration not only of active vasomotor function, but also the unique properties of the intracranial environment.
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Tzeng YC, Ainslie PN. Blood pressure regulation IX: cerebral autoregulation under blood pressure challenges. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:545-59. [PMID: 23737006 PMCID: PMC3929776 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation (CA) is integral to the delicate process of maintaining stable cerebral perfusion and brain tissue oxygenation against changes in arterial blood pressure. The last four decades has seen dramatic advances in understanding CA physiology, and the role that CA might play in the causation and progression of disease processes that affect the cerebral circulation such as stroke. However, the translation of these basic scientific advances into clinical practice has been limited by the maintenance of old constructs and because there are persistent gaps in our understanding of how this vital vascular mechanism should be quantified. In this review, we re-evaluate relevant studies that challenge established paradigms about how the cerebral perfusion pressure and blood flow are related. In the context of blood pressure being a major haemodynamic challenge to the cerebral circulation, we conclude that: (1) the physiological properties of CA remain inconclusive, (2) many extant methods for CA characterisation are based on simplistic assumptions that can give rise to misleading interpretations, and (3) robust evaluation of CA requires thorough consideration not only of active vasomotor function, but also the unique properties of the intracranial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Tzeng
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, 23A Mein Street, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand,
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Maintained cerebrovascular function during post-exercise hypotension. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:1597-604. [PMID: 23314684 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The post-exercise period is associated with hypotension, and an increased risk of syncope attributed to decreases in venous return and/or vascular resistance. Increased local and systemic vasodilators, sympatholysis, and attenuated baroreflex sensitivity following exercise are also manifest. Although resting cerebral blood flow is maintained, cerebrovascular regulation to acute decreases in blood pressure has not been characterized following exercise. We therefore aimed to assess cerebrovascular regulation during transient bouts of hypotension, before and after 40 min of aerobic exercise at 60 % of estimated maximum oxygen consumption. Beat to beat blood pressure (Finometer), heart rate (ECG), and blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAv; transcranial Doppler ultrasound) were assessed in ten healthy young humans. The MCAv-mean arterial pressure relationship during a pharmacologically (i.v. sodium nitroprusside) induced transient hypotension was assessed before and at 10, 30, and 60 min following exercise. Despite a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure at 10 min post-exercise (-10 ± 6.9 mmHg; P < 0.05) and end-tidal PCO2 (10 min post: -2.9 ± 2.6 mmHg; 30 min post: -3.9 ± 3.5 mmHg; 60 min post: -2.7 ± 2.0 mmHg; all P < 0.05), neither resting MCAv nor the cerebrovascular response to hypotension differed between pre- and post-exercise periods (P > 0.05). These data indicate that cerebrovascular regulation remains intact following a moderate bout of aerobic exercise.
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Tzeng YC, Ainslie PN, Cooke WH, Peebles KC, Willie CK, MacRae BA, Smirl JD, Horsman HM, Rickards CA. Assessment of cerebral autoregulation: the quandary of quantification. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H658-71. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00328.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the convergent validity of commonly applied metrics of cerebral autoregulation (CA) to determine the extent to which the metrics can be used interchangeably. To examine between-subject relationships among low-frequency (LF; 0.07–0.2 Hz) and very-low-frequency (VLF; 0.02–0.07 Hz) transfer function coherence, phase, gain, and normalized gain, we performed retrospective transfer function analysis on spontaneous blood pressure and middle cerebral artery blood velocity recordings from 105 individuals. We characterized the relationships ( n = 29) among spontaneous transfer function metrics and the rate of regulation index and autoregulatory index derived from bilateral thigh-cuff deflation tests. In addition, we analyzed data from subjects ( n = 29) who underwent a repeated squat-to-stand protocol to determine the relationships between transfer function metrics during forced blood pressure fluctuations. Finally, data from subjects ( n = 16) who underwent step changes in end-tidal Pco2 (PetCO2) were analyzed to determine whether transfer function metrics could reliably track the modulation of CA within individuals. CA metrics were generally unrelated or showed only weak to moderate correlations. Changes in PetCO2 were positively related to coherence [LF: β = 0.0065 arbitrary units (AU)/mmHg and VLF: β = 0.011 AU/mmHg, both P < 0.01] and inversely related to phase (LF: β = −0.026 rad/mmHg and VLF: β = −0.018 rad/mmHg, both P < 0.01) and normalized gain (LF: β = −0.042%/mmHg2 and VLF: β = −0.013%/mmHg2, both P < 0.01). However, PetCO2 was positively associated with gain (LF: β = 0.0070 cm·s−1·mmHg−2, P < 0.05; and VLF: β = 0.014 cm·s−1·mmHg−2, P < 0.01). Thus, during changes in PetCO2, LF phase was inversely related to LF gain (β = −0.29 cm·s−1·mmHg−1·rad−1, P < 0.01) but positively related to LF normalized gain (β = 1.3% mmHg−1/rad, P < 0.01). These findings collectively suggest that only select CA metrics can be used interchangeably and that interpretation of these measures should be done cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. C. Tzeng
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - P. N. Ainslie
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - W. H. Cooke
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, The University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
| | - K. C. Peebles
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - C. K. Willie
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - B. A. MacRae
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - J. D. Smirl
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - H. M. Horsman
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - C. A. Rickards
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, The University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas
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Chan GSH, Fazalbhoy A, Birznieks I, Macefield VG, Middleton PM, Lovell NH. Spontaneous fluctuations in the peripheral photoplethysmographic waveform: roles of arterial pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H826-36. [PMID: 22114133 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00970.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of spontaneous slow waves in the peripheral blood volume using the photoplethysmogram (PPG) has shown potential clinical value, but the physiological correlates of these fluctuations have not been fully elucidated. This study addressed the contribution of arterial pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in beat-to-beat PPG variability in resting humans under spontaneous breathing conditions. Peripheral PPG waveforms were measured from the fingertip, earlobe, and toe in young and healthy individuals (n = 13), together with the arterial pressure waveform, electrocardiogram, respiration, and direct measurement of MSNA by microneurography. Cross-spectral coherence analysis revealed that among the PPG waveforms, low-frequency fluctuations (0.04-0.15 Hz) in the ear PPG had the highest coherence with arterial pressure (0.71 ± 0.15) and MSNA (0.44 ± 0.18, with a peak of 0.71 ± 0.16 at 0.10 ± 0.03 Hz). The normalized midfrequency powers (0.08-0.15 Hz), with an emphasis on the 0.1-Hz region, were positively correlated between MSNA and the ear PPG (r = 0.77, P = 0.002). Finger and toe PPGs had lower coherence with arterial pressure (0.35 ± 0.10 and 0.30 ± 0.11, respectively) and MSNA (0.33 ± 0.10 and 0.26 ± 0.10, respectively) in the LF band but displayed higher coherence between themselves (0.54 ± 0.09) compared with the ear (P < 0.001), which may suggest the dominance of regional vasomotor activities and a common sympathetic influence in the glabrous skin. These findings highlight the differential mechanisms governing PPG waveform fluctuations across different body sites. Spontaneous PPG variability in the ear includes a major contribution from arterial pressure and MSNA, which may provide a rationale for its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S H Chan
- 1School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales
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Tzeng YC, Chan GSH. Unraveling the human cerebral circulation: insights from cerebral blood pressure and flow recordings. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:349-50. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00715.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Tzeng
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, University of Otago, Wellington; and
| | - Gregory S. H. Chan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Cooke WH. You say resistance, I say compliance; let's call the whole thing cerebral Windkessel control. J Physiol 2011; 589:3051-2. [PMID: 21724582 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.211698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William H Cooke
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Tzeng YC, Chan GSH, Willie CK, Ainslie PN. Determinants of human cerebral pressure-flow velocity relationships: new insights from vascular modelling and Ca²⁺ channel blockade. J Physiol 2011; 589:3263-74. [PMID: 21540346 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.206953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental determinants of human dynamic cerebral autoregulation are poorly understood, particularly the role of vascular compliance and the myogenic response. We sought to 1) determine whether capacitive blood flow associated with vascular compliance and driven by the rate of change in mean arterial blood pressure (dMAP/dt) is an important determinant of middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) dynamics and 2) characterise the impact of myogenic blockade on these cerebral pressure-flow velocity relations in humans. We measured MCAv and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during oscillatory lower body negative pressure (n =8) at 0.10 and 0.05 Hz before and after cerebral Ca²⁺ channel blockade (nimodipine). Pressure-flow velocity relationships were characterised using transfer function analysis and a regression-based Windkessel analysis that incorporates MAP and dMAP/dt as predictors of MCAv dynamics. Results show that incorporation of dMAP/dt accounted for more MCAv variance (R² 0.80-0.99) than if only MAP was considered (R2 0.05-0.90). The capacitive gain relating dMAP/dt and MCAv was strongly correlated to transfer function gain (0.05 Hz, r =0.93, P<0.01; 0.10 Hz, r =0.91, P<0.01), but not to phase or coherence. Ca²⁺ channel blockade increased the conductive gain relation between MAP and MCAv (P<0.05), and reduced phase at 0.05 Hz (P<0.01). Capacitive and transfer function gain were unaltered. The findings suggest capacitive blood flow is an important determinant of cerebral haemodynamics that bears strong relations to some metrics of dynamic cerebral autoregulation derived from transfer function analysis, and that Ca²⁺ channel blockade enhances pressure-driven resistive blood flow but does not alter capacitive blood flow. the causes and effects of cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Tzeng
- Cardiovascular Systems Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, 23A Mein Street, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand.
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