1
|
Kappers JA. The Pineal Organ: An Introduction. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM - THE PINEAL GLAND 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470715376.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
2
|
Abstract
Frontal organs and epiphyses of the pineal system from the adult frog, Rana pipiens, were fixed in s-collidine-buffered osmium tetroxide, embedded in Epon 812, and examined by electron microscopy. Epiphyseal material was also fixed in a variety of ways and subjected to a series of cytochemical tests for light microscopy. An ultrastructure resembling that of lateral eye retina is confirmed in this species. Photoreceptor cells of the epiphysis and frontal organ display many cytological features similar to those of retinal rods and cones in the arrangement of their outer and inner segments and synaptic components. However, in these pineal organs the outer segments are disoriented relative to each other and may display a disarranged internal organization unlike normal retinal photoreceptors. Furthermore, other pineal outer segments often appear degenerate. Since immature stages in the development of new outer segments also appear to be present, adult pineal photoreceptors are probably engaged in a constant renewal of outer segment membranes. The evidence further suggests that macrophages are involved in phagocytosis of degenerated outer segments. Postulated photoreceptor activities and the possibility of secondary pineal functions, such as secretion, are discussed in view of current morphological and cytochemical findings.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ekström P, Meissl H. Neural elements in the pineal complex of the frog, Rana esculenta, I: Centrally projecting neurons. Vis Neurosci 1990; 4:389-97. [PMID: 2271451 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523800005150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pineal complex of anuran amphibians is a directly photosensory organ, encompassing both an extracranial portion, the frontal organ, and an intracranial portion, the pineal organ proper. The projection neurons of the frontal organ respond differentially according to the wavelengths of the light stimuli. The pineal organ, on the other hand, functions mainly as a luminosity meter. Most of its centrally projecting neurons respond to all increases in ambient illumination with decreases in spontaneous firing of action potentials, although some neural units in the pineal organ may respond according to wavelength. This difference in responses to light stimulation may be reflected in the neural organization of the two parts of the pineal complex. In the present study, we have analyzed the morphology of the projection neurons of the frontal and pineal organs of the frog, Rana esculenta, by backfilling of the neurons with horseradish peroxidase through their cut axons. In the pineal organ, several types of centrally projecting neurons were observed: peripherally situated unipolar and multipolar neurons, the dendrites of which extend into a superficial axon plexus that surrounds the pineal epithelium; smaller unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar neurons situated close to the central pineal tract; and radially oriented bipolar neurons, with short dendritic processes oriented towards the lumen of the pineal organ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ekström
- Department of Zoology, University of Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ekström P, Ostholm T, Meissl H, Bruun A, Richards JG, Möhler H. Neural elements in the pineal complex of the frog, Rana esculenta, II: GABA-immunoreactive neurons and FMRFamide-immunoreactive efferent axons. Vis Neurosci 1990; 4:399-412. [PMID: 2176814 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523800005162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The photosensory pineal complex of anurans comprises an extracranial part, the frontal organ, and an intracranial part, the pineal organ proper. Although the pineal organ functions mainly as a luminosity detector, the frontal organ may monitor the relative proportions of short and intermediate/long wavelengths in the ambient illumination. The major pathway of information processing in the pineal and frontal organs is the photoreceptor to ganglion cell synapse. It is not known whether interneurons form part of the neural circuitry. In the present study, we demonstrate GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) neurons in the pineal and frontal organs of the frog, Rana esculenta. No GABA-IR axons were observed in the pineal nerve between the frontal and pineal organs, or in the pineal tract that connects the pineal complex with the brain. The GABA-IR neurons differed in morphology from centrally projecting neurons visualized by retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase. Thus, we suggest that the GABA-IR neurons in the pineal and frontal organs represent local interneurons. Axons of central origin, immunoreactive with a sensitive antiserum against the tetrapeptide Phe-Met-Phe-Arg-NH2 (FMRFamide), were observed in the intracranial portion of the photosensory pineal organ. The immunoreactive axons enter the caudal pole of the pineal organ via the posterior commissure. The largest density of axons was observed in the caudal part, while fewer axons were detected in the rostral portion. The uneven distribution of the FMRFamide-immunoreactive axons may be related to the distribution of different types of intrapineal neurons. FMRFamide-immunoreactive varicose axons were observed in the extracranial frontal organ. A central innervation of the pineal organ, previously known exclusively from amniotes, is probably not per se linked with the evolutionary transition of the pineal organ from a directly photosensory organ to a neuroendocrine organ. It could rather represent a centrifugal input to a sensory system which has been retained when the directly sensory functions have changed, during phylogeny, to neuroendocrine functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ekström
- Department of Zoology, University of Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
It is apparent that several relationships exist between the pineal gland and retina. The similarities in development and morphology have been obvious for many years. A recent resurgence of interest in this field has led to a further understanding of many functional similarities between these two organs. A notable feature of the pineal gland and retina is their common ability to synthesize the indolamine hormone, melatonin. Many investigators suspect that the cyclic rhythm of retinal melatonin synthesis may be related to other cyclic events which normally occur in the retina.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yeager VL, Taylor JJ, Chang PL. Light microscopy of the pineal organ of two primitive lizards, Platyurus platyurus and Hemidactylus frenatus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1983; 206:283-8. [PMID: 6614510 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
7
|
Gutcher GR, Odell GB. Hypocalcemia associated with phototherapy in newborn rats: light source dependence. Photochem Photobiol 1983; 37:177-80. [PMID: 6687756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1983.tb04455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
8
|
Cadusseau J, Galand G. Studies on light-sensitive units in the deep mesencephalon of blinded frogs. Vision Res 1982; 22:835-8. [PMID: 6981880 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(82)90016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Unit responses susceptible to light stimulation of a small area on the frog's head were recorded in the deep encephalon of blinded specimens of Rana esculenta. The responses consisted of a spike discharge upon illumination. Using a threshold criterion the dark adaptation curves showed two parts, separated by a kink, the final dark threshold being complete after 20-30 min in darkness. Using a threshold criterion the spectral sensitivity curves under dark adapted conditions were broad with a peak at 548 nm. The dark adapted intensity threshold for a stimulus of 548 nm ranged between 0.15-1.4 microW/cm2.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cadusseau J, Galand G. Electrophysiological recordings of an extraocular and extrapineal photo-reception in the frog encephalon. Brain Res 1981; 219:439-44. [PMID: 6973383 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
10
|
Korf HW, Liesner R, Meissl H, Kirk A. Pineal complex of the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis Daud.: structure and function. Cell Tissue Res 1981; 216:113-30. [PMID: 7226202 DOI: 10.1007/bf00234548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The morphological and physiological properties of the pineal complex of Xenopus laevis were investigated in larval, juvenile and adult animals. In a representative majority of adult X. laevis, the frontal organ does not display signs of degeneration. Fully differentiated frontal organs contain photoreceptors typical of the pineal complex of lower vertebrates. By means of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-reaction approximately 30 neurons of two different types were demonstrated in the frontal organ. The frontal-organ nerve is composed of approximately 10 myelinated and 40 unmyelinated nerve fibers. The neuropil areas of the frontal organ are generally similar to the corresponding structures of the intracranial epiphysis. The neuronal apparatus of the epiphysis cerebri of X. laevis consists of (i) photoreceptor cells, (ii) approximately 100 AChE-positive neurons, (iii) complex neuropil areas, and (iv) a pineal tract formed by approximately 10 myelinated and approximately 100 unmyelinated nerve fibers. Some of them exhibit granular inclusions indicating that pinealopetal elements may enter the pineal complex of X. laevis via this pathway. The topography of the pineal tract of X. laevis differs considerably from that in ranid species. The most conspicuous element of the plexiform zones is the ribbon synapse. The basal processes of the photoreceptor cells may be presynaptic elements of simple, tangential, dyad or triad synaptic contacts. Conventional synapses were observed only occasionally. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that the pineal complex of Xenopus laevis is directly sensitive to light. In response to light stimuli, two types of responses, achromatic and chromatic, were recorded from the nerve of the frontal organ. In contrast, the epiphysis exhibited only achromatic units. The opposed color mechanism of the chromatic response showed a maximum sensitivity at approximately 360 nm for the inhibitory and at 520 nm for the excitatory event. The action spectrum of the achromatic response of the epiphysis and the frontal organ peaked between 500 and 520 nm and showed no Purkinje-shift during dark adaptation. The functional significance of these phenomena is discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gern WA, Norris DO. Plasma melatonin in the neotenic tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum): effects of photoperiod and pinealectomy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1979; 38:393-8. [PMID: 573224 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(79)90147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
12
|
Springer AD, Easter SS, Agranoff BW. The role of the optic tectum in various visually mediated behaviors of goldfish. Brain Res 1977; 128:393-404. [PMID: 884491 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Five visually mediated behaviors were assessed following ablation of one or both lobes of the optic tectum in goldfish. Three of the behaviors disappeared following tectal ablations: optomotor response (swimming with the stripes in a rotating striped drum), food pellet localization and shadow-induced deceleration of respiration. Two of the behaviors persisted following tectal ablation: optokinetic nystagmus (movement of the eyes with the stripes in a rotating striped drum) and dorsal light reflex (tilting of the vertical axis toward the brighter of two laterally placed lights). The unexpected result that lesioned fish tracked the stripes with their eyes, but did not swim after them as normal fish did, suggests that the tectum serves a pre-motor function in addition to its sensory role. In addition, the results demonstrate that selected behaviors can be used to establish whether functional tectal or non-tectal connections are made by regenerating goldfish optic nerves.
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Gaillard F, Mironneau C, Galand G. Light stimulation and pineal unitary responses in frog's central nervous system. Vision Res 1977; 17:667-9. [PMID: 301680 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(77)90145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Donley CS. Color opponent slow potential interactions in the frontal organ of the frog: Rana pipiens. Vision Res 1975; 15:245-51. [PMID: 1079383 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(75)90214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
17
|
Hartwig HG, Baumann C. Letter: Evidence for photosensitive pigments in the pineal complex of the frog. Vision Res 1974; 14:597-8. [PMID: 4547449 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(74)90051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
18
|
Vullings HG. Influence of light and darkness on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of Rana esculenta and the involvement of the pineal complex. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 146:491-500. [PMID: 4544795 DOI: 10.1007/bf02347178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Epp LG. Development of pigmentation in the eyeless mutant of the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, Shaw. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1972; 181:169-80. [PMID: 5047358 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401810204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
21
|
Mauro A, Sten-Knudsen O. Light-evoked impulses from extra-ocular photoreceptors in the squid Todarodes. Nature 1972; 237:342-3. [PMID: 4557401 DOI: 10.1038/237342a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
22
|
Zimmermann P, Paul E. Reaktionsmuster verschiedener Mittel-und Zwischenhirnzentren von Rana temporaria L. nach Unterbrechung der Nervenbahnen des Pinealkomplexes. Cell Tissue Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00306986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
23
|
Paul E. Innervation und zentralnerv�se Verbindungen des Frontalorgans von Rana temporaria und Rana esculenta. Cell Tissue Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00306985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
24
|
Weitere experimentelle und neuroanatomische Untersuchungen an den Nervenbahnen des Pinealkomplexes der Anuren. Cell Tissue Res 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00331265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
25
|
Strukturbesonderheiten der Anurenepiphyse nach prolongierter Osmierung und Anwendung der Acetylcholinesterase-Reaktion. Cell Tissue Res 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01033378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
26
|
Bergmann G. [Electron microscopy studies on the pineal body of Pterophyllum scalare Cuv. et Val. (Cichlidae, teleostei)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 119:257-88. [PMID: 5569847 DOI: 10.1007/bf00324525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
27
|
Paul E, Hartwig HG, Oksche A. Neurone und zentralnerv�se Verbindungen des Pinealorgans der Anuren. Cell Tissue Res 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01033375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Underwood H, Menaker M. Extraretinal light perception: entrainment of the biological clock controlling lizard locomotor activity. Science 1970; 170:190-3. [PMID: 5456614 DOI: 10.1126/science.170.3954.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The circadian activity rhythm of the iguanid lizard Sceloporus olivaceus can be entrained by light cycles whether or not the animals have eyes. Removal of the pineal organ and parietal eye in blinded lizards does not prevent entrainment. Our data demonstrate the existence of an extraretinal photoreceptor which can mediate entrainment of a biological clock in reptiles.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Celestial orientation and setting of the biological clock in the southern cricket frog Acris gryllus can be cued by light stimuli received by extraoptic receptors in the brain. These extraoptic photoreceptors may also be used in learning new orientational directions. A mechanism for a light-activated biological clock is discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Diederen JH. The subcommissural organ of Rana temporaria L. A cytological, cytochemical, cyto-enzymological and electronmicroscopical study. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 111:379-403. [PMID: 4099828 DOI: 10.1007/bf00342489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
31
|
Abstract
Timing of locomotor rhythm in the slimy ralamander, Plethodon glutinosus, can be shifted in phase by the environmental light cycle, whether the animals have eyes or not. Rhythmicity persists at least for the first day when animals are transferred to constant conditions, with a period of about 24 hours, and is therefore circadian in nature. An extraoptic photoreceptor site in the brain is suggested.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Rüdeberg C. Light and electron microscopic studies on the pineal organ of the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula L. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1969; 96:548-81. [PMID: 4191149 DOI: 10.1007/bf00973334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
34
|
Mauro A, Baumann F. Electrophysiological evidence of photoreceptors in the epistellar body of Eledone moschata. Nature 1968; 220:1332-4. [PMID: 5701351 DOI: 10.1038/2201332a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
35
|
Charlton HM. The pineal gland of Xenopus laevis, Daudin: a histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic study. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1968; 11:465-80. [PMID: 5726268 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(68)90062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
36
|
Kasbohm P. Der Einfluß des Lichtes auf die Temperaturadaptation beiRana temporaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01620696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Kappers JA. The sensory innervation of the pineal organ in the lizard, Lacerta viridis, with remarks on its position in the trend of pineal phylogenetic structural and functional evolution. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1967; 81:581-618. [PMID: 5603196 DOI: 10.1007/bf00541016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
38
|
Oksche A, Kirschstein H. Die Ultrastruktur der Sinneszellen im Pinealorgan von Phoxinus laevis L. Cell Tissue Res 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00334761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Zweig M, Snyder SH, Axelrod J. Evidence for a nonretinal pathway of light to the pineal gland of newborn rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 56:515-20. [PMID: 5229974 PMCID: PMC224403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.56.2.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
40
|
Mrosovsky N, Tress KH. Plasticity of reactions to light in frogs and a possible role for the pineal eye. Nature 1966; 210:1174-5. [PMID: 5964185 DOI: 10.1038/2101174a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
41
|
Morita Y. Entladungsmuster pinealer Neurone der Regenbogenforelle (Salmo irideus) bei Belichtung des Zwischenhirns. Pflugers Arch 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00412906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Morita Y, Dodt E. Nervous activity of the frog's epiphysis cerebri in relation to illumination. EXPERIENTIA 1965; 21:221-2. [PMID: 5844190 DOI: 10.1007/bf02141898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
44
|
Mautner W. Studien an der Epiphysis cerebri und am Subcommissuralorgan der Fr�sche. Cell Tissue Res 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00344472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
45
|
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an den Nervenbahnen des Pinealkomplexes von Rana esculenta L. Cell Tissue Res 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00342554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
46
|
Extra- und intracellul�re Abteilungen einzelner Elemente des lichtempfindlichen Zwischenhirns anurer Amphibien. Pflugers Arch 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00363854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
47
|
KAPPERS JA. Survey of the Innervation of the Epiphysis Cerebri and the Accessory Pineal Organs of Vertebrates. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1965; 10:87-153. [PMID: 14281635 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
48
|
OKSCHE A. SURVEY OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE PINEAL ORGAN. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1965; 10:3-29. [PMID: 14281614 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
49
|
Vergleichende Elektronenmikroskopische Studien am Pinealorgan* *Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
50
|
Dodt E, Morita Y. [Purkinje shift, absolute threshold and adaptive behavior of single elements of the anuran intracranial epiphysis]. Vision Res 1964; 4:413-21. [PMID: 5888612 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(64)90013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|