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Logan G, Somers C, Baker G, Connell H, Gray S, Kelly P, McIntosh E, Welsh P, Gray CM, Gill JMR. Benefits, risks, barriers, and facilitators to cycling: a narrative review. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1168357. [PMID: 37795314 PMCID: PMC10546027 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1168357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is large potential to increase cycling participation worldwide. Participation in cycling is associated with lower risk of mortality from any cause, and incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, as well as positive mental health and well-being. The largest potential for health gains likely to come from increasing participation amongst those who do not currently cycle regularly, rather than encouraging those who already cycle regularly to cycle more. Replacing car journeys with cycling can lead to reductions in air pollution emissions and lower pollutant exposure to the general population. Important gaps and uncertainties in the existing evidence base include: the extent to which the health benefits associated with cycling participation are fully causal due to the observational nature of much of the existing evidence base; the real-world economic cost-benefits of pragmatic interventions to increase cycling participation; and the most effective (combination of) approaches to increase cycling participation. To address these uncertainties, large-scale, long-term randomised controlled trials are needed to: evaluate the effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness, of (combinations of) intervention approaches to induce sustained long-term increases in cycling participation in terms of increases in numbers of people cycling regularly and number of cycling journeys undertaken, across a range of population demographic groups; establish the effects of such interventions on relevant outcomes related to health and wellbeing, economic productivity and wider societal impacts; and provide more robust quantification of potential harms of increasing cycling participation, such as collision risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig Logan
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Somers
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Baker
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Connell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Gray
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kelly
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emma McIntosh
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Welsh
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cindy M. Gray
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. R. Gill
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Ansari RM, Harris MF, Hosseinzadeh H, Zwar N. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Assessing the Self-Management Practices of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060903. [PMID: 36981560 PMCID: PMC10048183 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of Artificial intelligence in healthcare has evolved substantially in recent years. In medical diagnosis, Artificial intelligence algorithms are used to forecast or diagnose a variety of life-threatening illnesses, including breast cancer, diabetes, heart disease, etc. The main objective of this study is to assess self-management practices among patients with type 2 diabetes in rural areas of Pakistan using Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. Of particular note is the assessment of the factors associated with poor self-management activities, such as non-adhering to medications, poor eating habits, lack of physical activities, and poor glycemic control (HbA1c %). The sample of 200 participants was purposefully recruited from the medical clinics in rural areas of Pakistan. The artificial neural network algorithm and logistic regression classification algorithms were used to assess diabetes self-management activities. The diabetes dataset was split 80:20 between training and testing; 80% (160) instances were used for training purposes and 20% (40) instances were used for testing purposes, while the algorithms' overall performance was measured using a confusion matrix. The current study found that self-management efforts and glycemic control were poor among diabetes patients in rural areas of Pakistan. The logistic regression model performance was evaluated based on the confusion matrix. The accuracy of the training set was 98%, while the test set's accuracy was 97.5%; each set had a recall rate of 79% and 75%, respectively. The output of the confusion matrix showed that only 11 out of 200 patients were correctly assessed/classified as meeting diabetes self-management targets based on the values of HbA1c < 7%. We added a wide range of neurons (32 to 128) in the hidden layers to train the artificial neural network models. The results showed that the model with three hidden layers and Adam's optimisation function achieved 98% accuracy on the validation set. This study has assessed the factors associated with poor self-management activities among patients with type 2 diabetes in rural areas of Pakistan. The use of a wide range of neurons in the hidden layers to train the artificial neural network models improved outcomes, confirming the model's effectiveness and efficiency in assessing diabetes self-management activities from the required data attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid M Ansari
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark F Harris
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hassan Hosseinzadeh
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Sydney, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nicholas Zwar
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Queensland University, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Cao Y. Blood vessels in fat tissues and vasculature-derived signals in controlling lipid metabolism and metabolic disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2647-2652. [PMID: 36382988 PMCID: PMC9943976 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong, China
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Ansari RM, Harris M, Hosseinzadeh H, Zwar N. Healthcare Professionals' Perspectives of Patients' Experiences of the Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes in the Rural Areas of Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189869. [PMID: 34574792 PMCID: PMC8465148 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this research work was to explore the healthcare professionals’ perspectives of type 2 diabetes patients’ experiences of self-management of diabetes in the rural area of Pakistan. In this study, we have carried out a methodological approach to use a self-management framework to direct the interview guide for healthcare professionals to examine their perceptions and expectations of their diabetes patients’ adherence to the medications prescribed. Twenty healthcare professionals were recruited in this study consisting of ten general practitioners and ten nurses from various clinics (medical centres) of Al-Rehman Hospital at Abbottabad, Pakistan. This qualitative study explored the feelings and opinions of general practitioners on patients’ compliance and adherence by using the semi-structured interview guide using a methodological framework. All interviews of participants were audiotaped and transcribed for content analysis. Six major themes were identified: patient–doctor relationship; patient’s non-adherence to diet and exercise; conflicts with the patients; low self-efficacy and feeling of “resignation with poor care”; the influence of culture on patients’ self-management activities and lack of support for patients by health care providers, patients, and their families. We have derived relevant solutions from qualitative studies and considered that communication, tailored, and shared care is the best approach for patient adherence to treatment. GPs felt that a structured consultation and follow-up in a multidisciplinary team might help to increase adherence. The results of this qualitative health research highlighted the challenges healthcare professionals are facing in rural Pakistan in managing patients with type 2 diabetes and supporting their management activities. Healthcare professionals and patients may benefit by adopting a methodological framework approach to ensure meaningful participation and adjusting the patient–doctor relationship, and setting up achievable management and self-management goals.
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Wu J, Wang Y, Xiao X, Shang X, He M, Zhang L. Spatial Analysis of Incidence of Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association With Obesity and Physical Inactivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:755575. [PMID: 34777252 PMCID: PMC8581298 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.755575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the spatial distribution of 10-year incidence of diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its association with obesity and physical inactivity at a reginal level breakdown. METHODS Demographic, behavioral, medical and pharmaceutical and diagnosed T2DM incidence data were collected from a cohort of 232,064 participants who were free of diabetes at enrolment in the 45 and Up Study, conducted in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. We examined the geographical trend and correlation between obesity prevalence, physical inactivity rate and age-and-gender-adjusted cumulative incidence of T2DM, aggregated based on geographical regions. RESULT The T2DM incidence, prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity rate at baseline were 6.32%, 20.24%, and 18.7%, respectively. The spatial variation of T2DM incidence was significant (Moran's I=0.52; p<0.01), with the lowest incidence of 2.76% in Richmond Valley-Coastal and the highest of 12.27% in Mount Druitt. T2DM incidence was significantly correlated with the prevalence of obesity (Spearman r=0.62, p<0.001), percentage of participants having five sessions of physical activities or less per week (r=0.79, p<0.001) and percentage of participants walked to work (r=-0.44, p<0.001). The geographical variations in obesity prevalence and physical inactivity rate resembled the geographical variation in the incidence of T2DM. CONCLUSION The spatial distribution of T2DM incidence is significantly associated with the geographical prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity rate. Regional campaigns advocating the importance of physical activities in response to the alarming T2DM epidemic should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Wu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yang Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xin Xiao
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Center for Optometry and Visual Science, Department of Optometry, People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianwen Shang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mingguang He
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Mingguang He,
| | - Lei Zhang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Mingguang He,
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The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) in a Semi-Urban Saudi Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010007. [PMID: 31861311 PMCID: PMC6981763 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common health problem in Saudi Arabia, causing a huge burden for individuals, families, and communities. The objectives of the current study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus among a semi-urban population of Saudi Arabia. (2) Research methods: The research design was cross-sectional, and the research was conducted in five primary health care centers (PHCC) in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia. The sample size was calculated as 353. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data after obtaining ethical approval. Blood samples were taken to assess glucose levels and other variables. SPSS version 21 was used to analyze data. (3) Results: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 34.6%. The disease was more prevalent among the older respondents compared with the younger age groups (44.6% versus 15.6%). We found that females acquire the disease at a slightly higher rate than males (34.9% versus 34.2%), but this difference is not statistically significant. The sociodemographic risk factors of the disease were as follows: old age (44%), business and private occupation (38.5%), divorced or widowed (56.3%), and low income (42.4%). The health behaviors factors were as follows: overweight or obese status (42.3%), high triglycerides (TG) (43.4%), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (37.3%), and high total cholesterol (23.7%). There was a statistically significant difference in these risk factors between patients with and without diabetes. (4) Conclusion: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the semi-urban population of Saudi Arabia is high. The disease is more prevalent among elderly respondents and is associated with obesity, high TG, low HDL, and high total cholesterol.
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Paudel S, Owen AJ, Owusu-Addo E, Smith BJ. Physical activity participation and the risk of chronic diseases among South Asian adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9771. [PMID: 31278314 PMCID: PMC6611898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
South Asia specific reviews on the role of physical activity (PA) domains on chronic disease prevention are lacking. This study aimed to systematically review published literature to identify the association between PA domains and chronic diseases and to provide summary estimates of the strength of association. Nine electronic databases were searched using the predefined inclusion criteria which included population (South Asian adults 40 years or older), exposure (PA or sedentary behaviour) and outcome (type 2 diabetes mellitus, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, vascular disease and musculoskeletal diseases and their markers). A random-effects meta-analysis was carried out for cardiometabolic outcomes whereas narrative synthesis was completed for other outcome variables. Inactive or less active South Asian adults were at 31% higher risk of being hypertensive. Likewise, the risk of cardiometabolic outcomes was 1.34 times higher among inactive adults. Household PA was found to have a protective effect on breast cancer risk. Total and leisure time PA had a protective effect on osteoporosis among males and females respectively. Contemporary studies with a longitudinal design, representative samples, valid and reliable assessment of different domains are needed to establish the role of PA in chronic disease prevention in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Paudel
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Alice J Owen
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ebenezer Owusu-Addo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Bureau of Integrated Rural Development, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ben J Smith
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Baranowski BJ, Hayward GC, Fajardo VA, MacPherson REK. Increased Prevalence of Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes and Lower Levels of Lithium in Rural Texas Counties May Explain Greater Alzheimer's Disease Risk. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:303-308. [PMID: 29865052 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To compare Alzheimer's disease (AD) mortality rates and coinciding risk factors in rural and urban Texas populations. METHODS 155 Texas counties were divided into 73 rural and 82 urban areas using the U.S. Census Bureau definition of rurality. Changes in age-adjusted AD mortality across these counties were calculated using a 7-year aggregation model from 2000-2006 and 2009-2015. Data pertaining to gender, race, education, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, and lithium concentrations in tap water were also collected from readily available databases. RESULTS Change in age-adjusted AD mortality was higher in rural counties (9.5±1.4) versus urban (5.9±1.1) over the time period examined. Similarly, obesity (30.2±0.2% ), diabetes (11.0±0.1% ), and physical inactivity (29.4±0.2% ) levels were significantly higher in rural populations compared to urban (29.1±0.2%, 9.7±0.1%, and 26.7±0.3, respectively). In contrast, the percent of population with some college education (40.1±0.7% ) was lower compared to urban (29.4±0.2% and 44.4±0.9%, respectively). Lithium concentrations in tap water was significantly lower in rural counties compared to urban (63.3±8.2 and 33.4±4.7μg/L, respectively). No significant differences were observed among females and however, we did find significant differences in the percent of African American and Hispanics. Correlational analysis uncovered a negative association between education status and AD mortality over time (r = -0.17). Further analysis controlling for physical inactivity, education, and trace lithium concentrations results in a loss of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS AD mortality rates are higher in rural counties when compared to urban counties, and this may be linked to greater physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes, as well as lower trace lithium levels in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant C Hayward
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Val A Fajardo
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Ansari RM, Hosseinzadeh H, Harris M, Zwar N. Self-management experiences among middle-aged population of rural area of Pakistan with type 2 diabetes: A qualitative analysis. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bukht MS, Ahmed KR, Hossain S, Masud P, Sultana S, Khanam R. Association between physical activity and diabetic complications among Bangladeshi type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:806-809. [PMID: 30641812 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to assess the association of physical activity (PA) with the presence of diabetes related complications among Bangladeshi type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Out Patient Department (OPD) of BIRDEM, Bangladesh. A group of 977 subjects were randomly selected and followed up. Diabetes was diagnosed following the WHO study group criteria. The level of PA was categorized into inactive/low (<150 min/week) and moderate-to-vigorous (≥150 min/week). The WHO recommended Asian criteria was used to identify general obesity. Retinopathy was detected by fundal photography, CKD by serum creatinine and hypertension was diagnosed clinically. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the associations of PA with diabetes related complications. RESULTS Out of the 977 subjects investigated, 468 were male and 509 were female (mean ± SD of age, 56 ± 8 years). In the study subjects, 74% were either inactive or in low PA and of them 65.1% were overweight/obese. Analysis showed that inactive/low PA was associated with all the three diabetes related complications (p < 0.001)-hypertension, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Multivariate analysis showed that inactive/low level of PA was strongly associated with complications like retinopathy (p < 0.001) and hypertension (p = 0.01) in the female patients. It was also found to be highly associated with retinopathy (p < 0.001) among the male patients. CONCLUSION A large number of urban Bangladeshi population are involved only in low PA or remain inactive themselves, which is leading to obesity and it seems to have a strong association with diabetes related complications in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazi Rumana Ahmed
- Dept of Health Promotion and Health Education, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Bangladesh; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Sahadat Hossain
- Dept of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Shuhana Sultana
- Dept of Health Promotion and Health Education, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Bangladesh.
| | - Rasheda Khanam
- School of Commerce, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.
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Rasmussen MG, Grøntved A, Blond K, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Jensen MK, Østergaard L. Associations between Recreational and Commuter Cycling, Changes in Cycling, and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Cohort Study of Danish Men and Women. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002076. [PMID: 27403867 PMCID: PMC4942105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cycling is a recreational activity and mode of commuting with substantial potential to improve public health in many countries around the world. The aim of this study was to examine prospective associations between recreational and commuter cycling, changes in cycling habits, and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Danish adults from the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study. METHODS AND FINDINGS At baseline from 1993 to 1997, 24,623 men and 27,890 women from Denmark, 50-65 y of age and free of T2D and other chronic diseases, underwent a number of assessments, including completing a lifestyle questionnaire also addressing cycling habits. Approximately 5 y later, at a second examination, participants completed a new, updated lifestyle questionnaire. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of incident T2D registered in the Danish National Diabetes Registry, according to recreational and commuter cycling and changes in cycling habits, with adjustment for a priori known T2D risk factors. During 743,245.4 person-years of follow-up (mean follow-up 14.2 y), 6,779 incident cases of T2D were documented. Multivariable adjusted HRs (95% confidence interval [CI]) were 1, 0.87 (0.82, 0.93), 0.83 (0.77, 0.89), 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) and 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) (p for trend = <0.001) for 0, 1-60, 61-150, 151-300, and >300 min/wk of total cycling (recreational and commuter cycling), respectively. In analysis of seasonal cycling, multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CI) were 1, 0.88 (0.83, 0.94), and 0.80 (0.76, 0.85) for non-cyclists, seasonal cyclists (those cycling only in summer or winter), and those cycling during both summer and winter, respectively. How changes in total cycling from baseline to the second examination affected risk was also investigated, and multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CI) were 1, 0.88 (0.78, 1.01), 0.80 (0.69, 0.91), and 0.71 (0.65, 0.77) for non-cyclists and for those who ceased, initiated, or continued cycling between baseline and the second examination, respectively. Lastly, in the analysis of commuter cycling, multivariable HRs (95% CI) were 1, 0.72 (0.60, 0.87), 0.83 (0.69, 1.00), and 0.70 (0.57, 0.85) (p for trend = <0.001) for cycling 0, 1-60, 61-150, and >150 min/wk to work, respectively. The main limitation of the current study is the use of self-reported physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Commuter and recreational cycling was consistently associated with lower risk of T2D in Danish adults. Our results also provide evidence that late-in-life initiation of or continued engagement in cycling lowers risk of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G. Rasmussen
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kim Blond
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Majken K. Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Research Unit for Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Association of physical activity with blood pressure and blood glucose among Malaysian adults: a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1205. [PMID: 26630916 PMCID: PMC4668638 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health-enhancing benefits of physical activity (PA) on hypertension and diabetes have been well documented for decades. This study aimed to determine the association of PA with systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as blood glucose in the Malaysian adult population. METHODS Data were extracted from the 2011 National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS), a nationally representative, cross-sectional study. A two-stage stratified sampling method was used to select a representative sample of 18,231 Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above. The PA levels of the respondents were categorised as low, moderate or high according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short form. Blood pressure and fasting blood glucose levels were measured using a digital blood pressure-measuring device and finger-prick test, respectively. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure (SBP) level was positively associated with PA level (p = 0.02) whilst no significant association was noted between PA level and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In contrast, respondents with low (adjusted coefficient = 0.17) or moderate (adjusted coefficient = 0.03) level of PA had significantly higher blood glucose level as compared to those who were highly active (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS A significant negative association was observed between PA level and blood glucose only. Future studies should employ an objective measurement in estimating PA level in order to elucidate the actual relationship between PA, hypertension and diabetes for the development of effective interventions to combat the increasing burden of premature-mortality and cardiovascular disease-related morbidity in Malaysia.
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Alarjan JF, Hindawi OS, Judge LW, Aleyadh ZA, Bellar DM. Prevalence of obesity and behaviors associated with the development of metabolic disease among medical practitioners in Jordan. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2015; 4:17. [PMID: 25861662 PMCID: PMC4389359 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9531.154036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health status of medical practitioners can potentially impact their ability to counsel patients. The purpose of the study was to examine the prevalence of obesity and behaviors associated with the development of metabolic disease among medical practitioners in the country of Jordan. MATERIALS AND METHODS The participants were 748 (male n = 285, 32.3 years ± 7.3, female n = 463, 29.7 years ± 5.7) randomly selected pharmacists, nurses, physicians, medical lab technicians, and radiation specialists from a variety of medical institutions in Jordan. A short 25-item validated instrument was chosen for this investigation. After the survey was administered and data were tabulated, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's Chi-square analysis were conducted to examine differences in reported risk behaviors (low physical activity [PA], smoking) and obesity by gender, age and medical specialty. RESULTS Descriptive analysis revealed that 20.9% of the participants self-reported as smokers of cigarettes, 47.9% were either overweight or obese, and 52.9% reported no days of planned PA on average per week. The results suggested a difference in body mass index (BMI) classification (F = 17.9, P ≤ 0.001) and smoking (F = 5.33, P = 0.021) by age. Mean age associated with being underweight was 26.4 years for normal weight 29.3 years for overweight 31.6 years and finally for obese was 34.5 years. Chi-square test resulted in differences by gender (χ(2) > 50, P ≤ 0.001) for BMI (males: 26.4 ± 3.7; females: 24.6 ± 3.7), PA (males no planned PA 61.1%, females 47.9%) and smoking (males 43.1% smokers, females 7.1%). Researchers discovered that medical specialty was related to differences in reported smoking (χ(2) = 26.5, P ≤ 0.001) and days of planned PA (χ(2) = 24.2, P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Within the population of medical practitioners there is still a high incidence of obesity and risk behaviors associated with metabolic diseases. It also appears that these incidence rates are greater among men, with increasing age, and among certain medical specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar F. Alarjan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, USA
| | - Omar S. Hindawi
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Hashemite University, Zarqa, USA
| | - Lawrence W. Judge
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, Ball State University, Muncie, USA
| | - Ziad A. Aleyadh
- Department of Orthopedics, Royal Medical Services Hospital, Amman, Jordan, USA
| | - David M. Bellar
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, USA
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Ansari RM, Dixon JB, Browning CJ. Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Population of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2014.46047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shi L, Shu XO, Li H, Cai H, Liu Q, Zheng W, Xiang YB, Villegas R. Physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption in association with incidence of type 2 diabetes among middle-aged and elderly Chinese men. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77919. [PMID: 24223743 PMCID: PMC3817165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic disease worldwide. The prevalence of T2DM is increasing rapidly in China. Understanding the contribution of modifiable lifestyle factors on T2DM risk is imperative to prevent the development of T2DM in China. METHODS We examined associations between lifestyle factors including physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption with incidence of T2DM among middle-aged and elderly men in urban Shanghai. Information on socio-demographics, lifestyle habits, dietary habits, and disease history was collected via in-person interviews. Anthropometric measurements were taken. A total of 51 464 Chinese men aged 40-74 years free of T2DM, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke at baseline were included in the current study. Incident T2DM was identified through follow-up surveys conducted every 2-3 years. Cox proportional hazard analyses were conducted to evaluate associations between lifestyle risk factors and incidence of T2DM. RESULTS We documented 1304 new cases of T2DM during 276 929 person-years of follow-up (average: 5.4 years). Physical activity was inversely associated with T2DM risk. Daily living, commuting, and total physical activity METs had inverse negative dose-response relationships with T2DM (P-trend = 0.0033, 0.0022, and <0.0001, respectively). Regular participation in exercise or sports reduced T2DM risk (HR = 0.86, 95%CI: 0.76-0.98). Moderate alcohol intake (1-3 drinks/day) was inversely related to T2DM risk (HR = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.67-0.94). Cigarette smoking, on the other hand, was associated with increased T2DM risk; HRs were 1.25 (95%CI: 1.00-1.56) for smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day and 1.28 (95%CI: 1.04-1.57) for smoking more than 40 pack-years. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity and moderate alcohol intake are inversely associated with T2DM risk, whereas smoking was positively associated with T2DM risk among middle-age and elderly Chinese men. Preventive measures should be developed to focus on these modifiable lifestyle habits to reduce the upward trend of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Diabetes Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Honglan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Qiaolan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Huaxi School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Raquel Villegas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
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