Panax notoginseng Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Reducing Inflammation in Rats

Effect and mechanism of Sanqi () in treating periodontitis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect and mechanism of Sanqi (Radix Notoginseng) in treating periodontitis.

METHODS

The active components and periodontitis targets were analyzed through network pharmacology and molecular docking. A rat model of periodontitis was established and rats were treated by continuous intragastric administration of Sanqi (Radix Notoginseng) at different doses for 30 d. The alveolar bone structure was observed by micro-CT, the periodontal tissue structure was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the related proteins changes was detected by immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

Sanqi (Radix Notoginseng) and periodontitis had a total of 96 coincident targets that were significantly enriched in the interleukin 17 (IL-17), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and advanced glycation endproducts and the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts signaling pathways. The active compound quercetin had good binding activity with interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) in periodontitis. Compared with normal group, the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone (AB) was increased, alveolar bone absorption was obvious, the periodontal tissue structure was disorganized, and IL-6 and TNF-α were upregulated in periodontitis group; meanwhile, the distance from CEJ to AB was significantly decreased, alveolar bone resorption was reduced, periodontal tissue structure was improved, the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17 and retinoid-ralated orphan receptor γt (RORγt) were decreased, Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3) and IL-10 were increased after Sanqi (Radix Notoginseng) treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Sanqi (Radix Notoginseng) improves the structure of alveolar bone and gum, and reduces inflammation; the mechanism involve in inhibiting IL-17 signaling pathway to suppress Th17 and promote Treg cells differentiation.

Notoginsenoside R1 improves intestinal microvascular functioning in sepsis by targeting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial quality imbalance

CONTEXT

Sepsis can result in critical organ failure, and notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) offers mitochondrial protection.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether NGR1 improves organ function and prognosis after sepsis by protecting mitochondrial quality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A sepsis model was established in C57BL/6 mice using cecum ligation puncture (CLP) and an in vitro model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 µg/mL)-stimulated primary intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (IMVECs) and then determine NGR1's safe dosage. Groups for each model were: in vivo-a control group, a CLP-induced sepsis group, and a CLP + NGR1 treatment group (30 mg/kg/d for 3 d); in vitro-a control group, a LPS-induced sepsis group, and a LPS + NGR1 treatment group (4 μM for 30 min). NGR1's effects on survival, intestinal function, mitochondrial quality, and mitochondrial dynamic-related protein (Drp1) were evaluated.

RESULTS

Sepsis resulted in approximately 60% mortality within 7 days post-CLP, with significant reductions in intestinal microvascular perfusion and increases in vascular leakage. Severe mitochondrial quality imbalance was observed in IMVECs. NGR1 (IC50 is 854.1 μM at 30 min) targeted Drp1, inhibiting mitochondrial translocation, preventing mitochondrial fragmentation and restoring IMVEC morphology and function, thus protecting against intestinal barrier dysfunction, vascular permeability, microcirculatory flow, and improving sepsis prognosis.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Drp1-mediated mitochondrial quality imbalance is a potential therapeutic target for sepsis. Small molecule natural drugs like NGR1 targeting Drp1 may offer new directions for organ protection following sepsis. Future research should focus on clinical trials to evaluate NGR1's efficacy across various patient populations, potentially leading to novel treatments for sepsis.

Total Saponins of Panax Notoginseng Modulate the Astrocyte Inflammatory Signaling Pathway and Attenuate Inflammatory Injury Induced by Oxygen- Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

OBJECTIVE

Reperfusion after cerebral ischemia causes brain injury. Total saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS) have potential roles in protecting against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, whether PNS regulates astrocytes on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and its mechanism still need further clarification.

METHODS

Rat C6 glial cells were treated with PNS at different doses. Cell models were established by exposing C6 glial cells and BMECs to OGD/R. Cell viability was assessed, and levels of nitrite concentration, inflammatory factors (iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α), and oxidative stress-related factors (MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC) were subsequently measured through CCK8, Grice analysis, Western blot, and ELISA, respectively. The co-cultured C6 and endothelial cells were treated with PNS for 24 hours before model establishment. Then transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) content, and mRNA and protein levels and positive rates of tight junction proteins [Claudin-5, Occludin, ZO-1] were measured by a cell resistance meter, corresponding kits, ELISA, RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry, respectively.

RESULTS

PNS had no cytotoxicity. PNS reduced iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels in astrocytes, promoted T-AOC level and SOD and GSH-Px activities, and inhibited MDA levels, thus inhibiting oxidative stress in astrocytes. In addition, PNS alleviated OGD/R injury, reduced Na-Flu permeability, and enhanced TEER, LDH activity, BDNF content, and levels of tight junction proteins Claudin-5, Occludin, ZO-1 in the culture system of astrocytes and rat BMECs after OGD/R.

CONCLUSION

PNS repressed astrocyte inflammation and attenuated OGD/R injury in rat BMECs.

Neutrophil elastase in dexmedetomidine alleviating sepsis-related renal injury in rats

BACKGROUND

This research was to investigate the mechanism of neutrophil elastase (NE) in dexmedetomidine (DEX) alleviates sepsis-related renal injury in rats.

METHODS

Sixty healthy male SD rats aged 6-7 weeks were randomly assigned to the control group (Sham group (S group)), Model group (M group), Model + DEX group (M + DEX group), and Model + DEX + Elaspol group (M + DEX + Elaspol (sivelestat) group), with 15 rats in each group. The renal morphology and pathological changes of different groups of rats after modeling were observed, and renal tubular injury was scored. Serum samples were collected at 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after modeling, and the rats were sacrificed. Renal function indicators, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipoprotein (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), NE, serum creatinine (SCr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at different time periods. The level of NF-кB in renal tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

It was revealed that the general color of renal tissue in M group was dark red, swollen, and congested, and the renal tubular epithelial cells were significantly enlarged, with obvious vacuolar degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with M group, the color and morphology of renal tissue in M + DEX group and M + DEX + Elaspol group were improved, and the amount of inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced. The renal tubular injury score, SCr level, BUN level, NGAL level, KIM-1 level, TNF-α, IL-6, NE level, and NF-кB level in M group were significant different from S group 12 h after the operation (P < 0.001). The renal tubular injury score, SCr level, BUN level, NGAL level, KIM-1 level, TNF-α, IL-6, NE level, and NF-кB level in M + DEX group were significant different from M group (P < 0.01). The renal tubular injury score, SCr level, BUN level, NGAL level, KIM-1 level, TNF-α, IL-6, NE level, and NF-кB level in M + DEX + Elaspol group were significant different from those in M group at 12 h after the operation (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

NE plays an active role in the reduction of sepsis-related renal injury in rats by inhibiting the inflammatory response.

The potential of Panax notoginseng against COVID-19 infection

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the world and has presented the scientific community with unprecedented challenges. Infection is associated with overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines secondary to hyperactivation of the innate immune response, inducing a cytokine storm and triggering multiorgan failure and significant morbidity/mortality. No specific treatment is yet available. For thousands of years, Panax notoginseng has been used to treat various infectious diseases. Experimental evidence of P. notoginseng utility in terms of alleviating the cytokine storm, especially the cascade, and improving post-COVID-19 symptoms, suggests that P. notoginseng may serve as a valuable adjunct treatment for COVID-19 infection.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: A promising strategy to regulate inflammation, intestinal disorders and impaired immune function due to sepsis

Sepsis is described as a dysregulation of the immune response to infection, which leads to life-threatening organ dysfunction. The interaction between intestinal microbiota and sepsis can't be ignored. Furthermore, the intestinal microbiota may regulate the progress of sepsis and attenuate organ damage. Thus, maintaining or restoring microbiota may be a new way to treat sepsis. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) assumes a significant part in the treatment of sepsis through multi-component, multi-pathway, and multi-targeting abilities. Moreover, TCM can prevent the progress of sepsis and improve the prognosis of patients with sepsis by improving the imbalance of intestinal microbiota, improving immunity and reducing the damage to the intestinal barrier. This paper expounds the interaction between intestinal microbiota and sepsis, then reviews the current research on the treatment of sepsis with TCM, to provide a theoretical basis for its clinical application.