1
|
Yaduvanshi S, Kumar V. Fungal alkaloid malbrancheamide reorients the lipid binding domain of GRK5. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38661007 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2333987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of receptors involved in various types of signaling. GPCR signaling is regulated via receptor phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases 5 (GRK5). Calmodulin (CaM), a universal Ca2+ sensor, inhibits receptor phosphorylation by binding to GRK5. However, the inhibitor malbrancheamide (MBC), which binds at CaM C-lobe, allows for receptor phosphorylation. To understand the phosphorylation mechanism by GRK5, we carried out a MD simulation of the CaM/GRK5 complex in the presence and absence of the MBC inhibitor. The lipid binding domain (LBD) of GRK5 adopted different positions in the presence and absence of inhibitor. Furthermore, the inhibitor MBC restricted the movement of the N-lobe tether (NLT) loop, probably blocking the autophosphorylation of GRK5.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Yaduvanshi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Veerendra Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Desaulniers AT, White BR. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 and its receptor in human reproductive cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1341162. [PMID: 38260130 PMCID: PMC10800933 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1341162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1) and its receptor (GnRHR1) drive reproduction by regulating gonadotropins. Another form, GnRH2, and its receptor (GnRHR2), also exist in mammals. In humans, GnRH2 and GnRHR2 genes are present, but coding errors in the GnRHR2 gene are predicted to hinder full-length protein production. Nonetheless, mounting evidence supports the presence of a functional GnRHR2 in humans. GnRH2 and its receptor have been identified throughout the body, including peripheral reproductive tissues like the ovary, uterus, breast, and prostate. In addition, GnRH2 and its receptor have been detected in a wide number of reproductive cancer cells in humans. Notably, GnRH2 analogues have potent anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and/or anti-metastatic effects on various reproductive cancers, including endometrial, breast, placental, ovarian, and prostate. Thus, GnRH2 is an emerging target to treat human reproductive cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Desaulniers
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Brett R. White
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nadel G, Maik-Rachline G, Seger R. JNK Cascade-Induced Apoptosis-A Unique Role in GqPCR Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13527. [PMID: 37686335 PMCID: PMC10487481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of cells to extracellular signals is mediated by a variety of intracellular signaling pathways that determine stimulus-dependent cell fates. One such pathway is the cJun-N-terminal Kinase (JNK) cascade, which is mainly involved in stress-related processes. The cascade transmits its signals via a sequential activation of protein kinases, organized into three to five tiers. Proper regulation is essential for securing a proper cell fate after stimulation, and the mechanisms that regulate this cascade may involve the following: (1) Activatory or inhibitory phosphorylations, which induce or abolish signal transmission. (2) Regulatory dephosphorylation by various phosphatases. (3) Scaffold proteins that bring distinct components of the cascade in close proximity to each other. (4) Dynamic change of subcellular localization of the cascade's components. (5) Degradation of some of the components. In this review, we cover these regulatory mechanisms and emphasize the mechanism by which the JNK cascade transmits apoptotic signals. We also describe the newly discovered PP2A switch, which is an important mechanism for JNK activation that induces apoptosis downstream of the Gq protein coupled receptors. Since the JNK cascade is involved in many cellular processes that determine cell fate, addressing its regulatory mechanisms might reveal new ways to treat JNK-dependent pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rony Seger
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (G.N.); (G.M.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salas A, García-García P, Díaz-Rodríguez P, Évora C, Almeida TA, Delgado A. New local ganirelix sustained release therapy for uterine leiomyoma. Evaluation in a preclinical organ model. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
5
|
Maudsley S, Walter D, Schrauwen C, Van Loon N, Harputluoğlu İ, Lenaerts J, McDonald P. Intersection of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR19, with the Aging Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113598. [PMID: 36362387 PMCID: PMC9653598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most functionally diverse classes of transmembrane proteins. GPCRs and their associated signaling systems have been linked to nearly every physiological process. They also constitute nearly 40% of the current pharmacopeia as direct targets of remedial therapies. Hence, their place as a functional nexus in the interface between physiological and pathophysiological processes suggests that GPCRs may play a central role in the generation of nearly all types of human disease. Perhaps one mechanism through which GPCRs can mediate this pivotal function is through the control of the molecular aging process. It is now appreciated that, indeed, many human disorders/diseases are induced by GPCR signaling processes linked to pathological aging. Here we discuss one such novel member of the GPCR family, GPR19, that may represent an important new target for novel remedial strategies for the aging process. The molecular signaling pathways (metabolic control, circadian rhythm regulation and stress responsiveness) associated with this recently characterized receptor suggest an important role in aging-related disease etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Claudia Schrauwen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nore Van Loon
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - İrem Harputluoğlu
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Julia Lenaerts
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Role of Neuropeptide-Stimulated cAMP-EPACs Signalling in Cancer Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010311. [PMID: 35011543 PMCID: PMC8746471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are autocrine and paracrine signalling factors and mainly bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to trigger intracellular secondary messenger release including adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), thus modulating cancer progress in different kind of tumours. As one of the downstream effectors of cAMP, exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs) play dual roles in cancer proliferation and metastasis. More evidence about the relationship between neuropeptides and EPAC pathways have been proposed for their potential role in cancer development; hence, this review focuses on the role of neuropeptide/GPCR system modulation of cAMP/EPACs pathways in cancers. The correlated downstream pathways between neuropeptides and EPACs in cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis is discussed to glimmer the direction of future research.
Collapse
|
7
|
Leysen H, Walter D, Christiaenssen B, Vandoren R, Harputluoğlu İ, Van Loon N, Maudsley S. GPCRs Are Optimal Regulators of Complex Biological Systems and Orchestrate the Interface between Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413387. [PMID: 34948182 PMCID: PMC8708147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPCRs arguably represent the most effective current therapeutic targets for a plethora of diseases. GPCRs also possess a pivotal role in the regulation of the physiological balance between healthy and pathological conditions; thus, their importance in systems biology cannot be underestimated. The molecular diversity of GPCR signaling systems is likely to be closely associated with disease-associated changes in organismal tissue complexity and compartmentalization, thus enabling a nuanced GPCR-based capacity to interdict multiple disease pathomechanisms at a systemic level. GPCRs have been long considered as controllers of communication between tissues and cells. This communication involves the ligand-mediated control of cell surface receptors that then direct their stimuli to impact cell physiology. Given the tremendous success of GPCRs as therapeutic targets, considerable focus has been placed on the ability of these therapeutics to modulate diseases by acting at cell surface receptors. In the past decade, however, attention has focused upon how stable multiprotein GPCR superstructures, termed receptorsomes, both at the cell surface membrane and in the intracellular domain dictate and condition long-term GPCR activities associated with the regulation of protein expression patterns, cellular stress responses and DNA integrity management. The ability of these receptorsomes (often in the absence of typical cell surface ligands) to control complex cellular activities implicates them as key controllers of the functional balance between health and disease. A greater understanding of this function of GPCRs is likely to significantly augment our ability to further employ these proteins in a multitude of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Leysen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (B.C.); (R.V.); (İ.H.); (N.V.L.)
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (B.C.); (R.V.); (İ.H.); (N.V.L.)
| | - Bregje Christiaenssen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (B.C.); (R.V.); (İ.H.); (N.V.L.)
| | - Romi Vandoren
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (B.C.); (R.V.); (İ.H.); (N.V.L.)
| | - İrem Harputluoğlu
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (B.C.); (R.V.); (İ.H.); (N.V.L.)
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Çankaya, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Nore Van Loon
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (B.C.); (R.V.); (İ.H.); (N.V.L.)
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (H.L.); (D.W.); (B.C.); (R.V.); (İ.H.); (N.V.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim JW, Park M, Kim S, Lim SC, Kim HS, Kang KW. Anti-metastatic effect of GV1001 on prostate cancer cells; roles of GnRHR-mediated Gαs-cAMP pathway and AR-YAP1 axis. Cell Biosci 2021. [PMID: 34743733 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00704-3.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) transmits its signal via two major Gα-proteins, primarily Gαq and Gαi. However, the precise mechanism underlying the functions of Gαs signal in prostate cancer cells is still unclear. We have previously identified that GV1001, a fragment of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase, functions as a biased GnRHR ligand to selectively stimulate the Gαs/cAMP pathway. Here, we tried to reveal the potential mechanisms of which GV1001-stimulated Gαs-cAMP signaling pathway reduces the migration and metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. METHODS The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes was measured by western-blotting and spheroid formation on ultra-low attachment plate was detected after GV1001 treatment. In vivo Spleen-liver metastasis mouse model was used to explore the inhibitory effect of GV1001 on metastatic ability of PCa and the transwell migration assay was performed to identify whether GV1001 had a suppressive effect on cell migration in vitro. In order to demonstrate the interaction between androgen receptor (AR) and YAP1, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), immunofluorescence (IF) staining, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were performed in LNCaP cells with and without GV1001 treatment. RESULTS GV1001 inhibited expression of EMT-related genes and spheroid formation. GV1001 also suppressed in vivo spleen-liver metastasis of LNCaP cells as well as cell migration in vitro. GV1001 enhanced the phosphorylation of AR and transcription activity of androgen response element reporter gene through cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. Moreover, GV1001 increased Ser-127 phosphorylation of YAP1 and its ubiquitination, and subsequently decreased the levels of AR-YAP1 binding in the promoter region of the CTGF gene. In contrast, both protein and mRNA levels of NKX3.1 known for tumor suppressor gene and AR-coregulator were upregulated by GV1001 in LNCaP cells. YAP1 knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly suppressed the migration ability of LNCaP cells, and GV1001 did not affect the cell migration of YAP1-deficient LNCaP cells. On the contrary, cell migration was more potentiated in LNCaP cells overexpressing YAP5SA, a constitutively active form of YAP1, which was not changed by GV1001 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study reveals an essential role of AR-YAP1 in the regulation of PCa cell migration, and provides evidence that GV1001 could be a novel GnRHR ligand to inhibit metastasis of PCa via the Gαs/cAMP pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Miso Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim JW, Park M, Kim S, Lim SC, Kim HS, Kang KW. Anti-metastatic effect of GV1001 on prostate cancer cells; roles of GnRHR-mediated Gαs-cAMP pathway and AR-YAP1 axis. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:191. [PMID: 34743733 PMCID: PMC8574053 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) transmits its signal via two major Gα-proteins, primarily Gαq and Gαi. However, the precise mechanism underlying the functions of Gαs signal in prostate cancer cells is still unclear. We have previously identified that GV1001, a fragment of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase, functions as a biased GnRHR ligand to selectively stimulate the Gαs/cAMP pathway. Here, we tried to reveal the potential mechanisms of which GV1001-stimulated Gαs-cAMP signaling pathway reduces the migration and metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Methods The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes was measured by western-blotting and spheroid formation on ultra-low attachment plate was detected after GV1001 treatment. In vivo Spleen-liver metastasis mouse model was used to explore the inhibitory effect of GV1001 on metastatic ability of PCa and the transwell migration assay was performed to identify whether GV1001 had a suppressive effect on cell migration in vitro. In order to demonstrate the interaction between androgen receptor (AR) and YAP1, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), immunofluorescence (IF) staining, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were performed in LNCaP cells with and without GV1001 treatment. Results GV1001 inhibited expression of EMT-related genes and spheroid formation. GV1001 also suppressed in vivo spleen-liver metastasis of LNCaP cells as well as cell migration in vitro. GV1001 enhanced the phosphorylation of AR and transcription activity of androgen response element reporter gene through cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. Moreover, GV1001 increased Ser-127 phosphorylation of YAP1 and its ubiquitination, and subsequently decreased the levels of AR-YAP1 binding in the promoter region of the CTGF gene. In contrast, both protein and mRNA levels of NKX3.1 known for tumor suppressor gene and AR-coregulator were upregulated by GV1001 in LNCaP cells. YAP1 knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly suppressed the migration ability of LNCaP cells, and GV1001 did not affect the cell migration of YAP1-deficient LNCaP cells. On the contrary, cell migration was more potentiated in LNCaP cells overexpressing YAP5SA, a constitutively active form of YAP1, which was not changed by GV1001 treatment. Conclusions Overall, this study reveals an essential role of AR-YAP1 in the regulation of PCa cell migration, and provides evidence that GV1001 could be a novel GnRHR ligand to inhibit metastasis of PCa via the Gαs/cAMP pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00704-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Miso Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang D, Han M, Zhou M, Liu M, Li Y, Xu B, Zhang A. Down-regulation of S100P induces apoptosis in endometrial epithelial cell during GnRH antagonist protocol. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:99. [PMID: 34215278 PMCID: PMC8252288 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol for in vitro fertilization (IVF) often leads to lower pregnancy rates compared to the GnRH agonist protocol. Decreased endometrial receptivity is one reason for the lower success rate, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. The S100 calcium protein P (S100P) is a biomarker for endometrial receptivity. Both GnRH antagonist and S100P are involved in mediating cell apoptosis. However, the involvement of S100P in reduced endometrial receptivity during the GnRH antagonist protocol remains unclear. METHODS Endometrial tissue was collected at the time of implantation window from patients undergoing the GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) or GnRH antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocols, as well as from patients on their natural cycles. Endometrial cell apoptosis and expression levels of S100P, HOXA10, Bax, and Bcl-2 were assessed. Ishikawa cells were cultured to evaluate the effects that GnRH antagonist exposure or S100P up- or down- regulation had on apoptosis. RESULTS Endometrial tissue from patients in the GnRH-ant group showed elevated apoptosis and decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. In addition, endometrial expression of S100P was significantly reduced in the GnRH-ant group, and expression of HOXA10 was lower. Immunofluorescence colocalization analysis revealed that S100P was mainly distributed in the epithelium. In vitro experiments showed that knockdown of S100P in Ishikawa cells induced apoptosis, decreased expression of Bcl-2, while overexpression of S100P caused the opposite effects and decreased expression of Bax. Furthermore, endometrial epithelial cells exposed to GnRH antagonist expressed lower levels of S100P and Bcl-2, increased expression of Bax, and had higher rates of apoptosis. The increased apoptosis induced by GnRH antagonist treatment could be rescued by overexpression of S100P. CONCLUSIONS We found that GnRH antagonist treatment induced endometrial epithelial cell apoptosis by down-regulating S100P, which was detrimental to endometrial receptivity. These results further define a mechanistic role for S100P in contributing to endometrial apoptosis during GnRH antagonist treatment, and suggest that S100P is a potential clinical target to improve the success of IVF using the GnRH antagonist protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mi Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mingjuan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bufang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Department of Histo-Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fontana F, Limonta P. Dissecting the Hormonal Signaling Landscape in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1133. [PMID: 34067217 PMCID: PMC8151003 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PCa) progression towards its most aggressive, castration-resistant (CRPC) stage is urgently needed to improve the therapeutic options for this almost incurable pathology. Interestingly, CRPC is known to be characterized by a peculiar hormonal landscape. It is now well established that the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is still active in CRPC cells. The persistent activity of this axis in PCa progression has been shown to be related to different mechanisms, such as intratumoral androgen synthesis, AR amplification and mutations, AR mRNA alternative splicing, increased expression/activity of AR-related transcription factors and coregulators. The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), by binding to its specific receptors (GnRH-Rs) at the pituitary level, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the reproductive functions. GnRH and GnRH-R are also expressed in different types of tumors, including PCa. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that, in CRPC cells, the activation of GnRH-Rs is associated with a significant antiproliferative/proapoptotic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activity. This antitumor activity is mainly mediated by the GnRH-R-associated Gαi/cAMP signaling pathway. In this review, we dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the androgen/AR and GnRH/GnRH-R axes in CRPC progression and the possible therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors in Prostate Cancer: Molecular Aspects and Biological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249511. [PMID: 33327545 PMCID: PMC7765031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone receptors (GnRH-R) mediate the activity of the hypothalamic decapeptide GnRH, thus playing a key role in the regulation of the reproductive axis. Early-stage prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on serum androgen levels, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), based on GnRH agonists and antagonists, represents the standard therapeutic approach for PCa patients. Unfortunately, the tumor often progresses towards the more aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) stage. GnRH receptors are also expressed in CRPC tissues, where their binding to both GnRH agonists and antagonists is associated with significant antiproliferative/proapoptotic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects, mediated by the Gαi/cAMP signaling cascade. GnRH agonists and antagonists are now considered as an effective therapeutic strategy for CRPC patients with many clinical trials demonstrating that the combined use of these drugs with standard therapies (i.e., docetaxel, enzalutamide, abiraterone) significantly improves disease-free survival. In this context, GnRH-based bioconjugates (cytotoxic drugs covalently linked to a GnRH-based decapeptide) have been recently developed. The rationale of this treatment is that the GnRH peptide selectively binds to its receptors, delivering the cytotoxic drug to CRPC cells while sparing nontumor cells. Some of these compounds have already entered clinical trials.
Collapse
|
13
|
van Gastel J, Leysen H, Boddaert J, Vangenechten L, Luttrell LM, Martin B, Maudsley S. Aging-related modifications to G protein-coupled receptor signaling diversity. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 223:107793. [PMID: 33316288 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a highly complex molecular process, affecting nearly all tissue systems in humans and is the highest risk factor in developing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The intense complexity of the aging process creates an incentive to develop more specific drugs that attenuate or even reverse some of the features of premature aging. As our current pharmacopeia is dominated by therapeutics that target members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily it may be prudent to search for effective anti-aging therapeutics in this fertile domain. Since the first demonstration of GPCR-based β-arrestin signaling, it has become clear that an enhanced appreciation of GPCR signaling diversity may facilitate the creation of therapeutics with selective signaling activities. Such 'biased' ligand signaling profiles can be effectively investigated using both standard molecular biological techniques as well as high-dimensionality data analyses. Through a more nuanced appreciation of the quantitative nature across the multiple dimensions of signaling bias that drugs possess, researchers may be able to further refine the efficacy of GPCR modulators to impact the complex aberrations that constitute the aging process. Identifying novel effector profiles could expand the effective pharmacopeia and assist in the design of precision medicines. This review discusses potential non-G protein effectors, and specifically their potential therapeutic suitability in aging and age-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaana van Gastel
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Boddaert
- Molecular Pathology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Vangenechten
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis M Luttrell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kogame A, Ishikawa K, DeJongh J, Tagawa Y, Matsui H, Moriya Y, Kondo T, Asahi S. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of the metastin/kisspeptin analog, TAK-448, for its anti-tumor efficacy in a rat xenograft model. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:283-294. [PMID: 32562504 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
TAK-448 is the investigational metastin/kisspeptin analog, which is known to have an anti-tumor effect through suppression of androgen hormones (luteinizing hormone and testosterone) levels. This study developed pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models of TAK-448 and leuprorelin acetate (TAP-144) in a rat vertebral-cancer of the prostate (VCaP) androgen-sensitive prostate cancer xenograft model to quantitatively assess and compare the anti-tumor effects of both drugs. A potential contribution of the hormone-independent direct effects of TAK-448 to the tumor growth inhibition was also investigated in the in vivo rat xenograft model, because our in vitro experiments revealed that TAK-448 may also directly suppress VCaP cellular proliferation. The PK/PD model successfully described the time course of tumor growth inhibition after drug treatment as well as the development of resistance to the inhibition of androgen hormones, following drug treatment or castration. The EC50 of the hormone-dependent inhibitory effect of TAK-448 was much lower than that of TAP-144, and TAK-448 also has a faster onset of anti-tumor effect than TAP-144, demonstrating that TAK-448 has a stronger overall anti-tumor effect than TAP-144. In addition, model inference, by incorporating a hormone-independent inhibition pathway of TAK-448 into the PK-PD model, suggested that such a direct inhibition pathway for TAK-448 cannot be excluded, as also indicated by in vitro studies, but its EC50 would be approximately three orders of magnitude higher than that of the hormone-dependent pathway. This study helps to understand the potential and mechanism of TAK-448 as a prostate cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Kogame
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishikawa
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Joost DeJongh
- Leiden Experts on Advanced Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yoshihiko Tagawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisanori Matsui
- XVGen Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuu Moriya
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kondo
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Asahi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kotarba G, Zielinska-Gorska M, Biernacka K, Gajewska A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-Cu complex (Cu-GnRH) transcriptional activity in vivo in the female rat anterior pituitary gland. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:67-75. [PMID: 31931118 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Unlike gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues characterized by amino acid replacement in decapeptide primary structure, Cu-GnRH molecule preserves the native sequence but contains a Cu2+ ion stably bound to the nitrogen atoms including that of the imidazole ring of His2. Cu-GnRH can operate via cAMP/PKA signalling in anterior pituitary cells, suggesting that it may affect selected gonadotropic network gene transcription in vivo. We analysed pituitary mRNA expression of Egr-1, Nr5a1, and Lhb based on their role in luteinizing hormone (LH) synthesis; and Nos1, Adcyap1, and Prkaca due to their dependence on cAMP/PKA activity. In two independent experiments, ovariectomized rats received intracerebroventricular pulsatile (one pulse/h or two pulses/h over 5 h) microinjections of 2 nM Cu-GnRH; 2 nM antide (GnRH antagonist) + 2 nM Cu-GnRH; 100 nM PACAP6-38 (PACAP receptor antagonist) + 2 nM Cu-GnRH. Relative expression of selected mRNAs was determined by qRT-PCR. LH serum concentration was examined according to RIA. All examined genes responded to Cu-GnRH stimulation with increased transcriptional activity in a manner dependent on pulse frequency pattern. Increased expression of Nr5a1, Lhb, Nos1, Adcyap1, and Prkaca mRNA was observed solely in rats receiving the complex with frequency of two pulses/h over 5 h. Egr-1 transcription was up-regulated for both applied Cu-GnRH pulsatile patterns. The stimulatory effect of Cu-GnRH on gene transcription was dependent on both GnRH receptor and PAC-1 activation. In conclusion, obtained results indicate that Cu-GnRH complex is a GnRH analogue able to induce both IP3/PKC and cAMP/PKA-dependent gonadotrope network gene transcription in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kotarba
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Instytucka St., 05-110 Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Marlena Zielinska-Gorska
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Instytucka St., 05-110 Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Biernacka
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Instytucka St., 05-110 Jablonna, Poland
| | - Alina Gajewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Instytucka St., 05-110 Jablonna, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
GnRH Antagonists Produce Differential Modulation of the Signaling Pathways Mediated by GnRH Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225548. [PMID: 31703269 PMCID: PMC6888270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists differ by 1-2 amino acids and are used to inhibit gonadotropin production during assisted reproduction technologies (ART). In this study, potencies of three GnRH antagonists, Cetrorelix, Ganirelix and Teverelix, in inhibiting GnRH-mediated intracellular signaling, were compared in vitro. GnRH receptor (GnRHR)-transfected HEK293 and neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cell lines, as well as mouse pituitary LβT2 cells endogenously expressing the murine GnRHR, were treated with GnRH in the presence or absence of the antagonist. We evaluated intracellular calcium (Ca2+) and cAMP increases, cAMP-responsive element binding-protein (CREB) and extracellular-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, β-catenin activation and mouse luteinizing-hormone β-encoding gene (Lhb) transcription by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), Western blotting, immunostaining and real-time PCR as appropriate. The kinetics of GnRH-induced Ca2+ rapid increase revealed dose-response accumulation with potency (EC50) of 23 nM in transfected HEK293 cells, transfected SH-SY5Y and LβT2 cells. Cetrorelix inhibited the 3 × EC50 GnRH-activated calcium signaling at concentrations of 1 nM-1 µM, demonstrating higher potency than Ganirelix and Teverelix, whose inhibitory doses fell within the 100 nM-1 µM range in both transfected HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. In transfected SH-SY5Y, Cetrorelix was also significantly more potent than other antagonists in reducing GnRH-mediated cAMP accumulation. All antagonists inhibited pERK1/2 and pCREB activation at similar doses, in LβT2 and transfected HEK293 cells treated with 100 nM GnRH. Although immunostainings suggested that Teverelix could be less effective than Cetrorelix and Ganirelix in inhibiting 1 µM GnRH-induced β-catenin activation, Lhb gene expression increase occurring upon LβT2 cell treatment by 1 µM GnRH was similarly inhibited by all antagonists. To conclude, this study has demonstrated Cetrorelix-, Ganirelix- and Teverelix-specific biased effects at the intracellular level, not affecting the efficacy of antagonists in inhibiting Lhb gene transcription.
Collapse
|
17
|
Seyedabadi M, Ghahremani MH, Albert PR. Biased signaling of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): Molecular determinants of GPCR/transducer selectivity and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:148-178. [PMID: 31075355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) convey signals across membranes via interaction with G proteins. Originally, an individual GPCR was thought to signal through one G protein family, comprising cognate G proteins that mediate canonical receptor signaling. However, several deviations from canonical signaling pathways for GPCRs have been described. It is now clear that GPCRs can engage with multiple G proteins and the line between cognate and non-cognate signaling is increasingly blurred. Furthermore, GPCRs couple to non-G protein transducers, including β-arrestins or other scaffold proteins, to initiate additional signaling cascades. Receptor/transducer selectivity is dictated by agonist-induced receptor conformations as well as by collateral factors. In particular, ligands stabilize distinct receptor conformations to preferentially activate certain pathways, designated 'biased signaling'. In this regard, receptor sequence alignment and mutagenesis have helped to identify key receptor domains for receptor/transducer specificity. Furthermore, molecular structures of GPCRs bound to different ligands or transducers have provided detailed insights into mechanisms of coupling selectivity. However, receptor dimerization, compartmentalization, and trafficking, receptor-transducer-effector stoichiometry, and ligand residence and exposure times can each affect GPCR coupling. Extrinsic factors including cell type or assay conditions can also influence receptor signaling. Understanding these factors may lead to the development of improved biased ligands with the potential to enhance therapeutic benefit, while minimizing adverse effects. In this review, evidence for ligand-specific GPCR signaling toward different transducers or pathways is elaborated. Furthermore, molecular determinants of biased signaling toward these pathways and relevant examples of the potential clinical benefits and pitfalls of biased ligands are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Seyedabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Education Development Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Suo L, Chang X, Xu N, Ji H. The Anti-proliferative Activity of GnRH Through Downregulation of the Akt/ERK Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:370. [PMID: 31263453 PMCID: PMC6590102 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been demonstrated to exert anti-proliferative functions on various tumor cells in endometrial, ovarian, bladder, or prostate cancer as a part of the autocrine system. In addition, the expression levels of GnRH and its receptor had been identified in breast cancer or non-reproductive cancers, such as glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer. Previous studies have reported abnormal GnRH expression in several malignant tumors, suggesting that GnRH and its receptor might be essential for tumourigenesis. In the present study, we attempted to clarify the mechanisms underlying GnRH function in cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer. Our results indicated that GnRH expression might be essential for the malignancy of pancreatic cancer. We then found that GnRH overexpression can induce cell apoptosis through activating the Bcl-2/Bax pathway and autophagy might be involved in the GnRH-mediated apoptosis in Panc1 cells. Further investigation showed that the inhibition of GnRH may promote tumor invasion and migration through upregulation of MMP2 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, our results indicated that GnRH can regulate the Akt/ERK1/2 pathways to promote cell proliferation by inhibiting cell apoptosis in Panc1 cells. Therefore, our finding exhibited that the regulation of GnRH expression may be essential for tumourigenesis in pancreatic cancer, and might be a potential target for the treatment of the patients with pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linna Suo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaocen Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Xu
- Natural Sciences Department, LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Hongmei Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Hongmei Ji
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Premont RT, Martin B, Maudsley S. GRK5 - A Functional Bridge Between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30618771 PMCID: PMC6304357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex aging-triggered disorders are multifactorial programs that comprise a myriad of alterations in interconnected protein networks over a broad range of tissues. It is evident that rather than being randomly organized events, pathophysiologies that possess a strong aging component such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertensions, atherosclerosis, and vascular stiffening) and neurodegenerative conditions (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease), in essence represent a subtly modified version of the intricate molecular programs already in place for normal aging. To control such multidimensional activities there are layers of trophic protein control across these networks mediated by so-called "keystone" proteins. We propose that these "keystones" coordinate and interconnect multiple signaling pathways to control whole somatic activities such as aging-related disease etiology. Given its ability to control multiple receptor sensitivities and its broad protein-protein interactomic nature, we propose that G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) represents one of these key network controllers. Considerable data has emerged, suggesting that GRK5 acts as a bridging factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings to control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, GA, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang W, Chen ZX, Guo DY, Tao YX. Regulation of prostate cancer by hormone-responsive G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:135-147. [PMID: 29909235 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of prostate cancer by androgen and androgen receptor (AR), and blockade of AR signaling by AR antagonists and steroidogenic enzyme inhibitors have been extensively studied. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of membrane receptors that regulate almost all physiological processes. Nearly 40% of FDA-approved drugs in the market target GPCRs. A variety of GPCRs that mediate reproductive function have been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of prostate cancer. These GPCRs include gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, luteinizing hormone receptor, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor, relaxin receptor, ghrelin receptor, and kisspeptin receptor. We highlight here GPCR regulation of prostate cancer by these GPCRs. Further therapeutic approaches targeting these GPCRs for the treatment of prostate cancer are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Dong-Yu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China.
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mugami S, Dobkin-Bekman M, Rahamim-Ben Navi L, Naor Z. Differential roles of PKC isoforms (PKCs) in GnRH stimulation of MAPK phosphorylation in gonadotrope derived cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:97-105. [PMID: 28392410 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms (PKCs) in GnRH-stimulated MAPK [ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38) phosphorylation was examined in gonadotrope derived cells. GnRH induced a protracted activation of ERK1/2 and a slower and more transient activation of JNK1/2 and p38MAPK. Gonadotropes express conventional PKCα and PKCβII, novel PKCδ, PKCε and PKCθ, and atypical PKC-ι/λ. The use of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-PKCs constructs revealed that GnRH induced rapid translocation of PKCα and PKCβII to the plasma membrane, followed by their redistribution to the cytosol. PKCδ and PKCε localized to the cytoplasm and Golgi, followed by the rapid redistribution by GnRH of PKCδ to the perinuclear zone and of PKCε to the plasma membrane. The use of dominant negatives for PKCs and peptide inhibitors for the receptors for activated C kinase (RACKs) has revealed differential role for PKCα, PKCβII, PKCδ and PKCε in ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38MAPK phosphorylation in a ligand-and cell context-dependent manner. The paradoxical findings that PKCs activated by GnRH and PMA play a differential role in MAPKs phosphorylation may be explained by persistent vs. transient redistribution of selected PKCs or redistribution of a given PKC to the perinuclear zone vs. the plasma membrane. Thus, we have identified the PKCs involved in GnRH stimulated MAPKs phosphorylation in gonadotrope derived cells. Once activated, the MAPKs will mediate the transcription of the gonadotropin subunits and GnRH receptor genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shany Mugami
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Masha Dobkin-Bekman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Liat Rahamim-Ben Navi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Zvi Naor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aguilar-Rojas A, Pérez-Solis MA, Maya-Núñez G. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone system: Perspectives from reproduction to cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 48:861-8. [PMID: 26783137 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an increasing amount of evidence indicates that human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (hGnRH) and its receptor (hGnRHR) are important regulatory components not only to the reproduction process but also in the regulation of some cancer cell functions such as cell proliferation, in both hormone-dependent and -independent types of tumors. The hGnRHR is a naturally misfolded protein that is retained mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum; however, this mechanism can be overcome by treatment with several pharmacoperones, therefore, increasing the amount of receptors in the cell membrane. In addition, several reports indicate that the expression level of hGnRHR in tumor cells is even lower than in pituitary or gonadotrope cells. The signal transduction pathways activated by hGnRH in both gonadotrope and different cancer cell types are described in the present review. We also discuss how the rescue of misfolded receptors in tumor cells could be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Aguilar-Rojas
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Health Research Council, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 'Luis Castelazo Ayala', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico 01090, D.F., Mexico
| | - Marco Allan Pérez-Solis
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Health Research Council, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 'Luis Castelazo Ayala', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico 01090, D.F., Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Maya-Núñez
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Health Research Council, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 'Luis Castelazo Ayala', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico 01090, D.F., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kanno T, Furukawa K, Horigome T. Exploring the phosphoproteome profiles during Xenopus egg activation by calcium stimulation using a fully automated phosphopeptide purification system. J Biochem 2015; 159:407-19. [PMID: 26530081 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the phosphoproteome profiles duringXenopusegg activation by Ca(2+)-stimulation, an automated phosphopeptide purification system involving a titania column was improved by introducing 4-step elution with phosphate buffers. The number of detected phosphopeptides in the tryptic digest of aXenopusegg cytosol fraction on mass spectrometry (MS) was increased 1.5-fold and the percentage of multiply phosphorylated peptides increased from 17 to 24% with introduction of the 4-step elution method. Phosphopeptides were purified by the improved method from tryptic digests of cytosol fractions ofXenopuseggs without and with a Ca(2+)-stimulus, and then, analysed by MS. One thousand three hundred and seventy-five and 994 phosphopeptides were reproducibly detected on duplicate MS, respectively. They included 818 and 437 phosphopeptides specific to each digest, respectively. A method involving isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was also applied to compare the phosphorylation levels inXenopuseggs without and with a Ca(2+)-stimulus, the ratios for 112 phosphopeptides in tryptic digests of these egg cytosol fractions being obtained. It was suggested from all the results that the phosphorylation sites and levels change duringXenopusegg activation for many known and unknown sites on structural proteins, signalling related proteins, cell cycle-related proteins and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kanno
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Igarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Furukawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Igarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tsuneyoshi Horigome
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Igarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
MASON M, RICHAUD P, BOSNYAK Z, MALMBERG A, NEIJBER A. Degarelix Versus Goserelin Plus Bicalutamide in the Short-Term Relief of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Prostate Cancer Patients: Results of a Pooled Analysis. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2015; 9:82-88. [DOI: 10.1111/luts.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm MASON
- School of Medicine; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Pierre RICHAUD
- School of Medicine; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Zsolt BOSNYAK
- School of Medicine; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Anders MALMBERG
- School of Medicine; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Anders NEIJBER
- School of Medicine; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu C, Huang T, Chen W, Lu H. GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:244-50. [PMID: 25955300 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in humans. Exploration of the mechanisms underlying the self-renewal and stemness maintenance of cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) will open new avenues in lung cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we isolated and identified a subpopulation of lung cancer stem-like cells (LCSLCs) from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) A549 cells with features including self-renewal capacity in vitro, elevated tumorigenic activity in vivo, and high expression of stemness markers CD44, CD133, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and Sox2, using a serum-free suspension sphere-forming culture method. We then found a higher expression level of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the LCSLCs using a microarray assay, suggesting that GnRH may play a role in the self-renewal capacity and stemness maintenance in lung cancer cells. In addition, the suppression of GnRH capacity negatively regulated self-renewal and stemness maintenance in the LCSLCs. Overexpression of GnRH promoted stemness properties of A549-derived LCSLCs, indicating that GnRH expression is essential for the self-renewal and stemness maintenance in LCSLCs. Moreover, further investigations demonstrated that the promotion of GnRH functions of self-renewal and stemness maintenance in LCSLCs was associated with the JNK signaling pathway. Therefore, our results showed that GnRH participates in the self-renewal capacity and stemness maintenance of LCSLCs by upregulating the JNK signaling pathway, and GnRH may be useful as an alternative LCSLC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Weiqun Chen
- Cancer Research Institute of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Hongda Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wu HM, Huang HY, Lee CL, Soong YK, Leung PC, Wang HS. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Type II (GnRH-II) Agonist Regulates the Motility of Human Decidual Endometrial Stromal Cells: Possible Effect on Embryo Implantation and Pregnancy1. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:98. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.127324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
27
|
Park S, Han JM, Cheon J, Hwang JI, Seong JY. Apoptotic death of prostate cancer cells by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone-II antagonist. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99723. [PMID: 24926857 PMCID: PMC4057422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-I (GnRH-I) has attracted strong attention as a hormonal therapeutic tool, particularly for androgen-dependent prostate cancer patients. However, the androgen-independency of the cancer in advanced stages has spurred researchers to look for new medical treatments. In previous reports, we developed the GnRH-II antagonist Trp-1 to inhibit proliferation and stimulate the autophagic death of various prostate cancer cells, including androgen-independent cells. We further screened many GnRH-II antagonists to identify molecules with higher efficiency. Here, we investigated the effect of SN09-2 on the growth of PC3 prostate cancer cells. SN09-2 reduced the growth of prostate cancer cells but had no effect on cells derived from other tissues. Compared with Trp-1, SN09-2 conspicuously inhibited prostate cancer cell growth, even at low concentrations. SN09-2-induced PC3 cell growth inhibition was associated with decreased membrane potential in mitochondria where the antagonist was accumulated, and increased mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species. SN09-2 induced lactate dehydrogenase release into the media and annexin V-staining on the PC3 cell surface, suggesting that the antagonist stimulated prostate cancer cell death by activating apoptotic signaling pathways. Furthermore, cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol and caspase-3 activation occurred in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. SN09-2 also inhibited the growth of PC3 cells xenotransplanted into nude mice. These results demonstrate that SN09-2 directly induces mitochondrial dysfunction and the consequent ROS generation, leading to not only growth inhibition but also apoptosis of prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Man Han
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Cheon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (J-IH); (JYS)
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (J-IH); (JYS)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Janssens J, Etienne H, Idriss S, Azmi A, Martin B, Maudsley S. Systems-Level G Protein-Coupled Receptor Therapy Across a Neurodegenerative Continuum by the GLP-1 Receptor System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:142. [PMID: 25225492 PMCID: PMC4150252 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With our increasing appreciation of the true complexity of diseases and pathophysiologies, it is clear that this knowledge needs to inform the future development of pharmacotherapeutics. For many disorders, the disease mechanism itself is a complex process spanning multiple signaling networks, tissues, and organ systems. Identifying the precise nature and locations of the pathophysiology is crucial for the creation of systemically effective drugs. Diseases once considered constrained to a limited range of organ systems, e.g., central neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington' disease (HD), the role of multiple central and peripheral organ systems in the etiology of such diseases is now widely accepted. With this knowledge, it is increasingly clear that these seemingly distinct neurodegenerative disorders (AD, PD, and HD) possess multiple pathophysiological similarities thereby demonstrating an inter-related continuum of disease-related molecular alterations. With this systems-level appreciation of neurodegenerative diseases, it is now imperative to consider that pharmacotherapeutics should be developed specifically to address the systemic imbalances that create the disorders. Identification of potential systems-level signaling axes may facilitate the generation of therapeutic agents with synergistic remedial activity across multiple tissues, organ systems, and even diseases. Here, we discuss the potentially therapeutic systems-level interaction of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) ligand-receptor axis with multiple aspects of the AD, PD, and HD neurodegenerative continuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Janssens
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Harmonie Etienne
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sherif Idriss
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Abdelkrim Azmi
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Stuart Maudsley, Translational Neurobiology Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Building V, Antwerpen B2610, Belgium e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Perrett RM, McArdle CA. Molecular mechanisms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling: integrating cyclic nucleotides into the network. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:180. [PMID: 24312080 PMCID: PMC3834291 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the primary regulator of mammalian reproductive function in both males and females. It acts via G-protein coupled receptors on gonadotropes to stimulate synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropin hormones luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. These receptors couple primarily via G-proteins of the Gq/ll family, driving activation of phospholipases C and mediating GnRH effects on gonadotropin synthesis and secretion. There is also good evidence that GnRH causes activation of other heterotrimeric G-proteins (Gs and Gi) with consequent effects on cyclic AMP production, as well as for effects on the soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclases that generate cGMP. Here we provide an overview of these pathways. We emphasize mechanisms underpinning pulsatile hormone signaling and the possible interplay of GnRH and autocrine or paracrine regulatory mechanisms in control of cyclic nucleotide signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Perrett
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Craig A. McArdle
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Craig A. McArdle, Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, 1 Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Limonta P, Manea M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors as molecular therapeutic targets in prostate cancer: Current options and emerging strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:647-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
32
|
Cai H, Daimon CM, Cong WN, Wang R, Chirdon P, de Cabo R, Sévigny J, Maudsley S, Martin B. Longitudinal analysis of calorie restriction on rat taste bud morphology and expression of sweet taste modulators. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:532-44. [PMID: 24077597 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is a lifestyle intervention employed to reduce body weight and improve metabolic functions primarily via reduction of ingested carbohydrates and fats. Taste perception is highly related to functional metabolic status and body adiposity. We have previously shown that sweet taste perception diminishes with age; however, relatively little is known about the effects of various lengths of CR upon taste cell morphology and function. We investigated the effects of CR on taste bud morphology and expression of sweet taste-related modulators in 5-, 17-, and 30-month-old rats. In ad libitum (AL) and CR rats, we consistently found the following parameters altered significantly with advancing age: reduction of taste bud size and taste cell numbers per taste bud and reduced expression of sonic hedgehog, type 1 taste receptor 3 (T1r3), α-gustducin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). In the oldest rats, CR affected a significant reduction of tongue T1r3, GLP-1, and α-gustducin expression compared with age-matched AL rats. Leptin receptor immunopositive cells were elevated in 17- and 30-month-old CR rats compared with age-matched AL rats. These alterations of sweet taste-related modulators, specifically during advanced aging, suggest that sweet taste perception may be altered in response to different lengths of CR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cai
- *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wu HM, Wang HS, Huang HY, Lai CH, Lee CL, Soong YK, Leung PC. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone type II (GnRH-II) agonist regulates the invasiveness of endometrial cancer cells through the GnRH-I receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:300. [PMID: 23786715 PMCID: PMC3697993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 25% of patients diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma have an invasive primary cancer accompanied by metastases. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an important role in reproduction. In mammals, expression of GnRH-II is higher than GnRH-I in reproductive tissues. Here, we examined the effect of a GnRH-II agonist on the motility of endometrial cancer cells and its mechanism of action in endometrial cancer therapy. Methods Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to determine the expression of the GnRH-I receptor protein in human endometrial cancer. The activity of MMP-2 in the conditioned medium was determined by gelatin zymography. Cell motility was assessed by invasion and migration assay. GnRH-I receptor si-RNA was applied to knockdown GnRH-I receptor. Results The GnRH-I receptor was expressed in the endometrial cancer cells. The GnRH-II agonist promoted cell motility in a dose-dependent manner. The GnRH-II agonist induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and the phosphorylation was abolished by ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and the JNK inhibitor (SP600125). Cell motility promoted by GnRH-II agonist was suppressed in cells that were pretreated with U0126 and SP600125. Moreover, U0126 and SP600125 abolished the GnRH-II agonist-induced activation of MMP-2. The inhibition of MMP-2 with MMP-2 inhibitor (OA-Hy) suppressed the increase in cell motility in response to the GnRH-II agonist. Enhanced cell motility mediated by GnRH-II agonist was also suppressed by the knockdown of the endogenous GnRH-I receptor using siRNA. Conclusion Our study indicates that GnRH-II agonist promoted cell motility of endometrial cancer cells through the GnRH-I receptor via the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and the subsequent, MAPK-dependent activation of MMP-2. Our findings represent a new concept regarding the mechanism of GnRH-II-induced cell motility in endometrial cancer cells and suggest the possibility of exploring GnRH-II as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Su S, Fang F, Liu Y, Li Y, Ren C, Zhang Y, Zhang X. The compensatory expression of reproductive hormone receptors in the thymus of the male rat following active immunization against GnRH. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 185:57-66. [PMID: 23395683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether hormone-receptor signaling pathways in the thymus are altered by active immunization against gonadotrophin-releasing hormone I (GnRH), 3-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats received GnRH-tandem-OVA peptides (200 μg/ml), and the effects were compared to a control group. Serum testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations were markedly reduced, with severe testicular atrophy, compared to controls, demonstrating effective blockade of the pituitary-gonadal axis. The reduction in LH and FSH concentrations in the thymus of immunized animals was lower than that observed in the serum, where a significant difference (P<0.001) in concentration was observed between both groups. Concentrations of GnRH were increased in the thymus of immunized rats. In thymic tissue, GnRHR, FSHR and LHR demonstrated stronger immunostaining, and AR weaker staining, in the immunized group compared to controls. Reproductive hormone receptor mRNA expression was consistent with protein variations in the immunized thymus. Compared to controls, GnRHR gene levels were significantly increased (P<0.05), however, AR mRNA expression were greatly decreased with immune week-age (P<0.05). Both FSHR and LHR mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in the treated group than in controls in the first three samples (P<0.05). When GnRHR was blocked by an antagonist in thymocytes, all reproductive hormone receptor gene expressions were significantly increased (P<0.001). In summary, these findings suggest that active immunization against GnRH can up-regulate GnRH receptor and gonadotropin receptor signaling, by stimulating thymic autocrine and paracrine function, whereas the androgen receptor is down-regulated due to a lack of testosterone secretion in the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 of Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sviridonov L, Dobkin-Bekman M, Shterntal B, Przedecki F, Formishell L, Kravchook S, Rahamim-Ben Navi L, Bar-Lev TH, Kazanietz MG, Yao Z, Seger R, Naor Z. Differential signaling of the GnRH receptor in pituitary gonadotrope cell lines and prostate cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:107-18. [PMID: 23380421 PMCID: PMC4100609 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The GnRH receptor (GnRHR) mediates the pituitary functions of GnRH, as well as its anti-proliferative effects in sex hormone-dependent cancer cells. Here we compare the signaling of GnRHR in pituitary gonadotrope cell lines vs. prostate cancer cell lines. We first noticed that the expression level of PKCα, PKCβII and PKCε is much higher in αT3-1 and LβT2 gonadotrope cell lines vs. LNCaP and DU-145 cell lines, while the opposite is seen for PKCδ. Activation of PKCα, PKCβII and PKCε by GnRH is relatively transient in αT3-1 and LβT2 gonadotrope cell lines and more prolonged in LNCaP and DU-145 cell lines. On the otherhand, the activation and re-distribution of the above PKCs by PMA was similar for both gonadotrope cell lines and prostate cancer cell lines. Activation of ERK1/2 by GnRH and PMA was robust in the gonadotrope cell lines, with a smaller effect observed in the prostate cancer cell lines. The Ca(2+) ionophore A23187 stimulated ERK1/2 in gonadotrope cell lines but not in prostate cancer cell lines. GnRH, PMA and A23187 stimulated JNK activity in gonadotrope cell lines, with a more sustained effect in prostate cancer cell lines. Sustained activation of p38 was observed for PMA and A23187 in Du-145 cells, while p38 activation by GnRH, PMA and A23187 in LβT2 cells was transient. Thus, differential expression and re-distribution of PKCs by GnRH and the transient vs. the more sustained nature of the activation of the PKC-MAPK cascade by GnRH in gonadotrope cell lines vs. prostate cancer cell lines respectively, may provide the mechanistic basis for the cell context-dependent differential biological responses observed in GnRH interaction with pituitary gonadotropes vs. prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Sviridonov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of integral membrane protein receptors in the human genome. We examined here the reports whether the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) interacts with a single or multiple types of G proteins. It seems that the GnRHR, as other GPCRs, alternates between various conformations and is stabilized by its ligands, other modulators and intracellular partners in selective conformations culminating in coupling with a single type or multiple G proteins in a cell- and context-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Naor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Meyer C, Sims AH, Morgan K, Harrison B, Muir M, Bai J, Faratian D, Millar RP, Langdon SP. Transcript and protein profiling identifies signaling, growth arrest, apoptosis, and NF-κB survival signatures following GNRH receptor activation. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20. [PMID: 23202794 PMCID: PMC3573841 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
GNRH significantly inhibits proliferation of a proportion of cancer cell lines by activating GNRH receptor (GNRHR)-G protein signaling. Therefore, manipulation of GNRHR signaling may have an under-utilized role in treating certain breast and ovarian cancers. However, the precise signaling pathways necessary for the effect and the features of cellular responses remain poorly defined. We used transcriptomic and proteomic profiling approaches to characterize the effects of GNRHR activation in sensitive cells (HEK293-GNRHR, SCL60) in vitro and in vivo, compared to unresponsive HEK293. Analyses of gene expression demonstrated a dynamic response to the GNRH superagonist Triptorelin. Early and mid-phase changes (0.5-1.0 h) comprised mainly transcription factors. Later changes (8-24 h) included a GNRH target gene, CGA, and up- or downregulation of transcripts encoding signaling and cell division machinery. Pathway analysis identified altered MAPK and cell cycle pathways, consistent with occurrence of G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway gene transcripts were differentially expressed between control and Triptorelin-treated SCL60 cultures. Reverse-phase protein and phospho-proteomic array analyses profiled responses in cultured cells and SCL60 xenografts in vivo during Triptorelin anti-proliferation. Increased phosphorylated NF-κB (p65) occurred in SCL60 in vitro, and p-NF-κB and IκBε were higher in treated xenografts than controls after 4 days Triptorelin. NF-κB inhibition enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of Triptorelin in SCL60 cultures. This study reveals details of pathways interacting with intense GNRHR signaling, identifies potential anti-proliferative target genes, and implicates the NF-κB survival pathway as a node for enhancing GNRH agonist-induced anti-proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin Morgan
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences UnitQueen's Medical Research Institute47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH8 9XDUK
- Mammal Research InstituteUniversity Pretoria and UCT/MRC Receptor Biology Unit, University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pharmacoperone IN3 enhances the apoptotic effect of leuprolide in prostate cancer cells by increasing the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the cell membrane. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 23:959-69. [PMID: 22713594 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328355ef88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are widely used for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Agonists activate the GnRH receptor (GnRH-R), triggering apoptosis in PCa cells. In gonadotropes, the amount of GnRH-R in the plasma membrane is regulated by protein folding and endoplasmic reticulum retention, mechanisms that can be overcome by the pharmacoperone IN3. Our aim was to describe the intracellular distribution of GnRH-R in PCa cells and its relation to response to GnRH analog treatments. The expressions of GnRH-R in PCa biopsies were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and the intracellular distribution was determined by immunofluorescence in primary cell cultures from human PCa samples. Cultured cells were pretreated with IN3 and then with leuprolide. Cell survival was evaluated by 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT) thiazolyl blue formazan and cell cycle and apoptosis by flow cytometry. We observed that the expression of GnRH-R decreased according to malignant progression. Most GnRH-R are located inside the cell, colocalizing with endoplasmic reticulum markers. The treatment with IN3 decreased cellular GnRH-R retention, increasing plasma membrane expression in approximately 60%. Pretreatment with IN3 decreased PCa cell survival compared with leuprolide-alone treatment, primarily because of an increase in apoptosis. We conclude that the response of PCa cells to leuprolide is related to the amount of GnRH-R in the plasma membrane. Therefore, pretreatment evaluation of the amount of these receptors may be a predictor of the outcome of leuprolide treatment in PCa patients. Assessment of systemic IN3 effect would be necessary to determine its utility as an adjuvant treatment in hormone-resistant tumors.
Collapse
|
39
|
Systems Analysis of Arrestin Pathway Functions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 118:431-67. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394440-5.00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
40
|
Anderson J, Al-Ali G, Wirth M, Gual JB, Gomez Veiga F, Colli E, van der Meulen E, Persson BE. Degarelix versus goserelin (+ antiandrogen flare protection) in the relief of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to prostate cancer: results from a phase IIIb study (NCT00831233). Urol Int 2012; 90:321-8. [PMID: 23258223 DOI: 10.1159/000345423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No studies to date have assessed the efficacy/tolerability of degarelix in the relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to prostate cancer (PrCa). METHODS Patients were randomised to degarelix 240/80 mg or goserelin 3.6 mg + bicalutamide flare protection (G+B); both treatments were administered for 3 months. The primary endpoint was change in International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) at week 12 compared with baseline. RESULTS This study was stopped early due to recruitment difficulties. 40 patients received treatment (degarelix n = 27; G+B n = 13); most had locally advanced disease and were highly symptomatic. Degarelix was non-inferior to G+B in reducing IPSS at week 12 in the full analysis set (p = 0.20); the significantly larger IPSS reduction in the per-protocol analysis (p = 0.04) was suggestive of superior reductions with degarelix. Significantly more degarelix patients had improved quality of life (IPSS question) at week 12 (85 vs. 46%; p = 0.01). Mean prostate size reductions at week 12 were 42 versus 25% for patients receiving degarelix versus G+B, respectively (p = 0.04; post hoc analysis). Most adverse events were mild/moderate; more degarelix patients experienced injection site reactions whereas more G+B patients had urinary tract infections/cystitis. CONCLUSION In 40 men with predominantly locally advanced PrCa and highly symptomatic LUTS, degarelix was at least non-inferior to G+B in reducing IPSS at week 12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Anderson
- Department of Urology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aguilar-Rojas A, Huerta-Reyes M, Maya-Núñez G, Arechavaleta-Velásco F, Conn PM, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Valdés J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activates GTPase RhoA and inhibits cell invasion in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:550. [PMID: 23176180 PMCID: PMC3518142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its receptor (GnRHR) are both expressed by a number of malignant tumors, including those of the breast. In the latter, both behave as potent inhibitors of invasion. Nevertheless, the signaling pathways whereby the activated GnRH/GnRHR system exerts this effect have not been clearly established. In this study, we provide experimental evidence that describes components of the mechanism(s) whereby GnRH inhibits breast cancer cell invasion. Methods Actin polymerization and substrate adhesion was measured in the highly invasive cell line, MDA-MB-231 transiently expressing the wild-type or mutant DesK191 GnRHR by fluorometry, flow cytometric analysis, and confocal microscopy, in the absence or presence of GnRH agonist. The effect of RhoA-GTP on stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly was measured in MDA-MB-231 cells co-expressing the GnRHRs and the GAP domain of human p190Rho GAP-A or the dominant negative mutant GAP-Y1284D. Cell invasion was determined by the transwell migration assay. Results Agonist-stimulated activation of the wild-type GnRHR and the highly plasma membrane expressed mutant GnRHR-DesK191 transiently transfected to MDA-MB-231 cells, favored F-actin polymerization and substrate adhesion. Confocal imaging allowed detection of an association between F-actin levels and the increase in stress fibers promoted by exposure to GnRH. Pull-down assays showed that the effects observed on actin cytoskeleton resulted from GnRH-stimulated activation of RhoA GTPase. Activation of this small G protein favored the marked increase in both cell adhesion to Collagen-I and number of focal adhesion complexes leading to inhibition of the invasion capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells as disclosed by assays in Transwell Chambers. Conclusions We here show that GnRH inhibits invasion of highly invasive breast cancer-derived MDA-MB-231 cells. This effect is mediated through an increase in substrate adhesion promoted by activation of RhoA GTPase and formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. These observations offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms whereby activation of overexpressed GnRHRs affects cell invasion potential of this malignant cell line, and provide opportunities for designing mechanism-based adjuvant therapies for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Aguilar-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur (CIBIS), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No, 1, Col, Centro, 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Limonta P, Montagnani Marelli M, Mai S, Motta M, Martini L, Moretti RM. GnRH receptors in cancer: from cell biology to novel targeted therapeutic strategies. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:784-811. [PMID: 22778172 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of pituitary GnRH receptors (GnRH-R) in the control of reproductive functions is well established. These receptors are the target of GnRH agonists (through receptor desensitization) and antagonists (through receptor blockade) for the treatment of steroid-dependent pathologies, including hormone-dependent tumors. It has also become increasingly clear that GnRH-R are expressed in cancer tissues, either related (i.e. prostate, breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers) or unrelated (i.e. melanoma, glioblastoma, lung, and pancreatic cancers) to the reproductive system. In hormone-related tumors, GnRH-R appear to be expressed even when the tumor has escaped steroid dependence (such as castration-resistant prostate cancer). These receptors are coupled to a G(αi)-mediated intracellular signaling pathway. Activation of tumor GnRH-R by means of GnRH agonists elicits a strong antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic (more recently demonstrated) activity. Interestingly, GnRH antagonists have also been shown to elicit a direct antitumor effect; thus, these compounds behave as antagonists of GnRH-R at the pituitary level and as agonists of the same receptors expressed in tumors. According to the ligand-induced selective-signaling theory, GnRH-R might assume various conformations, endowed with different activities for GnRH analogs and with different intracellular signaling pathways, according to the cell context. Based on these consistent experimental observations, tumor GnRH-R are now considered a very interesting candidate for novel molecular, GnRH analog-based, targeted strategies for the treatment of tumors expressing these receptors. These agents include GnRH agonists and antagonists, GnRH analog-based cytotoxic (i.e. doxorubicin) or nutraceutic (i.e. curcumin) hybrids, and GnRH-R-targeted nanoparticles delivering anticancer compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Limonta
- Section of Biomedicine and Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tan O, Carr BR, Beshay VE, Bukulmez O. The extrapituitary effects of GnRH antagonists and their potential clinical implications: a narrated review. Reprod Sci 2012; 20:16-25. [PMID: 23012318 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112459244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Potential roles of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists on GnRH/GnRH receptor systems and their effects on the extrapituitary tissues are largely elusive. In this narrated review, we summarized the systemic effects of GnRH antagonists on ovary, endometrium, embryo implantation, placental development, fetal teratogenicity, reproductive tissue cancer cells, and heart while briefly reviewing the GnRH and GnRH receptor system. GnRH antagonists may have direct effects on ovarian granulosa cells. Data are conflicting regarding their effects on endometrial receptivity. The GnRH antagonists may potentially have detrimental effect on early placentation by decreasing the invasive ability of cytotrophoblasts if the exposure to them occurs during early pregnancy. The GnRH antagonists were not found to increase the rates of congenital malformations. Comparative clinical data are required to explore their systemic effects on various extrapituitary tissues such as on cardiac function in the long term as well as their potential use in other human cancers that express GnRH receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Martin B, Chadwick W, Yi T, Park SS, Lu D, Ni B, Gadkaree S, Farhang K, Becker KG, Maudsley S. VENNTURE--a novel Venn diagram investigational tool for multiple pharmacological dataset analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36911. [PMID: 22606307 PMCID: PMC3351456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As pharmacological data sets become increasingly large and complex, new visual analysis and filtering programs are needed to aid their appreciation. One of the most commonly used methods for visualizing biological data is the Venn diagram. Currently used Venn analysis software often presents multiple problems to biological scientists, in that only a limited number of simultaneous data sets can be analyzed. An improved appreciation of the connectivity between multiple, highly-complex datasets is crucial for the next generation of data analysis of genomic and proteomic data streams. We describe the development of VENNTURE, a program that facilitates visualization of up to six datasets in a user-friendly manner. This program includes versatile output features, where grouped data points can be easily exported into a spreadsheet. To demonstrate its unique experimental utility we applied VENNTURE to a highly complex parallel paradigm, i.e. comparison of multiple G protein-coupled receptor drug dose phosphoproteomic data, in multiple cellular physiological contexts. VENNTURE was able to reliably and simply dissect six complex data sets into easily identifiable groups for straightforward analysis and data output. Applied to complex pharmacological datasets, VENNTURE's improved features and ease of analysis are much improved over currently available Venn diagram programs. VENNTURE enabled the delineation of highly complex patterns of dose-dependent G protein-coupled receptor activity and its dependence on physiological cellular contexts. This study highlights the potential for such a program in fields such as pharmacology, genomics, and bioinformatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wayne Chadwick
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tie Yi
- Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daoyuan Lu
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bin Ni
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shekhar Gadkaree
- Diabetes Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Farhang
- Diabetes Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wu HM, Wang HS, Soong YK, Huang HY, Chen CK, Lee CL, Leung PCK. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist induces apoptosis in human decidual stromal cells: effect on GADD45 and MAPK signaling. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:795-804. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
46
|
Chadwick W, Mitchell N, Martin B, Maudsley S. Therapeutic targeting of the endoplasmic reticulum in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012; 9:110-9. [PMID: 22329655 PMCID: PMC4682200 DOI: 10.2174/156720512799015055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extensive prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) places a tremendous burden physiologically, socially and economically upon those directly suffering and those caring for sufferers themselves. Considering the steady increases in numbers of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's, the number of effective pharmacotherapeutic strategies to tackle the disease is still relatively few. As with many other neurodegenerative mechanisms, AD, is characterized by the continued presence and accumulation of cytotoxic protein aggregates, i.e. of beta-amyloid and the microtubule associated protein, tau. Therefore, one novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of AD may be the actual targeting of factors that control protein synthesis, packaging and degradation. One of the prime cellular targets that, if effectively modulated, could accomplish this is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER can not only control cellular protein synthesis, trafficking and degradation but it is also closely associated with cytoprotective mechanisms, including calcium ion regulation and unfolded protein responses. This review will delineate some of the most important functional physiological features of the ER that, if effectively modulated, could result in beneficial amelioration or remediation of the negative cellular aspects of AD initiation and progression. While not a classical drug target, even with minimal levels of beneficial modulation, its multifactorial efficacy may amplify small effects resulting in significant therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Chadwick
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD 21224, USA
| | - Nicholas Mitchell
- Department of Biology, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, NY 14778, USA
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Metabolism Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD 21224, USA
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Pharmacology Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ko YH, Ha YR, Kim JW, Kang SG, Jang HA, Kang SH, Park HS, Cheon J. Silencing of the GnRH type 1 receptor blocks the antiproliferative effect of the GnRH agonist, leuprolide, on the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line DU145. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:729-39. [PMID: 21819703 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanism of action of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, leuprolide, on proliferation of the hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell line DU145, transfected with short hairpin RNA (shRNA), to reduce expression of the GNRHR1 gene (which encodes the GnRH type 1 receptor). DU145 cell proliferation in the presence of leuprolide (10(-9) and 10(-7) M) or control medium was measured before and after GnRHR1 knockdown. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to measure the degree of GNRHR1 silencing. DU145 cells treated with leuprolide (10(-9) and 10(-7) M) showed significant growth inhibition compared with control-treated DU145 cells. Transfection with GNRHR1 -shRNA significantly decreased GNRHR1 expression at 48 h. DU145 cells transfected with silencing GNRHR1 -shRNA showed normal growth patterns; however, there was no significant inhibition of proliferation of DU145 cells transfected with GNRHR1 -shRNA compared with cells transfected with control-shRNA in response to leuprolide. These data demonstrated that the antiproliferative effect of leuprolide was mediated by the GnRHR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Ko
- Department of Urology, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
5-HT6 receptor signal transduction second messenger systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 94:89-110. [PMID: 21081203 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384976-2.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
49
|
Biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2011; 23:238-44. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e328348a3ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
50
|
Smith NJ, Bennett KA, Milligan G. When simple agonism is not enough: emerging modalities of GPCR ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 331:241-7. [PMID: 20654693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in G protein-coupled receptors have challenged traditional definitions of agonism, antagonism, affinity and efficacy. The discovery of agonist functional selectivity and receptor allosterism has meant researchers have an expanded canvas for designing and discovering novel drugs. Here we describe modes of agonism emerging from the discovery of functional selectivity and allosterism. We discuss the concept of ago-allosterism, where ligands can initiate signaling by themselves and influence the actions of another ligand at the same receptor. We introduce the concept of dualsteric ligands that consist of distinct elements which bind to each of the orthosteric and an allosteric domain on a single receptor to enhance subtype selectivity. Finally, the concept that efficacy should be defined by the activity of an endogenous ligand will be challenged by the discovery that some ligands act as 'super-agonists' in specific pathways or at certain receptor mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|