1
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Pathmanapan S, Poon R, De Renshaw TB, Nadesan P, Nakagawa M, Seesankar GA, Ho Loe AK, Zhang HH, Guinovart JJ, Duran J, Newgard CB, Wunder JS, Alman BA. Mutant IDH regulates glycogen metabolism from early cartilage development to malignant chondrosarcoma formation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112578. [PMID: 37267108 PMCID: PMC10592452 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are the most common malignancy of cartilage and are associated with somatic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 genes. Somatic IDH mutations are also found in its benign precursor lesion, enchondromas, suggesting that IDH mutations are early events in malignant transformation. Human mutant IDH chondrosarcomas and mutant Idh mice that develop enchondromas investigated in our studies display glycogen deposition exclusively in mutant cells from IDH mutant chondrosarcomas and Idh1 mutant murine growth plates. Pharmacologic blockade of glycogen utilization induces changes in tumor cell behavior, downstream energetic pathways, and tumor burden in vitro and in vivo. Mutant IDH1 interacts with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) to regulate expression of key enzymes in glycogen metabolism. Here, we show a critical role for glycogen in enchondromas and chondrosarcomas, which is likely mediated through an interaction with mutant IDH1 and HIF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinthu Pathmanapan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Poon
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Makoto Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gireesh A Seesankar
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Kwan Ho Loe
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongyuan H Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jay S Wunder
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute and the University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Brown G. Hematopoietic and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells: Multi-Stability versus Lineage Restriction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13570. [PMID: 36362357 PMCID: PMC9655164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence to support the view that the cell-of-origin for chronic myeloid leukemia is a hematopoietic stem cell. Unlike normal hematopoietic stem cells, the progeny of the leukemia stem cells are predominantly neutrophils during the disease chronic phase and there is a mild anemia. The hallmark oncogene for chronic myeloid leukemia is the BCR-ABLp210 fusion gene. Various studies have excluded a role for BCR-ABLp210 expression in maintaining the population of leukemia stem cells. Studies of BCR-ABLp210 expression in embryonal stem cells that were differentiated into hematopoietic stem cells and of the expression in transgenic mice have revealed that BCR-ABLp210 is able to veer hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells towards a myeloid fate. For the transgenic mice, global changes to the epigenetic landscape were observed. In chronic myeloid leukemia, the ability of the leukemia stem cells to choose from the many fates that are available to normal hematopoietic stem cells appears to be deregulated by BCR-ABLp210 and changes to the epigenome are also important. Even so, we still do not have a precise picture as to why neutrophils are abundantly produced in chronic myeloid leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Mice
- Animals
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice, Transgenic
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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3
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Redox-Regulation in Cancer Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102413. [PMID: 36289675 PMCID: PMC9598867 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of slowly dividing cells with tumor-initiating ability. They can self-renew and differentiate into all the distinct cell populations within a tumor. CSCs are naturally resistant to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. CSCs, thus, can repopulate a tumor after therapy and are responsible for recurrence of disease. Stemness manifests itself through, among other things, the expression of stem cell markers, the ability to induce sphere formation and tumor growth in vivo, and resistance to chemotherapeutics and irradiation. Stemness is maintained by keeping levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) low, which is achieved by enhanced activity of antioxidant pathways. Here, cellular sources of ROS, antioxidant pathways employed by CSCs, and underlying mechanisms to overcome resistance are discussed.
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4
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Brown G. Lessons to cancer from studies of leukemia and hematopoiesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:993915. [PMID: 36204679 PMCID: PMC9531023 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.993915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The starting point to describing the origin and nature of any cancer must be knowledge about how the normal counterpart tissue develops. New principles to the nature of hematopoietic stem cells have arisen in recent years. In particular, hematopoietic stem cells can “choose” a cell lineage directly from a spectrum of the end-cell options, and are, therefore, a heterogeneous population of lineage affiliated/biased cells. These cells remain versatile because the developmental trajectories of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are broad. From studies of human acute myeloid leukemia, leukemia is also a hierarchy of maturing or partially maturing cells that are sustained by leukemia stem cells at the apex. This cellular hierarchy model has been extended to a wide variety of human solid tumors, by the identification of cancer stem cells, and is termed the cancer stem cell model. At least, two genomic insults are needed for cancer, as seen from studies of human childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. There are signature mutations for some leukemia’s and some relate to a transcription factor that guides the cell lineage of developing hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Similarly, some oncogenes restrict the fate of leukemia stem cells and their offspring to a single maturation pathway. In this case, a loss of intrinsic stem cell versatility seems to be a property of leukemia stem cells. To provide more effective cures for leukemia, there is the need to find ways to eliminate leukemia stem cells.
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5
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Antitumor Effect of Si-Jun-Zi Decoction on SGC7901 Gastric Cancer Cells by CMTM2 Activation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4675815. [PMID: 35873650 PMCID: PMC9303151 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4675815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Si-Jun-Zi decoction (SJZ), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, is used clinically against multiple malignancies, including gastric cancer (GC). In previous study, we have shown that SJZ plays an anticancer role in SGC7901 cell xenograft mice models. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect and mechanism of SJZ on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and cancer stem cell-like properties of GC cells. High-throughput mRNA sequencing analysis was performed to investigate the global alterations in gene expression in xenograft tumors, and 56 significantly differentially expressed genes (43 upregulated and 13 downregulated genes) were identified between the SJZ group and the Model group totally. We focused on CMTM2, which was significantly increased after SJZ intervention, as a candidate target gene of SJZ. The results indicated that CMTM2 expression was elevated in SJZ-treated SGC7901 cells and knocking-down CMTM2 expression partially hampered the inhibitory effects of SJZ on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells. Moreover, SJZ treatment repressed the spheroid and colony-forming capacity in GC cells, accompanied by downregulation of stem cell markers including SOX2, NANOG, and CD44. CMTM2 knockdown antagonized the effects of SJZ on the cancer stem cell-like properties of SGC7901 cells. Thus, SJZ effectively suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and cancer stem cell-like properties of GC cells in vitro by upregulating CMTM2 expression.
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6
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Proskurina AS, Kupina VV, Efremov YR, Dolgova EV, Ruzanova VS, Ritter GS, Potter EA, Kirikovich SS, Levites EV, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER, Babaeva OG, Sidorov SV, Bogachev SS. Karanahan: A Potential New Treatment Option for Human Breast Cancer and Its Validation in a Clinical Setting. BREAST CANCER: BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022; 16:11782234211059931. [PMID: 35185333 PMCID: PMC8851498 DOI: 10.1177/11782234211059931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Karanahan, a cancer treatment technology aimed at eradicating tumor-initiating stem cells, has already proven effective in 7 tumor models. Karanahan comprises the following procedures: (1) collecting surgical specimens, (2) determining the duration of the DNA repair process in tumor cells exposed to a cross-linking cytostatic agent, and (3) determining the time point, when cells, including tumor-initiating stem cells, are synchronized in the certain phase of the cell cycle after triple exposure to the cytostatic, becoming vulnerable for the terminal treatment, which is supposed to completely eliminate the rest of survived tumor-initiating stem cells. Determining these basic tumor properties allows to design the schedule for the administration of a cross-linking cytostatic and a complex composite DNA preparation. Being conducted in accordance with the schedule designed, Karanahan results in the large-scale apoptosis of tumor cells with elimination of tumor-initiating stem cells. Methods: Breast tumor specimens were obtained from patients, and basic tumor properties essential for conducting Karanahan therapy were determined. Results: We report the first use of Karanahan in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Technical details of handling surgical specimens for determining the essential Karanahan parameters (tumor volume, cell number, cell proliferation status, etc) have been worked out. The terminally ill patient, who was undergoing palliative treatment and whose tumor specimen matched the required criteria, received a complete course of Karanahan. Conclusions: The results of the treatment conducted indicate that Karanahan technology has a therapeutic potency and can be used as a breast cancer treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Proskurina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Yaroslav R Efremov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Dolgova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vera S Ruzanova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Genrikh S Ritter
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Potter
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Kirikovich
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy V Levites
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Ostanin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana G Babaeva
- Oncology Department, Municipal Hospital No 1, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Sidorov
- Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Oncology Department, Municipal Hospital No 1, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S Bogachev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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7
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Tang YJ, Puviindran V, Xiang Y, Yahara Y, Zhang H, Nadesan P, Diao Y, Kirsch DG, Alman BA. Tumor-propagating side population cells are a dynamic subpopulation in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148768. [PMID: 34618689 PMCID: PMC8663789 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas contain a subpopulation of tumor-propagating cells (TPCs) with enhanced tumor-initiating and self-renewal properties. However, it is unclear whether the TPC phenotype in sarcomas is stable or a dynamic cell state that can derive from non-TPCs. In this study, we utilized a mouse model of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) to trace the lineage relationship between sarcoma side population (SP) cells that are enriched for TPCs and non-SP cells. By cotransplanting SP and non-SP cells expressing different endogenous fluorescent reporters, we show that non-SP cells can give rise to SP cells with enhanced tumor-propagating potential in vivo. Lineage trajectory analysis using single-cell RNA sequencing from SP and non-SP cells supports the notion that non-SP cells can assume the SP cell phenotype de novo. To test the effect of eradicating SP cells on tumor growth and self-renewal, we generated mouse sarcomas in which the diphtheria toxin receptor is expressed in the SP cells and their progeny. Ablation of the SP population using diphtheria toxin did not impede tumor growth or self-renewal. Altogether, we show that the sarcoma SP represent a dynamic cell state and targeting TPCs alone is insufficient to eliminate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Jackie Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | | | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology.,Regeneration Next Initiative
| | | | - Hongyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery.,Department of Cell Biology
| | | | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery.,Department of Cell Biology.,Regeneration Next Initiative
| | - David G Kirsch
- Regeneration Next Initiative.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery.,Department of Cell Biology.,Regeneration Next Initiative
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8
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Serra M, Hattinger CM, Pasello M, Casotti C, Fantoni L, Riganti C, Manara MC. Impact of ABC Transporters in Osteosarcoma and Ewing's Sarcoma: Which Are Involved in Chemoresistance and Which Are Not? Cells 2021; 10:cells10092461. [PMID: 34572110 PMCID: PMC8467338 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily consists of several proteins with a wide repertoire of functions. Under physiological conditions, ABC transporters are involved in cellular trafficking of hormones, lipids, ions, xenobiotics, and several other molecules, including a broad spectrum of chemical substrates and chemotherapeutic drugs. In cancers, ABC transporters have been intensely studied over the past decades, mostly for their involvement in the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. This review provides an overview of ABC transporters, both related and unrelated to MDR, which have been studied in osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. Since different backbone drugs used in first-line or rescue chemotherapy for these two rare bone sarcomas are substrates of ABC transporters, this review particularly focused on studies that have provided findings that have been either translated to clinical practice or have indicated new candidate therapeutic targets; however, findings obtained from ABC transporters that were not directly involved in drug resistance were also discussed, in order to provide a more complete overview of the biological impacts of these molecules in osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. Finally, therapeutic strategies and agents aimed to circumvent ABC-mediated chemoresistance were discussed to provide future perspectives about possible treatment improvements of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Serra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.H.); (M.P.); (C.C.); (L.F.); (M.C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-6366762
| | - Claudia Maria Hattinger
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.H.); (M.P.); (C.C.); (L.F.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Michela Pasello
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.H.); (M.P.); (C.C.); (L.F.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Chiara Casotti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.H.); (M.P.); (C.C.); (L.F.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Leonardo Fantoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.H.); (M.P.); (C.C.); (L.F.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.H.); (M.P.); (C.C.); (L.F.); (M.C.M.)
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9
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Liu D, Sun Z, Ye T, Li J, Zeng B, Zhao Q, Wang J, Xing HR. The mitochondrial fission factor FIS1 promotes stemness of human lung cancer stem cells via mitophagy. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1997-2007. [PMID: 34051059 PMCID: PMC8406485 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, a form of autophagy, plays a role in cancer development, progression and recurrence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) also play a key role in these processes, although it not known whether mitophagy can regulate the stemness of CSCs. Here, we employed the A549-SD human non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma CSC model that we have developed and characterized to investigate the effect of mitophagy on the stemness of CSCs. We observed a positive relationship between mitophagic activity and the stemness of lung CSCs. At the mechanistic level, our results suggest that augmentation of mitophagy in lung CSCs can be induced by FIS1 through mitochondrial fission. In addition, we assessed the clinical relevance of FIS1 in lung adenocarcinoma using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. An elevation in FIS1, when observed together with other prognostic markers for lung cancer progression, was found to correlate with shorter overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Ting Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Qiting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Hongmei Rosie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, China
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10
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Palmini G, Romagnoli C, Donati S, Zonefrati R, Galli G, Marini F, Iantomasi T, Aldinucci A, Leoncini G, Franchi A, Beltrami G, Campanacci DA, Capanna R, Brandi ML. Analysis of a Preliminary microRNA Expression Signature in a Human Telangiectatic Osteogenic Sarcoma Cancer Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1163. [PMID: 33503899 PMCID: PMC7866083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma (TOS) is an aggressive variant of osteosarcoma (OS) with distinctive radiographic, gross, microscopic features, and prognostic implications. Despite several studies on OS, we are still far from understanding the molecular mechanisms of TOS. In recent years, many studies have demonstrated not only that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in OS tumorigenesis, development, and metastasis, but also that the presence in high-grade types of OS of cancer stem cells (CSCs) plays an important role in tumor progression. Despite these findings, nothing has been described previously about the expression of miRNAs and the presence of CSCs in human TOS. Therefore, we have isolated/characterized a putative CSC cell line from human TOS (TOS-CSCs) and evaluated the expression levels of several miRNAs in TOS-CSCs using real-time quantitative assays. We show, for the first time, the existence of CSCs in human TOS, highlighting the in vitro establishment of this unique stabilized cell line and an identification of a preliminary expression of the miRNA profile, characteristic of TOS-CSCs. These findings represent an important step in the study of the biology of one of the most aggressive variants of OS and the role of miRNAs in TOS-CSC behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Palmini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Romagnoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Zonefrati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gianna Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Marini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Teresa Iantomasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Aldinucci
- Central Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gigliola Leoncini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Franchi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beltrami
- Ortopedia Oncologica Pediatrica, AOU Careggi-AOU Meyer, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Rodolfo Capanna
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50141 Florence, Italy
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11
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Zhang X, Powell K, Li L. Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Biomarkers, Identification and Isolation Methods, Regulating Mechanisms, Cellular Origin, and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3765. [PMID: 33327542 PMCID: PMC7765014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer (BC) is still a major cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small but significant subpopulation of heterogeneous breast cancer cells demonstrating strong self-renewal and proliferation properties. Accumulating evidence has proved that BCSCs are the driving force behind BC tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence. As a heterogeneous disease, BC contains a full spectrum of different BC subtypes, and different subtypes of BC further exhibit distinct subtypes and proportions of BCSCs, which correspond to different treatment responses and disease-specific outcomes. This review summarized the current knowledge of BCSC biomarkers and their clinical relevance, the methods for the identification and isolation of BCSCs, and the mechanisms regulating BCSCs. We also discussed the cellular origin of BCSCs and the current advances in single-cell lineage tracing and transcriptomics and their potential in identifying the origin and lineage development of BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320B Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | | | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320B Lincoln Tower, 1800 Cannon Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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12
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Modeling cancer progression using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cells and organoids. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102063. [PMID: 33137568 PMCID: PMC7849931 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer cell lines and animal models have been mainstays of cancer research. More recently, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and hPSC-derived organoid technologies, together with genome engineering approaches, have provided a complementary platform to model cancer progression. Here, we review the application of these technologies in cancer modeling with respect to the cell-of-origin, cancer propagation, and metastasis. We further discuss the benefits and challenges accompanying the use of hPSC models for cancer research and discuss their broad applicability in drug discovery, biomarker identification, decoding molecular mechanisms, and the deconstruction of clonal and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. In summary, hPSC-derived organoids provide powerful models to recapitulate the pathogenic states in cancer and to perform drug discovery.
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13
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Wang J, Sato K, O'Donnell E, Singla A, Yaguare S, Aldahamsheh O, Batko B, Borjihan H, Tingling J, Zhang J, Weiser DA, Loeb DM, Gorlick R, Schwartz EL, Yang R, Zi X, Zhao H, Geller DS, Hoang BH. Skp2 depletion reduces tumor-initiating properties and promotes apoptosis in synovial sarcoma. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100809. [PMID: 32623326 PMCID: PMC7334610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma (SS) is an aggressive soft-tissue cancer with a poor prognosis and a propensity for local recurrence and distant metastasis. In this study, we investigated whether S phase kinase-associated protein (Skp2) plays an oncogenic role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis of SS. Our study revealed that Skp2 is frequently overexpressed in SS specimens and SS18-SSX transgenic mouse tumors, as well as correlated with clinical stages. Next, we identified that genetic depletion of Skp2 reduced mesenchymal and stemness markers, and inhibited the invasive and proliferative capacities of SS cell lines. Furthermore, Skp2 depletion markedly suppressed the growth of SS xenografts tumors. Treatment of SS cell lines with the skp2 inhibitor flavokawain A (FKA) reduced Skp2 expression in a dose-dependent manner and resulted in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. FKA also suppressed the invasion and tumor-initiating properties in SS, similar to the effects of Skp2 knockdown. In addition, a combination of FKA and conventional chemotherapy showed a synergistic therapeutic efficacy. Taken together, our results suggest that Skp2 plays an essential role in the biology of SS by promoting the mesenchymal state and cancer stemness. Given that chemotherapy resistance is often associated with cancer stemness, strategies of combining Skp2 inhibitors with conventional chemotherapy in SS may be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Musculoskleletal Tumor Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tumors, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kenji Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ed O'Donnell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Amit Singla
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Simon Yaguare
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Osama Aldahamsheh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Brian Batko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Hasibagan Borjihan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Janet Tingling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jinghang Zhang
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Daniel A Weiser
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - David M Loeb
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Edward L Schwartz
- Departments of Medicine (Oncology) and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA
| | - Hongling Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - David S Geller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Bang H Hoang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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14
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Kim HS, Ahn SH, Kim HJ, Park JW, Han I. Delta-like Factor 1 as a Possible Therapeutic Target for Sarcomas. Clin Orthop Surg 2020; 12:404-412. [PMID: 32904069 PMCID: PMC7449862 DOI: 10.4055/cios19117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cells characterized by their self-renewal and tumorigenic potential. The purpose of this study was to discover the role of the delta-like factor 1 (DLK1) in sarcoma. Methods mRNA expression of DLK1 from 13 sarcoma cell lines was examined. Isolated CSCs from the tumors were examined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with CD133, the CSC marker, or sphere-forming assay. The relationship between DLK1 and CSCs in sarcoma was examined using cell proliferation and cell invasion assays after they were treated with DLK1 short interfering RNA (siRNA). Results A high expression of DLK1 mRNA was observed in all sarcoma cell lines. However, CSCs were isolated from over expressed sarcomas of the DLK1 gene, and they have shown to be expressed lower than the wild type. The anti-cancer effects of DLK1 siRNA inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in U2OS, A204, and sw872. In addition, treatment with DLK1 siRNA inhibited cell invasion in sw872 CSCs. DLK1 gene induces tumorigenesis in various sarcoma cells and regulates the invasiveness of liposarcoma. These results suggest that DLK1 could serve as a possible therapeutic target for sarcoma. Conclusions Our study showed that the DLK1 gene induces tumorigenesis in various sarcomas and is associated with invasive mechanism in sarcoma. These results suggest DLK1 could serve as a possible therapeutic target in a variety of sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Ahn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Jeong Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Woong Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ilkyu Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Cancer Stem Cells in Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061449. [PMID: 32532153 PMCID: PMC7349510 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a rare group of mesenchymal solid tumors with heterogeneous genetic profiles and clinical features. Systemic chemotherapy is the backbone treatment for advanced STS; however, STS frequently acquire resistance to standard therapies, which highlights the need to improve treatments and identify novel therapeutic targets. Increases in the knowledge of the molecular pathways that drive sarcomas have brought to light different molecular alterations that cause tumor initiation and progression. These findings have triggered a breakthrough of targeted therapies that are being assessed in clinical trials. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) features and represent a subpopulation of tumor cells that play an important role in tumor progression, chemotherapy resistance, recurrence and metastasis. In fact, CSCs phenotypes have been identified in sarcomas, allied to drug resistance and tumorigenesis. Herein, we will review the published evidence of CSCs in STS, discussing the molecular characteristic of CSCs, the commonly used isolation techniques and the new possibilities of targeting CSCs as a way to improve STS treatment and consequently patient outcome.
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16
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Huang C, Yoon C, Zhou XH, Zhou YC, Zhou WW, Liu H, Yang X, Lu J, Lee SY, Huang K. ERK1/2-Nanog signaling pathway enhances CD44(+) cancer stem-like cell phenotypes and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:266. [PMID: 32327629 PMCID: PMC7181750 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) harbor a subset of cells that are CD44(+) and present with malignancy and radiotherapy resistance. As a key regulator of self-renewal, Nanog expression not only determines cell fate in pluripotent cells but also mediates tumorigenesis in cancer cells; thus, we examined the role of Nanog in CD44(+) HNSCC. Three HNSCC cell lines, tumor xenografts, and patient tumors were examined. Nanog levels were significantly higher in CD44(+) HNSCC spheroids than in CD44(-) spheroids, and further increased when grown as spheroids to enrich for CSCs. CD44(+) spheroids showed a 3.4-7.5-fold increase in migration and invasion compared with CD44(-) spheroids and were resistant to radiation therapy, which was reversed by inhibiting Nanog. Nanog knockdown also decreased spheroid formation by 66.5-68.8%. Moreover, a phosphokinase array identified upregulated ERK1/2 signaling in CD44(+) HNSCC cells compared with that in CD44(-) cells. ERK1/2 signaling was found to regulate Nanog expression, aiding tumor progression, metastasis, and radiotherapy resistance. In xenograft models, the combination of radiation and Nanog or ERK1/2 inhibition inhibited tumor growth by 75.6% and 79.1%, respectively. In lung metastasis models, CD44(+) cells injected into the tail vein of mice led to significantly more lung metastases and higher Nanog expression level compared with that by ERK1/2-knockdown CD44(+) cells. Finally, in tumor tissues, CD44 and Nanog expression levels were correlated with tumorigenesis in HNSCC patients. Thus, targeting Nanog and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway may prevent or reverse CSC phenotypes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition that drive tumor progression, metastasis, and radiotherapy resistance in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Changhwan Yoon
- Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Province, Chongqing, China
| | - Sei Young Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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17
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Acquisition of a side population fraction augments malignant phenotype in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14215. [PMID: 31578411 PMCID: PMC6775117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Side population (SP) cells harbor malignant phenotypes in cancer. The aim of this study was to identify genes that modulate the proportion of ovarian cancer SP cells. Using a shRNA library targeting 15,000 genes, a functional genomics screen was performed to identify genes whose suppression increased the SP percentage. The biological effects caused by alteration of those identified genes were investigated in vitro and in vivo. We found that suppression of MSL3, ZNF691, VPS45, ITGB3BP, TLE2, and ZNF498 increased the proportion of SP cells. Newly generated SP cells exhibit greater capacity for sphere formation, single cell clonogenicity, and in vivo tumorigenicity. On the contrary, overexpression of MSL3, VPS45, ITGB3BP, TLE2, and ZNF498 decreased the proportion of SP cells, sphere formation capacity and single cell clonogenicity. In ovarian cancer cases, low expression of MSL3, ZNF691 and VPS45 was related to poor prognosis. Suppression of these six genes enhanced activity of the hedgehog pathway. Cyclopamine, a hedgehog pathway inhibitor, significantly decreased the number of SP cells and their sphere forming ability. Our results provide new information regarding molecular mechanisms favoring SP cells and suggest that Hedgehog signaling may provide a viable target for ovarian cancer.
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18
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Chen D, Wang CY. Targeting cancer stem cells in squamous cell carcinoma. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:152-165. [PMID: 31598386 PMCID: PMC6770277 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive tumor and the sixth
most common cancer worldwide. Current treatment strategies for HNSCC are surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or combinatorial therapies. However, the overall
5-year survival rate of HNSCC patients remains at about 50%. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a
small population among tumor cells, are able to self-renew and differentiate into
different tumor cell types in a hierarchical manner, similar to normal tissue. In HNSCC,
CSCs are proposed to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug
resistance, and recurrence. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular
characteristics of CSCs in HNSCC. We summarize current approaches used in the literature
for identification of HNSCC CSCs, and mechanisms required for CSC regulation. We also
highlight the role of CSCs in treatment failure and therapeutic targeting options for
eliminating CSCs in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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19
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Hen O, Barkan D. Dormant disseminated tumor cells and cancer stem/progenitor-like cells: Similarities and opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:157-165. [PMID: 31491559 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Distant recurrences occurring years after removal of the primary tumor arise from disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) that lie dormant (quiescent/asymptomatic) until they emerge to overt metastases. These quiescent DTCs are resistant to conventional treatments. Hence, to date there is no available treatment which targets dormant DTCs before they form overt metastases. Therefore, understanding the biology of dormant DTCs and the mechanisms of their reactivation is vital in our pursuit to develop therapies to prevent cancer from ever recurring. This review will address the striking similarities between the biology of DTCs and the biology of cancer stem cells (CSCs) or CSC-like cells including cancer progenitor-like cells. These similarities are related to intrinsic mechanisms of survival and quiescence, and their cross-talk with mediators, produced in their surrounding niches that may support either dormancy or outgrowth. Unraveling these similarities may provide us with exciting opportunities to either mitigate the survival of residing dormant DTCs/CSCs or maintain them in a dormant state. Whether the stemness properties of CSCs/cancer progenitor-like cells already comprising the recurring tumor can be exploited in order to differentiate them, and thus promote their dormancy, will be explored as well. Overall, these emerging concepts may provide us with new opportunities to prevent lethal recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Hen
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalit Barkan
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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20
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Rodriguez D, Ramkairsingh M, Lin X, Kapoor A, Major P, Tang D. The Central Contributions of Breast Cancer Stem Cells in Developing Resistance to Endocrine Therapy in Estrogen Receptor (ER)-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11071028. [PMID: 31336602 PMCID: PMC6678134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) play critical roles in the acquisition of resistance to endocrine therapy in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (ER + ve) breast cancer (BC). The resistance results from complex alterations involving ER, growth factor receptors, NOTCH, Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, YAP/TAZ, and the tumor microenvironment. These mechanisms are likely converged on regulating BCSCs, which then drive the development of endocrine therapy resistance. In this regard, hormone therapies enrich BCSCs in ER + ve BCs under both pre-clinical and clinical settings along with upregulation of the core components of “stemness” transcriptional factors including SOX2, NANOG, and OCT4. SOX2 initiates a set of reactions involving SOX9, Wnt, FXY3D, and Src tyrosine kinase; these reactions stimulate BCSCs and contribute to endocrine resistance. The central contributions of BCSCs to endocrine resistance regulated by complex mechanisms offer a unified strategy to counter the resistance. ER + ve BCs constitute approximately 75% of BCs to which hormone therapy is the major therapeutic approach. Likewise, resistance to endocrine therapy remains the major challenge in the management of patients with ER + ve BC. In this review we will discuss evidence supporting a central role of BCSCs in developing endocrine resistance and outline the strategy of targeting BCSCs to reduce hormone therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Marc Ramkairsingh
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Xiaozeng Lin
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Pierre Major
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
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22
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The Contributions of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells in Prostate Cancer Initiation and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040434. [PMID: 30934773 PMCID: PMC6521153 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade has clearly revealed a critical role of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) in prostate cancer (PC). Prostate stem cells (PSCs) reside in both basal and luminal layers, and are the target cells of oncogenic transformation, suggesting a role of PCSCs in PC initiation. Mutations in PTEN, TP53, and RB1 commonly occur in PC, particularly in metastasis and castration-resistant PC. The loss of PTEN together with Ras activation induces partial epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a major mechanism that confers plasticity to cancer stem cells (CSCs) and PCSCs, which contributes to metastasis. While PTEN inactivation leads to PC, it is not sufficient for metastasis, the loss of PTEN concurrently with the inactivation of both TP53 and RB1 empower lineage plasticity in PC cells, which substantially promotes PC metastasis and the conversion to PC adenocarcinoma to neuroendocrine PC (NEPC), demonstrating the essential function of TP53 and RB1 in the suppression of PCSCs. TP53 and RB1 suppress lineage plasticity through the inhibition of SOX2 expression. In this review, we will discuss the current evidence supporting a major role of PCSCs in PC initiation and metastasis, as well as the underlying mechanisms regulating PCSCs. These discussions will be developed along with the cancer stem cell (CSC) knowledge in other cancer types.
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23
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Ali SA, Niu B, Cheah KSE, Alman B. Unique and overlapping GLI1 and GLI2 transcriptional targets in neoplastic chondrocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211333. [PMID: 30695055 PMCID: PMC6350985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in chondrocytes is sufficient to cause formation of enchondroma-like lesions which can progress to chondrosarcoma. To elucidate potential underlying mechanisms, we identified GLI1 and GLI2 target genes in human chondrosarcoma. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing and microarray data, in silico analyses were conducted to identify and characterize unique and overlapping GLI1 and GLI2 binding regions in neoplastic chondrocytes. After overlaying microarray data from human chondrosarcoma, 204 upregulated and 106 downregulated genes were identified as Hh-responsive Gli binding targets. After overlaying published Gli ChIP-on-chip data from mouse, 48 genes were identified as potential direct downstream targets of Hedgehog signaling with shared GLI binding regions in evolutionarily conserved DNA elements. Among these was BMP2, pointing to potential cross-talk between TGF beta signaling and Hh signaling. Our identification of potential target genes that are unique and common to GLI1 and GLI2 in neoplastic chondrocytes contributes to elucidating potential pathways through which Hh signaling impacts cartilage tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Amanda Ali
- Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin Alman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Nakagawa M, Fujita S, Katsumoto T, Yamagata K, Ogawara Y, Hattori A, Kagiyama Y, Honma D, Araki K, Inoue T, Kato A, Inaki K, Wada C, Ono Y, Yamamoto M, Miura O, Nakashima Y, Kitabayashi I. Dual inhibition of enhancer of zeste homolog 1/2 overactivates WNT signaling to deplete cancer stem cells in multiple myeloma. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:194-208. [PMID: 30343511 PMCID: PMC6317945 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy caused by accumulation of abnormal clonal plasma cells. Despite the recent development of novel therapies, relapse of MM eventually occurs as a result of a remaining population of drug‐resistant myeloma stem cells. Side population (SP) cells show cancer stem cell‐like characteristics in MM; thus, targeting these cells is a promising strategy to completely cure this malignancy. Herein, we showed that SP cells expressed higher levels of enhancer of zeste homolog (EZH) 1 and EZH2, which encode the catalytic subunits of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), than non‐SP cells, suggesting that EZH1 as well as EZH2 contributes to the stemness maintenance of the MM cells and that targeting both EZH1/2 is potentially a significant therapeutic approach for eradicating myeloma stem cells. A novel orally bioavailable EZH1/2 dual inhibitor, OR‐S1, effectively eradicated SP cells and had a greater antitumor effect than a selective EZH2 inhibitor in vitro and in vivo, including a unique patient‐derived xenograft model. Moreover, long‐term continuous dosing of OR‐S1 completely cured mice bearing orthotopic xenografts. Additionally, PRC2 directly regulated WNT signaling in MM, and overactivation of this signaling induced by dual inhibition of EZH1/2 eradicated myeloma stem cells and negatively affected tumorigenesis, suggesting that repression of WNT signaling by PRC2 plays an important role in stemness maintenance of MM cells. Our results show the role of EZH1/2 in the maintenance of myeloma stem cells and provide a preclinical rationale for therapeutic application of OR‐S1, leading to significant advances in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakagawa
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Fujita
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Katsumoto
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutsune Yamagata
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogawara
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayuna Hattori
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kagiyama
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Oncology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Honma
- Oncology Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Araki
- Oncology Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Research Group, Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Kato
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Research Group, Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Inaki
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Research Group, Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisa Wada
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Research Group, Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Ono
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Research Group, Discovery Science and Technology Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahide Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Miura
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Issay Kitabayashi
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Genadry KC, Pietrobono S, Rota R, Linardic CM. Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cancer Stem Cells: An Overview. Front Oncol 2018; 8:475. [PMID: 30416982 PMCID: PMC6212576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are an uncommon group of solid tumors that can arise throughout the human lifespan. Despite their commonality as non-bony cancers that develop from mesenchymal cell precursors, they are heterogeneous in their genetic profiles, histology, and clinical features. This has made it difficult to identify a single target or therapy specific to STSs. And while there is no one cell of origin ascribed to all STSs, the cancer stem cell (CSC) principle—that a subpopulation of tumor cells possesses stem cell-like properties underlying tumor initiation, therapeutic resistance, disease recurrence, and metastasis—predicts that ultimately it should be possible to identify a feature common to all STSs that could function as a therapeutic Achilles' heel. Here we review the published evidence for CSCs in each of the most common STSs, then focus on the methods used to study CSCs, the developmental signaling pathways usurped by CSCs, and the epigenetic alterations critical for CSC identity that may be useful for further study of STS biology. We conclude with discussion of some challenges to the field and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Genadry
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Silvia Pietrobono
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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26
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Otoukesh B, Boddouhi B, Moghtadaei M, Kaghazian P, Kaghazian M. Novel molecular insights and new therapeutic strategies in osteosarcoma. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:158. [PMID: 30349420 PMCID: PMC6192346 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most prevalent malignant cancers with lower survival and poor overall prognosis mainly in children and adolescents. Identifying the molecular mechanisms and OS stem cells (OSCs) as new concepts involved in disease pathogenesis and progression may potentially lead to new therapeutic targets. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of OSCs can be one of the most important and effective strategies for the treatment of OS. This review describes the new molecular targets of OS as well as novel therapeutic approaches in the design of future investigations and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Otoukesh
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613131 Iran
| | - Bahram Boddouhi
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613131 Iran
| | - Mehdi Moghtadaei
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613131 Iran
| | - Peyman Kaghazian
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Kaghazian
- Department of Biology, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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27
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Ren YM, Duan YH, Sun YB, Yang T, Zhao WJ, Zhang DL, Tian ZW, Tian MQ. Exploring the key genes and pathways of side population cells in human osteosarcoma using gene expression array analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 2018; 13:153. [PMID: 29921292 PMCID: PMC6006685 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common primary bone sarcoma, because of early metastasis and few treatment strategies. It has been reported that the tumorigenicity and self-renewal capacity of side population (SP) cells play roles in human OS via regulating of target genes. This study aims to complement the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that regulated between the SP cells and the non-SP cells from primary human OS and identify their functions and molecular pathways associated with OS. METHODS The gene expression profile GSE63390 was downloaded, and bioinformatics analysis was made. RESULTS One hundred forty-one DEGs totally were identified. Among them, 72 DEGs (51.06%) were overexpressed, and the remaining 69 DEGs (48.94%) were underexpressed. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis of target genes were performed. We furthermore identified some relevant core genes using gene-gene interaction network analysis such as EIF4E, FAU, HSPD1, IL-6, and KISS1, which may have a relationship with the development process of OS. We also discovered that EIF4E/mTOR signaling pathway could be a potential research target for therapy and tumorigenesis of OS. CONCLUSION This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the roles of DEGs coming from SP cells in the development of OS. However, these predictions need further experimental validation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Ren
- Department of Joint and Sport Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road 190, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Hui Duan
- Department of Joint and Sport Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road 190, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bo Sun
- Department of Joint and Sport Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road 190, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Joint and Sport Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road 190, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhao
- Department of Joint and Sport Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road 190, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Joint and Sport Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road 190, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Wei Tian
- Department of Joint and Sport Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road 190, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qiang Tian
- Department of Joint and Sport Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road 190, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121 People’s Republic of China
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28
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Abstract
The ribosome has long been considered as a consistent molecular factory, with a rather passive role in the translation process. Recent findings have shifted this obsolete view, revealing a remarkably complex and multifaceted machinery whose role is to orchestrate spatiotemporal control of gene expression. Ribosome specialization discovery has raised the interesting possibility of the existence of its malignant counterpart, an 'oncogenic' ribosome, which may promote tumor progression. Here we weigh the arguments supporting the existence of an 'oncogenic' ribosome and evaluate its role in cancer evolution. In particular, we provide an analysis and perspective on how the ribosome may play a critical role in the acquisition and maintenance of cancer stem cell phenotype.
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29
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Gatti M, Solari A, Pattarozzi A, Campanella C, Thellung S, Maniscalco L, De Maria R, Würth R, Corsaro A, Bajetto A, Ratto A, Ferrari A, Daga A, Barbieri F, Florio T. In vitro and in vivo characterization of stem-like cells from canine osteosarcoma and assessment of drug sensitivity. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:48-64. [PMID: 29305964 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewing and drug resistance cause treatment failure and tumor recurrence. Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone tumor characterized by biological and molecular heterogeneity, possibly dependent on CSCs. CSC identification in osteosarcoma and their efficient targeting are still open questions. Spontaneous canine osteosarcoma shares clinical and biological features with the human tumors, representing a model for translational studies. We characterized three CSC-enriched canine osteosarcoma cultures. In serum-free conditions, these CSC cultures grow as anchorage-independent spheroids, show mesenchymal-like properties and in vivo tumorigenicity, recapitulating the heterogeneity of the original osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma CSCs express stem-related factors (Sox2, Oct4, CD133) and chemokine receptors and ligands (CXCR4, CXCL12) involved in tumor proliferation and self-renewal. Standard drugs for osteosarcoma treatment (doxorubicin and cisplatin) affected CSC-enriched and parental primary cultures, showing different efficacy within tumors. Moreover, metformin, a type-2 diabetes drug, significantly inhibits osteosarcoma CSC viability, migration and self-renewal and, in co-treatment with doxorubicin and cisplatin, enhances drug cytotoxicity. Collectively, we demonstrate that canine osteosarcoma primary cultures contain CSCs exhibiting distinctive sensitivity to anticancer agents, as a reliable experimental model to assay drug efficacy. We also provide proof-of-principle of metformin efficacy, alone or in combination, as pharmacological strategy to target osteosarcoma CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gatti
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Agnese Solari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pattarozzi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Campanella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 39, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Thellung
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorella Maniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - Raffaella De Maria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - Roberto Würth
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Adriana Bajetto
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ratto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 39, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Angelo Ferrari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 39, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Daga
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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30
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Abstract
The Hoechst side population (SP) method is a flow cytometry technique used to obtain stem cells based on the dye efflux properties of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. The SP cells are characterized by their capability to efflux the fluorescent DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 through their ABC transporters and are enriched in stem cells, which are endowed with a self-renewal capacity and multilineage differentiation potential and express the stemness genes including ABC multidrug transporters. The protocols outlined in this book chapter describe the isolation method of the SP cells from human lung carcinoma cell lines by using Hoechst 33342. In addition, we refer to the propagation method of SP cells by successive rounds of fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis for SP cells. These approaches will be helpful for the establishment of novel in vitro and in vivo models using cancer stem cells, which may play a key role during carcinogenesis and/or tumor progression.
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31
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Greither T, Wedler A, Rot S, Keßler J, Kehlen A, Holzhausen HJ, Bache M, Würl P, Taubert H, Kappler M. CMG2 Expression Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122648. [PMID: 29215551 PMCID: PMC5751250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2), also known as the anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2), is a transmembrane protein putatively involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and tissue remodeling. CMG2 promotes endothelial cell proliferation and exhibits angiogenic properties. Its downregulation is associated with a worsened survival of breast carcinoma patients. Aim of this study was to analyze the CMG2 mRNA and protein expression in soft tissue sarcoma and their association with patient outcome. CMG2 mRNA was measured in 121 tumor samples of soft tissue sarcoma patients using quantitative real-time PCR. CMG2 protein was evaluated in 52 tumor samples by ELISA. CMG2 mRNA was significantly correlated with the corresponding CMG2 protein expression (rs = 0.31; p = 0.027). CMG2 mRNA expression was associated with the mRNA expressions of several ECM and tissue remodeling enzymes, among them CD26 and components of the uPA system. Low CMG2 mRNA expression was correlated with a worsened patients’ disease-specific survival in Kaplan-Meier analyses (mean patient survival was 25 vs. 96 months; p = 0.013), especially in high-stage tumors. A decreased CMG2 expression is a negative prognostic factor for soft tissue sarcoma patients. CMG2 may be an interesting candidate gene for the further exploration of soft tissue sarcoma genesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Greither
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Alice Wedler
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Swetlana Rot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Jacqueline Keßler
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Astrid Kehlen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Hans-Jürgen Holzhausen
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Matthias Bache
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Peter Würl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Hospital Dessau, 06847 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Helge Taubert
- Clinic of Urology, FA University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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32
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Wei ZT, Yu XW, He JX, Liu Y, Zhang SL. Characteristics of primary side population cervical cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3536-3544. [PMID: 28927110 PMCID: PMC5588017 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize side population (SP) cells in primary cervical cancer. A primary culture was successfully established, and the SP cells were isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Subsequently, in vitro analysis of clonogenic capacity by soft agar assay and in vivo analysis of tumorigenicity were performed. The isolated SP cells accounted for ~4.73% of the total primary culture cells. The SP cells had a decreased proliferation rate and an increased distribution in G0/G1 compared with non-SP (NSP) cells. Following isolation, SP cells exhibited increased proliferative and self-renewal potency compared with NSP cells. Furthermore, significant ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) expression was detected in SP cells but not in NSP cells. The tumor formation rate of SP cells was longer, and the tumor size and tumor formation rate of SP cells were increased in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that SP cells can be isolated from primary cervical cancer cell culture, and SP cells are enriched with stem cell-like cells that have a high capacity for colony formation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Tong Wei
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xue He
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Military Veterinary Institute, Acadamy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China
| | - Song-Ling Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Chi L, Zou Y, Qin L, Ma W, Hao Y, Tang Y, Luo R, Wu Z. TIMELESS contributes to the progression of breast cancer through activation of MYC. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:53. [PMID: 28464854 PMCID: PMC5414141 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer death among women. TIMELESS (TIM), a circadian rhythm regulator, has been recently implicated in the progression of human cancer. However, the role of TIM in the progression of breast cancer has not been well-characterized. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was used to examine TIM levels in breast cancer specimens. Mammosphere formation analysis and side population analysis were used to examine the effect of TIM on the self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells. A wound healing assay and a Transwell assay were used to determine the role of TIM in breast cancer cell migration and invasion. A soft agar growth assay in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo were used to determine the role of TIM in tumorigenicity. RESULTS TIM levels in both breast cancer cell lines and tissues were significantly upregulated. Patients with high TIM had poorer prognosis than patients with low TIM. Overexpression of TIM dramatically enhanced, while knockdown of TIM suppressed the self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs), cell invasion and migration abilities of breast cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, overexpression of TIM significantly augmented, while knockdown of TIM reduced the tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells in vivo. Mechanism studies revealed that TIM upregulated the expression and the trans-activity of the well-known oncogene MYC. Inhibition of MYC significantly blocked the effects of TIM on CSC population, cell invasion and anchor-independent cell growth. CONCLUSION TIM plays an important role in promoting breast cancer progression and may represent a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Chi
- Cancer Center, TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Yujiao Zou
- Cancer Center, TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Cancer Center, TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Weifeng Ma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yanyan Hao
- Cancer Center, TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Cancer Center, TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Cancer Center, TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China.
| | - Ziqing Wu
- Cancer Center, TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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34
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Luo Y, Yu H, Ou W, Jia L, Huang Y. Characterization of rhodamine 123 low staining cells and their dynamic changes during the injured-repaired progress induced by 5-FU. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:742-748. [PMID: 28554763 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the characterization of intestinal epithelial stem cells stained by Rhodamine 123 (Rho) and analyze the dynamic changes of intestinal epithelial stem cells during the injured-repaired progress induced by 5-FU. METHODS Mucosal cells were obtained from adult C57BL/6J mice. The Rho stained cells were sorted using FACS. The mouse model of intestinal mucosal injured-repaired was established by injecting 5-FU and sacrificed at different time post-injection, and the middle intestines were used for detecting the percentage of Rho low staining cell fraction by FACS and detecting the expression of the intestinal epithelial stem cells marker-musashi-1 (msi-1) by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The Rho stained intestinal mucosal cells were divided into three fractions: Rho low staining fraction (12.35%), Rho middle staining fraction (35.5%) and Rho strong staining fraction (50.5%). The cells in Rho low staining fraction expressed rich msi-1 and most of which were in the G0/G1 phase of cell cycle. After treatment of 5-FU, the intestinal mucous were damaged, although the number of msi-1 positive cells has a little decrease, there was no statistical difference among the mice at different time after injection (P>0.05). However, the percentage of msi-1 positive cells increased significantly after injection (P<0.01), and the percentage of msi-1 positive cells decreased gradually during the repaired procedure of the intestinal mucous. There was significant positive correction between the percentage of msi-1 positive cells and the percentage of Rho low staining cell fraction (r=0.867, p<0.01) after 5-FU injection. CONCLUSIONS The Rho low staining cell fraction from intestinal mucous contained rich intestinal epithelial stem cells, and the intestinal epithelial stem cell which expressed msi-1 played a key role in repairing the damage of intestinal mucous induced by 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Nansha Hospital of Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China.
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Nansha Hospital of Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Wentao Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Nansha Hospital of Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nansha Hospital of Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nansha Hospital of Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
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35
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Roh YJ, Kim JH, Kim IW, Na K, Park JM, Choi MG. Photodynamic Therapy Using Photosensitizer-Encapsulated Polymeric Nanoparticle to Overcome ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Subfamily G2 Function in Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1487-1496. [PMID: 28416605 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlorin-based photosensitizers are commonly used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). These drugs are effluxed by cell membrane transporters, such as the ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). PDT efficacy is limited in tumor cells expressing high levels of these proteins. Pancreatic cancer cell lines AsPC-1 and MIA PaCa-2, which have high and low ABCG2 expression, respectively, were used, and ABCG2-overexpressing MIA PaCa-2 cells were generated. We compared PDT efficacy between chlorin e6 (Ce6) and cationic photosensitizer-encapsulated polymeric nanoparticle (PS-pNP), which is comprised with Ce6, polyethylene glycol, and polyethylenimine. The intracellular concentration of Ce6 was significantly higher in MIA PaCa-2 cells than in AsPC-1 or ABCG2-overexpressing MIA PaCa-2 cells. PS-pNP increased intracellular levels of the photosensitizer in all cell lines. The cell viability experiments indicated increased Ce6 resistance in ABCG2-overexpressing cells. In contrast, PS-pNP produced similar levels of cytotoxicity in each of the cancer cell lines tested. Singlet oxygen production was higher in cells treated with PS-pNP than in those treated with Ce6. Furthermore, in heterotopic and orthotopic AsPC-1 xenograft mouse models, PDT using PS-pNP significantly reduced tumor volume in comparison with that of Ce6 treatment. PS-pNP could increase intracellular Ce6 concentration, which was related with reduced ABCG2-mediated efflux of Ce6, thereby enhancing the effects of PDT in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1487-96. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Roh
- Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Wook Kim
- Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Photomedicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae Myung Park
- Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Gyu Choi
- Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Bischof J, Westhoff MA, Wagner JE, Halatsch ME, Trentmann S, Knippschild U, Wirtz CR, Burster T. Cancer stem cells: The potential role of autophagy, proteolysis, and cathepsins in glioblastoma stem cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692227. [PMID: 28347245 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One major obstacle in cancer therapy is chemoresistance leading to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Cancer stem cells, in particular glioblastoma stem cells, are highly resistant to chemotherapy, radiation, and immune recognition. In case of immune recognition, several survival mechanisms including, regulation of autophagy, proteases, and cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, are found in glioblastoma stem cells. In different pathways, cathepsins play a crucial role in processing functional proteins that are necessary for several processes and proper cell function. Consequently, strategies targeting these pathways in glioblastoma stem cells are promising approaches to interfere with tumor cell survival and will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Bischof
- 1 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- 2 Department Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Elisabeth Wagner
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Trentmann
- 1 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- 1 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Rainer Wirtz
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Burster
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Gruber W, Scheidt T, Aberger F, Huber CG. Understanding cell signaling in cancer stem cells for targeted therapy - can phosphoproteomics help to reveal the secrets? Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:12. [PMID: 28356110 PMCID: PMC5372284 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer represents heterogeneous and aberrantly proliferative manifestations composed of (epi)genetically and phenotypically distinct cells with a common clonal origin. Cancer stem cells (CSC) make up a rare subpopulation with the remarkable capacity to initiate, propagate and spread a malignant disease. Furthermore, CSC show increased therapy resistance, thereby contributing to disease relapse. Elimination of CSC, therefore, is a crucial aim to design efficacious treatments for long-term survival of cancer patients. In this article, we highlight the nature of CSC and propose that phosphoproteomics based on unbiased high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry provides a powerful tool to decipher the molecular CSC programs. Detailed knowledge about the regulation of signaling processes in CSC is a prerequisite for the development of patient-tailored multi-modal treatments including the elimination of rare CSC. Main body Phosphorylation is a crucial post-translational modification regulating a plethora of both intra- and intercellular communication processes in normal and malignant cells. Small-molecule targeting of kinases has proven successful in the therapy, but the high rates of relapse and failure to stem malignant spread suggest that these kinase inhibitors largely spare CSC. Studying the kinetics of global phosphorylation patterns in an unbiased manner is, therefore, required to improve strategies and successful treatments within multi-modal therapeutic regimens by targeting the malignant behavior of CSC. The phosphoproteome comprises all phosphoproteins within a cell population that can be analyzed by phosphoproteomics, allowing the investigation of thousands of phosphorylation events. One major aspect is the perception of events underlying the activation and deactivation of kinases and phosphatases in oncogenic signaling pathways. Thus, not only can this tool be harnessed to better understand cellular processes such as those controlling CSC, but also applied to identify novel drug targets for targeted anti-CSC therapy. Conclusion State-of-the-art phosphoproteomics approaches focusing on single cell analysis have the potential to better understand oncogenic signaling in heterogeneous cell populations including rare, yet highly malignant CSC. By eliminating the influence of heterogeneity of populations, single-cell studies will reveal novel insights also into the inter- and intratumoral communication processes controlling malignant CSC and disease progression, laying the basis for improved rational combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Gruber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tamara Scheidt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Trosko JE, Lenz HJ. What roles do colon stem cells and gap junctions play in the left and right location of origin of colorectal cancers? J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:79-87. [PMID: 28220297 PMCID: PMC5362582 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This "Commentary" examines an important clinical observation that right-sided colorectal cancers appear less treatable than the left-sided cancers. The concepts of (a) the "initiation/promotion/progression" process, (b) the stem cell hypothesis, (c) the role gap junctional intercellular communication, (d) cancer cells lacking GJIC either because of the non-expression of connexin genes or of non-functional gap junction proteins, and (e) the role of the microbiome in promoting initiated colon stem cells to divide symmetrically or asymmetrically are examined to find an explanation. It has been speculated that "embryonic-like" lesions in the ascending colon are initiated stem cells, promoted via symmetrical cell division, while the polyp-type lesions in the descending colon are initiated stem cells stimulated to divide asymmetrically. To test this hypothesis, experiments could be designed to examine if right-sided lesions might express Oct4A and ABCG2 genes but not any connexin genes, whereas the left-sided lesions might express a connexin gene, but not Oct4A or the ABCG2 genes. Treatment of the right sided lesions might include transcriptional regulators, whereas the left-sided lesions would need to restore the posttranslational status of the connexin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Trosko
- Department Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- University of California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zambo I, Hermanova M, Zapletalova D, Skoda J, Mudry P, Kyr M, Zitterbart K, Sterba J, Veselska R. Expression of nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 in relation to the clinical outcome in pediatric sarcomas. Cancer Biomark 2017; 17:107-16. [PMID: 27314299 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 are recently discussed as putative markers, co-expression of which might determine a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype in sarcomas. OBJECTIVE Our study is focused on immunohistochemical analysis of nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 expression in rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma. Furthermore, we also analyzed the possible correlation of nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 expression levels with the patient outcome to identify potential prognostic values of these three putative CSC markers in the same cohorts. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, expression of nestin, CD133 and ABCG2 was analyzed in 24 rhabdomyosarcoma, 22 Ewing sarcoma and 10 osteosarcoma tissue samples and expression levels of these markers were correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS High nestin levels indicate poor prognosis in patients with Ewing sarcoma (P = 0.001), and high CD133 expression is associated with shorter survival in rhabdomyosarcoma patients (P = 0.002). In contrast, no significant relationship was found between ABCG2 expression and the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis represents the first complex study of these three putative CSCs markers together in three different types of pediatric sarcomas and showed their possible prognostic values in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Zambo
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Hermanova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Danica Zapletalova
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skoda
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mudry
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kyr
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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40
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Overcoming Therapeutic Resistance of Bone Sarcomas: Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets for Bone Sarcoma Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2603092. [PMID: 28115942 PMCID: PMC5223039 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2603092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are heterogeneous malignant tumors that exhibit clinical, histological, and molecular heterogeneity. Recent progress in their multimodal treatment has gradually improved patient prognosis; however, drug resistance and distant metastasis remain unresolved clinical problems. Recent investigations have suggested the existence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in bone sarcomas, which represent a subpopulation of tumor cells with high tumor-forming ability. The hallmarks of CSCs include tumor- and metastasis-forming potential and drug resistance, which are responsible for poor prognoses of bone sarcoma patients. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of CSCs and identification of therapeutic targets could contribute to novel treatment strategies for bone sarcomas and improve patient prognosis. This paper provides an overview of the accumulating knowledge on bone sarcoma stem cells and preclinical analyses to overcome their lethal phenotypes, in addition to a discussion of their potential for novel therapeutics for bone sarcomas.
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41
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Murota Y, Tabu K, Taga T. Requirement of ABC transporter inhibition and Hoechst 33342 dye deprivation for the assessment of side population-defined C6 glioma stem cell metabolism using fluorescent probes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:847. [PMID: 27814696 PMCID: PMC5097359 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elucidating the precise properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is indispensable for the development of effective therapies against tumors, because CSCs are key drivers of tumor development, metastasis and relapse. We previously reported that the Hoechst 33342 dye-low staining side population (SP) method can enrich for CSCs in the C6 glioma cell line, and that the positively stained main population (MP) cells are non-CSCs. Presence of cancer stem-like SP cells is reported in various types of cancer. Although altered cellular energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, very little has been studied on the applicability of fluorescent probes for the understanding of CSC energy metabolism. Methods The metabolic status of C6 SP and MP cells are evaluated by CellROX, MitoTracker Green (MTG) and JC-1 for cellular oxidative stress, mitochondrial amount, and mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively. Results SP cells were found to exhibit significantly lower fluorescent intensities of CellROX and MTG than MP cells. However, inhibition of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters by verapamil enhanced the intensities of these probes in SP cells to the levels similar to those in MP cells, indicating that SP cells expel the probes outside of the cells through ABC transporters. Next, SP cells were stained with JC-1 dye which exhibits membrane potential dependent accumulation in mitochondrial matrix, followed by formation of aggregates. The mitochondrial membrane potential indicated by the aggregates of JC-1 was 5.0-fold lower in SP cells than MP cells. Inhibition of ABC transporters enhanced the fluorescent intensities of the JC-1 aggregates in both SP and MP cells, the former of which was still 2.2-fold lower than the latter. This higher JC-1 signal in MP cells was further found to be due to the Hoechst 33342 dye existing in MP cells. When SP and MP cells were recultured to deprive the intracellular Hoechst 33342 dye and then stained with JC-1 in the presence of verapamil, the intensities of JC-1 aggregates in such SP and MP cells became comparable. Conclusion Inhibiting ABC transporters and depriving Hoechst 33342 dye are required for the accurate assessment of side population-defined C6 glioma stem cell metabolism using fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Murota
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tabu
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taga
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138510, Japan.
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42
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Palmini G, Zonefrati R, Mavilia C, Aldinucci A, Luzi E, Marini F, Franchi A, Capanna R, Tanini A, Brandi ML. Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27768062 PMCID: PMC5092197 DOI: 10.3791/53884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current improvements in therapy against osteosarcoma (OS) have prolonged the lives of cancer patients, but the survival rate of five years remains poor when metastasis has occurred. The Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) theory holds that there is a subset of tumor cells within the tumor that have stem-like characteristics, including the capacity to maintain the tumor and to resist multidrug chemotherapy. Therefore, a better understanding of OS biology and pathogenesis is needed in order to advance the development of targeted therapies to eradicate this particular subset and to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients. Isolating CSCs, establishing cell cultures of CSCs, and studying their biology are important steps to improving our understanding of OS biology and pathogenesis. The establishment of human-derived OS-CSCs from biopsies of OS has been made possible using several methods, including the capacity to create 3-dimensional stem cell cultures under nonadherent conditions. Under these conditions, CSCs are able to create spherical floating colonies formed by daughter stem cells; these colonies are termed "cellular spheres". Here, we describe a method to establish CSC cultures from primary cell cultures of conventional OS obtained from OS biopsies. We clearly describe the several passages required to isolate and characterize CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Palmini
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (DCMT), University of Florence
| | - Roberto Zonefrati
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (DCMT), University of Florence
| | - Carmelo Mavilia
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (DCMT), University of Florence
| | | | - Ettore Luzi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (DCMT), University of Florence
| | - Francesca Marini
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (DCMT), University of Florence
| | - Alessandro Franchi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (DCMT), University of Florence
| | - Rodolfo Capanna
- Department of Traumatology and General Orthopedics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi
| | - Annalisa Tanini
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (DCMT), University of Florence
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (DCMT), University of Florence;
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Wei Q, Tang YJ, Voisin V, Sato S, Hirata M, Whetstone H, Han I, Ailles L, Bader GD, Wunder J, Alman BA. Identification of CD146 as a marker enriched for tumor-propagating capacity reveals targetable pathways in primary human sarcoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40283-94. [PMID: 26517673 PMCID: PMC4741895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-propagating cells (TPCs) are believed to drive cancer initiation, progression and recurrence. These cells are characterized by enhanced tumorigenicity and self-renewal. The ability to identify such cells in primary human sarcomas relies on the dye exclusion ability of tumor side population (SP) cells. Here, we performed a high-throughput cell surface antigen screen and found that CD146 is enriched in the SP population. In vivo serial transplantation assays showed that CD146+ cells are highly tumorigenic, capable of self-renewal and thus enriches for the TPC population. In addition, depletion of SP cells from the CD146+ population show that CD146+ cells and SP cells are a distinct and overlapping TPC populations. Gene expression profiling of CD146+ and SP cells revealed multiple pathways commonly upregulated in both of these populations. Inhibition of one of these upregulated pathways, Notch signaling, significantly reduced tumor growth and self-renewal. Our data demonstrate that CD146 is an effective cell surface marker for enriching TPCs in primary human sarcomas. Targeting differentially activated pathways in TPCs may provide new therapeutic strategies for treating sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Wei
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuning J Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shingo Sato
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Makoto Hirata
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Whetstone
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ilkyu Han
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jay Wunder
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tellez-Gabriel M, Brown HK, Young R, Heymann MF, Heymann D. The Challenges of Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells in Sarcoma. Front Oncol 2016; 6:202. [PMID: 27656422 PMCID: PMC5013264 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin, many of which have a propensity to develop distant metastases. Cancer cells that have escaped from the primary tumor are able to invade into surrounding tissues, to intravasate into the bloodstream to become circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and are responsible for the generation of distant metastases. Due to the rarity of these tumors and the absence of specific markers expressed by sarcoma tumor cells, the characterization of sarcoma CTCs has to date been relatively limited. Current techniques for isolating sarcoma CTCs are based on size criteria, the identification of circulating cells that express either common mesenchymal markers, sarcoma-specific markers, such as CD99, CD81, or PAX3, and chromosomal translocations found in certain sarcoma subtypes, such as EWS-FLI1 in Ewing’s sarcoma, detection of osteoblast-related genes, or measurement of the activity of specific metabolic enzymes. Further studies are needed to improve the isolation and characterization of sarcoma CTCs, to demonstrate their clinical significance as predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers, and to utilize CTCs as a tool for investigating the metastatic process in sarcoma and to identify novel therapeutic targets. The present review provides a short overview of the most recent literature on CTCs in sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tellez-Gabriel
- UMR 957, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Equipe Ligue 2012, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France; Laboratotio Hematologia Oncologica y de Transplantes, Institut Investigacions Biomèdiques (IBB) Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannah K Brown
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; European Associated Laboratory, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robin Young
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; European Associated Laboratory, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- UMR 957, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Equipe Ligue 2012, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; European Associated Laboratory, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, UK; Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- UMR 957, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Equipe Ligue 2012, Faculty of Medicine, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; European Associated Laboratory, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, Sheffield, UK; Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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45
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Sato S, Tang YJ, Wei Q, Hirata M, Weng A, Han I, Okawa A, Takeda S, Whetstone H, Nadesan P, Kirsch DG, Wunder JS, Alman BA. Mesenchymal Tumors Can Derive from Ng2/Cspg4-Expressing Pericytes with β-Catenin Modulating the Neoplastic Phenotype. Cell Rep 2016; 16:917-927. [PMID: 27425618 PMCID: PMC4963269 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin for most mesenchymal tumors is unclear. One cell type that contributes to this lineages is the pericyte, a cell expressing Ng2/Cspg4. Using lineage tracing, we demonstrated that bone and soft tissue sarcomas driven by the deletion of the Trp53 tumor suppressor, or desmoid tumors driven by a mutation in Apc, can derive from cells expressing Ng2/Cspg4. Deletion of the Trp53 tumor suppressor gene in these cells resulted in the bone and soft tissue sarcomas that closely resemble human sarcomas, while stabilizing β-catenin in this same cell type caused desmoid tumors. Comparing expression between Ng2/Cspg4-expressing pericytes lacking Trp53 and sarcomas that arose from deletion of Trp53 showed inhibition of β-catenin signaling in the sarcomas. Activation of β-catenin inhibited the formation and growth of sarcomas. Thus, pericytes can be a cell of origin for mesenchymal tumors, and β-catenin dysregulation plays an important role in the neoplastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sato
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental, University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuning J Tang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qingxia Wei
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Makoto Hirata
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Angela Weng
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Ilkyu Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental, University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Takeda
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Heather Whetstone
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Puvindran Nadesan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jay S Wunder
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Evolution of Microbial Quorum Sensing to Human Global Quorum Sensing: An Insight into How Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication Might Be Linked to the Global Metabolic Disease Crisis. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5020029. [PMID: 27314399 PMCID: PMC4929543 DOI: 10.3390/biology5020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The first anaerobic organism extracted energy for survival and reproduction from its source of nutrients, with the genetic means to ensure protection of its individual genome but also its species survival. While it had a means to communicate with its community via simple secreted molecules (“quorum sensing”), the eventual shift to an aerobic environment led to multi-cellular metazoan organisms, with evolutionary-selected genes to form extracellular matrices, stem cells, stem cell niches, and a family of gap junction or “connexin” genes. These germinal and somatic stem cells responded to extracellular signals that triggered intra-cellular signaling to regulate specific genes out of the total genome. These extra-cellular induced intra-cellular signals also modulated gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in order to regulate the new cellular functions of symmetrical and asymmetrical cell division, cell differentiation, modes of cell death, and senescence. Within the hierarchical and cybernetic concepts, differentiated by neurons organized in the brain of the Homo sapiens, the conscious mind led to language, abstract ideas, technology, myth-making, scientific reasoning, and moral decision–making, i.e., the creation of culture. Over thousands of years, this has created the current collision between biological and cultural evolution, leading to the global “metabolic disease” crisis.
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Ju HQ, Lu YX, Chen DL, Tian T, Mo HY, Wei XL, Liao JW, Wang F, Zeng ZL, Pelicano H, Aguilar M, Jia WH, Xu RH. Redox Regulation of Stem-like Cells Though the CD44v-xCT Axis in Colorectal Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1160-75. [PMID: 27279909 PMCID: PMC4893643 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common neoplastic disease and a frequent cause of death. Drug resistance is a major challenge to CRC treatment and stem-like side-population (SP) cells may play a key role in this resistance. Although it has been recognized that cancer stem cells may be affected by redox status, the underlying mechanisms for this effect and the roles of celllular redox adaptation and antioxidant capacity in CRC remain elusive. Our study shows that CRC SP cells are highly dependent on cellular GSH to maintain ROS levels below those of non-SP cells. Exposing CRC cells to H2O2 produced a significant decrease in the percentage of SP cells, which was rescued by adding N-acetylcysteine. Mechanistically, CD44v interacts with and stabilizes xCT and thereby promotes the uptake of cysteine for GSH synthesis and stimulates SP cell enrichment. Additionally, miR-1297 levels were inversely correlated with the expression of xCT; thus, reduced miR-1297 contributes to SP cell enrichment in CRC tumors, which results in tumor aggressiveness and poor clinical outcomes. Importantly, redox modification by PEITC significantly reduces CRC SP cells in vitro and impairs tumors growth in vivo. The combination of 5FU and PEITC led to synergistic cytotoxic effects against CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that a GSH-mediated reduction in cellular ROS levels is an essential regulator of CRC SP cells mediated by the CD44v-xCT axis, and disrupting the redox status may eliminate the chemotherapy-resistant CRC SP cells with potentially significant benefits for cancer treatment.
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Wei Z, Lv S, Wang Y, Sun M, Chi G, Guo J, Song P, Fu X, Zhang S, Li Y. Biological characteristics of side population cells in a self-established human ovarian cancer cell line. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:41-48. [PMID: 27347097 PMCID: PMC4907021 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish an ovarian cancer (OC) cell line from ascites of an ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma patient and investigate the biological characteristics of its side population (SP) cells. The OC cell line was established by isolating, purifying and subculturing primary cells from ascites of an ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma patient (stage IIIc; grade 3). SP and non-SP (NSP) cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and cultured in serum-free medium and soft agar to compare the tumorsphere and colony formation capacities. Furthermore, SP and NSP cell tumorigenesis was examined by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of the cells to non-obese diabetic/severe combined immune deficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. Drug resistance to cisplatin was examined by cell counting kit-8. The OC cell line was successfully established from ascites of an ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma patient, which exhibited properties similar to primary tumors subsequent to >50 passages and >2 years of culture. The SP cell ratio was 0.38% in the OC cell line, and a similar SP cell ratio (0.39%) was observed when sorted SP cells were cultured for 3 weeks. Compared with NSP cells, SP cells exhibited increased abilities in differentiation and tumorsphere and colony formation, in addition to the formation of xenografted tumors and ascites and metastasis of the tumors in NOD/SCID mice, even at low cell numbers (3.0×103 cells). The xenografted tumors demonstrated histological features similar to primary tumors and expressed the ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma marker CA125. In addition, SP cells demonstrated a significantly stronger drug resistance to cisplatin compared with NSP and unsorted cells, while treatment with verapamil, an inhibitor of ATP-binding cassette transporters, potently abrogated SP cell drug resistance. In conclusion, the present study verified SP cells from an established OC cell line and characterized the cells with self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, tumorigenesis and stronger drug resistance capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guangfan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Peiye Song
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Teng JS. Increased multi-drug resistance and reduced apoptosis in osteosarcoma side population cells are crucial factors for tumor recurrence. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:81-86. [PMID: 27347020 PMCID: PMC4906914 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the characteristic features of cancer stem cells (CSCs) using an aggressive human osteosarcoma cell line OS-65. Hoechst 33342 dye exclusion was used to distinguish the cancer stem-like side population (SP) cells from OS-65 cells. Furthermore, the SP cells were characterized via chemoresistance and cell death assays, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. The present study identified ~3.3% of cancer stem-like SP cells from OS-65 cells whose prevalence is reduced significantly (0.9%) following treatment with verapamil. It was demonstrated that osteosarcoma SP cells are highly efficient at generating additional sarcospheres as transcriptional regulation of stemness genes, including SOX2, OCT-4 and NANOG, is highly upregulated. Notably, these SP cells demonstrated high resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs and apoptosis via elevated transcriptional regulation of several ATPase binding cassette (ABC) transporter and anti-apoptotic proteins, including ABCG2, ABCB1/MDR1 ABCB5, B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein, respectively. The results of the present study suggested that CSCs may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Song Teng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Daqing Oilfields General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
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Deshpande N, Rangarajan A. Cancer Stem Cells: Formidable Allies of Cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 2016; 6:400-14. [PMID: 27081258 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-015-0451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) represent the subpopulation of cells within a tumour showing two fundamental properties of stem cells - self-renewal (the ability to make more of their own kind) and differentiation (the ability to generate diverse cell types present within a tissue). The CSC hypothesis posits that CSCs play an important role in tumour initiation, maintenance and progression. Furthermore, owing to their intrinsic drug resistance, they remain refractory to currently used therapy, thereby contributing to tumour relapse. Thus, targeting or taming CSCs can lead to more effective cancer treatment in the coming decades. In this review, we will discuss about the origin of CSC hypothesis, evidence showing their existence, clinical relevance and translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Deshpande
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560065 India
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