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Kiaheyrati N, Babaei A, Ranji R, Bahadoran E, Taheri S, Farokhpour Z. Cancer therapy with the viral and bacterial pathogens: The past enemies can be considered the present allies. Life Sci 2024; 349:122734. [PMID: 38788973 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide despite significant advancements in cancer treatment. Many difficulties have arisen as a result of the detrimental consequences of chemotherapy and radiotherapy as a common cancer therapy, such as drug inability to penetrate deep tumor tissue, and also the drug resistance in tumor cells continues to be a major concern. These obstacles have increased the need for the development of new techniques that are more selective and effective against cancer cells. Bacterial-based therapies and the use of oncolytic viruses can suppress cancer in comparison to other cancer medications. The tumor microenvironment is susceptible to bacterial accumulation and proliferation, which can trigger immune responses against the tumor. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have also gained considerable attention in recent years because of their potential capability to selectively target and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest literature on the role of bacteria and viruses in cancer treatment, discusses the limitations and challenges, outlines various strategies, summarizes recent preclinical and clinical trials, and emphasizes the importance of optimizing current strategies for better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Kiaheyrati
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Reza Ranji
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Bahadoran
- School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shiva Taheri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Zahra Farokhpour
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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2
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Santry LA, van Vloten JP, AuYeung AWK, Mould RC, Yates JGE, McAusland TM, Petrik JJ, Major PP, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Recombinant Newcastle disease viruses expressing immunological checkpoint inhibitors induce a pro-inflammatory state and enhance tumor-specific immune responses in two murine models of cancer. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1325558. [PMID: 38328418 PMCID: PMC10847535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1325558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor microenvironments are immunosuppressive due to progressive accumulation of mutations in cancer cells that can drive expression of a range of inhibitory ligands and cytokines, and recruitment of immunomodulatory cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor-associated macrophages, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Methods To reverse this immunosuppression, we engineered mesogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to express immunological checkpoint inhibitors anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and soluble programmed death protein-1. Results Intratumoral administration of recombinant NDV (rNDV) to mice bearing intradermal B16-F10 melanomas or subcutaneous CT26LacZ colon carcinomas led to significant changes in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte profiles. Vectorizing immunological checkpoint inhibitors in NDV increased activation of intratumoral natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells and decreased Tregs and MDSCs, suggesting induction of a pro-inflammatory state with greater infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells. These notable changes translated to higher ratios of activated effector/suppressor tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in both cancer models, which is a promising prognostic marker. Whereas all rNDV-treated groups showed evidence of tumor regression and increased survival in the CT26LacZ and B16-F10, only treatment with NDV expressing immunological checkpoint blockades led to complete responses compared to tumors treated with NDV only. Discussion These data demonstrated that NDV expressing immunological checkpoint inhibitors could reverse the immunosuppressive state of tumor microenvironments and enhance tumor-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda W. K. AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Robert C. Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob G. E. Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas M. McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - James J. Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Yi J, Lin P, Li Q, Zhang A, Kong X. A new strategy for treating colorectal cancer: Regulating the influence of intestinal flora and oncolytic virus on interferon. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:254-274. [PMID: 37701850 PMCID: PMC10493895 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the third highest incidence and the second highest mortality in the world, which seriously affects human health, while current treatments methods for CRC, including systemic therapy, preoperative radiotherapy, and surgical local excision, still have poor survival rates for patients with metastatic disease, making it critical to develop new strategies for treating CRC. In this article, we found that the gut microbiota can modulate the signaling pathways of cancer cells through direct contact with tumor cells, generate inflammatory responses and oxidative stress through interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and produce diverse metabolic combinations to trigger specific immune responses and promote the initiation of systemic type I interferon (IFN-I) and anti-viral immunity. In addition, oncolytic virus-mediated immunotherapy for regulating oncolytic virus can directly lyse tumor cells, induce the immune activity of the body, interact with interferon, inhibit the anti-viral effect of IFN-I, and enhance the anti-tumor effect of IFN-II. Interferon plays an important role in the anti-tumor process. We put forward that exploring the effects of intestinal flora and oncolytic virus on interferon to treat CRC is a promising therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Peizhe Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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4
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Wang H, Borlongan M, Hemminki A, Basnet S, Sah N, Kaufman HL, Rabkin SD, Saha D. Viral Vectors Expressing Interleukin 2 for Cancer Immunotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:878-895. [PMID: 37578106 PMCID: PMC10623065 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) plays a crucial role in T cell growth and survival, enhancing the cytotoxic activity of natural killer and cytotoxic T cells and thus functioning as a versatile master proinflammatory anticancer cytokine. The FDA has approved IL-2 cytokine therapy for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. However, IL-2 therapy has significant constraints, including a short serum half-life, low tumor accumulation, and life-threatening toxicities associated with high doses. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) offer a promising option for cancer immunotherapy, selectively targeting and destroying cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the successful delivery of IL-2 to the tumor microenvironment without compromising safety using OVs such as vaccinia, Sendai, parvo, Newcastle disease, tanapox, and adenoviruses. Additionally, by engineering OVs to coexpress IL-2 with other anticancer transgenes, the immune properties of IL-2 can be further enhanced. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown promising antitumor effects of IL-2-expressing viral vectors, either alone or in combination with other anticancer therapies. This review summarizes the therapeutic potential of IL-2-expressing viral vectors and their antitumor mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, California, USA
- Master of Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Mia Borlongan
- Master of Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saru Basnet
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program Unit (RPU), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naresh Sah
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Abilene, Texas, USA
| | - Howard L. Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ankyra Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel D. Rabkin
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, California, USA
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5
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Pathak U, Pal RB, Malik N. The Viral Knock: Ameliorating Cancer Treatment with Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1626. [PMID: 37629483 PMCID: PMC10455894 DOI: 10.3390/life13081626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prospect of cancer treatment has drastically transformed over the last four decades. The side effects caused by the traditional methods of cancer treatment like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy through the years highlight the prospect for a novel, complementary, and alternative cancer therapy. Oncolytic virotherapy is an evolving treatment modality that utilizes oncolytic viruses (OVs) to selectively attack cancer cells by direct lysis and can also elicit a strong anti-cancer immune response. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) provides a very high safety profile compared to other oncolytic viruses. Extensive research worldwide concentrates on experimenting with and better understanding the underlying mechanisms by which oncolytic NDV can be effectively applied to intercept cancer. This review encapsulates the potential of NDV to be explored as an oncolytic agent and discusses current preclinical and clinical research scenarios involving various NDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Pathak
- Sir H.N. Medical Research Society, Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai 400004, Maharashtra, India
- Vivekanand Education Society’s College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Chembur, Mumbai 400071, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramprasad B. Pal
- Sir H.N. Medical Research Society, Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai 400004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nagesh Malik
- Vivekanand Education Society’s College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Chembur, Mumbai 400071, Maharashtra, India
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6
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Zhu X, Fan C, Xiong Z, Chen M, Li Z, Tao T, Liu X. Development and application of oncolytic viruses as the nemesis of tumor cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188526. [PMID: 37440883 PMCID: PMC10335770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses and tumors are two pathologies that negatively impact human health, but what occurs when a virus encounters a tumor? A global consensus among cancer patients suggests that surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other methods are the primary means to combat cancer. However, with the innovation and development of biomedical technology, tumor biotherapy (immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, etc.) has emerged as an alternative treatment for malignant tumors. Oncolytic viruses possess numerous anti-tumor properties, such as directly lysing tumor cells, activating anti-tumor immune responses, and improving the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional immunotherapy, oncolytic virus therapy offers advantages including high killing efficiency, precise targeting, and minimal side effects. Although oncolytic virus (OV) therapy was introduced as a novel approach to tumor treatment in the 19th century, its efficacy was suboptimal, limiting its widespread application. However, since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first OV therapy drug, T-VEC, in 2015, interest in OV has grown significantly. In recent years, oncolytic virus therapy has shown increasingly promising application prospects and has become a major research focus in the field of cancer treatment. This article reviews the development, classification, and research progress of oncolytic viruses, as well as their mechanisms of action, therapeutic methods, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology—Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chenyang Fan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Technology, School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhuolong Xiong
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital(Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Soliman RM, Nishioka K, Daidoji T, Noyori O, Nakaya T. Chimeric Newcastle Disease Virus Vectors Expressing Human IFN-γ Mediate Target Immune Responses and Enable Multifaceted Treatments. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020455. [PMID: 36830991 PMCID: PMC9953603 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been reported as both an oncolytic agent and a vaccine vector against many antigens. However, in the individuals already immunized with NDVs, second and subsequent administration does not provide substantial benefits. In this study, two types of recombinant chimeric NDVs using APMV-2 F and HN genes were generated. In rNDV-2HN, the wild-type NDV HN gene was replaced with the APMV-2 HN gene, and in rNDV-2F/2HN, both wild-type F and HN genes were replaced with APMV-2 F and HN genes, respectively. We enhanced the immune responses of these chimeric viruses by inserting the human IFN-γ gene. To examine the escape from NDV antiserum, each virus was treated with diluted NDV antiserum, and HEp-2 cells were infected with these virus particles. The two constructed chimeric viruses indicated notably lower virus-neutralizing titer compared to wild-type NDV and escaped the action of NDV antiserum. These two chimeric viruses infected both respiratory and colon cancer cell lines, indicating their potential as a cancer treatment tool. Chimeric viruses with enhanced immune responses can be considered a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment that can be administered multiple times and used to enhance immune cells interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rofaida Mostafa Soliman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Keisuke Nishioka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5325
| | - Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Osamu Noyori
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Varela ML, Comba A, Faisal SM, Argento A, Franson A, Barissi MN, Sachdev S, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Gene Therapy for High Grade Glioma: The Clinical Experience. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:145-161. [PMID: 36510843 PMCID: PMC9998375 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2157718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-grade gliomas (HGG) are the most common malignant primary brain tumors in adults, with a median survival of ~18 months. The standard of care (SOC) is maximal safe surgical resection, and radiation therapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide. This protocol remains unchanged since 2005, even though HGG median survival has marginally improved. AREAS COVERED Gene therapy was developed as a promising approach to treat HGG. Here, we review completed and ongoing clinical trials employing viral and non-viral vectors for adult and pediatric HGG, as well as the key supporting preclinical data. EXPERT OPINION These therapies have proven safe, and pre- and post-treatment tissue analyses demonstrated tumor cell lysis, increased immune cell infiltration, and increased systemic immune function. Although viral therapy in clinical trials has not yet significantly extended the survival of HGG, promising strategies are being tested. Oncolytic HSV vectors have shown promising results for both adult and pediatric HGG. A recently published study demonstrated that HG47Δ improved survival in recurrent HGG. Likewise, PVSRIPO has shown survival improvement compared to historical controls. It is likely that further analysis of these trials will stimulate the development of new administration protocols, and new therapeutic combinations that will improve HGG prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Varela
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Comba
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Syed M Faisal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anna Argento
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Franson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marcus N Barissi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sean Sachdev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus expressing the co-stimulator OX40L as immunopotentiator for colorectal cancer therapy. Gene Ther 2023; 30:64-74. [PMID: 34602608 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NDV as an attractive candidate for oncolytic immunotherapy selectively lyses tumor cells but shows limited anti-tumor immunity. Immune co-stimulator OX40 ligand (OX40L) boosts anti-tumor immunity response by delivering a potent costimulatory signal to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. To improve the anti-tumor immunity of NDV, the recombinant NDV expressing the murine OX40L (rNDV-mOX40L) was engineered. The viral growth kinetics was examined in CT26 cell lines. The ability of rNDV-mOX40L to express mOX40L was detected in the infected tumor cells and tumor tissues. The anti-tumor activity of rNDV-mOX40L was studied in the CT26 animal model. Tumor-specific CD4+, CD8+ and OX40+ T cells were examined by immunohistochemistry staining. The virus growth curve showed that the insertion of the mOX40L gene did not affect the growth kinetics of NDV. rNDV-mOX40L expresses mOX40L and effectively inhibits the growth of CT26 colorectal cancer in vivo. The tumor inhibition rate of the rNDV-mOX40L-treated group was increased by 15.8% compared to that of NDV-treated group in the CT26 model. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry staining of tumor tissues removed from the CT26 model revealed that intense infiltration of tumor-specific CD4+, CD8+ T cells, especially OX40+ T cells were found in the rNDV-mOX40L-treated group. FACS showed that rNDV-mOX40L significantly enhanced the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in spleen. Moreover, compared to the NDV-treated group, the level of mouse IFN-γ protein in the tumor site increased significantly in the rNDV-mOX40L-treated group. Taken together, rNDV-mOX40L exhibited superior anti-tumor immunity by stimulating tumor-specific T cells and may be a promising agent for cancer immunotherapy.
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Svensson-Arvelund J, Cuadrado-Castano S, Pantsulaia G, Kim K, Aleynick M, Hammerich L, Upadhyay R, Yellin M, Marsh H, Oreper D, Jhunjhunwala S, Moussion C, Merad M, Brown BD, García-Sastre A, Brody JD. Expanding cross-presenting dendritic cells enhances oncolytic virotherapy and is critical for long-term anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7149. [PMID: 36418317 PMCID: PMC9684150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies directly enhancing anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses have yielded measurable but limited success, highlighting the need for alternatives. Anti-tumor T cell responses critically depend on antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC), and enhancing mobilization, antigen loading and activation of these cells represent an attractive possibility to potentiate T cell based therapies. Here we show that expansion of DCs by Flt3L administration impacts in situ vaccination with oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Mechanistically, NDV activates DCs and sensitizes them to dying tumor cells through upregulation of dead-cell receptors and synergizes with Flt3L to promote anti-tumor CD8+ T cell cross-priming. In vivo, Flt3L-NDV in situ vaccination induces parallel amplification of virus- and tumor-specific T cells, including CD8+ T cells reactive to newly-described neoepitopes, promoting long-term tumor control. Cross-presenting conventional Type 1 DCs are indispensable for the anti-tumor, but not anti-viral, T cell response, and type I IFN-dependent CD4+ Th1 effector cells contribute to optimal anti-tumor immunity. These data demonstrate that mobilizing DCs to increase tumor antigen cross-presentation improves oncolytic virotherapy and that neoepitope-specific T cells can be induced without individualized, ex vivo manufactured vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Svensson-Arvelund
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.5640.70000 0001 2162 9922Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, 582 25 Sweden ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Sara Cuadrado-Castano
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Gvantsa Pantsulaia
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Kristy Kim
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Mark Aleynick
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Linda Hammerich
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Present Address: Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow- Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 13353 Germany
| | - Ranjan Upadhyay
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Michael Yellin
- grid.417695.80000 0004 6009 562XCelldex Therapeutics, Inc, Needham, MA 02494 USA
| | - Henry Marsh
- grid.417695.80000 0004 6009 562XCelldex Therapeutics, Inc, Needham, MA 02494 USA
| | - Daniel Oreper
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Suchit Jhunjhunwala
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Christine Moussion
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Brian D. Brown
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Joshua D. Brody
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
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11
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Muhi Rasoul L, Ali Marhoon A, Fadhel Abbas Albaayit S, Waleed Ali R, Hadi Saleh T, Abdullah Laftah Al-Rubaii B. Cytotoxic effect of cloned EGFP gene on NCI-H727 cell line via genetically engineered gene transfer system. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2022. [DOI: 10.51248/.v42i5.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aim: Cancers are a complex group of genetic illnesses that develop through multistep, mutagenic processes which can invade or spread throughout the body. Recent advances in cancer treatment involve oncolytic viruses to infect and destroy cancer cells. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an oncolytic virus has shown to have anti-cancer effects either directly by lysing cancer cells or indirectly by activating the immune system. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been widely used in studying the anti-tumor activity of oncolytic viruses. This study aimed to study the anticancer effect of a recombinant rNDV-GFP clone on NCI-H727 lung carcinoma cell line in vitro.
Materials and Methods: The GFP gene was inserted to a NDV strain to create a recombinant NDV (rNDV- GFP) using reverse genetics technology. The MTT assay was used in evaluating the oncolytic effect of rNDV- GFP on the lung carcinoma NCI-H727 cells. Light and fluorescent microscopy was used to study the cytopathic effects of rNDV-GFP.
Results: MTT assay showed that rNDV-GPF inhibited the NCI-H727 tumor cell death in a time-dependent manner. A significant inhibitory effect (78.3%) for rNDV-GPF on cancer cells was observed at 96h in comparison to rNDV (22.7%) and the cytotoxicity rate was directly proportional to the MOI used. Microscopic studies showed rNDV-GPF to induce cytopathic effect post 24 h of infection.
Conclusion: The GFP-expressing recombinant NDV strains exhibited encouraging results in terms of tumor growth inhibition. Our research set the groundwork for employing recombinant NDV as an anticancer viral vector.
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Chen L, Niu Y, Sun J, Lin H, Liang G, Xiao M, Shi D, Wang J, Zhu H, Guan Y. Oncolytic Activity of Wild-type Newcastle Disease Virus HK84 Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Activation of Type I Interferon Signaling. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:284-296. [PMID: 35528990 PMCID: PMC9039698 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is listed as one of the most common causes of cancer-related death. Oncolytic therapy has become a promising treatment because of novel immunotherapies and gene editing technology, but biosafety concerns remain the biggest limitation for clinical application. We studied the the antitumor activity and biosafety of the wild-type Newcastle disease virus HK84 strain (NDV/HK84) and 10 other NDV strains. METHODS Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by cell counting Kit-8 and fluorescein isothiocyanate Annexin V apoptosis assays. Colony formation, wound healing, and a xenograft mouse model were used to evaluate in vivo and in vitro oncolytic effectiveness. The safety of NDV/HK84 was tested in nude mice by an in vivo luciferase imaging system. The replication kinetics of NDV/HK84 in normal tissues and tumors were evaluated by infectious-dose assays in eggs. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to explore NDV/HK84 activity and was validated by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The cell counting Kit-8 assays of viability found that the oncolytic activity of the NDV strains differed with the multiplicity of infection (MOI). At an MOI of 20, the oncolytic activity of all NDV strains except the DK/JX/21358/08 strain was >80%. The oncolytic activities of the NDV/HK84 and DK/JX/8224/04 strains were >80% at both MOI=20 and MOI=2. Only NDV/HK84 had >80% oncolytic activities at both MOI=20 and MOI=2. We chose NDV/HK84 as the candidate virus to test the oncolytic effect of NDV in HCC in the in vitro and in vivo experiments. NDV/HK84 killed human SK-HEP-1 HCC cells without affecting healthy cells. CONCLUSIONS Intratumor infection with NDV/HK84 strains compared with vehicle controls or positive controls indicated that NDV/HK84 strain specifically inhibited HCC without affecting healthy mice. High-throughput RNA sequencing showed that the oncolytic activity of NDV/HK84 was dependent on the activation of type I interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongdong Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiating Sun
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoxi Liang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Xiao
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Wang
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Guan
- International Joint Laboratory for Virology and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology of STU/HKU, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Cerqueira OLD, Antunes F, Assis NG, Cardoso EC, Clavijo-Salomón MA, Domingues AC, Tessarollo NG, Strauss BE. Perspectives for Combining Viral Oncolysis With Additional Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Melanoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:777775. [PMID: 35495634 PMCID: PMC9048901 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.777775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer with steadily increasing incidence worldwide during the last few decades. In addition to its tumor associated antigens (TAAs), melanoma has a high mutation rate compared to other tumors, which promotes the appearance of tumor specific antigens (TSAs) as well as increased lymphocytic infiltration, inviting the use of therapeutic tools that evoke new or restore pre-existing immune responses. Innovative therapeutic proposals, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have emerged as effective options for melanoma. However, a significant portion of these patients relapse and become refractory to treatment. Likewise, strategies using viral vectors, replicative or not, have garnered confidence and approval by different regulatory agencies around the world. It is possible that further success of immune therapies against melanoma will come from synergistic combinations of different approaches. In this review we outline molecular features inherent to melanoma and how this supports the use of viral oncolysis and immunotherapies when used as monotherapies or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Luiz Dutra Cerqueira
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadine G Assis
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Cardoso
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Clavijo-Salomón
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Domingues
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayara G Tessarollo
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (CTO)/LIM, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Bryan E Strauss,
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14
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Tian Y, Xie D, Yang L. Engineering strategies to enhance oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:117. [PMID: 35387984 PMCID: PMC8987060 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. In addition to direct oncolysis, the essential and attractive aspect of oncolytic virotherapy is based on the intrinsic induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. To further augment this efficacious response, OVs have been genetically engineered to express immune regulators that enhance or restore antitumor immunity. Recently, combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have led to promising progress in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the intrinsic mechanisms of OVs, describes the optimization strategies for using armed OVs to enhance the effects of antitumor immunity and highlights rational combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies in recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaomei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, No. 519, Huixing Road, 643000, Zigong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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15
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de Graaf J, van Nieuwkoop S, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Kuiken T, Groeneveld D, Fouchier R, van den Hoogen B. Assessment of the virulence for chickens of Newcastle Disease virus with an engineered multi-basic cleavage site in the fusion protein and disrupted V protein gene. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Boagni DA, Ravirala D, Zhang SX. Current strategies in engaging oncolytic viruses with antitumor immunity. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:98-113. [PMID: 34514092 PMCID: PMC8411207 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has produced promising yet limited results in preclinical and clinical studies. Besides direct oncolytic activity, a significant therapeutic mechanism of oncolytic virotherapy is the induction of tumor-specific immunity. Consequently, the efficacy of oncolytic viruses can be improved by the insertion of immune stimulator genes and rational combinatorial therapy with other immunotherapies. This article reviews recent efforts on arming oncolytic viruses with a variety of immune stimulator molecules, immune cell engagers, and other immune potentiating molecules. We outline what is known about the mechanisms of action and the corresponding results. The review also discusses recent preclinical and clinical studies of combining oncolytic virotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors and the role of oncolytic virotherapy in changing the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Ashton Boagni
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Divya Ravirala
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaun Xiaoliu Zhang
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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He J, An Y, Qi J, Cui L, Yang K, Liu M, Qu B, Yan S, Yin J, Jing X, Dong H, Yu Q, Li D, Wu Y. The recombinant Newcastle disease virus Anhinga strain expressing human TRAIL exhibit antitumor effects on a glioma nude mice model. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3890-3898. [PMID: 32779745 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy is perhaps the next major breakthrough in cancer treatment following the success in immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the potential oncolytic ability of the recombinant newcastle disease virus (NDV) Anhinga strain carried with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) has not been fully explored at present. In the present study, the recombinant NDV/Anh-TRAIL that secretes soluble TRAIL was constructed and the experiment results suggested NDV/Anh-TRAIL as a promising candidate for glioma therapy. Growth kinetic and TRAIL secreted quantity of recombinant NDV/Anh-TRAIL virus were measured. Cytotoxic and cell apoptosis were analyzed for its anti-glioma therapy in vitro. Nude mice were used for the in vivo evaluation. Both tumor volume and mice behavior after injection were observed. The recombinant virus replicated with the same kinetics as the parental virus and the highest expression of TRAIL (77.8 ng/L) was found at 48 hours. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole and flow cytometry data revealed that the recombinant NDV/Anh-TRAIL (56.1 ± 8.2%) virus could induce a more severe apoptosis rate, when compared with the NDV wild type (37.2 ± 7.0%) and mock (7.0 ± 1.8%) groups (P < .01), in U251 cells. Furthermore, in the present animal study, the average tumor volume was smaller in the NDV/Anh-TRAIL group (97.21 mm3 ), when compared with the NDV wild type (205.03 mm3 , P < .05) and PBS (310.30 mm3 , P < .01) groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiao He
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- School of Life sciences & Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ying An
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Lin Cui
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Knowledge Management Center Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Qu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shijun Yan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiechao Yin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Jing
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Dong
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingzhong Yu
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Deshan Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunzhou Wu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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18
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Cuoco JA, Rogers CM, Mittal S. The oncolytic Newcastle disease virus as an effective immunotherapeutic strategy against glioblastoma. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E8. [PMID: 33524945 DOI: 10.3171/2020.11.focus20842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults, with a dismal prognosis despite aggressive resection, chemotherapeutics, and radiotherapy. Although understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of glioblastoma has progressed in recent years, therapeutic options have failed to significantly change overall survival or progression-free survival. Thus, researchers have begun to explore immunomodulation as a potential strategy to improve clinical outcomes. The application of oncolytic virotherapy as a novel biological to target pathogenic signaling in glioblastoma has brought new hope to the field of neuro-oncology. This class of immunotherapeutics combines selective cancer cell lysis prompted by virus induction while promoting a strong inflammatory antitumor response, thereby acting as an effective in situ tumor vaccine. Several investigators have reported the efficacy of experimental oncolytic viruses as demonstrated by improved long-term survival in cancer patients with advanced disease. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most well-researched oncolytic viruses known to affect a multitude of human cancers, including glioblastoma. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies as well as human clinical trials have demonstrated that NDV exhibits oncolytic activity against glioblastoma, providing a promising avenue of potential treatment. Herein, the authors provide a detailed discussion on NDV as a mode of therapy for glioblastoma. They discuss the potential therapeutic pathways associated with NDV as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as results from human trials. Moreover, they discuss current challenges, potential solutions, and future perspectives in utilizing NDV in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Cuoco
- 1Carilion Clinic Neurosurgery, Roanoke.,2Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke.,3School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; and
| | - Cara M Rogers
- 1Carilion Clinic Neurosurgery, Roanoke.,2Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke.,3School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; and
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- 1Carilion Clinic Neurosurgery, Roanoke.,2Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke.,3School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; and.,4Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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19
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Combining vanadyl sulfate with Newcastle disease virus potentiates rapid innate immune-mediated regression with curative potential in murine cancer models. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:306-324. [PMID: 33614913 PMCID: PMC7868934 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The avian paramyxovirus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a promising oncolytic agent that has been shown to be safe and effective in a variety of pre-clinical cancer models and human clinical trials. NDV preferentially replicates in tumor cells due to signaling defects in apoptotic and antiviral pathways acquired during the transformation process and is a potent immunostimulatory agent. However, when used as a monotherapy NDV lacks the ability to consistently generate durable remissions. Here we investigate the use of viral sensitizer-mediated combination therapy to enhance the anti-neoplastic efficacy of NDV. Intratumoral injection of vanadyl sulfate, a pan-inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases, in combination with NDV significantly increased the number and activation status of natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor microenvironment, concomitant with increased expression of interferon-β, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, leading to rapid tumor regression and long-term cures in mice bearing syngeneic B16-F10 melanomas. The anti-tumor efficacy of this combination therapy was abrogated when NK cells were depleted and when interferon-β expression was transiently suppressed. Tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses were not detected, nor were mice whose tumors regressed protected from re-challenge. This suggested efficacy of the combination therapy predominantly relied on the innate immune system. Importantly, efficacy was not limited to melanoma; it was also demonstrated in a murine prostate cancer model. Taken together, these results suggest that combining NDV with vanadyl sulfate potentiates an innate immune response that can potentiate rapid clearance of tumors, with type I interferon signaling and NK cells being important mechanisms of action.
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20
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Burman B, Pesci G, Zamarin D. Newcastle Disease Virus at the Forefront of Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123552. [PMID: 33260685 PMCID: PMC7761210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies dating back to the 1950s have demonstrated that Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has oncolytic properties and can potently stimulate antitumor immune responses. NDV selectively infects, replicates within, and lyses cancer cells by exploiting defective antiviral defenses in cancer cells. Inflammation within the tumor microenvironment in response to NDV leads to the recruitment of innate and adaptive immune effector cells, presentation of tumor antigens, and induction of immune checkpoints. In animal models, intratumoral injection of NDV results in T cell infiltration of both local and distant non-injected tumors, demonstrating the potential of NDV to activate systemic adaptive antitumor immunity. The combination of intratumoral NDV with systemic immune checkpoint blockade leads to regression of both injected and distant tumors, an effect further potentiated by introduction of immunomodulatory transgenes into the viral genome. Clinical trials with naturally occurring NDV administered intravenously demonstrated durable responses across numerous cancer types. Based on these studies, further exploration of NDV is warranted, and clinical studies using recombinant NDV in combination with immune checkpoint blockade have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Burman
- Department of Medicine, Gynecologic Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (B.B.); (G.P.)
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Giulio Pesci
- Department of Medicine, Gynecologic Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (B.B.); (G.P.)
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Gynecologic Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (B.B.); (G.P.)
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Abstract
Tumors represent a hostile environment for the effector cells of cancer immunosurveillance. Immunosuppressive receptors and soluble or membrane-bound ligands are abundantly exposed and released by malignant entities and their stromal accomplices. As a consequence, executioners of antitumor immunity inefficiently navigate across cancer tissues and fail to eliminate malignant targets. By inducing immunogenic cancer cell death, oncolytic viruses profoundly reshape the tumor microenvironment. They trigger the local spread of danger signals and tumor-associated (as well as viral) antigens, thus attracting antigen-presenting cells, promoting the activation and expansion of lymphocytic populations, facilitating their infiltration in the tumor bed, and reinvigorating cytotoxic immune activity. The present review recapitulates key chemokines, growth factors and other cytokines that orchestrate this ballet of antitumoral leukocytes upon oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France.
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Bhat S, Bialy D, Sealy JE, Sadeyen JR, Chang P, Iqbal M. A ligation and restriction enzyme independent cloning technique: an alternative to conventional methods for cloning hard-to-clone gene segments in the influenza reverse genetics system. Virol J 2020; 17:82. [PMID: 32576218 PMCID: PMC7309217 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse genetics is used in many laboratories around the world and enables the creation of tailor-made influenza viruses with a desired genotype or phenotype. However, the process is not flawless, and difficulties remain during cloning of influenza gene segments into reverse genetics vectors (pHW2000, pHH21, pCAGGS). Reverse genetics begins with making cDNA copies of influenza gene segments and cloning them into bi-directional (pHW2000) or uni-directional plasmids (pHH21, pCAGGS) followed by transfection of the recombinant plasmid(s) to HEK-293 T or any other suitable cells which are permissive to transfection. However, the presence of internal restriction sites in the gene segments of many field isolates of avian influenza viruses makes the cloning process difficult, if employing conventional methods. Further, the genetic instability of influenza gene-containing plasmids in bacteria (especially Polymerase Basic 2 and Polymerase Basic 1 genes; PB2 and PB1) also leads to erroneous incorporation of bacterial genomic sequences into the influenza gene of interest. METHODS Herein, we report an easy and efficient ligation and restriction enzyme independent (LREI) cloning method for cloning influenza gene segments into pHW2000 vector. The method involves amplification of megaprimers followed by PCR amplification of megaprimers using a bait plasmid, DpnI digestion and transformation. RESULTS Hard-to-clone genes: PB2 of A/chicken/Bangladesh/23527/2014 (H9N2) and PB1 of A/chicken/Bangladesh/23527/2014 (H9N2), A/chicken/Jiangxi/02.05YGYXG023-P/2015 (H5N6) and A/Chicken/Vietnam/H7F-14-BN4-315/2014 (H9N2) were cloned into pHW2000 using our LREI method and recombinant viruses were subsequently rescued. CONCLUSION The LREI cloning procedure represents an alternative strategy for cloning influenza gene segments which have internal restriction sites for the enzymes used in reverse genetics. Further, the problem of genetic instability in bacteria can be alleviated by growing recombinant bacterial cultures at a lower temperature. This technique can be applied to clone any influenza gene segment using universal primers, which would help in rapid generation of influenza viruses and facilitate influenza research and vaccine development.
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23
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Marotel M, Hasim MS, Hagerman A, Ardolino M. The two-faces of NK cells in oncolytic virotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:59-68. [PMID: 32586674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are immunotherapeutics capable of directly killing cancer cells and with potent immunostimulatory properties. OVs exert their antitumor effect, at least partially, by activating the antitumor immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. However, if on the one hand increasing evidence revealed that NK cells are important mediators of oncolytic virotherapy, on the other hand, NK cells have evolved to fight viral infections, and therefore they can have a detrimental effect for the efficacy of OVs. In this review, we will discuss the dichotomy between the antitumor and antiviral functions of NK cells related to oncolytic virotherapy. We will also review NK cell-based and OV-based therapies, engineered OVs aimed at enhancing immune stimulation, and combination therapies involving OVs and NK cells currently used in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marotel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M S Hasim
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A Hagerman
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Ardolino
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa, Canada.
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24
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Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Oncolytic Activity in Human Glioma Tumors Is Dependent on CDKN2A-Type I IFN Gene Cluster Codeletion. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061405. [PMID: 32516884 PMCID: PMC7349162 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and frequent primary brain tumor in adults with a median overall survival of 15 months. Tumor recurrence and poor prognosis are related to cancer stem cells (CSCs), which drive resistance to therapies. A common characteristic in GBM is CDKN2A gene loss, located close to the cluster of type I IFN genes at Ch9p21. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus with oncolytic and immunostimulatory properties that has been proposed for the treatment of GBM. We have analyzed the CDKN2A-IFN I gene cluster in 1018 glioma tumors and evaluated the NDV oncolytic effect in six GBM CSCs ex vivo and in a mouse model. Our results indicate that more than 50% of GBM patients have some IFN deletion. Moreover, GBM susceptibility to NDV is dependent on the loss of the type I IFN. Infection of GBM with an NDV-expressing influenza virus NS1 protein can overcome the resistance to oncolysis by NDV of type I-competent cells. These results highlight the potential of using NDV vectors in antitumor therapies.
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25
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Bello MB, Yusoff K, Ideris A, Hair-Bejo M, Jibril AH, Peeters BPH, Omar AR. Exploring the Prospects of Engineered Newcastle Disease Virus in Modern Vaccinology. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040451. [PMID: 32316317 PMCID: PMC7232247 DOI: 10.3390/v12040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many traditional vaccines have proven to be incapable of controlling newly emerging infectious diseases. They have also achieved limited success in the fight against a variety of human cancers. Thus, innovative vaccine strategies are highly needed to overcome the global burden of these diseases. Advances in molecular biology and reverse genetics have completely restructured the concept of vaccinology, leading to the emergence of state-of-the-art technologies for vaccine design, development and delivery. Among these modern vaccine technologies are the recombinant viral vectored vaccines, which are known for their incredible specificity in antigen delivery as well as the induction of robust immune responses in the vaccinated hosts. Although a number of viruses have been used as vaccine vectors, genetically engineered Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possesses some useful attributes that make it a preferable candidate for vectoring vaccine antigens. Here, we review the molecular biology of NDV and discuss the reverse genetics approaches used to engineer the virus into an efficient vaccine vector. We then discuss the prospects of the engineered virus as an efficient vehicle of vaccines against cancer and several infectious diseases of man and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bashir Bello
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria;
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ideris
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abdurrahman Hassan Jibril
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria;
| | - Ben P. H. Peeters
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, POB 65, NL8200 Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+603-89472111
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26
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Mondal M, Guo J, He P, Zhou D. Recent advances of oncolytic virus in cancer therapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2389-2402. [PMID: 32078405 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1723363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have been taking the front stage in biological therapy for cancer recently. The first and most potent virus to be used in oncolytic virotherapy is human adenovirus. Recently, ongoing extensive research has suggested that other viruses like herpes simplex virus (HSV) and measles virus can also be considered as potential candidates in cancer therapy. An HSV-based oncolytic virus, T-VEC, has completed phase Ш clinical trial and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in biological cancer therapy. Moreover, the vaccine strain of the measles virus has shown impressive results in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Considering their therapeutic efficacy, safety, and reduced side effects, the use of such engineered viruses in biological cancer therapy has the potential to establish a milestone in cancer research. In this review, we summarize the recent clinical advances in the use of oncolytic viruses in biological therapy for cancer. Additionally, this review evaluates the potential viral candidates for their benefits and shortcomings and sheds light on the future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mondal
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China.,Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Jingao Guo
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Ping He
- Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
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Engineering Newcastle Disease Virus as an Oncolytic Vector for Intratumoral Delivery of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Immunocytokines. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01677-19. [PMID: 31694938 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01677-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an attractive candidate for oncolytic immunotherapy due to its ability to replicate in tumor cells and potentially to overcome the inherently immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment. The advent of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy over the past few years represents a paradigm shift in cancer therapy. However, the prevalence of severe immune-related adverse events with CTLA4 and PD1 pathway blockade in clinical studies, especially in combination therapy groups, is a cause for concern. Immunotherapies with cytokines have also been extensively explored, but they have been associated with adverse events in clinical trials. Oncolytic vectors engineered to express checkpoint blockade antibodies and cytokines could provide an avenue for reducing the clinical toxicity associated with systemic therapy by concentrating the immunomodulatory payload at the site of disease. In this study, we engineered six different recombinant viruses: NDVs expressing checkpoint inhibitors (rNDV-anti-PD1 and rNDV-anti-PDL1); superagonists (rNDV-anti-CD28); and immunocytokines, where the antibodies are fused to an immunostimulatory cytokine, such as interleukin 12 (IL-12) (rNDV-anti-CD28-murine IL-12 [mIL-12], rNDV-anti-PD1-mIL-12, and rNDV-anti-PDL1-mIL-12). These six engineered viruses induced tumor control and survival benefits in both highly aggressive unilateral and bilateral B16-F10 murine melanoma models, indicative of an abscopal effect. The data represent a strong proof of concept on which further clinical evaluation could build.IMPORTANCE Checkpoint inhibitor therapy has shown tremendous efficacy, but also frequent and often severe side effects-especially when multiple drugs of the class are used simultaneously. Similarly, many investigational immunotherapy agents, which have shown promise in animal models, have failed in clinical trials due to dose-limiting toxicity when administered systemically. This study utilized a murine melanoma model to evaluate the efficacy of intratumoral injections of recombinant NDVs engineered to express multiple immunotherapeutic proteins with well-documented side effects in humans. Our results indicate that intratumoral administration of these recombinant NDVs, particularly when combined with systemic CTLA4 checkpoint inhibition, exerts a robust effect in treated and nontreated tumors, indicative of a systemic antitumoral response. The intratumoral delivery of rNDVs expressing immunotherapeutic proteins may be an effective method of targeting the immune cell populations most relevant for antitumoral immunity and allowing us to restrict the use of systemic immunotherapy agents.
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28
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Vijayakumar G, Zamarin D. Design and Production of Newcastle Disease Virus for Intratumoral Immunomodulation. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2058:133-154. [PMID: 31486036 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9794-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that has been extensively studied as an oncolytic agent, in addition to being an economically important pathogen in the poultry industry. The establishment of a reverse genetics system for this virus has enabled the development of genetically modified recombinant NDV viruses with improved oncolytic and immunotherapeutic properties. In this chapter, we describe the materials and methods involved in the in vitro cloning and rescue of NDV expressing murine 4-1BBL as well as the in vivo evaluation of NDV expressing 4-1BBL in a B16-F10 murine melanoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Vijayakumar
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy uses replication-competent virus as a means of treating cancer. Whereas this field has shown great promise as a viable treatment method, the limited spread of these viruses throughout the tumor microenvironment remains a major challenge. To overcome this issue, researchers have begun looking at syncytia formation as a novel method of increasing viral spread. Several naturally occurring fusogenic viruses have been shown to possess strong oncolytic potential and have since been studied to gain insight into how this process benefits oncolytic virotherapy. Whereas these naturally fusogenic viruses have been beneficial, there are still challenges associated with their regular use. Because of this, engineered/recombinant fusogenic viruses have also been created that enhance nonfusogenic oncolytic viruses with the beneficial property of syncytia formation. The purpose of this review is to examine the existing body of literature on syncytia formation in oncolytics and offer direction for potential future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Burton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Eric Bartee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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30
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Antiviral interferons induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) drive a tumor-selective apoptosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15160. [PMID: 31641164 PMCID: PMC6806003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strongly induces both type I and III antiviral interferons (IFNs-α/-β and IFN-λ, respectively) in tumor cells while it induces mainly type III IFN in normal cells. Impairment of antiviral type I IFN signaling in tumor cells is thought to be the reason for effective oncolysis. However, there is lack of clarity why lentogenic strain NDV can also induce oncolysis. NDV infection caused apoptosis in normal and tumor cells as demonstrated with the caspase-3 enzyme activation and annexin-V detection. The apoptosis response was inhibited by B18R protein (a type I IFN inhibitor) in tumor cells i.e. A549 and U87MG, and not in normal cells i.e. NB1RGB and HEK293. Similarly, UV-inactivated medium from NDV infection was shown to induce apoptosis in corresponding cells and the response was inhibited in A549 and U87MG cells with the addition of B18R protein. Treatment with combination of IFNs-α/-β/-λ or IFNs-α/-β or IFN-λ in NB1RGB, HEK293, A549 and U87MG showed that caspase activity in IFNs-α/-β/-λ group was the highest, followed with IFN-α/-β group and IFN-λ group. This suggests that tumor-selectivity of NDV is mainly because of the cumulative effect of type I and III in tumor cells that lead to higher apoptotic effect.
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31
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Mohamed Amin Z, Che Ani MA, Tan SW, Yeap SK, Alitheen NB, Syed Najmuddin SUF, Kalyanasundram J, Chan SC, Veerakumarasivam A, Chia SL, Yusoff K. Evaluation of a Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Human IL12 against Human Breast Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13999. [PMID: 31570732 PMCID: PMC6768883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain AF2240 is an avian avulavirus that has been demonstrated to possess oncolytic activity against cancer cells. However, to illicit a greater anti-cancer immune response, it is believed that the incorporation of immunostimulatory genes such as IL12 into a recombinant NDV backbone will enhance its oncolytic effect. In this study, a newly developed recombinant NDV that expresses IL12 (rAF-IL12) was tested for its safety, stability and cytotoxicity. The stability of rAF-IL12 was maintained when passaged in specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs from passage 1 to passage 10; with an HA titer of 29. Based on the results obtained from the MTT cytotoxic assay, rAF-IL12 was determined to be safe as it only induced cytotoxic effects against normal chicken cell lines and human breast cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Significant tumor growth inhibition (52%) was observed in the rAF-IL12-treated mice. The in vivo safety profile of rAF-IL12 was confirmed through histological observation and viral load titer assay. The concentration and presence of the expressed IL12 was quantified and verified via ELISA assay. In summary, rAF-IL12 was proven to be safe, selectively replicating in chicken and cancer cells and was able to maintain its stability throughout several passages; thus enhancing its potential as an anti-breast cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahiah Mohamed Amin
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Alhapis Che Ani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Jeevanathan Kalyanasundram
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Soon Choy Chan
- School of Foundation Studies, Perdana University, Block B and D1, MAEPS Building, MARDI Complex, Jalan MAEPS Perdana, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abhi Veerakumarasivam
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Malaysian Genome Institute, National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,Malaysian Genome Institute, National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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32
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Lee CL, Veeramani S, Molouki A, Lim SHE, Thomas W, Chia SL, Yusoff K. Virotherapy: Current Trends and Future Prospects for Treatment of Colon and Rectal Malignancies. Cancer Invest 2019; 37:393-414. [PMID: 31502477 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2019.1660887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies. In recent decades, early diagnosis and conventional therapies have resulted in a significant reduction in mortality. However, late stage metastatic disease still has very limited effective treatment options. There is a growing interest in using viruses to help target therapies to tumour sites. In recent years the evolution of immunotherapy has emphasised the importance of directing the immune system to eliminate tumour cells; we aim to give a state-of-the-art over-view of the diverse viruses that have been investigated as potential oncolytic agents for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Liang Lee
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Sanggeetha Veeramani
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) , Karaj , Iran
| | - Swee Hua Erin Lim
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia.,Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Warren Thomas
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
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33
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Song H, Zhong LP, He J, Huang Y, Zhao YX. Application of Newcastle disease virus in the treatment of colorectal cancer. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:2143-2154. [PMID: 31531310 PMCID: PMC6718777 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i16.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main reasons of tumor-related deaths worldwide. At present, the main treatment is surgery, but the results are unsatisfactory, and the prognosis is poor. The majority of patients die due to liver or lung metastasis or recurrence. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of tumor gene therapy, providing a new treatment for combating CRC. As oncolytic viruses selectively replicate almost exclusively in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and do not require integration into the host genome, they are safer, more effective and more attractive as oncolytic agents. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a natural RNA oncolytic virus. After NDV selectively infects tumor cells, the immune response induced by NDV’s envelope protein and intracellular factors can effectively kill the tumor without affecting normal cells. Reverse genetic techniques make NDV a vector for gene therapy. Arming the virus by inserting various exogenous genes or using NDV in combination with immunotherapy can also improve the anti-CRC capacity of NDV, and good results have been achieved in animal models and clinical treatment trials. This article reviews the molecular biological characteristics and oncolytic mechanism of NDV and discusses in vitro and in vivo experiments on NDV anti-CRC capacity and clinical treatment. In conclusion, NDV is an excellent candidate for cancer treatment, but more preclinical studies and clinical trials are needed to ensure its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian He
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yong Huang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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RNA Viruses as Tools in Gene Therapy and Vaccine Development. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030189. [PMID: 30832256 PMCID: PMC6471356 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses have been subjected to substantial engineering efforts to support gene therapy applications and vaccine development. Typically, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses rhabdoviruses, measles viruses, Newcastle disease viruses, and picornaviruses have been employed as expression vectors for treatment of various diseases including different types of cancers, hemophilia, and infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccination with viral vectors has evaluated immunogenicity against infectious agents and protection against challenges with pathogenic organisms. Several preclinical studies in animal models have confirmed both immune responses and protection against lethal challenges. Similarly, administration of RNA viral vectors in animals implanted with tumor xenografts resulted in tumor regression and prolonged survival, and in some cases complete tumor clearance. Based on preclinical results, clinical trials have been conducted to establish the safety of RNA virus delivery. Moreover, stem cell-based lentiviral therapy provided life-long production of factor VIII potentially generating a cure for hemophilia A. Several clinical trials on cancer patients have generated anti-tumor activity, prolonged survival, and even progression-free survival.
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A Novel Chimeric Oncolytic Virus Vector for Improved Safety and Efficacy as a Platform for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01386-18. [PMID: 30232179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01386-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses represent an exciting new aspect of the evolving field of cancer immunotherapy. We have engineered a novel hybrid vector comprising vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), named recombinant VSV-NDV (rVSV-NDV), wherein the VSV backbone is conserved but its glycoprotein has been replaced by the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the modified, hyperfusogenic fusion (F) envelope proteins of recombinant NDV. In comparison to wild-type VSV, which kills cells through a classical cytopathic effect, the recombinant virus is able to induce tumor-specific syncytium formation, allowing efficient cell-to-cell spread of the virus and a rapid onset of immunogenic cell death. Furthermore, the glycoprotein exchange substantially abrogates the off-target effects in brain and liver tissue associated with wild-type VSV, resulting in a markedly enhanced safety profile, even in immune-deficient NOD.CB17-prkdcscid/NCrCrl (NOD-SCID) mice, which are highly susceptible to wild-type VSV. Although NDV causes severe pathogenicity in its natural avian hosts, the incorporation of the envelope proteins in the chimeric rVSV-NDV vector is avirulent in embryonated chicken eggs. Finally, systemic administration of rVSV-NDV in orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-bearing immune-competent mice resulted in significant survival prolongation. This strategy, therefore, combines the beneficial properties of the rapidly replicating VSV platform with the highly efficient spread and immunogenic cell death of a fusogenic virus without risking the safety and environmental threats associated with either parental vector. Taking the data together, rVSV-NDV represents an attractive vector platform for clinical translation as a safe and effective oncolytic virus.IMPORTANCE The therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic viral therapy often comes as a tradeoff with safety, such that potent vectors are often associated with toxicity, while safer viruses tend to have attenuated therapeutic effects. Despite promising preclinical data, the development of VSV as a clinical agent has been substantially hampered by the fact that severe neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity have been observed in rodents and nonhuman primates in response to treatment with wild-type VSV. Although NDV has been shown to have an attractive safety profile in humans and to have promising oncolytic effects, its further development has been severely restricted due to the environmental risks that it poses. The hybrid rVSV-NDV vector, therefore, represents an extremely promising vector platform in that it has been rationally designed to be safe, with respect to both the recipient and the environment, while being simultaneously effective, both through its direct oncolytic actions and through induction of immunogenic cell death.
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36
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Yan Y, Liu S, Li M, Zhao Y, Shao X, Hang M, Bu X. Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing human IFN-λ1 (rL-hIFN-λ1)-induced apoptosis of A549 cells is connected to endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:1437-1452. [PMID: 30246439 PMCID: PMC6209783 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IFN-λs are a kind of cytokine with anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, and anti-proliferative activity. Recent studies have shown that the recombinant Newcastle disease virus expresses human IFN-λ1 (rL-hIFN-λ1), which plays a role in gastric cancer cell apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) induces autophagy and apoptosis in tumor cells. In this study, we explored the relationship between ERS and rL-hIFN-λ1-induced apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and its underlying mechanism. METHODS First, we investigated the effect of rL-hIFN-λ1 on cellular proliferation, migration, and proteins associated with ERS, autophagy, and apoptosis of A549. Second, after administration of the ERS inhibitor, the associated proteins induced by rL-hIFN-λ1 were detected. Finally, a subcutaneous mouse model was used to examine the effect of rL-hIFN-λ1 on tumor growth and the ERS and apoptosis associated proteins in tumor tissues. RESULTS The results showed that the proliferation and migration of A549 cells, and tumor tissue growth were significantly inhibited and the ERS, autophagy, and apoptosis associated proteins were upregulated in the experimental group. Additionally, both 4-PBA and knockdown of PERK or CHOP reduced the levels of rL-hIFN-λ1-induced autophagy and apoptosis-associated proteins. BCL-2 knockdown caused autophagy and apoptosis associated protein upregulation. CONCLUSIONS In summary, rL-hIFN-λ1 inhibited cell proliferation and activated ERS, autophagy, and apoptosis in A549 cells and tissues, and when ERS pathways were blocked, the inhibiting effect was even more pronounced. Therefore, the recombinant Newcastle disease virus rL-hIFN-λ1-induced apoptosis of A549 cells is connected to ER stress and could be a promising therapeutic agent for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Clinical Medicine College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Clinical Medicine College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mi Li
- Clinical Medicine College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yinghai Zhao
- Clinical Medicine College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- Clinical Medicine College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Hang
- Clinical Medicine College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Bu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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37
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Matuszewska K, Santry LA, van Vloten JP, AuYeung AWK, Major PP, Lawler J, Wootton SK, Bridle BW, Petrik J. Combining Vascular Normalization with an Oncolytic Virus Enhances Immunotherapy in a Preclinical Model of Advanced-Stage Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1624-1638. [PMID: 30206160 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intravenous delivery of oncolytic viruses often leads to tumor vascular shutdown, resulting in decreased tumor perfusion and elevated tumor hypoxia. We hypothesized that using 3TSR to normalize tumor vasculature prior to administration of an oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) would enhance virus delivery and trafficking of immunologic cell subsets to the tumor core, resulting in systemically enhanced immunotherapy and regression of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using an orthotopic, syngeneic mouse model of advanced-stage EOC, we pretreated mice with 3TSR (4 mg/kg per day) alone or followed by combination with fusogenic NDV(F3aa) (1.0 × 108 plaque-forming units). RESULTS Treatment with 3TSR normalized tumor vasculature, enhanced blood perfusion of primary EOC tumors, and induced disease regression. Animals treated with combination therapy had the greatest reduction in primary tumor mass, ascites accumulation, and secondary lesions (50% of mice were completely devoid of peritoneal metastases). Combining 3TSR + NDV(F3aa) led to enhanced trafficking of immunologic cells into the primary tumor core. CONCLUSIONS We have shown, for the first time, that NDV, like other oncolytic viruses, is a potent mediator of acute vascular shutdown and that preventing this through vascular normalization can promote regression in a preclinical model of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. This challenges the current focus on induction of intravascular thrombosis as a requisite for successful oncolytic virotherapy.See related commentary by Bykov and Zamarin, p. 1446.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda W K AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre P Major
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack Lawler
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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38
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Hu H, Roth JP, Yu Q. Generation of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing two foreign genes for use as a multivalent vaccine and gene therapy vector. Vaccine 2018; 36:4846-4850. [PMID: 30037477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been used as a vector in the development of vaccines and gene therapy. A majority of these NDV vectors express only a single foreign gene through either an independent transcription unit (ITU) or an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). In the present study, we combined the ITU and IRES methods to generate a novel NDV LaSota strain-based recombinant virus vectoring the red fluorescence protein (RFP) and the green fluorescence protein (GFP) genes. Biological assessments of the recombinant virus, rLS/IRES-RFP/GFP, showed that it was slightly attenuated in vivo, yet maintained similar growth dynamics and viral yields in vitro when compared to the parental LaSota virus. Expression of both the RFP and GFP was detected from the rLS/IRES-RFP/GFP virus-infected DF-1 cells by fluorescence microscopy. These data suggest that the rLS/IRES-RFP/GFP virus may be used as a multivalent vector for the development of vaccines and gene therapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jason P Roth
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Qingzhong Yu
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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39
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Fusogenic Viruses in Oncolytic Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070216. [PMID: 29949934 PMCID: PMC6070779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are under intense development and have earned their place among the novel class of cancer immunotherapeutics that are changing the face of cancer therapy. Their ability to specifically infect and efficiently kill tumor cells, while breaking immune tolerance and mediating immune responses directed against the tumor, make oncolytic viruses highly attractive candidates for immunotherapy. Increasing evidence indicates that a subclass of oncolytic viruses, which encodes for fusion proteins, could outperform non-fusogenic viruses, both in their direct oncolytic potential, as well as their immune-stimulatory properties. Tumor cell infection with these viruses leads to characteristic syncytia formation and cell death due to fusion, as infected cells become fused with neighboring cells, which promotes intratumoral spread of the infection and releases additional immunogenic signals. In this review, we discuss the potential of fusogenic oncolytic viruses as optimal candidates to enhance immunotherapy and initiate broad antitumor responses. We provide an overview of the cytopathic mechanism of syncytia formation through viral-mediated expression of fusion proteins, either endogenous or engineered, and their benefits for cancer therapy. Growing evidence indicates that fusogenicity could be an important feature to consider in the design of optimal oncolytic virus platforms for combinatorial oncolytic immunotherapy.
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40
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Matveeva OV, Kochneva GV, Zainutdinov SS, Ilyinskaya GV, Chumakov PM. Oncolytic Paramyxoviruses: Mechanism of Action, Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331803010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Takamura-Ishii M, Nakaya T, Hagiwara K. Regulation of Constitutive Interferon-Stimulated Genes (Isgs) in Tumor Cells Contributes to Enhanced Antitumor Response of Newcastle Disease Virus-Infected Tumor Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060186. [PMID: 29882780 PMCID: PMC6024929 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an oncolytic virus. As immunogenicity of tumor cells is enhanced by NDV infection, recombinant NDV-infected tumor vaccines (rNDV-TV) are effective methods for inducing specific immunity. However, several tumor cells resist NDV infection, and tumor specific immunity is not sufficiently induced by rNDV-TV. Therefore, we clarified the factor contributing to the suppression of NDV infection and attempted to improve rNDV-TV. Initially we investigated the correlation between the NDV infection rate and interferon-related gene expression in six murine tumor cell lines. A significant negative correlation was observed between the constitutive gene expression of Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and NDV infectivity. The NDV infection rate was examined in each tumor cell treated with the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor ruxolitinib (Rux). Furthermore, we evaluated the Th1 response induction by Rux-treated rNDV-TV (rNDV-TV-Rux). In Rux-treated tumor cells, Oasl2 gene expression was significantly decreased and viral infectivity was increased. In immunized mice, the number of CD8+ cells, and those expressing the IFN-γ gene, were significantly increased as compared with Rux-untreated rNDV-TV. The infectivity of the virus was dependent on the degree of ISGs expression in tumor cells. To remedy for this problem, rNDV-TV-Rux was expected to have a Th1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Takamura-Ishii
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Katsuro Hagiwara
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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de Graaf JF, de Vor L, Fouchier RAM, van den Hoogen BG. Armed oncolytic viruses: A kick-start for anti-tumor immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:28-39. [PMID: 29576283 PMCID: PMC7108398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs), viruses that specifically result in killing tumor cells, represent a promising class of cancer therapy. Recently, the focus in the OV therapy field has shifted from their direct oncolytic effect to their immune stimulatory effect. OV therapy can function as a "kick start" for the antitumor immune response by releasing tumor associated antigens and release of inflammatory signals. Combining OVs with immune modulators could enhance the efficacy of both immune and OV therapies. Additionally, genetic engineering of OVs allows local expression of immune therapeutics, thereby reducing related toxicities. Different options to modify the tumor microenvironment in combination with OV therapy have been explored. The possibilities and obstacles of these combinations will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - L de Vor
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - R A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nguyen T, Avci NG, Shin DH, Martinez-Velez N, Jiang H. Tune Up In Situ Autovaccination against Solid Tumors with Oncolytic Viruses. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E171. [PMID: 29857493 PMCID: PMC6025332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the progress of immunotherapy in cancer, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted more and more attention during the past decade. Due to their cancer-selective and immunogenic properties, OVs are considered ideal candidates to be combined with immunotherapy to increase both specificity and efficacy in cancer treatment. OVs preferentially replicate in and lyse cancer cells, resulting in in situ autovaccination leading to adaptive anti-virus and anti-tumor immunity. The main challenge in OV approaches is how to redirect the host immunity from anti-virus to anti-tumor and optimize the clinical outcome of cancer patients. Here, we summarize the conceptual updates on oncolytic virotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer, and the development of strategies to enhance the virus-mediated anti-tumor immune response, including: (1) arm OVs with cytokines to modulate innate and adaptive immunity; (2) combining OVs with immune checkpoint inhibitors to release T cell inhibition; (3) combining OVs with immune co-stimulators to enhance T cell activation. Future studies need to be enforced on developing strategies to augment the systemic effect on metastasized tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Nguyen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Naze G Avci
- Neurosurgery Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Sui H, Wang K, Xie R, Li X, Li K, Bai Y, Wang X, Bai B, Chen D, Li J, Shen B. NDV-D90 suppresses growth of gastric cancer and cancer-related vascularization. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34516-34524. [PMID: 28388537 PMCID: PMC5470987 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest promises on using oncolytic Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) to treat different cancers, while the effects of a NDV-D90 strain on gastric cancer remain unknown. Here we showed that NDV-D90 induced gastric cancer cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in 3 gastric cancer cell lines BGC-823, SGC-7901 and MKN-28. Pronounced reduction in cell invasion was detected in NDV-D90-treated BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells, but not in MKN-28 cells. The increases in cell apoptosis and reduction in cell growth in NDV-D90-treated gastric cancer cells seemingly resulted from augmentation of p38 signaling and suppression of ERK1/2 and Akt signaling. In vivo, orthotopic injection of NDV-D90 impaired tumor growth and induced intratumoral necrosis. Tumor cells that had been pre-treated with NDV-D90 showed defect in development of implanted tumor. Moreover, NDV-D90 appeared to reduce gastric tumor vascularization, possibly through suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor A and Matrix Metallopeptidase 2. Together, our data suggest that NDV-D90 may have potential anti-cancer effects on gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Kaibing Wang
- Department of Intervention, The Second Hospital Affiliated Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xi Li
- Division of Swine Disease, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Medicine, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Division of Swine Disease, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Medicine, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yuxian Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xishan Wang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bin Bai
- Department of Intervention, The Second Hospital Affiliated Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiazhuang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Baozhong Shen
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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45
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Sahu SK, Kumar M. Application of Oncolytic Virus as a Therapy of Cancer. Microb Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7140-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Santry LA, McAusland TM, Susta L, Wood GA, Major PP, Petrik JJ, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Production and Purification of High-Titer Newcastle Disease Virus for Use in Preclinical Mouse Models of Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 9:181-191. [PMID: 29556508 PMCID: PMC5854916 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Although primarily an avian pathogen, NDV is a potent oncolytic virus that has been shown to be safe and effective in a variety of preclinical cancer models and human clinical trials. To produce virus for oncolytic trials, NDV is commonly amplified in embryonated chicken eggs and purified from the allantoic fluid. Conventional methods for purifying virus from allantoic fluid often result in relatively low-titer preparations containing high levels of impurities, including immunogenic chicken host cell proteins from allantoic fluid. However, large quantities of virus need to be delivered intravenously to administer oncolytic NDV systemically to mice. This route of administration requires virus preparations that are both highly concentrated (to enable delivery of small volumes) and highly pure (to limit toxic effects from contaminants). Given the accumulation of promising preclinical and clinical data demonstrating the efficacy of NDV as an oncolytic agent, strategies for increasing the titer and purity of NDV preparations are sorely needed to allow for effective intravenous administration in mice. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the rescue, production, and purification of high-titer in vivo-grade NDV for preclinical studies in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas M McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Pierre P Major
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Jim J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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47
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Genetically engineered oncolytic Newcastle disease virus mediates cytolysis of prostate cancer stem like cells. J Biotechnol 2017; 260:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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48
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Masemann D, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S. Employing RNA viruses to fight cancer: novel insights into oncolytic virotherapy. Biol Chem 2017; 398:891-909. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Within recent decades, viruses that specifically target tumor cells have emerged as novel therapeutic agents against cancer. These viruses do not only act via their cell-lytic properties, but also harbor immunostimulatory features to re-direct the tumor microenvironment and stimulate tumor-directed immune responses. Furthermore, oncolytic viruses are considered to be superior to classical cancer therapies due to higher selectivity towards tumor cell destruction and, consequently, less collateral damage of non-transformed healthy tissue. In particular, the field of oncolytic RNA viruses is rapidly developing since these agents possess alternative tumor-targeting strategies compared to established oncolytic DNA viruses. Thus, oncolytic RNA viruses have broadened the field of virotherapy facilitating new strategies to fight cancer. In addition to several naturally occurring oncolytic viruses, genetically modified RNA viruses that are armed to express foreign factors such as immunostimulatory molecules have been successfully tested in early clinical trials showing promising efficacy. This review aims to provide an overview of the most promising RNA viruses in clinical development, to summarize the current knowledge of clinical trials using these viral agents, and to discuss the main issues as well as future perspectives of clinical approaches using oncolytic RNA viruses.
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Evaluation of the oncolytic potential of R 2B Mukteshwar vaccine strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in a colon cancer cell line (SW-620). Arch Virol 2017; 162:2705-2713. [PMID: 28578522 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Virotherapy is emerging as an alternative treatment of cancer. Among the candidate oncolytic viruses (OVs), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has emerged as a promising non-engineered OV. In the present communication, we explored the oncolytic potential of R2B Mukteshwar strain of NDV using SW-620 colon cancer cells. SW-620 cells were xenografted in nude mice and after evaluation of the safety profile, 1 x 107 plaque forming units (PFU) of NDV were inoculated as virotherapeutic agent via the intratumoral (I/T) and intravenous (I/V) route. Tumor growth inhibition was compared with their respective control groups by gross volume and histopathological evaluation. Antibody titer and virus survival were measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI)/serum neutralization test (SNT) and real-time PCR, respectively. During the safety trial, the test strain did not produce any abnormal symptoms nor weight loss in BALB/c mice. Significant tumor lytic activity was evident when viruses were injected via the I/T route. There was a 43 and 57% tumor growth inhibition on absolute and relative tumor volume basis, respectively, compared with mock control. On the same basis, the I/V route treatment resulted in 40 and 16% of inhibition, respectively. Histopathological examination revealed that the virus caused apoptosis, followed by necrosis, but immune cell infiltration was not remarkable. The virus survived in 2/2 mice until day 10 and in 3/6 mice by day 19, with both routes of administration. Anti-NDV antibodies were generated at moderate level and the titer reached a maximum of 1:32 and 1:64 via the I/T and I/V routes, respectively. In conclusion, the test NDV strain was found to be safe and showed oncolytic activity against the SW-620 cell line in mice.
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Zhang T, Suryawanshi YR, Woyczesczyk HM, Essani K. Targeting Melanoma with Cancer-Killing Viruses. Open Virol J 2017; 11:28-47. [PMID: 28567163 PMCID: PMC5420172 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer with ever-increasing incidence. Despite the development in diagnostics and therapies, metastatic melanoma is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a class of novel therapeutic agents for cancer by possessing two closely related properties for tumor reduction: virus-induced lysis of tumor cells and induction of host anti-tumor immune responses. A variety of viruses, either in "natural" or in genetically modified forms, have exhibited a remarkable therapeutic efficacy in regressing melanoma in experimental and/or clinical studies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of these viruses, which involve manipulating and targeting the abnormalities of melanoma, and can be categorized as enhancing viral tropism, targeting the tumor microenvironment and increasing the innate and adaptive antitumor responses. Additionally, this review describes the "biomarkers" and deregulated pathways of melanoma that are responsible for melanoma initiation, progression and metastasis. Advances in understanding these abnormalities of melanoma have resulted in effective targeted and immuno-therapies, and could potentially be applied for engineering OVs with enhanced oncolytic activity in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Yogesh R. Suryawanshi
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Helene M. Woyczesczyk
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Karim Essani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
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