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Santry LA, van Vloten JP, AuYeung AWK, Mould RC, Yates JGE, McAusland TM, Petrik JJ, Major PP, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Recombinant Newcastle disease viruses expressing immunological checkpoint inhibitors induce a pro-inflammatory state and enhance tumor-specific immune responses in two murine models of cancer. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1325558. [PMID: 38328418 PMCID: PMC10847535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1325558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor microenvironments are immunosuppressive due to progressive accumulation of mutations in cancer cells that can drive expression of a range of inhibitory ligands and cytokines, and recruitment of immunomodulatory cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor-associated macrophages, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Methods To reverse this immunosuppression, we engineered mesogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to express immunological checkpoint inhibitors anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and soluble programmed death protein-1. Results Intratumoral administration of recombinant NDV (rNDV) to mice bearing intradermal B16-F10 melanomas or subcutaneous CT26LacZ colon carcinomas led to significant changes in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte profiles. Vectorizing immunological checkpoint inhibitors in NDV increased activation of intratumoral natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells and decreased Tregs and MDSCs, suggesting induction of a pro-inflammatory state with greater infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells. These notable changes translated to higher ratios of activated effector/suppressor tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in both cancer models, which is a promising prognostic marker. Whereas all rNDV-treated groups showed evidence of tumor regression and increased survival in the CT26LacZ and B16-F10, only treatment with NDV expressing immunological checkpoint blockades led to complete responses compared to tumors treated with NDV only. Discussion These data demonstrated that NDV expressing immunological checkpoint inhibitors could reverse the immunosuppressive state of tumor microenvironments and enhance tumor-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda W. K. AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Robert C. Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob G. E. Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas M. McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - James J. Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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2
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Thomas SP, Domm JM, van Vloten JP, Xu L, Vadivel A, Yates JGE, Pei Y, Ingrao J, van Lieshout LP, Jackson SR, Minott JA, Achuthan A, Mehrani Y, McAusland TM, Zhang W, Karimi K, Vaughan AE, de Jong J, Kang MH, Thebaud B, Wootton SK. A promoterless AAV6.2FF-based lung gene editing platform for the correction of surfactant protein B deficiency. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3457-3477. [PMID: 37805711 PMCID: PMC10727957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein B (SP-B) deficiency is a rare genetic disease that causes fatal respiratory failure within the first year of life. Currently, the only corrective treatment is lung transplantation. Here, we co-transduced the murine lung with adeno-associated virus 6.2FF (AAV6.2FF) vectors encoding a SaCas9-guide RNA nuclease or donor template to mediate insertion of promoterless reporter genes or the (murine) Sftpb gene in frame with the endogenous surfactant protein C (SP-C) gene, without disrupting SP-C expression. Intranasal administration of 3 × 1011 vg donor template and 1 × 1011 vg nuclease consistently edited approximately 6% of lung epithelial cells. Frequency of gene insertion increased in a dose-dependent manner, reaching 20%-25% editing efficiency with the highest donor template and nuclease doses tested. We next evaluated whether this promoterless gene editing platform could extend survival in the conditional SP-B knockout mouse model. Administration of 1 × 1012 vg SP-B-donor template and 5 × 1011 vg nuclease significantly extended median survival (p = 0.0034) from 5 days in the untreated off doxycycline group to 16 days in the donor AAV and nuclease group, with one gene-edited mouse living 243 days off doxycycline. This AAV6.2FF-based gene editing platform has the potential to correct SP-B deficiency, as well as other disorders of alveolar type II cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia P Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jakob M Domm
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Liqun Xu
- Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Arul Vadivel
- Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Jacob G E Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Joelle Ingrao
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Sergio R Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adithya Achuthan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Yeganeh Mehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas M McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Martin H Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Bernard Thebaud
- Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Minott JA, van Vloten JP, Yates JGE, Chan L, Wood GA, Viloria-Petit AM, Karimi K, Petrik JJ, Wootton SK, Bridle BW. Multiplex flow cytometry-based assay for quantifying tumor- and virus-associated antibodies induced by immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038340. [PMID: 36466867 PMCID: PMC9708883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel immunotherapies continue to be developed and tested for application against a plethora of diseases. The clinical translation of immunotherapies requires an understanding of their mechanisms. The contributions of antibodies in driving long-term responses following immunotherapies continue to be revealed given their diverse effector functions. Developing an in-depth understanding of the role of antibodies in treatment efficacy is required to optimize immunotherapies and improve the chance of successfully translating them into the clinic. However, analyses of antibody responses can be challenging in the context of antigen-agnostic immunotherapies, particularly in the context of cancers that lack pre-defined target antigens. As such, robust methods are needed to evaluate the capacity of a given immunotherapy to induce beneficial antibody responses, and to identify any therapy-limiting antibodies. We previously developed a comprehensive method for detecting antibody responses induced by antigen-agnostic immunotherapies for application in pre-clinical models of vaccinology and cancer therapy. Here, we extend this method to a high-throughput, flow cytometry-based assay able to identify and quantify isotype-specific virus- and tumor-associated antibody responses induced by immunotherapies using small sample volumes with rapid speed and high sensitivity. This method provides a valuable and flexible protocol for investigating antibody responses induced by immunotherapies, which researchers can use to expand their analyses and optimize their own treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jacob G. E. Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lily Chan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - James J. Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON, Canada
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Minott JA, van Vloten JP, Chan L, Mehrani Y, Bridle BW, Karimi K. The Role of Neutrophils in Oncolytic Orf Virus-Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182858. [PMID: 36139433 PMCID: PMC9496759 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate leukocytes with diverse effector functions that allow them to respond to pathogens rapidly. Accumulating evidence has highlighted these cells’ complex roles in the host’s response to viral infections and tumor progression. Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as a promising treatment modality in the armamentarium of cancer therapeutics. Oncolytic viruses preferentially kill cancer cells and stimulate tumor-associated inflammation, resulting in tumor regression. Assessing the activity of individual effector cell subsets following oncolytic virotherapy is important in identifying their contribution to antitumor immunity. In this study, we investigated the role of neutrophils in oncolytic Orf-virus-mediated immunotherapy in a murine model of pulmonary melanoma metastases. The systemic administration of the Orf virus stimulated a dramatic increase in the number of leukocytes in circulation and within the tumor microenvironment, most of which were neutrophils. Analysis of tumor-burdened lungs shortly after therapy revealed significant numbers of phenotypically immature neutrophils, with the enhanced expression of molecules affiliated with activation, migration, and cytotoxicity. Neutrophils stimulated by Orf virus therapy were directly tumoricidal through tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated effects and were required for optimal antitumor efficacy following Orf virus therapy. Taken together, these data reveal neutrophils as a crucial innate effector to consider when investigating oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Byram W. Bridle
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
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5
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van Vloten JP, Matuszewska K, Minow MAA, Minott JA, Santry LA, Pereira M, Stegelmeier AA, McAusland TM, Klafuric EM, Karimi K, Colasanti J, McFadden DG, Petrik JJ, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Oncolytic Orf virus licenses NK cells via cDC1 to activate innate and adaptive antitumor mechanisms and extends survival in a murine model of late-stage ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004335. [PMID: 35296558 PMCID: PMC8928368 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapies are needed to improve outcomes for women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Oncolytic viruses are multifunctional immunotherapeutic biologics that preferentially infect cancer cells and stimulate inflammation with the potential to generate antitumor immunity. Herein we describe Parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus (OrfV)), an oncolytic poxvirus, as a viral immunotherapy for ovarian cancer. METHODS The immunotherapeutic potential of OrfV was tested in the ID8 orthotopic mouse model of end-stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Immune cell profiling, impact on secondary lesion development and survival were evaluated in OrfV-treated mice as well as in Batf3 knockout, mice depleted of specific immune cell subsets and in mice where the primary tumor was removed. Finally, we interrogated gene expression datasets from primary human ovarian tumors from the International Cancer Genome Consortium database to determine whether the interplay we observed between natural killer (NK) cells, classical type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) and T cells exists and influences outcomes in human ovarian cancer. RESULTS OrfV was an effective monotherapy in a murine model of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. OrfV intervention relied on NK cells, which when depleted abrogated antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses. OrfV therapy was shown to require cDC1s in experiments with BATF3 knockout mice, which do not have mature cDC1s. Furthermore, cDC1s governed antitumor NK and T-cell responses to mediate antitumor efficacy following OrfV. Primary tumor removal, a common treatment option in human patients, was effectively combined with OrfV for optimal therapeutic outcome. Analysis of human RNA sequencing datasets revealed that cDC1s correlate with NK cells in human ovarian cancer and that intratumoral NK cells correlate positively with survival. CONCLUSIONS The data herein support the translational potential of OrfV as an NK stimulating immunotherapeutic for the treatment of advanced-stage ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A A Minow
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madison Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Thomas M McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine M Klafuric
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Colasanti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Grant McFadden
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Stegelmeier AA, Santry LA, Guilleman MM, Matuszewska K, Minott JA, Yates JGE, Stevens BAY, Thomas SP, Vanderkamp S, Hanada K, Pei Y, Rghei AD, van Vloten JP, Pereira M, Thompson B, Major PP, Petrik JJ, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. AAV-Vectored Expression of the Vascular Normalizing Agents 3TSR and Fc3TSR, and the Anti-Angiogenic Bevacizumab Extends Survival in a Murine Model of End-Stage Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020362. [PMID: 35203573 PMCID: PMC8962366 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy. The lack of effective treatments highlights the need for novel therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sustained adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated expression of vascular normalizing agents 3TSR and Fc3TSR and the antiangiogenic monoclonal antibody, Bevacizumab, with or without oncolytic virus treatment would improve survival in an orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. AAV vectors were administered 40 days post-tumor implantation and combined with oncolytic avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOaV-1) 20 days later, at the peak of AAV-transgene expression, to ascertain whether survival could be extended. Flow cytometry conducted on blood samples, taken at an acute time point post-AOaV-1 administration (36 h), revealed a significant increase in activated NK cells in the blood of all mice that received AOaV-1. T cell analysis revealed a significant increase in CD8+ tumor specific T cells in the blood of AAV-Bevacizumab+AOaV-1 treated mice compared to control mice 10 days post AOaV-1 administration. Immunohistochemical staining of primary tumors harvested from a subset of mice euthanized 90 days post tumor implantation, when mice typically have large primary tumors, secondary peritoneal lesions, and extensive ascites fluid production, revealed that AAV-3TSR, AAV-Fc3TSR+AOaV-1, or AAV-Bevacizumab+AOaV-1 treated mice had significantly more tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells than PBS controls. Despite AAV-mediated transgene expression waning faster in tumor-bearing mice than in non-tumor bearing mice, all three of the AAV therapies significantly extended survival compared to control mice; with AAV-Bevacizumab performing the best in this model. However, combining AAV therapies with a single dose of AOaV-1 did not lead to significant extensions in survival compared to AAV therapies on their own, suggesting that additional doses of AOaV-1 may be required to improve efficacy in this model. These results suggest that vectorizing anti-angiogenic and vascular normalizing agents is a viable therapeutic option that warrants further investigation, including optimizing combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. Stegelmeier
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Lisa A. Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Matthew M. Guilleman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (M.P.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Jessica A. Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Jacob G. E. Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Brenna A. Y. Stevens
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Sylvia P. Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Sierra Vanderkamp
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Kiersten Hanada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Amira D. Rghei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Madison Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (M.P.); (J.J.P.)
| | | | - Pierre P. Major
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada;
| | - James J. Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (M.P.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.A.S.); (L.A.S.); (M.M.G.); (J.A.M.); (J.G.E.Y.); (B.A.Y.S.); (S.P.T.); (S.V.); (K.H.); (Y.P.); (A.D.R.); (J.P.v.V.); (B.W.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-824-4210 (ext. 54729)
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Mould RC, van Vloten JP, AuYeung AWK, Walsh SR, de Jong J, Susta L, Mutsaers AJ, Petrik JJ, Wood GA, Wootton SK, Karimi K, Bridle BW. Using a Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategy That Proved Effective for High Resolution Epitope Mapping to Characterize the Elusive Immunogenicity of Survivin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246270. [PMID: 34944889 PMCID: PMC8699342 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The generation of tumor-specific T cells remains a pillar of modern cancer immunotherapy. Exogenous vaccines often rely on targeting tumor-associated antigens. The anti-apoptotic protein survivin has been deemed a high priority target due to its overexpression in a wide variety of tumor types. To support the analysis of tumor-associated T cell responses, optimization of epitope mapping would be valuable. A heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy was designed to target survivin to induce anti-tumor immune responses. However, survivin-specific T cell responses could not be detected in mice. Potential mechanisms to explain this failure were explored. To confirm the robustness of the vaccination platform, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was targeted since it has been defined as a protein with relatively low immunogenicity. In this context the vaccination strategy uncovered novel T cell epitopes from eGFP in two strains of mice. This research highlighted the utility of the vaccine platform to triage potential target antigens based on their immunogenicity. Abstract Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins and has been reported to be highly expressed in a variety of cancer types, making it a high priority target for cancer vaccination. We previously described a heterologous prime-boost strategy using a replication-deficient adenovirus, followed by an oncolytic rhabdovirus that generates unprecedented antigen-specific T cell responses. We engineered each vector to express a mutated version of full-length murine survivin. We first sought to uncover the complete epitope map for survivin-specific T cell responses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice by flow cytometry. However, no T cell responses were detected by intracellular cytokine staining after re-stimulation of T cells. Survivin has been found to be expressed by activated T cells, which could theoretically cause T cell-mediated killing of activated T cells, known as fratricide. We were unable to recapitulate this phenomenon in experiments. Interestingly, the inactivated survivin construct has been previously shown to directly kill tumor cells in vitro. However, there was no evidence in our models of induction of death in antigen-presenting cells due to treatment with a survivin-expressing vector. Using the same recombinant virus-vectored prime-boost strategy targeting the poorly immunogenic enhanced green fluorescent protein proved to be a highly sensitive method for mapping T cell epitopes, particularly in the context of identifying novel epitopes recognized by CD4+ T cells. Overall, these results suggested there may be unusually robust tolerance to survivin in commonly used mouse strains that cannot be broken, even when using a particularly potent vaccination platform. However, the vaccination method shows great promise as a strategy for identifying novel and subdominant T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Amanda W. K. AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Scott R. Walsh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8S 3L8, Canada;
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Anthony J. Mutsaers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.J.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - James J. Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.J.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.C.M.); (J.P.v.V.); (A.W.K.A.); (J.d.J.); (L.S.); (G.A.W.); (S.K.W.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +51-9824-4120 (ext. 54657)
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8
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van Vloten JP, Minott JA, McAusland TM, Ingrao JC, Santry LA, McFadden G, Petrik JJ, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Production and purification of high-titer OrfV for preclinical studies in vaccinology and cancer therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:434-447. [PMID: 34786436 PMCID: PMC8579082 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses have been used extensively as vaccine vectors for human and veterinary medicine and have recently entered the clinical realm as immunotherapies for cancer. We present a comprehensive method for producing high-quality lots of the poxvirus Parapoxvirus ovis (OrfV) for use in preclinical models of vaccinology and cancer therapy. OrfV is produced using a permissive sheep skin-derived cell line and is released from infected cells by repeated freeze-thaw combined with sonication. We present two methods for isolation and purification of bulk virus. Isolated virus is concentrated to high titer using polyethylene glycol to produce the final in vivo-grade product. We also describe methods for quantifying OrfV infectious virions and determining genomic copy number to evaluate virus stocks. The methods herein will provide researchers with the ability to produce high-quality, high-titer OrfV for use in preclinical studies, and support the translation of OrfV-derived technologies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas M McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Joelle C Ingrao
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Grant McFadden
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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9
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AuYeung AWK, Mould RC, Stegelmeier AA, van Vloten JP, Karimi K, Woods JP, Petrik JJ, Wood GA, Bridle BW. Mechanisms that allow vaccination against an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus-encoded transgene to enhance safety without abrogating oncolysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15290. [PMID: 34315959 PMCID: PMC8316323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination can prevent viral infections via virus-specific T cells, among other mechanisms. A goal of oncolytic virotherapy is replication of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in tumors, so pre-existing T cell immunity against an OV-encoded transgene would seem counterproductive. We developed a treatment for melanomas by pre-vaccinating against an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-encoded tumor antigen. Surprisingly, when the VSV-vectored booster vaccine was administered at the peak of the primary effector T cell response, oncolysis was not abrogated. We sought to determine how oncolysis was retained during a robust T cell response against the VSV-encoded transgene product. A murine melanoma model was used to identify two mechanisms that enable this phenomenon. First, tumor-infiltrating T cells had reduced cytopathic potential due to immunosuppression. Second, virus-induced lymphopenia acutely removed virus-specific T cells from tumors. These mechanisms provide a window of opportunity for replication of oncolytic VSV and rationale for a paradigm change in oncolytic virotherapy, whereby immune responses could be intentionally induced against a VSV-encoded melanoma-associated antigen to improve safety without abrogating oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W K AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robert C Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ashley A Stegelmeier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Paul Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Rm. 4834, Bldg. 89, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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10
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Santry LA, van Vloten JP, Knapp JP, Matuszewska K, McAusland TM, Minott JA, Mould RC, Stegelmeier AA, Major PP, Wootton SK, Petrik JJ, Bridle BW. Tumour vasculature: Friend or foe of oncolytic viruses? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:69-82. [PMID: 32893095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades there have been substantial advances in understanding the anti-cancer mechanisms of oncolytic viruses (OVs). OVs can mediate their effects directly, by preferentially infecting and killing tumour cells. Additionally, OVs can indirectly generate anti-tumour immune responses. These differing mechanisms have led to a paradoxical divergence in strategies employed to further increase the potency of oncolytic virotherapies. On one hand, the tumour neovasculature is seen as a vital lifeline to the survival of the tumour, leading some to use OVs to target the tumour vasculature in hopes to starve cancers. Therapeutics causing vascular collapse can potentiate tumour hypoxia, nutrient restriction and pro-inflammatory cytokine release, which has shown promise in oncological studies. On the other hand, the same vasculature plays an important role for the dissemination of OVs, trafficking of effector cells and other therapeutics, which has prompted researchers to find ways of normalizing the vasculature to enhance infiltration of leukocytes and delivery of therapeutic agents. This article describes the recent developments of therapies aimed to shut down versus normalize tumour vasculature in order to inform researchers striving to optimize OV-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jason P Knapp
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Thomas M McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Robert C Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Ashley A Stegelmeier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Pierre P Major
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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11
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Kang MH, van Lieshout LP, Xu L, Domm JM, Vadivel A, Renesme L, Mühlfeld C, Hurskainen M, Mižíková I, Pei Y, van Vloten JP, Thomas SP, Milazzo C, Cyr-Depauw C, Whitsett JA, Nogee LM, Wootton SK, Thébaud B. A lung tropic AAV vector improves survival in a mouse model of surfactant B deficiency. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3929. [PMID: 32764559 PMCID: PMC7414154 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein B (SP-B) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that impairs surfactant homeostasis and manifests as lethal respiratory distress. A compelling argument exists for gene therapy to treat this disease, as de novo protein synthesis of SP-B in alveolar type 2 epithelial cells is required for proper surfactant production. Here we report a rationally designed adeno-associated virus (AAV) 6 capsid that demonstrates efficiency in lung epithelial cell transduction based on imaging and flow cytometry analysis. Intratracheal administration of this vector delivering murine or human proSFTPB cDNA into SP-B deficient mice restores surfactant homeostasis, prevents lung injury, and improves lung physiology. Untreated SP-B deficient mice develop fatal respiratory distress within two days. Gene therapy results in an improvement in median survival to greater than 200 days. This vector also transduces human lung tissue, demonstrating its potential for clinical translation against this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Kang
- Sinclair Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Laura P van Lieshout
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Liqun Xu
- Sinclair Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jakob M Domm
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Arul Vadivel
- Sinclair Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Laurent Renesme
- Sinclair Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Hurskainen
- Sinclair Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ivana Mižíková
- Sinclair Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sylvia P Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Claudia Milazzo
- Sinclair Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Chanèle Cyr-Depauw
- Sinclair Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Divisions of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Lawrence M Nogee
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Bernard Thébaud
- Sinclair Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
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12
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Rosales Gerpe MC, van Lieshout LP, Domm JM, van Vloten JP, Datu J, Ingrao JC, Yu DL, de Jong J, Moraes TJ, Krell PJ, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Optimized Pre-Clinical Grade Production of Two Novel Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Lung Gene Delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:459-471. [PMID: 32000531 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung gene therapy requires efficient transduction of slow-replicating epithelia and stable expression of delivered transgenes in the respiratory tract. Lentiviral (LV) vectors have the ideal coding, expression, and transducing capacity required for gene therapy. A modified envelope glycoprotein from the Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus, termed Jenv, is well suited for LV-mediated lung gene therapy due to its inherent lung tropism. Here, two novel Jenv-pseudotyped LVs that effectively transduce lung tissue and yield titers similar to the gold standard, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped LVs, were generated. As the concentration efficiency of LVs was found to depend on envelope pseudotype, a large-scale production method tailored for Jenv-pseudotyped LVs was developed and the most appropriate method of concentration was determined. In contrast to VSVg and Ebola virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped LVs, ultracentrifugation through a sucrose cushion drastically reduced the yield of Jenv LVs, whereas polyethylene glycol precipitation and tangential flow filtration (TFF) proved to be more suitable methods for concentrating Jenv LVs. Importantly, pressure during TFF was found to be crucial for increasing LV recovery. Finally, a unique mouse model was developed to test the suitability of these novel Jenv-pseudotyped LVs for use in lung gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Rosales Gerpe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Laura P van Lieshout
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jakob M Domm
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jodre Datu
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Joelle C Ingrao
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Darrick L Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter J Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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13
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van Vloten JP, Klafuric EM, Karimi K, McFadden G, Petrik JJ, Wootton SK, Bridle BW. Quantifying Antibody Responses Induced by Antigen-Agnostic Immunotherapies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2019; 14:189-196. [PMID: 31388514 PMCID: PMC6677899 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the development and clinical application of cancer immunotherapies continue to expand, so does the need for novel methods to dissect their mechanisms of action. Antibodies are important effector molecules in cancer therapies due to their potential to bind directly to surface-expressed antigens and facilitate Fc receptor-mediated uptake of antigens by antigen-presenting cells. Quantifying antibodies that are specific for defined antigens is straightforward. However, we describe herein a preclinical method to evaluate tumor-associated and virus-specific antibody responses to antigen-agnostic immunotherapies. This method uses autologous tumor cells as reservoirs of bulk tumor antigens, which can be bound by antibodies from the serum or plasma of tumor-bearing mice. These antibodies can then be detected and quantified using isotype-specific secondary antibodies conjugated to a fluorochrome. Alternatively, virus-infected cells can be used as a source of viral antigens. This method will enable researchers to assess antibody responses following immunotherapies without requiring pre-defined antigens. Alternatively, total virus-specific antibody responses could be studied as an alternative to more limited virus-neutralizing antibody assays. Therefore, this method can facilitate studying the role of humoral responses in the context of immunotherapies, including those that rely on the use of viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elaine M Klafuric
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Grant McFadden
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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14
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Stegelmeier AA, van Vloten JP, Mould RC, Klafuric EM, Minott JA, Wootton SK, Bridle BW, Karimi K. Myeloid Cells during Viral Infections and Inflammation. Viruses 2019; 11:E168. [PMID: 30791481 PMCID: PMC6410039 DOI: 10.3390/v11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells represent a diverse range of innate leukocytes that are crucial for mounting successful immune responses against viruses. These cells are responsible for detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns, thereby initiating a signaling cascade that results in the production of cytokines such as interferons to mitigate infections. The aim of this review is to outline recent advances in our knowledge of the roles that neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes play in initiating and coordinating host responses against viral infections. A focus is placed on myeloid cell development, trafficking and antiviral mechanisms. Although known for promoting inflammation, there is a growing body of literature which demonstrates that myeloid cells can also play critical regulatory or immunosuppressive roles, especially following the elimination of viruses. Additionally, the ability of myeloid cells to control other innate and adaptive leukocytes during viral infections situates these cells as key, yet under-appreciated mediators of pathogenic inflammation that can sometimes trigger cytokine storms. The information presented here should assist researchers in integrating myeloid cell biology into the design of novel and more effective virus-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Stegelmeier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Robert C Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Elaine M Klafuric
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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15
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van Vloten JP, Santry LA, McAusland TM, Karimi K, McFadden G, Petrik JJ, Wootton SK, Bridle BW. Quantifying Antigen-Specific T Cell Responses When Using Antigen-Agnostic Immunotherapies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2019; 13:154-166. [PMID: 30788384 PMCID: PMC6369252 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are at the forefront of the fight against cancers, and researchers continue to develop and test novel immunotherapeutic modalities. Ideal cancer immunotherapies induce a patient’s immune system to kill their own cancer and develop long-lasting immunity. Research has demonstrated a critical requirement for CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in achieving durable responses. In the path to the clinic, researchers require robust tools to effectively evaluate the capacity for immunotherapies to generate adaptive anti-tumor responses. To study functional tumor-specific T cells, researchers have relied on targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or the inclusion of surrogate transgenes in pre-clinical models, which facilitate detection of T cells by using the targeted antigen(s) in peptide re-stimulation or tetramer-staining assays. Unfortunately, many pre-clinical models lack a defined TAA, and epitope mapping of TAAs is costly. Surrogate transgenes can alter tumor engraftment and influence the immunogenicity of tumors, making them less relevant to clinical tumors. Further, some researchers prefer to develop therapies that do not rely on pre-defined TAAs. Here, we describe a method to exploit major histocompatibility complex expression on murine cancer cell lines in a co-culture assay to detect T cells responding to bulk, undefined, tumor antigens. This is a tool to support the preclinical evaluation of novel, antigen-agnostic immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas M McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Grant McFadden
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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16
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Rosales Gerpe MC, van Vloten JP, Santry LA, de Jong J, Mould RC, Pelin A, Bell JC, Bridle BW, Wootton SK. Use of Precision-Cut Lung Slices as an Ex Vivo Tool for Evaluating Viruses and Viral Vectors for Gene and Oncolytic Therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 10:245-256. [PMID: 30112421 PMCID: PMC6092314 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Organotypic slice cultures recapitulate many features of an intact organ, including cellular architecture, microenvironment, and polarity, making them an ideal tool for the ex vivo study of viruses and viral vectors. Here, we describe a procedure for generating precision-cut ovine and murine tissue slices from agarose-perfused normal and murine melanoma tumor-bearing lungs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these precision-cut lung slices can be maintained up to 1 month and can be used for a range of applications, which include characterizing the tissue tropism of viruses that cannot be propagated in cell monolayers, evaluating the transducing properties of gene therapy vectors, and, finally, investigating the tumor specificity of oncolytic viruses. Our results suggest that ex vivo lung slices are an ideal platform for studying the tissue specificity and cancer cell selectivity of gene therapy vectors and oncolytic viruses prior to in vivo studies, providing justification for pre-clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob P. van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lisa A. Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robert C. Mould
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - John C. Bell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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17
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Matuszewska K, Santry LA, van Vloten JP, AuYeung AWK, Major PP, Lawler J, Wootton SK, Bridle BW, Petrik J. Combining Vascular Normalization with an Oncolytic Virus Enhances Immunotherapy in a Preclinical Model of Advanced-Stage Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1624-1638. [PMID: 30206160 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intravenous delivery of oncolytic viruses often leads to tumor vascular shutdown, resulting in decreased tumor perfusion and elevated tumor hypoxia. We hypothesized that using 3TSR to normalize tumor vasculature prior to administration of an oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) would enhance virus delivery and trafficking of immunologic cell subsets to the tumor core, resulting in systemically enhanced immunotherapy and regression of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using an orthotopic, syngeneic mouse model of advanced-stage EOC, we pretreated mice with 3TSR (4 mg/kg per day) alone or followed by combination with fusogenic NDV(F3aa) (1.0 × 108 plaque-forming units). RESULTS Treatment with 3TSR normalized tumor vasculature, enhanced blood perfusion of primary EOC tumors, and induced disease regression. Animals treated with combination therapy had the greatest reduction in primary tumor mass, ascites accumulation, and secondary lesions (50% of mice were completely devoid of peritoneal metastases). Combining 3TSR + NDV(F3aa) led to enhanced trafficking of immunologic cells into the primary tumor core. CONCLUSIONS We have shown, for the first time, that NDV, like other oncolytic viruses, is a potent mediator of acute vascular shutdown and that preventing this through vascular normalization can promote regression in a preclinical model of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. This challenges the current focus on induction of intravascular thrombosis as a requisite for successful oncolytic virotherapy.See related commentary by Bykov and Zamarin, p. 1446.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Matuszewska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda W K AuYeung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre P Major
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack Lawler
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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van Vloten JP, Workenhe ST, Wootton SK, Mossman KL, Bridle BW. Critical Interactions between Immunogenic Cancer Cell Death, Oncolytic Viruses, and the Immune System Define the Rational Design of Combination Immunotherapies. J Immunol 2018; 200:450-458. [PMID: 29311387 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are multimodal cancer therapeutics, with one of their dominant mechanisms being in situ vaccination. There is a growing consensus that optimal cancer therapies should generate robust tumor-specific immune responses. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a paradigm of cellular demise culminating in the spatiotemporal release of danger-associated molecular patterns that induce potent anticancer immunity. Alongside traditional ICD inducers like anthracycline chemotherapeutics and radiation, OVs have emerged as novel members of this class of therapeutics. OVs replicate in cancers and release tumor Ags, which are perceived as dangerous because of simultaneous expression of pathogen-associated molecular patterns that activate APCs. Therefore, OVs provide the target Ags and danger signals required to induce adaptive immune responses. This review discusses why OVs are attractive candidates for generating ICD, biological barriers limiting their success in the clinic, and groundbreaking strategies to potentiate ICD and antitumor immunity with rationally designed OV-based combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada; and.,Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada; and.,Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada;
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19
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Mould RC, van Vloten JP, AuYeung AWK, Karimi K, Bridle BW. Immune responses in the thyroid cancer microenvironment: making immunotherapy a possible mission. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T311-T329. [PMID: 28912377 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancers has been steadily increasing worldwide over the past few decades. Although five-year survival rates for differentiated thyroid cancers are upwards of 90%, clinical outcomes for patients with undifferentiated, recurrent and/or metastatic disease are often dismal despite conventional interventions. As such, there is a demand for novel treatment options. Cancer immunotherapy represents the ultimate form of personalized medicine by leveraging the specificity and potency of a patient's immune system to kill their tumor. The thyroid cancer microenvironment is rich in immunological cells, making it a reasonable candidate for immunotherapy. This review maps out the immunological features of thyroid cancers and how these can be modulated. There are surprising immunological consequences of conventional therapies that demand attention. Also, hormonal modulation of the immune system is highlighted as a unique and confounding feature of thyroid cancers. A variety of cutting-edge immune-based therapies are discussed, with an emphasis placed on how these can be integrated with the current standard of care. Several high priority areas in need of research are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Mould
- Department of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda W K AuYeung
- Department of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Walsh SR, de Jong JG, van Vloten JP, Gerpe MCR, Santry LA, Wootton SK. Truncation of the enzootic nasal tumor virus envelope protein cytoplasmic tail increases Env-mediated fusion and infectivity. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:108-120. [PMID: 27902399 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) and Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) are highly related ovine betaretroviruses that induce nasal and lung tumours in small ruminants, respectively. While the ENTV and JSRV envelope (Env) glycoproteins mediate virus entry using the same cellular receptor, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein hyaluronoglucosaminidase, ENTV Env pseudovirions mediate entry into cells from a much more restricted range of species than do JSRV Env pseudovirions. Unlike JSRV Env, ENTV Env does not induce cell fusion at pH 5.0 or above, but rather requires a much lower pH (4.0-4.5) for fusion to occur. The cytoplasmic tail of retroviral envelope proteins is a key modulator of envelope-mediated fusion and pseudotype efficiency, especially in the context of virions composed of heterologous Gag proteins. Here we report that progressive truncation of the ENTV Env cytoplasmic tail improves transduction efficiency of pseudotyped retroviral vectors and that complete truncation of the ENTV Env cytoplasmic tail increases transduction efficiency to wild-type JSRV Env levels by increasing fusogenicity without affecting sensitivity to inhibition by lysosomotropic agents, subcellular localization or efficiency of inclusion into virions. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of ENTV Env resulted in a significant advantage in viral entry into all cell types tested, including foetal ovine lung and nasal cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic tail modulates the fusion activity of the ENTV Env protein and that truncation of this region enhances Eenv-mediated entry into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Walsh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jondavid G de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Present address: McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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