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Pleskač P, Fargeas CA, Veselska R, Corbeil D, Skoda J. Emerging roles of prominin-1 (CD133) in the dynamics of plasma membrane architecture and cell signaling pathways in health and disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:41. [PMID: 38532366 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prominin-1 (CD133) is a cholesterol-binding membrane glycoprotein selectively associated with highly curved and prominent membrane structures. It is widely recognized as an antigenic marker of stem cells and cancer stem cells and is frequently used to isolate them from biological and clinical samples. Recent progress in understanding various aspects of CD133 biology in different cell types has revealed the involvement of CD133 in the architecture and dynamics of plasma membrane protrusions, such as microvilli and cilia, including the release of extracellular vesicles, as well as in various signaling pathways, which may be regulated in part by posttranslational modifications of CD133 and its interactions with a variety of proteins and lipids. Hence, CD133 appears to be a master regulator of cell signaling as its engagement in PI3K/Akt, Src-FAK, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/Smad and MAPK/ERK pathways may explain its broad action in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration or intercellular communication. Here, we summarize early studies on CD133, as they are essential to grasp its novel features, and describe recent evidence demonstrating that this unique molecule is involved in membrane dynamics and molecular signaling that affects various facets of tissue homeostasis and cancer development. We hope this review will provide an informative resource for future efforts to elucidate the details of CD133's molecular function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pleskač
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christine A Fargeas
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Medizinische Fakultät der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jan Skoda
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Moreno-Londoño AP, Robles-Flores M. Functional Roles of CD133: More than Stemness Associated Factor Regulated by the Microenvironment. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:25-51. [PMID: 37922108 PMCID: PMC10799829 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
CD133 protein has been one of the most used surface markers to select and identify cancer cells with stem-like features. However, its expression is not restricted to tumoral cells; it is also expressed in differentiated cells and stem/progenitor cells in various normal tissues. CD133 participates in several cellular processes, in part orchestrating signal transduction of essential pathways that frequently are dysregulated in cancer, such as PI3K/Akt signaling and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. CD133 expression correlates with enhanced cell self-renewal, migration, invasion, and survival under stress conditions in cancer. Aside from the intrinsic cell mechanisms that regulate CD133 expression in each cellular type, extrinsic factors from the surrounding niche can also impact CD33 levels. The enhanced CD133 expression in cells can confer adaptive advantages by amplifying the activation of a specific signaling pathway in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we do not only describe the CD133 physiological functions known so far, but importantly, we analyze how the microenvironment changes impact the regulation of CD133 functions emphasizing its value as a marker of cell adaptability beyond a cancer-stem cell marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Patricia Moreno-Londoño
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Robles-Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Kaida T, Fujiyama Y, Soeno T, Yokota M, Nakamoto S, Goto T, Watanabe A, Okuno K, Nie Y, Fujino S, Yokota K, Harada H, Tanaka Y, Tanaka T, Yokoi K, Kojo K, Miura H, Yamanashi T, Sato T, Sasaki J, Sangai T, Hiki N, Kumamoto Y, Naitoh T, Yamashita K. Less demand on stem cell marker-positive cancer cells may characterize metastasis of colon cancer. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277395. [PMID: 37098074 PMCID: PMC10128954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD44 and CD133 are stem cell markers in colorectal cancer (CRC). CD44 has distinctive isoforms with different oncological properties like total CD44 (CD44T) and variant CD44 (CD44V). Clinical significance of such markers remains elusive. METHODS Sixty colon cancer were examined for CD44T/CD44V and CD133 at mRNA level in a quantitative PCR, and clarified for their association with clinicopathological factors. RESULTS (1) Both CD44T and CD44V showed higher expression in primary colon tumors than in non-cancerous mucosas (p<0.0001), while CD133 was expressed even in non-cancerous mucosa and rather decreased in the tumors (p = 0.048). (2) CD44V expression was significantly associated with CD44T expression (R = 0.62, p<0.0001), while they were not correlated to CD133 at all in the primary tumors. (3) CD44V/CD44T expressions were significantly higher in right colon cancer than in left colon cancer (p = 0.035/p = 0.012, respectively), while CD133 expression were not (p = 0.20). (4) In primary tumors, unexpectedly, CD44V/CD44T/CD133 mRNA expressions were not correlated with aggressive phenotypes, but CD44V/CD44T rather significantly with less aggressive lymph node metastasis/distant metastasis (p = 0.040/p = 0.039, respectively). Moreover, both CD44V and CD133 expressions were significantly decreased in liver metastasis as compared to primary tumors (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0006, respectively). CONCLUSION Our transcript expression analysis of cancer stem cell markers did not conclude that their expression could represent aggressive phenotypes of primary and metastatic tumors, and rather represented less demand on stem cell marker-positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kaida
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Fujiyama
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of General Pediatric and Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Soeno
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Yokota
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakamoto
- Department of General Pediatric and Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Goto
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kota Okuno
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nie
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of General Pediatric and Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Fujino
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yokota
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Harada
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanaka
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Tanaka
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keigo Yokoi
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Kojo
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Miura
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamanashi
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Sato
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jiichiro Sasaki
- Multidisciplinary Cancer Care and Treatment Center, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sangai
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiki
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kumamoto
- Department of General Pediatric and Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Naitoh
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamashita
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Advanced Surgical Oncology, Research and Development Center for New Frontiers, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Han YK, Park HY, Park SG, Hwang JJ, Park HR, Yi JM. Promoter Methylation of Cancer Stem Cell Surface Markers as an Epigenetic Biomarker for Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314624. [PMID: 36498950 PMCID: PMC9737199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that genetic and epigenetic factors, including environmental factors, contribute to the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here, we investigated the transcriptional silencing of the CD24, CD44, CD133, and CD147 genes, which are well-known cancer stem cell surface markers in various cancer types, including OSCC. We first examined the correlation between the transcriptional expression level and reactivation by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and the promoter methylation levels of the four genes in several OSCC cell lines. We observed promoter hypermethylation for the CD24, CD133, and CD147 genes at 70%, 75%, and 70%, respectively, in OSCC cell lines compared to normal oral mucosa tissues (<53%), indicating that this methylation pattern is cancer-specific, which was confirmed by bisulfite sequencing analysis. More specifically, the expression and methylation profiles of CD133 and CD147 extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were negatively correlated, supporting their epigenetic regulation in primary OSCC tumors. The methylation status of CD133 and CD147 was associated with poor survival in patients with OSCC using the TCGA database. Our findings provide additional insight into the abnormal DNA methylation of CD133 and that CD147 could be used for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyeong Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Gwang Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Joon Hwang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ryoun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-890-6734
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Yang J, Aljitawi O, Van Veldhuizen P. Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: The Role of CD133. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5448. [PMID: 36358865 PMCID: PMC9656005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs), possessing self-renewal properties and resistance to anticancer treatment, are possibly the leading cause of distant metastasis and treatment failure in prostate cancer (PC). CD133 is one of the most well-known and valuable cell surface markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in many cancers, including PC. In this article, we focus on reviewing the role of CD133 in PCSC. Any other main stem cell biomarkers in PCSC reported from key publications, as well as about vital research progress of CD133 in CSCs of different cancers, will be selectively reviewed to help us inform the main topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Aljitawi
- Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Peter Van Veldhuizen
- Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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6
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Cancer stem cell marker expression and methylation status in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:231. [PMID: 35720495 PMCID: PMC9185140 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) has been on an alarming upward trajectory over the past decade. In some countries, this cancer represents one of the most frequently diagnosed types of neoplasia. Therefore, it is an important demand to study the pathology underlying this disease to gain insights into the mechanism of resistance to treatment. Resistance of tumors to chemotherapy and tumor aggressiveness have been associated with a minor population of neoplastic cells, which are considered to be responsible for tumor recurrence. These types of neoplastic cells are known as cancer stem cells, which have been previously reported to serve an important role in pathogenesis of this malignant disease. Slovakia has one of the highest incidence rates of CRC worldwide. In the present study, the aim was to classify the abundance of selected stem cell markers (CD133, CD166 and Lgr5) in CRC tumors using flow cytometry. In addition, the methylation status of selected genomic regions of CRC biomarkers (ADAMTS16, MGMT, PROM1 (CD133), LGR5 and ALCAM) was investigated by pyrosequencing in a cohort of patients from Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia. Samples from both primary tumors and metastatic tumors were tested. Analysis of DNA methylation in the genomic regions of indicated five CRC biomarkers was also performed, which revealed the highest levels of methylation in the A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 16 and O6-methyguanine-DNA methyl transferase genes, whereas the lowest levels of methylation were found in genes expressing prominin-1, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule. Furthermore, tumor tissues from metastases showed significantly higher levels of CD133+ cells compared with that in primary tumors. Higher levels of CD133+ cells correlated with TNM stage and the invasiveness of CRC into the lymphatic system. Although relatively small number of samples was processed, CD133 marker was consider to be important marker in pathology of CRC.
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7
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Mazloumi Z, Farahzadi R, Rafat A, Asl KD, Karimipour M, Montazer M, Movassaghpour AA, Dehnad A, Charoudeh HN. Effect of aberrant DNA methylation on cancer stem cell properties. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 125:104757. [PMID: 35339454 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation, as an epigenetic mechanism, occurs by adding a methyl group of cytosines in position 5 by DNA methyltransferases and has essential roles in cellular function, especially in the transcriptional regulation of embryonic and adult stem cells. Hypomethylation and hypermethylation cause either the expression or inhibition of genes, and there is a tight balance between regulating the activation or repression of genes in normal cellular activity. Abnormal methylation is well-known hallmark of cancer development and progression and can switch normal stem cells into cancer stem cells. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are minor populations of tumor cells that exhibit unique properties such as self-regeneration, resistance to chemotherapy, and high ability of metastasis. The purpose of this paper is to show how aberrant DNA methylation accumulation affects self-renewal, differentiation, multidrug-resistant, and metastasis processes in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mazloumi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rafat
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Dizaji Asl
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Montazer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Dehnad
- Department of Bacterial Disease Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Can Immune Suppression and Epigenome Regulation in Placenta Offer Novel Insights into Cancer Immune Evasion and Immunotherapy Resistance? EPIGENOMES 2021; 5:epigenomes5030016. [PMID: 34968365 PMCID: PMC8594685 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes5030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. Cancer progression involves genetic and epigenetic alterations, accompanied by aggressive changes, such as increased immune evasion, onset of metastasis, and drug resistance. Similar to cancer, DNA hypomethylation, immune suppression, and invasive cell behaviours are also observed in the human placenta. Mechanisms that lead to the acquisition of invasive behaviour, immune evasion, and drug and immunotherapy resistance are presently under intense investigations to improve patient outcomes. Here, we review current knowledge regarding the similarities between immune suppression and epigenome regulation, including the expression of repetitive elements (REs), endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and transposable elements (TEs) in cells of the placenta and in cancer, which are associated with changes in immune regulation and invasiveness. We explore whether immune suppression and epigenome regulation in placenta offers novel insights into immunotherapy resistance in cancer, and we also discuss the implications and the knowledge gaps relevant to these findings, which are rapidly being accrued in these quite disparate research fields. Finally, we discuss potential linkages between TE, ERV and RE activation and expression, regarding mechanisms of immune regulation in placenta and cancer. A greater understanding of the role of immune suppression and associated epigenome regulation in placenta could help to elucidate some comparable mechanisms operating in cancer, and identify potential new therapeutic targets for treating cancer.
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Karagiannis D, Rampias T. HDAC Inhibitors: Dissecting Mechanisms of Action to Counter Tumor Heterogeneity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3575. [PMID: 34298787 PMCID: PMC8307174 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-tumoral heterogeneity presents a major obstacle to cancer therapeutics, including conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. Stochastic events such as mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and epigenetic dysregulation, as well as micro-environmental selection pressures related to nutrient and oxygen availability, immune infiltration, and immunoediting processes can drive immense phenotypic variability in tumor cells. Here, we discuss how histone deacetylase inhibitors, a prominent class of epigenetic drugs, can be leveraged to counter tumor heterogeneity. We examine their effects on cellular processes that contribute to heterogeneity and provide insights on their mechanisms of action that could assist in the development of future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Karagiannis
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Theodoros Rampias
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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10
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Ghaderi F, Jokar N, Gholamrezanezhad A, Assadi M, Ahmadzadehfar H. Toward radiotheranostics in cancer stem cells: a promising initial step for tumour eradication. Clin Transl Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-021-00444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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French R, Pauklin S. Epigenetic regulation of cancer stem cell formation and maintenance. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:2884-2897. [PMID: 33197277 PMCID: PMC8246550 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancerous tumours contain a rare subset of cells with stem-like properties that are termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are defined by their ability to divide both symmetrically and asymmetrically, to initiate new tumour growth and to tolerate the foreign niches required for metastatic dissemination. Accumulating evidence suggests that tumours arise from cells with stem-like properties, the generation of CSCs is therefore likely to be an initiatory event in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, CSCs in established tumours exist in a dynamic and plastic state, with nonstem tumour cells thought to be capable of de-differentiation to CSCs. The regulation of the CSC state both during tumour initiation and within established tumours is a desirable therapeutic target and is mediated by epigenetic factors. In this review, we will explore the epigenetic parallels between induced pluripotency and the generation of CSCs, and discuss how the epigenetic regulation of CSCs opens up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon French
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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12
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Peng X, Wei Z, Gerweck LE. Making radiation therapy more effective in the era of precision medicine. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 3:272-283. [PMID: 35692625 PMCID: PMC8982539 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become a leading cause of death and constitutes an enormous burden worldwide. Radiation is a principle treatment modality used alone or in combination with other forms of therapy, with 50%–70% of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy at some point during their illness. It has been suggested that traditional radiotherapy (daily fractions of approximately 1.8–2 Gy over several weeks) might select for radioresistant tumor cell sub-populations, which, if not sterilized, give rise to local treatment failure and distant metastases. Thus, the challenge is to develop treatment strategies and schedules to eradicate the resistant subpopulation of tumorigenic cells rather than the predominant sensitive tumor cell population. With continued technological advances including enhanced conformal treatment technology, radiation oncologists can increasingly maximize the dose to tumors while sparing adjacent normal tissues, to limit toxicity and damage to the latter. Increased dose conformality also facilitates changes in treatment schedules, such as changes in dose per treatment fraction and number of treatment fractions, to enhance the therapeutic ratio. For example, the recently developed large dose per fraction treatment schedules (hypofractionation) have shown clinical advantage over conventional treatment schedules in some tumor types. Experimental studies suggest that following large acute doses of radiation, recurrent tumors, presumably sustained by the most resistant tumor cell populations, may in fact be equally or more radiation sensitive than the primary tumor. In this review, we summarize the related advances in radiotherapy, including the increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance, and the targeting of these mechanisms with potent small molecule inhibitors, which may selectively sensitize tumor cells to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhigong Wei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leo E Gerweck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Yang SJ, Tseng SY, Wang CH, Young TH, Chen KC, Shieh MJ. Magnetic nanomedicine for CD133-expressing cancer therapy using locoregional hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2543-2561. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cells with CD133 overexpression, a theoretical cancer stem cells (CSCs) marker, have been shown to induce colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and relapse. Therefore, the detection and treatment of CSCs are the most important factors in overcoming CRC. Materials & methods: Herein, we developed a magnetite-based nanomedicine (superparamagnetic iron oxide@poly(sodium styrene sulfonate)/irinotecan/human serum albumin-anti-CD133 nanoparticle) using loco-regional hyperthermia combined with chemotherapy for CRC- and CSC-specific targeting treatment. Results: The designed nanoparticles were highly biocompatible and exhibited a higher temperature increase rate under radiofrequency generator irradiation. The nanoparticles could be used as a T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging contrast media, and also applied during hyperthermia and chemotherapy to display a synergistic anticancer effect. Conclusion: Therefore, the superparamagnetic iron oxide@poly(sodium styrene sulfonate)/irinotecan/human serum albumin-anti-CD133 nanoparticles are a powerful candidate for future antitumor strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jyuan Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine & College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine & College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Wang
- Gene'e Tech Co. Ltd. 2F., No.661, Bannan Rd., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine & College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine & College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital & College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine & College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital & College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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14
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Dzobo K, Senthebane DA, Ganz C, Thomford NE, Wonkam A, Dandara C. Advances in Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells within the Tumor Microenvironment: An Updated Review. Cells 2020; 9:E1896. [PMID: 32823711 PMCID: PMC7464860 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great strides being achieved in improving cancer patients' outcomes through better therapies and combinatorial treatment, several hurdles still remain due to therapy resistance, cancer recurrence and metastasis. Drug resistance culminating in relapse continues to be associated with fatal disease. The cancer stem cell theory posits that tumors are driven by specialized cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a subpopulation of cancer cells known to be resistant to therapy and cause metastasis. Whilst the debate on whether CSCs are the origins of the primary tumor rages on, CSCs have been further characterized in many cancers with data illustrating that CSCs display great abilities to self-renew, resist therapies due to enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT) properties, enhanced expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporters, activation of several survival signaling pathways and increased immune evasion as well as DNA repair mechanisms. CSCs also display great heterogeneity with the consequential lack of specific CSC markers presenting a great challenge to their targeting. In this updated review we revisit CSCs within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and present novel treatment strategies targeting CSCs. These promising strategies include targeting CSCs-specific properties using small molecule inhibitors, immunotherapy, microRNA mediated inhibitors, epigenetic methods as well as targeting CSC niche-microenvironmental factors and differentiation. Lastly, we present recent clinical trials undertaken to try to turn the tide against cancer by targeting CSC-associated drug resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (D.A.S.); (C.G.)
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (D.A.S.); (C.G.)
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Chelene Ganz
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Wernher and Beit Building (South), UCT Medical Campus, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (D.A.S.); (C.G.)
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (N.E.T.); (A.W.); (C.D.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (N.E.T.); (A.W.); (C.D.)
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (N.E.T.); (A.W.); (C.D.)
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15
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Alhabbab RY. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells by Genetically Engineered Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Front Genet 2020; 11:312. [PMID: 32391048 PMCID: PMC7188929 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The term cancer stem cell (CSC) starts 25 years ago with the evidence that CSC is a subpopulation of tumor cells that have renewal ability and can differentiate into several distinct linages. Therefore, CSCs play crucial role in the initiation and the maintenance of cancer. Moreover, it has been proposed throughout several studies that CSCs are behind the failure of the conventional chemo-/radiotherapy as well as cancer recurrence due to their ability to resist the therapy and their ability to re-regenerate. Thus, the need for targeted therapy to eliminate CSCs is crucial; for that reason, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has currently been in use with high rate of success in leukemia and, to some degree, in patients with solid tumors. This review outlines the most common CSC populations and their common markers, in particular CD133, CD90, EpCAM, CD44, ALDH, and EGFRVIII, the interaction between CSCs and the immune system, CAR T cell genetic engineering and signaling, CAR T cells in targeting CSCs, and the barriers in using CAR T cells as immunotherapy to treat solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowa Y. Alhabbab
- Division of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Huang W, Hu H, Zhang Q, Wang N, Yang X, Guo AY. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Enhances Stemness in the Mechanical Selection of Tumor-Repopulating Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:88. [PMID: 32258002 PMCID: PMC7090028 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation plays essential roles in tumor occurrence and stemness maintenance. Tumor-repopulating cells (TRCs) are cancer stem cell (CSC)-like cells with highly tumorigenic and self-renewing abilities, which were selected from tumor cells in soft three-dimensional (3D) fibrin gels. Methods Here, we presented a genome-wide map of methylated cytosines for time-series samples in TRC selection, in a 3D culture using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Results A comparative analysis revealed that the methylation degrees of many differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were increased by the mechanical environment and changed from 2D rigid to 3D soft. DMGs were significantly enriched in stemness-related terms. In 1-day, TRCs had the highest non-CG methylation rate indicating its strong stemness. We found that genes with continuously increasing or decreasing methylation like CREB5/ADAMTS6/LMX1A may also affect the TRC screening process. Furthermore, results showed that stage-specific/common CSCs markers were biased toward changing their methylation in non-CG (CHG and CHH, where H corresponds to A, T, or C) methylation and enriched in gene body region. Conclusions WGBS provides DNA methylome in TRC screening. It was confirmed that non-CG DNA methylation plays an important role in TRC selection, which indicates that it is more sensitive to mechanical microenvironments and affects TRCs by regulating the expression of stemness genes in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Hu
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An-Yuan Guo
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Hu Z, Liu H, Zhang X, Hong B, Wu Z, Li Q, Zhou C. Promoter hypermethylation of CD133/PROM1 is an independent poor prognosis factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19491. [PMID: 32176088 PMCID: PMC7440166 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROM1 has played a pivotal role in the identification and isolation of tumor stem cells. This study aimed to assess the association between PROM1 promoter methylation and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and its diagnostic and prognostic value.Bioinformatic analysis was performed using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas-HNSC and Gene Expression Omnibus datasets.The results showed that PROM1 promoter was hypermethylated in HNSCCs compared with normal head and neck tissues (P = 4.58E-37). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve based on methylated PROM1 data was 0.799. In addition, PROM1 hypermethylation independently predicted poor overall survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.459, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.071-1.987, P = .016) and recurrence-free survival (HR: 1.729, 95% CI: 1.088-2.749, P = .021) in HNSCC patients. Moreover, PROM1 methylation was weakly negatively correlated with its mRNA expression (Pearson r = -0.148, P < .001).In summary, our study reveals that methylated PROM1 might serve as a valuable diagnostic biomarker and predictor of poor survival for HNSCC patients. PROM1 hypermethylation might partially contribute to its downregulation in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zele Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Zhenhai Longsai Hospital
| | - Huigao Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Zhenhai Longsai Hospital
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Zhenhai Longsai Hospital
| | - Bin Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Zhenhai Longsai Hospital
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Eastern Hospital
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
- Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chongchang Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
- Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Akbari M, Shomali N, Faraji A, Shanehbandi D, Asadi M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Shabani A, Baradaran B. CD133: An emerging prognostic factor and therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:368-380. [PMID: 31579983 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Recently, the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been highlighted as a crucial emerging factor in chemoresistance, cancer relapse, and metastasis. CD133 is a surface marker of CSCs and has been argued to have prognostic and therapeutic values in CRC along with its related pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and hedgehog. Several studies have successfully applied targeted therapies against CD133 in CRC models namely bispecific antibodies (BiAbs) and anti-Wnt and notch pathways agents. These studies have yielded initial promising results in this regard. However, none of the therapeutics have been used in the clinical setting and their efficacy and adverse effects profile are yet to be elucidated. This review aims to gather the old and most recent data on the prognostic and therapeutic values of CD133 and CD133-targeted therapies in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Akbari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 3514799422, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran.,Semnan Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical sciences, Semnan, 3514799422, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Faraji
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran
| | - Milad Asadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Shabani
- Semnan Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical sciences, Semnan, 3514799422, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614766, Iran
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19
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Han D, Rodriguez-Bravo V, Izadmehr S, Domingo-Domenech J, Cordon-Cardo C. Isolation and Characterization of Tumor-initiating Cells from Sarcoma Patient-derived Xenografts. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31259909 PMCID: PMC7247278 DOI: 10.3791/57011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence and importance of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) have been supported by increasing evidence during the past decade. These TICs have been shown to be responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therefore, it is important to develop specific TIC-targeting therapy in addition to current chemotherapy strategies, which mostly focus on the bulk of non-TICs. In order to further understand the mechanism behind the malignancy of TICs, we describe a method to isolate and to characterize TICs in human sarcomas. Herein, we show a detailed protocol to generate patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of human sarcomas and to isolate TICs by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-1) as a negative marker. Also, we describe how to functionally characterize these TICs, including a sphere formation assay and a tumor formation assay, and to induce differentiation along mesenchymal pathways. The isolation and characterization of PDX TICs provide clues for the discovery of potential targeting therapy reagents. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that this protocol may be further extended to isolate and characterize TICs from other types of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Han
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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20
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Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming plays a crucial role in the tumorigenicity and maintenance of tumor-specific gene expression that especially occurs through DNA methylation and/or histone modifications. It has well-defined mechanisms. It is known that alterations in the DNA methylation pattern and/or the loss of specific histone acetylation/methylation markers are related to several hallmarks of cancer, such as drug resistance, stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. It has also recently been highlighted that epigenetic alterations are critical for the regulation of the stemlike properties of cancer cells (tumor-initiating cells; cancer stem cells). Cancer stem cells are thought to be responsible for the recurrence of cancer which makes the patient return to the clinic with metastatic tumor tissue. Hence, the dysregulation of epigenetic machinery represents potential new therapeutic targets. Therefore, compounds with epigenetic activities have become crucial for developing new therapy regimens (e.g., antimetastatic agents) in the fight against cancer. Here, we review the epigenetic modifiers that have already been used in the clinic and/or in clinical trials, related preclinical studies in cancer therapy, and the smart combination strategies that target cancer stem cells along with the other cancer cells. The emerging role of epitranscriptome (RNA epigenetic) in cancer therapy has also been included in this review as a new avenue and potential target for the better management of cancer-beneficial epigenetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remzi Okan Akar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Selvi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Engin Ulukaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazlıhan Aztopal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
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21
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Turdo A, Veschi V, Gaggianesi M, Chinnici A, Bianca P, Todaro M, Stassi G. Meeting the Challenge of Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:16. [PMID: 30834247 PMCID: PMC6387961 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding cancer patients benefit from a plethora of therapeutic alternatives, drug resistance remains a critical hurdle. Indeed, the high mortality rate is associated with metastatic disease, which is mostly incurable due to the refractoriness of metastatic cells to current treatments. Increasing data demonstrate that tumors contain a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) able to establish primary tumor and metastasis. CSCs are endowed with multiple treatment resistance capabilities comprising a highly efficient DNA damage repair machinery, the activation of survival pathways, enhanced cellular plasticity, immune evasion and the adaptation to a hostile microenvironment. Due to the presence of distinct cell populations within a tumor, cancer research has to face the major challenge of targeting the intra-tumoral as well as inter-tumoral heterogeneity. Thus, targeting molecular drivers operating in CSCs, in combination with standard treatments, may improve cancer patients’ outcomes, yielding long-lasting responses. Here, we report a comprehensive overview on the most significant therapeutic advances that have changed the known paradigms of cancer treatment with a particular emphasis on newly developed compounds that selectively affect the CSC population. Specifically, we are focusing on innovative therapeutic approaches including differentiation therapy, anti-angiogenic compounds, immunotherapy and inhibition of epigenetic enzymes and microenvironmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Turdo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Veronica Veschi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Miriam Gaggianesi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aurora Chinnici
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Bianca
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Department of PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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22
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La Noce M, Paino F, Mele L, Papaccio G, Regad T, Lombardi A, Papaccio F, Desiderio V, Tirino V. HDAC2 depletion promotes osteosarcoma's stemness both in vitro and in vivo: a study on a putative new target for CSCs directed therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:296. [PMID: 30509303 PMCID: PMC6276256 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a key role in cancer initiation, progression and chemoresistance. Epigenetic alterations have been identified as prominent factors that contribute to the CSCs phenotype. Here, we investigated the effects of the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) and the demethylating agent, 5’azacytidine (DAC) on the stem phenotype of MG63 and Saos2 osteosarcoma cell lines. Methods Saos2 and MG63 cells were treated with DAC and VPA, alone and in combination. Untreated and treated cells were examined for stemness phenotype by cytometry and real-time PCR. Sarcospheres and colonies formation were also evaluated. Moreover, histone modification and methylation were tested by flow cytomery and western blotting. HDAC2 depleted cells were examined for stemness phenotype and their ability to generate tumors in NOD/SCID IL2R-gamma-0 (NSG) mice. HDAC2 expression on human osteosarcoma tissues was evaluated. Results We found that DAC and VPA induce an increased expression of stem markers including CD133, OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG, and an increased ability in sarcospheres and colonies formation efficiency. Interestingly, we showed that DAC and VPA treatment decreased repressive histone markers, while increased the active ones. These histone modifications were also associated with an increase of acetylation of histones H3, a decrease of DNA global methylation, HDAC2 and DNMT3a. Furthermore, HDAC2 silenced-MG63 and Saos2 cells acquired a stem phenotype, and promoted in vivo tumorigenesis. In human osteosarcoma tissues, HDAC2 was strongly expressed in nucleus. Conclusions Collectively, our results suggest that VPA and DAC induce an expansion of osteosarcoma CSCs, and we report for the first time that HDAC2 is a key factor regulating both CSCs phenotype and in vivo cancer growth. In conclusion, we have identified HDAC2 as a potential therapeutic target in human osteosarcoma treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0978-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella La Noce
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Paino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Commenda,10, 20122, Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Mele
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Tarik Regad
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, Via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Papaccio
- Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi", Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", via S. Pansini-Cappella Cangiani, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biotecnologie, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy.
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23
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Huang YF, Niu WB, Hu R, Wang LJ, Huang ZY, Ni SH, Wang MQ, Yang Y, Huang YS, Feng WJ, Xiao W, Zhu DJ, Xian SX, Lu L. FIBP knockdown attenuates growth and enhances chemotherapy in colorectal cancer via regulating GSK3β-related pathways. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:77. [PMID: 30275459 PMCID: PMC6167373 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs), characterized by self-renewal ability and high expression of proliferative genes, contribute to the chemoresistance of colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC chemoresistance through comprehensive bioinformatics screenings and experimental confirmation of gene functions. We found that high expression of FGF1 intracellular binding protein (FIBP) was correlated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in CRC patients. Therefore, the chemoresistant CRC cell line HCT116-CSC with high expression of the stem cell markers CD44 and CD133 was established for further phenotypic tests. FIBP knockdown inhibited proliferation, enhanced chemotherapy effects, and attenuated the stemness markers of CRC cells in vivo and in vitro. Through RNA-seq and gene set enrichment analysis, we identified cyclin D1 as a key downstream target in FIBP-regulated cell cycle progression and proliferation. Moreover, FIBP bound to GSK3β, inhibited its phosphorylation at Tyr216, and activated β-catenin/TCF/cyclin D1 signaling in HCT116-CSCs. Additional GSK3β knockdown reversed the FIBP silencing-induced inhibition of proliferation and decreased stemness marker expression in HCT116-CSCs. Furthermore, DNA methylation profiling suggested that FIBP regulated the stemness of CRC cells via methylation activity that was dependent on GSK3β but independent of β-catenin signaling. Our data illuminate the potential of FIBP as a novel therapeutic target for treating chemoresistant CRC through inhibition of GSK3β-related signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Shunde Hospital (The first People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Southern Medical University, 528300, Foshan, China
| | - Wen-Bo Niu
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Jun Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeng-Yan Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Hao Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Qing Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Jun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Da-Jian Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Women and Children Hospital, 528300, Foshan, China.
| | - Shao-Xiang Xian
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510407, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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24
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A novel epigenetic modulating agent sensitizes pancreatic cells to a chemotherapy agent. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199130. [PMID: 29927979 PMCID: PMC6013229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is expected to be the second leading cause of cancer mortality by 2030. PDAC remains resistant to the majority of systemic chemotherapies. In this paper, we explore if epigenetic sensitization can improve chemotherapy response in PDAC. Multiple PDAC cell lines were tested with serial concentrations of the epigenetic modulators 5-azacitidine (Aza) and guadecitabine (SGI-110). Guadecitabine was effective at inhibiting the expression of DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and in decreasing cell viability at nanomolar concentrations. We also report that guadecitabine has increased efficacy following a delay period or as we reference, a ‘rest period’. Sensitization with guadecitabine improved response to the chemotherapeutic agent–Irinotecan- as measured by decreased cell viability and accompanied by an increase in caspase activity. Additional studies are needed to understand the mechanism of action.
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25
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26
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Strand SH, Switnicki M, Moller M, Haldrup C, Storebjerg TM, Hedegaard J, Nordentoft I, Hoyer S, Borre M, Pedersen JS, Wild PJ, Park JY, Orntoft TF, Sorensen KD. RHCG and TCAF1 promoter hypermethylation predicts biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients treated by radical prostatectomy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5774-5788. [PMID: 28052017 PMCID: PMC5351588 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The lack of biomarkers that can distinguish aggressive from indolent prostate cancer has caused substantial overtreatment of clinically insignificant disease. Here, by genome-wide DNA methylome profiling, we sought to identify new biomarkers to improve the accuracy of prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight novel candidate markers, COL4A6, CYBA, TCAF1 (FAM115A), HLF, LINC01341 (LOC149134), LRRC4, PROM1, and RHCG, were selected from Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip analysis of 21 tumor (T) and 21 non-malignant (NM) prostate specimens. Diagnostic potential was further investigated by methylation-specific qPCR analysis of 80 NM vs. 228 T tissue samples. Prognostic potential was assessed by Kaplan-Meier, uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis in 203 Danish radical prostatectomy (RP) patients (cohort 1), and validated in an independent cohort of 286 RP patients from Switzerland and the U.S. (cohort 2). RESULTS Hypermethylation of the 8 candidates was highly cancer-specific (area under the curves: 0.79-1.00). Furthermore, high methylation of the 2-gene panel RHCG-TCAF1 was predictive of biochemical recurrence (BCR) in cohort 1, independent of the established clinicopathological parameters Gleason score, pathological tumor stage, and pre-operative PSA (HR (95% confidence interval (CI)): 2.09 (1.26 - 3.46); P = 0.004), and this was successfully validated in cohort 2 (HR (95% CI): 1.81 (1.05 - 3.12); P = 0.032). CONCLUSION Methylation of the RHCG-TCAF1 panel adds significant independent prognostic value to established prognostic parameters for prostate cancer and thus may help to guide treatment decisions in the future. Further investigation in large independent cohorts is necessary before translation into clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri H Strand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michal Switnicki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mia Moller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christa Haldrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine M Storebjerg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hedegaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Iver Nordentoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Soren Hoyer
- Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Borre
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter J Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jong Y Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Torben F Orntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina D Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Resistance of glioma cells to nutrient-deprived microenvironment can be enhanced by CD133-mediated autophagy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76238-76249. [PMID: 27780926 PMCID: PMC5342810 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD133 is a pentaspan transmembrane protein that can serve as a biomarker for cancer stem cells, although its biochemical mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that CD133 expression enhances glioma cell tolerance of a nutrient-deprived microenvironment. Under starvation conditions, CD133-positive cells exhibited higher survival and decreased levels of apoptosis. These changes were dependent on activation of autophagy-associated gene signaling and were impaired by the autophagic inhibitor chloroquine. Furthermore, rapamycin up-regulated the level of autophagy and inversely reduced CD133 expression. Immunofluorescence confirmed that starvation promoted release of CD133 from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm, with CD133 also partially co-localizing with LC3 upon starvation. Additionally, CD133 partially co-localized with Beclin1, Atg5, and lysosomes, indicating that CD133 directly participates in the autophagosome membrane fusion process and ultimately undergoes lysosomal degradation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that CD133 contributes to cell survival by regulating autophagy, and that targeting CD133-linked signaling and autophagy may be useful in improving anti-cancer treatments.
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28
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Bo L, Wei B, Wang Z, Kong D, Gao Z, Miao Z. Identification of key genes in glioma CpG island methylator phenotype via network analysis of gene expression data. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9503-9511. [PMID: 29152649 PMCID: PMC5780009 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression data were analysed using bioinformatic tools to demonstrate molecular mechanisms underlying the glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). A gene expression data set (accession no. GSE30336) was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, including 36 CIMP+ and 16 CIMP- glioma samples. Differential analysis was performed for CIMP+ vs. CIMP‑ samples using the limma package in R. Functional enrichment analysis was subsequently conducted for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery. Protein‑protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for upregulated and downregulated genes with information from STRING. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) targeting DEGs were also predicted using WebGestalt. A total of 439 DEGs were identified, including 214 upregulated and 198 downregulated genes. The upregulated genes were involved in extracellular matrix organisation, defence and immune response, collagen fibril organisation and regulation of cell motion and the downregulated genes in cell adhesion, sensory organ development, regulation of system process, neuron differentiation and membrane organisation. A PPI network containing 134 nodes and 314 edges was constructed from the upregulated genes, whereas a PPI network consisting of 85 nodes and 80 edges was obtained from the downregulated genes. miRNAs regulating upregulated and downregulated genes were predicted, including miRNA‑124a and miRNA‑34a. Numerous key genes associated with glioma CIMP were identified in the present study. These findings may advance the understanding of glioma and facilitate the development of appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Bo
- Department of Infections, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Zhanfeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Daliang Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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29
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Radpour R. Tracing and targeting cancer stem cells: New venture for personalized molecular cancer therapy. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:169-178. [PMID: 29104735 PMCID: PMC5661129 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors consist of a mixture of heterogeneous cell types. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a minor sub-population within the bulk cancer fraction which has been found to reconstitute and propagate the disease and to be frequently resistant to chemotherapy, irradiation, cytotoxic drugs and probably also against immune attack. CSCs are considered as the seeds of tumor recurrence, driving force of tumorigenesis and metastases. This underlines the urgent need for innovative methods to identify and target CSCs. However, the role and existence of CSCs in therapy resistance and cancer recurrence remains a topic of intense debate. The underlying biological properties of the tumor stem cells are extremely dependent on numerous signals, and the targeted inhibition of these stem cell signaling pathways is one of the promising approaches of the new antitumor therapy approaches. This perspective review article summarizes the novel methods of tracing CSCs and discusses the hallmarks of CSC identification influenced by the microenvironment or by having imperfect detection markers. In addition, explains the known molecular mechanisms of therapy resistance in CSCs as reliable and clinically predictive markers that could enable the use of new targeted antitumor therapy in the sense of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Radpour
- Tumor Immunology and Cancer Stem Cells, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
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30
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Potential mechanisms of CD133 in cancer stem cells. Life Sci 2017; 184:25-29. [PMID: 28697984 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as an underlying cause of cancer relapse and resistance to treatment. Initially, biomarkers were used to identify and isolate distinct cell populations. Several CSC markers have been identified from many types of tumors, and these markers are also being used for isolation and enrichment of CSCs. Cluster of differentiation CD133 is a well-characterized CSC marker, and it is involved in tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, tumorigenesis, and recurrence, as well as chemo- and radio-resistance. However, the mechanisms involved in CD133-mediated induction of CSC properties have not yet been elucidated. Here, we introduce and summarize the functions of CD133 in CSCs and suggest new mechanisms that may be of note in our approach to developing novel cancer therapies.
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Abdel-Hafiz HA. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Tamoxifen Resistance in Luminal Breast Cancer. Diseases 2017; 5:diseases5030016. [PMID: 28933369 PMCID: PMC5622332 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cancer is the most frequent subtype representing more than 70% of breast cancers. These tumors respond to endocrine therapy targeting the ER pathway including selective ER modulators (SERMs), selective ER downregulators (SERDs) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs). However, resistance to endocrine therapy associated with disease progression remains a significant therapeutic challenge. The precise mechanisms of endocrine resistance remain unclear. This is partly due to the complexity of the signaling pathways that influence the estrogen-mediated regulation in breast cancer. Mechanisms include ER modifications, alteration of coregulatory function and modification of growth factor signaling pathways. In this review, we provide an overview of epigenetic mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance in ER-positive luminal breast cancer. We highlight the effect of epigenetic changes on some of the key mechanisms involved in tamoxifen resistance, such as tumor-cell heterogeneity, ER signaling pathway and cancer stem cells (CSCs). It became increasingly recognized that CSCs are playing an important role in driving metastasis and tamoxifen resistance. Understanding the mechanism of tamoxifen resistance will provide insight into the design of novel strategies to overcome the resistance and make further improvements in breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Abdel-Hafiz
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Ms 8106 PO Box 6511, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, Denver, CO 80010, USA; Tel.: +1-303-724-1013; Fax: +1-303-724-3920.
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32
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Guo Y, Feng K, Wang Y, Han W. Targeting cancer stem cells by using chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells: a potential and curable approach for cancer treatment. Protein Cell 2017; 9:516-526. [PMID: 28290053 PMCID: PMC5966354 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of tumor cells, have self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation abilities that play an important role in cancer initiation, maintenance, and metastasis. An accumulation of evidence indicates that CSCs can cause conventional therapy failure and cancer recurrence because of their treatment resistance and self-regeneration characteristics. Therefore, approaches that specifically and efficiently eliminate CSCs to achieve a durable clinical response are urgently needed. Currently, treatments with chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CART) cells have shown successful clinical outcomes in patients with hematologic malignancies, and their safety and feasibility in solid tumors was confirmed. In this review, we will discuss in detail the possibility that CART cells inhibit CSCs by specifically targeting their cell surface markers, which will ultimately improve the clinical response for patients with various types of cancer. A number of viewpoints were summarized to promote the application of CSC-targeted CART cells in clinical cancer treatment. This review covers the key aspects of CSC-targeted CART cells against cancers in accordance with the premise of the model, from bench to bedside and back to bench.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelei Guo
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Kaichao Feng
- Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China. .,Bio-therapeutic Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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33
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Taniguchi H, Moriya C, Igarashi H, Saitoh A, Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Imai K. Cancer stem cells in human gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 107:1556-1562. [PMID: 27575869 PMCID: PMC5132287 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation, drug and radiation resistance, invasive growth, metastasis, and tumor relapse, which are the main causes of cancer-related deaths. Gastrointestinal cancers are the most common malignancies and still the most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Because gastrointestinal CSCs are also thought to be resistant to conventional therapies, an effective and novel cancer treatment is imperative. The first reported CSCs in a gastrointestinal tumor were found in colorectal cancer in 2007. Subsequently, CSCs were reported in other gastrointestinal cancers, such as esophagus, stomach, liver, and pancreas. Specific phenotypes could be used to distinguish CSCs from non-CSCs. For example, gastrointestinal CSCs express unique surface markers, exist in a side-population fraction, show high aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 activity, form tumorspheres when cultured in non-adherent conditions, and demonstrate high tumorigenic potential in immunocompromised mice. The signal transduction pathways in gastrointestinal CSCs are similar to those involved in normal embryonic development. Moreover, CSCs are modified by the aberrant expression of several microRNAs. Thus, it is very difficult to target gastrointestinal CSCs. This review focuses on the current research on gastrointestinal CSCs and future strategies to abolish the gastrointestinal CSC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Taniguchi
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Moriya
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Igarashi
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anri Saitoh
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Adachi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Valproic Acid Increases CD133 Positive Cells that Show Low Sensitivity to Cytostatics in Neuroblastoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162916. [PMID: 27627801 PMCID: PMC5023141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a well-known antiepileptic drug that exhibits antitumor activities through its action as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. CD133 is considered to be a cancer stem cell marker in several tumors including neuroblastoma. CD133 transcription is strictly regulated by epigenetic modifications. We evaluated the epigenetic effects of treatment with 1mM VPA and its influence on the expression of CD133 in four human neuroblastoma cell lines. Chemoresistance and cell cycle of CD133+ and CD133- populations were examined by flow cytometry. We performed bisulfite conversion followed by methylation-sensitive high resolution melting analysis to assess the methylation status of CD133 promoters P1 and P3. Our results revealed that VPA induced CD133 expression that was associated with increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4. On treatment with VPA and cytostatics, CD133+ cells were mainly detected in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle and they showed less activated caspase-3 compared to CD133- cells. UKF-NB-3 neuroblastoma cells which express CD133 displayed higher colony and neurosphere formation capacities when treated with VPA, unlike IMR-32 which lacks for CD133 protein. Induction of CD133 in UKF-NB-3 was associated with increased expression of phosphorylated Akt and pluripotency transcription factors Nanog, Oct-4 and Sox2. VPA did not induce CD133 expression in cell lines with methylated P1 and P3 promoters, where the CD133 protein was not detected. Applying the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine to the cell lines with methylated promoters resulted in CD133 re-expression that was associated with a drop in P1 and P3 methylation level. In conclusion, CD133 expression in neuroblastoma can be regulated by histone acetylation and/or methylation of its CpG promoters. VPA can induce CD133+ cells which display high proliferation potential and low sensitivity to cytostatics in neuroblastoma. These results give new insight into the possible limitations to use VPA in cancer therapy.
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35
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Prognostic significance of stem cell marker CD133 determined by promoter methylation but not by immunohistochemical expression in malignant gliomas. J Neurooncol 2016; 127:221-32. [PMID: 26757925 PMCID: PMC4781890 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD133 has played a pivotal role in the identification and isolation of brain tumor stem cells. The correlation between CD133 expression in tumor tissues with patients survival is still controversial. CD133 expression is determinated by methylation status of the promoter region 1–3. Aberrant methylation of CD133 was observed in glioblastoma. To date, a direct link between CD133 methylation and patient outcome has not been established.To address this question, we studied CD133 expression and promoter methylation in a series of 170 gliomas of various grade and histology, and investigated the correlation of CD133 expression and promoter methylation with patient outcome.We detected five CD133 promoter methylation patterns in 170 glioma samples: methylation only (M+, U−), unmethylation only (M−, U+), both methylation and unmethylation equally (M+, U+), high methylation and low unmethylation (M+, Ul), and low methylation and high unmethylation (Ml, U+). By multivariate survival analysis, we found CD133 promoter methylation status was significant (P < 0.01) prognostic factors for adverse progression-free survival and overall survival independent of tumor grade, extent of resection, or patient age. CD133 immunostaining showed considerable variability among tumors. While, there was lack of correlation between CD133 protein expression and patient’s survival. Furthermore, no correlation between CD133 protein expression and CD133 promoter methylation status was observed (Kw = −0.165).CD133 promoter methylation status in glioma is closely correlated with patient survival, which suggest CD133 promoter methylaiton pattern is a promising tool for diagnostic purposes.
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36
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Su S, Hong F, Liang Y, Zhou J, Liang Y, Chen K, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang Z, Chang C, Han W, Gong W, Qin H, Jiang B, Xiong H, Peng L. Lgr5 Methylation in Cancer Stem Cell Differentiation and Prognosis-Prediction in Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143513. [PMID: 26599100 PMCID: PMC4657969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (lgr5) is a candidate marker for colorectal cancer stem cells (CSC). In the current study, we investigated the methylation status within thelgr5 promoter and evaluated its relationship with CSC differentiation, prognosis for colorectal cancer, and its clinicopathological features. METHODS The methylation status within Lgr5 promoter was detected with a methylation-specific PCR in six colorectal cancer cell lines as well as 169 primary colorectal tumor tissues. Differentiation of CSC was examined with immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry. Down-regulation of lgr5 was achieved with gene-specific siRNA. The associations between lgr5 methylation and the clinicopathological features as well as survival of patients were analyzed with statistical methods. RESULTS The lgr5 promoter was methylated to different degrees for the six colorectal cell lines examined, with complete methylation observed in HCT116 cells in which the lgr5 expression was partially recovered following DAC treatment. The stem-cell sphere formation from HCT116 cells was accompanied by increasing methylation within the lgr5 promoter and decreasing expression of lgr5. Knocking down lgr5 by siRNA also led to stem-cell spheres formation. Among primary colorectal tumors, 40% (67/169) were positive for lgr5 methylation, while none of the normal colon tissues were positive for lgr5 methylation. Furthermore, lgr5 methylation significantly associated with higher tumor grade, and negative distant metastasis (p < 0.05), as well as better prognosis (p = 0.001) in patients with colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that lgr5 methylation, through the regulation of lgr5 expression and colorectal CSC differentiation, may constitute a novel prognostic marker for colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Feng Hong
- Institute of liver diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong, 273100, China
| | - Yanling Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jieqiong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhiqing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Cassie Chang
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, United States of America
| | - Weihua Han
- Second affiliated hospital of XingTai medical college, Hebei, 054002, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haitao Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, United States of America
| | - Liang Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- * E-mail:
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Chen YW, Liou GG, Pan HB, Tseng HH, Hung YT, Chou CP. Specific detection of CD133-positive tumor cells with iron oxide nanoparticles labeling using noninvasive molecular magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6997-7018. [PMID: 26635474 PMCID: PMC4646596 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s86592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles to visualize cells has been applied clinically, showing the potential for monitoring cells in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). USPIO conjugated with anti-CD133 antibodies (USPIO-CD133 Ab) that recognize the CD133 molecule, a cancer stem cell marker in a variety of cancers, was studied as a novel and potent agent for MRI contrast enhancement of tumor cells. Materials and methods Anti-CD133 antibodies were used to conjugate with USPIO via interaction of streptavidin and biotin for in vivo labeling of CD133-positive cells in xenografted tumors and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced brain tumors. The specific binding of USPIO-CD133 Ab to CD133-positive tumor cells was subsequently detected by Prussian blue staining and MRI with T2-weighted, gradient echo and multiple echo recombined gradient echo images. In addition, the cellular toxicity of USPIO-CD133 Ab was determined by analyzing cell proliferation, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species production. Results USPIO-CD133 Ab specifically recognizes in vitro and labels CD133-positive cells, as validated using Prussian blue staining and MRI. The assays of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species production showed no significant differences in tumor cells with or without labeling of USPIO-CD133 Ab. In vivo imaging of CD133-positive cells was demonstrated by intravenous injection of USPIO-CD133 Ab in mice with HT29 xenografted tumors. The MRI of HT29 xenografts showed several clusters of hypotensive regions that correlated with CD133 expression and Prussian blue staining for iron. In rat, brain tumors induced by transplacental ENU mutagenesis, several clusters of hypointensive zones were observed in CD133-expressing brain tumors by MRI and intravenously administered USPIO-CD133 Ab. Conclusion Combination of USPIO-CD133 Ab and MRI is valuable in recognizing CD133-expressing tumor cells in vitro, extracellularly labeling for cell tracking and detecting CD133-expressing tumors in xenografted tumors as well as ENU-induced rat brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gunn-Guang Liou
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Huay-Ben Pan
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hwa Tseng
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Pin Chou
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be markedly resistant to conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that selectively target CSCs will ultimately lead to better cancer treatments. Currently, accessible conventional therapeutic agents mainly eliminate the bulk tumor but do not eliminate CSCs. Therefore, the discovery and improvement of CSC-targeting therapeutic agents are necessary. Nanoparticles effectively inhibit multiple types of CSCs by targeting specific signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, transforming growth factor-β, and hedgehog signaling) and/or specific markers (aldehyde dehydrogenases, CD44, CD90, and CD133) critically involved in CSC function and maintenance. In this review article, we summarized a number of findings to provide current information about their therapeutic potential of nanoparticles in various cancer cell types and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sun Hong
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Beom Jang
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Yong Lee
- The Faculty of Liberal Arts, Jungwon University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Nam
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Barrantes-Freer A, Renovanz M, Eich M, Braukmann A, Sprang B, Spirin P, Pardo LA, Giese A, Kim EL. CD133 Expression Is Not Synonymous to Immunoreactivity for AC133 and Fluctuates throughout the Cell Cycle in Glioma Stem-Like Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130519. [PMID: 26086074 PMCID: PMC4472699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A transmembrane protein CD133 has been implicated as a marker of stem-like glioma cells and predictor for therapeutic response in malignant brain tumours. CD133 expression is commonly evaluated by using antibodies specific for the AC133 epitope located in one of the extracellular domains of membrane-bound CD133. There is conflicting evidence regarding the significance of the AC133 epitope as a marker for identifying stem-like glioma cells and predicting the degree of malignancy in glioma cells. The reasons for discrepant results between different studies addressing the role of CD133/AC133 in gliomas are unclear. A possible source for controversies about CD133/AC133 is the widespread assumption that expression patterns of the AC133 epitope reflect linearly those of the CD133 protein. Consequently, the readouts from AC133 assessments are often interpreted in terms of the CD133 protein. The purpose of this study is to determine whether and to what extent do the readouts obtained with anti-AC133 antibody correspond to the level of CD133 protein expressed in stem-like glioma cells. Our study reveals for the first time that CD133 expressed on the surface of glioma cells is poorly immunoreactive for AC133. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the level of CD133 occupancy on the surface of glioma cells fluctuates during the cell cycle. Our results offer a new explanation for numerous inconsistencies regarding the biological and clinical significance of CD133/AC133 in human gliomas and call for caution in interpreting the lack or presence of AC133 epitope in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirjam Renovanz
- Translational Neurooncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Eich
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alina Braukmann
- Translational Neurooncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Sprang
- Translational Neurooncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pavel Spirin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luis A. Pardo
- Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alf Giese
- Translational Neurooncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ella L. Kim
- Translational Neurooncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
- Translational Neurooncology Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Role of epigenetic modifications in luminal breast cancer. Epigenomics 2015; 7:847-62. [PMID: 25689414 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminal breast cancers represent approximately 75% of cases. Explanations into the causes of endocrine resistance are complex and are generally ascribed to genomic mechanisms. Recently, attention has been drawn to the role of epigenetic modifications in hormone resistance. We review these here. Epigenetic modifications are reversible, heritable and include changes in DNA methylation patterns, modification of histones and altered microRNA expression levels that target the receptors or their signaling pathways. Large-scale analyses indicate distinct epigenomic profiles that distinguish breast cancers from normal and benign tissues. Taking advantage of the reversibility of epigenetic modifications, drugs that target epigenetic modifiers, given in combination with chemotherapies or endocrine therapies, may represent promising approaches to restoration of therapy responsiveness in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Abdel-Hafiz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathryn B Horwitz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Abetov D, Mustapova Z, Saliev T, Bulanin D. Biomarkers and signaling pathways of colorectal cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1339-53. [PMID: 25680406 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of colorectal cancer is commonly characterized by accumulation of genetic or epigenetic abnormalities, altering regulation of gene expression as well as normal protein structures and functions. Nonetheless, there are some questions that remain to be elucidated, such as the origin of cancer cells and populations of cells initiating and propagating tumor development. Currently, there are two rival theories describing the process of carcinogenesis. One is the stochastic model, arguing that any cell is capable of initiating and triggering the development of cancer. Meanwhile, the cancer stem cell model hypothesizes that only a small fraction of stem cells possesses cancer-promoting properties. Typically, colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) share the same molecular signaling profiles with normal stem cells or embryonic stem cells, such as Wnt, Notch, TGF-β, and Hedgehog. Nevertheless, CSCs differ from normal stem cells and the bulk of tumor cells in their tumorigenic potential and susceptibility to chemotherapeutic drugs. This may be a possible explanation of the high percentage of cancer recurrence in patients who underwent chemotherapeutic treatment and surgery. This review article focuses on the colorectal cancer stem cell biomarkers and the role of upregulated signaling pathways implicated in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danysh Abetov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Artificial Organs, Centre for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Unit 9, 53 Kabanbay batyr Ave., Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000
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Shukla S, Meeran SM. Epigenetics of cancer stem cells: Pathways and therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3494-3502. [PMID: 25240776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation and histone modifications are the key factors in the differentiation of stem cells into different tissue subtypes. The generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the process of carcinogenesis may also involve similar kind of epigenetic reprogramming where, in contrast, it leads to the loss of expression of genes specific to the differentiated state and regaining of stem cell-specific characteristics. The most important predicament with treatment of cancers includes the non-responsive quiescent CSC. SCOPE OF REVIEW The distinctive capabilities of the CSCs make cancer treatment even more difficult as this population of cells tends to remain quiescent for longer intervals and then gets reactivated leading to tumor relapse. Therefore, the current review is aimed to focus on recent advances in understanding the relation of epigenetic reprogramming to the generation, self-renewal and proliferation of CSCs. MAJOR CONCLUSION CSC-targeted therapeutic approaches would improve the chances of patient survival by reducing the frequency of tumor relapse. Differentiation therapy is an emerging therapeutic approach in which the CSCs are induced to differentiate from their quiescent state to a mature differentiated form, through activation of differentiation-related signalling pathways, miRNA-mediated alteration and epigenetic differentiation therapy. Thus, understanding the origin of CSC and their epigenetic regulation is crucial to develop treatment strategy against not only for the heterogeneous population of cancer cells but also to CSCs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Characterizing the epigenetic marks of CSCs and the associated signalling cascades might help in developing therapeutic strategies against chemo-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriddhi Shukla
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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Easwaran H, Tsai HC, Baylin SB. Cancer epigenetics: tumor heterogeneity, plasticity of stem-like states, and drug resistance. Mol Cell 2014; 54:716-27. [PMID: 24905005 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The existence of subpopulations of cells in cancers with increased tumor-initiating capacities and self-renewal potential, often termed "cancer stem cells," is a much discussed and key area of cancer biology. Such cellular heterogeneity is very important because of its impact on therapy and especially states of treatment resistance. A major question is whether there is plasticity for evolution of these cell states during tumorigenesis that can involve movement between cell populations in a reversible fashion. In this review, we discuss the possible role of epigenetic abnormalities as well as genetic alterations in such dynamics and in the creation of cellular heterogeneity in cancers of all types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Easwaran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hsing-Chen Tsai
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Role of SLC6A6 in promoting the survival and multidrug resistance of colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4852. [PMID: 24781822 PMCID: PMC4004982 DOI: 10.1038/srep04852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) might be improved by the identification of a signalling pathway that could be targeted with novel therapeutics. The results of this study indicate that the taurine transporter SLC6A6 is highly expressed in CRC cells compared with normal colonocytes. SLC6A6 knockdown (KD) attenuated cell survival and was accompanied by enhanced drug sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxycycline (DOX) and SN-38. Both the population frequency of the side population (SP) cells and their cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties (such as tumour initiation, differentiation and chemoresistance) were abrogated by SLC6A6-KD. Conversely, SLC6A6 overexpression increased cell survival and the proportion of SP cells, enhancing multidrug resistance (MDR). Additionally, SLC6A6-siRNA treatment enhanced the cytotoxic effects of all 3 drugs, whereas the efficacy of ABCG2-siRNA treatment was limited to its 2 substrate drugs, DOX and SN-38. This study indicates that SLC6A6 plays an important role in the maintenance of CSC characteristics, thus promoting cell survival signalling and chemoresistance. Therefore, SLC6A6 inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for refractory CRC.
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Fanali C, Lucchetti D, Farina M, Corbi M, Cufino V, Cittadini A, Sgambato A. Cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer from pathogenesis to therapy: Controversies and perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:923-942. [PMID: 24574766 PMCID: PMC3921545 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains one of the most common and lethal malignancies worldwide despite the use of various therapeutic strategies. A better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for tumor initiation and progression is essential for the development of novel, more powerful therapies. The traditional, so-called “stochastic model” of tumor development, which assumes that each cancer cell is tumorigenic, has been deeply challenged during the past decade by the identification of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a biologically distinct subset of cells within the bulk of tumor mass. This discovery led to the development of the hierarchical model of tumorigenesis which assumes that only CSCs have the ability to initiate tumor growth, both at primary and metastatic sites. This model implies that the elimination of all CSCs is fundamental to eradicate tumors and that failure to do so might be responsible for the occurrence of relapses and/or metastases frequently observed in the clinical management of colorectal cancer patients. Identification and isolation of CSCs is essential for a better understanding of their role in the tumorigenetic process and for the development of CSC-specific therapies. Several methods have been used for this purpose and many efforts have been focused on the identification of specific CSC-surface markers. This review provides an overview of the proposed roles of CSC in human colorectal tumorigenesis focusing on the most important molecules identified as CSC-specific markers in colorectal cancer and on the potential strategies for the development of CSC-targeted therapy.
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Wouters J, Vankelecom H, van den Oord J. Cancer stem cells in cutaneous melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hong KJ, Wu DC, Cheng KH, Chen LT, Hung WC. RECK inhibits stemness gene expression and tumorigenicity of gastric cancer cells by suppressing ADAM-mediated Notch1 activation. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:191-201. [PMID: 23881612 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Reversion-inducing Cysteine-rich Protein with Kazal Motifs (RECK) gene encodes a membrane-anchored glycoprotein that exhibits strong inhibitory activity against various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10). RECK functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. However, whether RECK can modulate the stem-like phenotypes of cancer cells is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that RECK is down-regulated in gastric cancer cells and is further reduced in CD133-positive cancer stem-like cells. Ectopic expression of RECK induces down-regulation of the expression of stemness genes including Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog and the cancer stem cell marker CD133. Treatment of DAPT (a γ-secretase inhibitor) or TAPI-2 (a hydroxamate-based inhibitor of MMPs, tumor necrosis factor α converting enzyme and ADAM17) reduces Notch1 shedding and activation which results in attenuation of stemness genes and CD133. Our data show that ADAM10 and ADAM17 are co-pulled down by RECK suggesting a physical interaction between RECK and ADAMs on cell surface. In addition, RECK suppresses sphere formation and sphere size of CD133-positive gastric cancer cells. Overexpression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) or ADAM17 effectively reverse the inhibitory effect of RECK in CD133-positive cells. More importantly, RECK reduces tumorigenic activity of CD133-positive cells in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of RECK in non-tumorigenic GI2 cells increases stemness and CD133 expression and sphere forming ability. Collectively, these results indicate that RECK represses stemness gene expression and stem-like properties by inhibiting ADAM-mediated Notch1 shedding and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Jing Hong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kim KH, Yoo BC, Kim WK, Hong JP, Kim K, Song EY, Lee JY, Cho JY, Ku JL. CD133 and CD133-regulated nucleophosmin linked to 5-fluorouracil susceptibility in human colon cancer cell line SW620. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:522-32. [PMID: 24339132 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Specific CSC targeting and eradication is therefore a therapeutically important challenge. CD133 is a colorectal CSC marker with unknown function(s). Assessing proteomic changes induced by CD133 may provide clues not only to new CD133 functions but also to the chemotherapy and radiation susceptibility of colon cancer cells. To identify the proteins affected by CD133, CD133-positive (CD133+), and CD133-negative (CD133-) human colon cancer cells were obtained by cell sorting. Whole proteomes were profiled from SW620/CD133+ and SW620/CD133- cells and analyzed by 2D-based proteome analysis. Nucleophosmin (NPM1) was identified as a protein regulated by CD133. CD133 protein level was not affected by NPM1, and an interaction between the two proteins was not observed. CD133 and NPM1 protein levels were positively correlated in 11 human colon cancer cell lines. The CD133+ subpopulation percentage or its value normalized against CD133 protein level was only linked to intrinsic susceptibility of human colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). However, either suppression of CD133 or NPM1 significantly increased 5-FU susceptibility of SW620. The present study suggests that CD133-regulated NPM1 protein level may provide a clue to novel CD133 function(s) linked to human colon cancer cell susceptibility to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Kim
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Division of Translational and Clinical Research I, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Irollo E, Pirozzi G. CD133: to be or not to be, is this the real question? Am J Transl Res 2013; 5:563-81. [PMID: 24093054 PMCID: PMC3786264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CD133 (promini-1) is a member of the transmembrane glycoprotein family, was initially described as a specific marker to select human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Then, it was recognised as important marker to identify and isolate the specific cell subpopulation termed "cancer stem cells". Many studies showed that CD133(+) cells have stemness properties such as self-renewal, differentiation ability, high proliferation and they are able also to form tumours in xenografts. Moreover it has been demonstrated that CD133(+) cells more resistant to radiation and standard chemotherapy than CD133(-) cells. Although this, others investigations demonstrated that also CD133(-) cells can show the same characteristics of those positive for CD133(+). Hence, some inconsistencies among published data on CD133 function can be ascribed to different causes questioning the main role as specific marker of cancer stem cells. In fact, many authors indicate that CD133 is expressed both in differentiated and undifferentiated cells, and CD133(-) cancer cells can also initiate tumours. Indeed, it is still a matter of debate whether CD133(+) cells truly represent the ultimate tumourigenic population. However, the belief that CD133 may act as a universal marker of CSCs has been met with a high degree of controversy in the research community. In this review there is an attempt to highlight: i) the role and function of CD133, with an overview on the current stage of knowledge about this molecule, ii) the difficulty often encountered in its identification iii) the utility of CD133 expression as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Irollo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale Naples, Italy
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Spyropoulou A, Piperi C, Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou AG. Deregulated chromatin remodeling in the pathobiology of brain tumors. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:1-24. [PMID: 23114751 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors encompass a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors with variable histopathology, aggressiveness, clinical outcome and prognosis. Current gene expression profiling studies indicate interplay of genetic and epigenetic alterations in their pathobiology. A central molecular event underlying epigenetics is the alteration of chromatin structure by post-translational modifications of DNA and histones as well as nucleosome repositioning. Dynamic remodeling of the fundamental nucleosomal structure of chromatin or covalent histone marks located in core histones regulate main cellular processes including DNA methylation, replication, DNA-damage repair as well as gene expression. Deregulation of these processes has been linked to tumor suppressor gene silencing, cancer initiation and progression. The reversible nature of deregulated chromatin structure by DNA methylation and histone deacetylation inhibitors, leading to re-expression of tumor suppressor genes, makes chromatin-remodeling pathways as promising therapeutic targets. In fact, a considerable number of these inhibitors are being tested today either alone or in combination with other agents or conventional treatments in the management of brain tumors with considerable success. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underpinning deregulated chromatin remodeling in brain tumors, discuss their potential clinical implications and highlight the advances toward new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Spyropoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, 75, M. Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
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