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Zhang Y, Ming A, Wang J, Chen W, Fang Z. PROTACs targeting androgen receptor signaling: potential therapeutic agents for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Pharmacol Res 2024; 205:107234. [PMID: 38815882 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
After the initial androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), part of the prostate cancer may continuously deteriorate into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The majority of patients suffer from the localized illness at primary diagnosis that could rapidly assault other organs. This disease stage is referred as metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Surgery and radiation are still the treatment of CRPC, but have some adverse effects such as urinary symptoms and sexual dysfunction. Hormonal castration therapy interfering androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway is indispensable for most advanced prostate cancer patients, and the first- and second-generation of novel AR inhibitors could effectively cure hormone sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC). However, the resistance to these chemical agents is inevitable many of patients may experience relapses. The resistance to AR inhibitor mainly involves AR mutation, splice variant formation and amplification, which indicates the important role in CRPC. Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), a potent technique to degrade targeted protein, has recently undergone extensive development as a biological tool and therapeutic drug. This technique has the potential to become the next generation of antitumor therapeutics as it could overcome the shortcomings of conventional small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms on PROTACs targeting AR signaling for CRPC, hoping to provide insights into drug development and clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Annan Ming
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | | | - Zhiqing Fang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.
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2
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Silvestri R, Nicolì V, Gangadharannambiar P, Crea F, Bootman MD. Calcium signalling pathways in prostate cancer initiation and progression. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:524-543. [PMID: 36964408 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells proliferate, differentiate and migrate by repurposing physiological signalling mechanisms. In particular, altered calcium signalling is emerging as one of the most widespread adaptations in cancer cells. Remodelling of calcium signalling promotes the development of several malignancies, including prostate cancer. Gene expression data from in vitro, in vivo and bioinformatics studies using patient samples and xenografts have shown considerable changes in the expression of various components of the calcium signalling toolkit during the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that altered calcium signalling is a crucial component of the molecular re-programming that drives prostate cancer progression. Evidence points to calcium signalling re-modelling, commonly involving crosstalk between calcium and other cellular signalling pathways, underpinning the onset and temporal progression of this disease. Discrete alterations in calcium signalling have been implicated in hormone-sensitive, castration-resistant and aggressive variant forms of prostate cancer. Hence, modulation of calcium signals and downstream effector molecules is a plausible therapeutic strategy for both early and late stages of prostate cancer. Based on this premise, clinical trials have been undertaken to establish the feasibility of targeting calcium signalling specifically for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Nicolì
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Martin D Bootman
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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Chen X, Yang G, Liu M, Quan Z, Wang L, Luo C, Wu X, Zheng Y. Lycopene enhances the sensitivity of castration-resistant prostate cancer to enzalutamide through the AKT/EZH2/ androgen receptor signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 613:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Huhtaniemi R, Sipilä P, Junnila A, Oksala R, Knuuttila M, Mehmood A, Aho E, Laajala TD, Aittokallio T, Laiho A, Elo L, Ohlsson C, Thulin MH, Kallio P, Mäkelä S, Mustonen MV, Poutanen M. High intratumoral dihydrotestosterone is associated with antiandrogen resistance in VCaP prostate cancer xenografts in castrated mice. iScience 2022; 25:104287. [PMID: 35573198 PMCID: PMC9097697 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiandrogen treatment resistance is a major clinical concern in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treatment. Using xenografts of VCaP cells we showed that growth of antiandrogen resistant CRPC tumors were characterized by a higher intratumor dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration than that of treatment responsive tumors. Furthermore, the slow tumor growth after adrenalectomy was associated with a low intratumor DHT concentration. Reactivation of androgen signaling in enzalutamide-resistant tumors was further shown by the expression of several androgen-dependent genes. The data indicate that intratumor DHT concentration and expression of several androgen-dependent genes in CRPC lesions is an indication of enzalutamide treatment resistance and an indication of the need for further androgen blockade. The presence of an androgen synthesis, independent of CYP17A1 activity, has been shown to exist in prostate cancer cells, and thus, novel androgen synthesis inhibitors are needed for the treatment of enzalutamide-resistant CRPC tumors that do not respond to abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arttu Junnila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Matias Knuuttila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arfa Mehmood
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Aho
- Orion Corporation, Orion Pharma, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu D. Laajala
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Elo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Drug Treatment, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Hagberg Thulin
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Sari Mäkelä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Fontana F, Anselmi M, Limonta P. Molecular mechanisms and genetic alterations in prostate cancer: From diagnosis to targeted therapy. Cancer Lett 2022; 534:215619. [PMID: 35276289 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies among men worldwide. Although the primary tumor can be successfully managed by surgery and radiotherapy, advanced metastatic carcinoma requires better therapeutic approaches. In this context, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the initiation and progression of this disease is urgently needed, leading to the identification of new diagnostic/prognostic markers and the development of more effective treatments. Herein, the current state of knowledge of prostate cancer genetic alterations is discussed, with a focus on their potential in tumor detection and staging as well as in the screening of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Anselmi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Yeger H, Perbal B. The CCN axis in cancer development and progression. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:491-517. [PMID: 33877533 PMCID: PMC8642525 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the authors first reviewed this subject in 2016 significant progress has been documented in the CCN field with advances made in the understanding of how members of the CCN family of proteins, CCN1-6, contribute to the pathogenesis and progression, positive and negative, of a larger variety of cancers. As termed matricellular proteins, and more recently the connective communication network, it has become clearer that members of the CCN family interact complexly with other proteins in the extracellular microenvironment, membrane signaling proteins, and can also operate intracellularly at the transcriptional level. In this review we expand on this earlier information providing new detailed information and insights that appropriate a much greater involvement and importance of their role in multiple aspects of cancer. Despite all the new information many more questions have been raised and intriguing results generated that warrant greater investigation. In order to permit the reader to smoothly integrate the new information we discuss all relevant CCN members in the context of cancer subtypes. We have harmonized the nomenclature with CCN numbering for easier comparisons. Finally, we summarize what new has been learned and provide a perspective on how our knowledge about CCN1-6 is being used to drive new initiatives on cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Yeger
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Research Institute, SickKids, Toronto, Canada
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Kubota S, Kawaki H, Perbal B, Kawata K, Hattori T, Nishida T. Cellular communication network factor 3 in cartilage development and maintenance. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:533-543. [PMID: 34125392 PMCID: PMC8642582 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication network factor (CCN) 3 is one of the classical members of the CCN family, which are characterized by common molecular structures and multiple functionalities. Although this protein was discovered as a gene product overexpressed in a truncated form in nephroblastoma, recent studies have revealed its physiological roles in the development and homeostasis of mammalian species, in addition to its pathological association with a number of diseases. Cartilage is a tissue that creates most of the bony parts and cartilaginous tissues that constitute the human skeleton, in which CCN3 is also differentially produced to exert its molecular missions therein. In this review article, after the summary of the molecular structure and function of CCN3, recent findings on the regulation of ccn3 expression and the roles of CCN3 in endochondral ossification, cartilage development, maintenance and disorders are introduced with an emphasis on the metabolic regulation and function of this matricellular multifunctional molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
| | - Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | | | - Kazumi Kawata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
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8
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Camacho L, Zabala-Letona A, Cortazar AR, Astobiza I, Dominguez-Herrera A, Ercilla A, Crespo J, Viera C, Fernández-Ruiz S, Martinez-Gonzalez A, Torrano V, Martín-Martín N, Gomez-Muñoz A, Carracedo A. Identification of Androgen Receptor Metabolic Correlome Reveals the Repression of Ceramide Kinase by Androgens. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174307. [PMID: 34503116 PMCID: PMC8431577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers in men. Androgen receptor signaling plays a major role in this disease, and androgen deprivation therapy is a common therapeutic strategy in recurrent disease. Sphingolipid metabolism plays a central role in cell death, survival, and therapy resistance in cancer. Ceramide kinase (CERK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of ceramide to ceramide 1-phosphate, which regulates various cellular functions including cell growth and migration. Here we show that activated androgen receptor (AR) is a repressor of CERK expression. We undertook a bioinformatics strategy using PCa transcriptomics datasets to ascertain the metabolic alterations associated with AR activity. CERK was among the most prominent negatively correlated genes in our analysis. Interestingly, we demonstrated through various experimental approaches that activated AR reduces the mRNA expression of CERK: (i) expression of CERK is predominant in cell lines with low or negative AR activity; (ii) AR agonist and antagonist repress and induce CERK mRNA expression, respectively; (iii) orchiectomy in wildtype mice or mice with PCa (harboring prostate-specific Pten deletion) results in elevated Cerk mRNA levels in prostate tissue. Mechanistically, we found that AR represses CERK through interaction with its regulatory elements and that the transcriptional repressor EZH2 contributes to this process. In summary, we identify a repressive mode of AR that influences the expression of CERK in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Camacho
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Amaia Zabala-Letona
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana R. Cortazar
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ianire Astobiza
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
| | - Asier Dominguez-Herrera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Amaia Ercilla
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jana Crespo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
| | - Cristina Viera
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
| | - Sonia Fernández-Ruiz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainara Martinez-Gonzalez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
| | - Veronica Torrano
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Martín-Martín
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Muñoz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain; (L.C.); (A.Z.-L.); (A.R.C.); (I.A.); (A.E.); (J.C.); (C.V.); (S.F.-R.); (A.M.-G.); (V.T.); (N.M.-M.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, 48040 Bilbao, Spain; (A.D.-H.); (A.G.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Videira A, Beckedorff FC, daSilva LF, Verjovski-Almeida S. PVT1 signals an androgen-dependent transcriptional repression program in prostate cancer cells and a set of the repressed genes predicts high-risk tumors. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:5. [PMID: 33430890 PMCID: PMC7798249 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) and polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) are known to co-occupy the loci of genes that are downregulated by androgen-stimulus. Long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) PVT1 is an overexpressed oncogene that is associated with AR in LNCaP prostate cancer cells, and with PRC2 in HeLa and many other types of cancer cells. The possible involvement of PVT1 in mediating androgen-induced gene expression downregulation in prostate cancer has not been explored. METHODS LNCaP cell line was used. Native RNA-binding-protein immunoprecipitation with anti-AR or anti-EZH2 was followed by RT-qPCR with primers for PVT1. Knockdown of PVT1 with specific GapmeRs (or a control with scrambled GapmeR) was followed by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) determination with Agilent microarrays and with Significance Analysis of Microarrays statistical test. DEGs were tested as a tumor risk classifier with a machine learning Random Forest algorithm run with gene expression data from all TCGA-PRAD (prostate adenocarcinoma) tumors as input. ChIP-qPCR was performed for histone marks at the promoter of one DEG. RESULTS We show that PVT1 knockdown in androgen-stimulated LNCaP cells caused statistically significant expression upregulation/downregulation of hundreds of genes. Interestingly, PVT1 knockdown caused upregulation of 160 genes that were repressed by androgen, including a significantly enriched set of tumor suppressor genes, and among them FAS, NOV/CCN3, BMF, HRK, IFIT2, AJUBA, DRAIC and TNFRSF21. A 121-gene-set (out of the 160) was able to correctly predict the classification of all 293 intermediate- and high-risk TCGA-PRAD tumors, with a mean ROC area under the curve AUC = 0.89 ± 0.04, pointing to the relevance of these genes in cancer aggressiveness. Native RIP-qPCR in LNCaP showed that PVT1 was associated with EZH2, a component of PRC2. PVT1 knockdown followed by ChIP-qPCR showed significant epigenetic remodeling at the enhancer and promoter regions of tumor suppressor gene NOV, one of the androgen-repressed genes that were upregulated upon PVT1 silencing. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we provide first evidence that PVT1 was involved in signaling a genome-wide androgen-dependent transcriptional repressive program of tumor suppressor protein-coding genes in prostate cancer cells. Identification of transcriptional inhibition of tumor suppressor genes by PVT1 highlights the pathway to the investigation of mechanisms that lie behind the oncogenic role of PVT1 in cancer. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Videira
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica Em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
| | - Felipe C. Beckedorff
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica Em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
- Present Address: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Lucas F. daSilva
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica Em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
- Present Address: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica Em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
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10
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Shankar E, Franco D, Iqbal O, Moreton S, Kanwal R, Gupta S. Dual targeting of EZH2 and androgen receptor as a novel therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 404:115200. [PMID: 32805266 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) emerges after androgen withdrawal therapy and remains incurable due to the lack of effective treatment protocols. Treatment with enzalutamide, a second generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, offers an initial response followed by drug resistance and tumor relapse. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a member of PRC2 complex, is an important target that acts as a coactivator of AR-mediated gene suppression whose oncogenic activity increases during castration. We hypothesize that dual targeting of EZH2 and AR could be highly effective in CRPC treatment. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of combination using EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 with antiandrogen enzalutamide in the treatment of CRPC cells. Treatment of 22Rv1 and C42B CRPC cells with a combination of GSK126 and enzalutamide led to synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest and marked increase in cell death. Mechanistically, this combination treatment significantly reduced expression of AR and AR-v7, decrease in PSA and Akt activity, diminution of EZH2 and other members of PCR2 complex including SUZ12 and EED, with simultaneous loss of H3K27 trimethylation and dissociation between AR and PRC2 complex members compared to individual treatment. This study provides preclinical proof-of-concept that combined treatment of EZH2 inhibitor with AR antagonist results in synergistic anticancer effects opening new possibilities for treatment of CRPC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar Shankar
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daniel Franco
- College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Omair Iqbal
- College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephen Moreton
- Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rajnee Kanwal
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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11
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Shankar E, Franco D, Iqbal O, El-Hayek V, Gupta S. Novel approach to therapeutic targeting of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Med Hypotheses 2020; 140:109639. [PMID: 32097843 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of resistance to anti-androgen therapy limits the usefulness of second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonists including enzalutamide and abiraterone in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. Recent genomic studies reveal that AR-regulated genes contribute to CRPC emergence. Several reasons for the development of resistance towards anti-androgens have been hypothesized, including intracellular testosterone production, androgen overexpression, somatic mutations of AR resulting in a gain of function, constitutive activation of AR splice variants, imbalance in AR regulators, and bypass of AR in CRPC progression. Recent findings suggest that epigenetic alterations are involved in the deregulation of AR signaling. Overexpression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the enzymatic member of the polycomb repressor complex PRC2, has emerged as a key activator of AR in CRPC. Studies indicate that overabundance of EZH2 in localized prostate tumors increases the risk of biochemical recurrence after surgery, as it activates AR by enhancing methylation, resulting in the suppression of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. This apparent association between EZH2 and AR in activating target genes by cooperative recruitment might play a critical role in the emergence of CRPC. Our hypothesis is that combination treatment targeting EZH2 and AR may be a novel efficacious therapeutic regime for the treatment of castrate resistant prostate cancer, and we propose to investigate this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar Shankar
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daniel Franco
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Omair Iqbal
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Victoria El-Hayek
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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12
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Zhao Y, Tang X, Huang Y, Tang Q, Ma C, Zheng F, Wu W, Hann SS. Interaction Of c-Jun And HOTAIR- Increased Expression Of p21 Converge In Polyphyllin I-Inhibited Growth Of Human Lung Cancer Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:10115-10127. [PMID: 31819506 PMCID: PMC6883933 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s226830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Previously we demonstrated that polyphyllin I (PPI), a bioactive component extracted from Paris polyphylla, inhibited the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells through the SAPK/JNK-mediated suppressing p65, DNMT1 and EZH2 expressions. However, the molecular mechanism underlying anti-lung cancer effect by PPI still remain elusive. Purpose In this current study, we further explored the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-lung cancer effect of PPI. Methods MTT, Cell-LightTM EdU DNA cell proliferation and colony formation assays were used to measure cell growth. Western blot were used to examine protein levels of c-Jun and p21. The expression level of long non-codingth RNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) was measured by qRT-PCR. The p21 promoter activity was measured by Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System. The transient transfection experiments were used to silence and overexpression of c-Jun, p21 and HOTAIR. Tumor xenograft and bioluminescent imaging experiments were carried out to confirm the in vitro findings. Results We showed that PPI suppressed growth of NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, we observed that PPI reduced expression of HOTAIR, while increased transcription factor c-Jun protein levels. Additionally, PPI also induced protein expression and promoter activity of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. While exogenously expressed HOTAIR showed no effect on c-Jun levels, silencing of c-Jun significantly reversed the PPI-inhibited HOTAIR expression. Moreover, excessive expressed c-Jun further enhanced PPI-inhibited HOTAIR expression and PPI-induced p21 protein levels. Intriguingly, overexpression of HOTAIR and silencing of c-Jun overcame the PPI-induced p21 protein and promoter activity. Finally, silencing of p21 neutralized the PPI-inhibited cell proliferation. Similar results were also found in one xenograft mouse model. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that PPI inhibits growth of NSCLC cells through regulation of HOTAIR and c-Jun expressions, which lead to induction of p21 gene. The interactions among HOTAIR, c-Jun and p21 regulatory axis converge in the overall anti-lung cancer effect of PPI. This study unveils an additional new mechanism for the anti-lung cancer role of PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- YueYang Zhao
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology.,Department of Hematology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - WanYin Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510120, People's Republic of China
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13
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Wen S, Niu Y, Huang H. Posttranslational regulation of androgen dependent and independent androgen receptor activities in prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2019; 7:203-218. [PMID: 33024699 PMCID: PMC7525085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in western countries. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays key roles in the development of PCa. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the standard therapy for advanced PCa. In addition to its ligand androgen, accumulating evidence indicates that posttranscriptional modification is another important mechanism to regulate AR activities during the progression of PCa, especially in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To date, a number of posttranscriptional modifications of AR have been identified, including phosphorylation (e.g. by CDK1), acetylation (e.g. by p300 and recognized by BRD4), methylation (e.g. by EZH2), ubiquitination (e.g. by SPOP), and SUMOylation (e.g. by PIAS1). These modifications are essential for the maintenance of protein stability, nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of AR. This review summarizes posttranslational modifications that influence androgen-dependent and -independent activities of AR, PCa progression and therapy resistance. We further emphasize that in addition to androgen, posttranslational modification is another important way to regulate AR activity, suggesting that targeting AR posttranslational modifications, such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) of AR, represents a potential and promising alternate for effective treatment of CRPC. Potential areas to be investigated in the future in the field of AR posttranslational modifications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
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14
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prostate Cancer Development: Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E82. [PMID: 31366128 PMCID: PMC6789661 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent nonskin cancer and second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in man. Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease with many patients exhibiting an aggressive disease with progression, metastasis, and other patients showing an indolent disease with low tendency to progression. Three stages of development of human prostate tumors have been identified: intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma androgen-dependent, and adenocarcinoma androgen-independent or castration-resistant. Advances in molecular technologies have provided a very rapid progress in our understanding of the genomic events responsible for the initial development and progression of prostate cancer. These studies have shown that prostate cancer genome displays a relatively low mutation rate compared with other cancers and few chromosomal loss or gains. The ensemble of these molecular studies has led to suggest the existence of two main molecular groups of prostate cancers: one characterized by the presence of ERG rearrangements (~50% of prostate cancers harbor recurrent gene fusions involving ETS transcription factors, fusing the 5' untranslated region of the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 to nearly the coding sequence of the ETS family transcription factor ERG) and features of chemoplexy (complex gene rearrangements developing from a coordinated and simultaneous molecular event), and a second one characterized by the absence of ERG rearrangements and by the frequent mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase adapter SPOP and/or deletion of CDH1, a chromatin remodeling factor, and interchromosomal rearrangements and SPOP mutations are early events during prostate cancer development. During disease progression, genomic and epigenomic abnormalities accrued and converged on prostate cancer pathways, leading to a highly heterogeneous transcriptomic landscape, characterized by a hyperactive androgen receptor signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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15
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Dankner M, Ouellet V, Communal L, Schmitt E, Perkins D, Annis MG, Barrès V, Caron C, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F, Siegel PM. CCN3/Nephroblastoma Overexpressed Is a Functional Mediator of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis That Is Associated with Poor Patient Prognosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1451-1461. [PMID: 31202437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) commonly metastasizes to the bone, resulting in pathologic fractures and poor prognosis. CCN3/nephroblastoma overexpressed is a secreted protein with a known role in promoting breast cancer metastasis to bone. However, in PC, CCN3 has been ascribed conflicting roles; some studies suggest that CCN3 promotes PC metastasis, whereas others argue a tumor suppressor role for CCN3 in this disease. Indeed, in the latter context, CCN3 has been shown to sequester the androgen receptor (AR) and suppress AR signaling. In the present study, we demonstrate that CCN3 functions as a bone-metastatic mediator, which is dependent on its C-terminal domain for this function. Analysis of tissue microarrays comprising >1500 primary PC patient radical prostatectomy specimens reveals that CCN3 expression correlates with aggressive disease and is negatively correlated with the expression of prostate-specific antigen, a marker of AR signaling. Together, these findings point to CCN3 as a biomarker to predict PC aggressiveness while providing clarity on its role as a functional mediator of PC bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dankner
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laudine Communal
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Estelle Schmitt
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dru Perkins
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew G Annis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Barrès
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Caron
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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16
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Saad F, Shore N, Zhang T, Sharma S, Cho HK, Jacobs IA. Emerging therapeutic targets for patients with advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 76:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Elshan NGRD, Rettig MB, Jung ME. Molecules targeting the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis beyond the AR-Ligand binding domain. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:910-960. [PMID: 30565725 PMCID: PMC6608750 DOI: 10.1002/med.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in men in the United States. The androgen receptor (AR) and the physiological pathways it regulates are central to the initiation and progression of PCa. As a member of the nuclear steroid receptor family, it is a transcription factor with three distinct functional domains (ligand-binding domain [LBD], DNA-binding domain [DBD], and transactivation domain [TAD]) in its structure. All clinically approved drugs for PCa ultimately target the AR-LBD. Clinically active drugs that target the DBD and TAD have not yet been developed due to multiple factors. Despite these limitations, the last several years have seen a rise in the discovery of molecules that could successfully target these domains. This review aims to present and comprehensively discuss such molecules that affect AR signaling through direct or indirect interactions with the AR-TAD or the DBD. The compounds discussed here include hairpin polyamides, niclosamide, marine sponge-derived small molecules (eg, EPI compounds), mahanine, VPC compounds, JN compounds, and bromodomain and extraterminal domain inhibitors. We highlight the significant in vitro and in vivo data found for each compound and the apparent limitations and/or potential for further development of these agents as PCa therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B. Rettig
- . Division of Hematology/Oncology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System West LA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- . Departments of Medicine and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- . Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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18
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Gritsina G, Gao WQ, Yu J. Transcriptional repression by androgen receptor: roles in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2019; 21:215-223. [PMID: 30950412 PMCID: PMC6498738 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_19_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR), a hormonal transcription factor, plays important roles during prostate cancer progression and is a key target for therapeutic interventions. While androgen-deprivation therapies are initially successful in regressing prostate tumors, the disease ultimately comes back as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) or at the late stage as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). CRPC remains largely dependent on hyperactive AR signaling in the milieu of low androgen, while NEPC is negative of AR expression but positive of many AR-repressed genes. Recent technological advances in genome-wide analysis of transcription factor binding sites have revealed an unprecedented set of AR target genes. In addition to its well-known function in activating gene expression, AR is increasingly known to also act as a transcriptional repressor. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which AR represses gene expression. We also summarize AR-repressed genes that are aberrantly upregulated in CRPC and NEPC and represent promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Gritsina
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jindan Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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19
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Zheng D, Wang X, Antonson P, Gustafsson JÅ, Li Z. Genomics of sex hormone receptor signaling in hepatic sexual dimorphism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:33-41. [PMID: 28554805 PMCID: PMC5702598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological processes. Sexual dimorphism is markedly defined in liver disorders, such as fatty liver diseases and liver cancer, but barely addressed in the normal liver. Distinct sex hormone signaling between male and female livers is the major driving factor for hepatic sexual dimorphism. Over 6000 genes are differently expressed between male and female livers in mice. Here we address how sex hormone receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and androgen receptor (AR), mediate sexually dimorphic gene expression in mouse livers. We identified 5192 ERα target genes and 4154 AR target genes using ChIP-Seq. Using liver-specific ERα or AR knockout mice, we further identified direct and functional target genes of ERα (123 genes) and AR (151 genes) that contribute to hepatic sexual dimorphism. We also found that the most significant sexually dimorphic gene expression was initiated at birth by comparing hepatic gene expression data from the embryonic stage E10.5 to the postnatal stage P60 during liver development. Overall, our study indicates that sex hormone receptor signaling drives sexual dimorphism of hepatic gene expression throughout liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoshan Zheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Per Antonson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge 14183, Sweden; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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20
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Vlachostergios PJ, Paddock M, Molina AM. Molecular Targeted Therapies of Prostate Cancer. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64096-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Armstrong CM, Gao AC. CCN3-EZH2-AR feedback loop: new targets for enzalutamide and castration resistant prostate cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:89-91. [PMID: 28255661 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of castration resistant prostate cancer and anti-androgen resistance remains one of the largest hurdles in the successful treatment of prostate cancer. Therefore, the identification of dysregulated pathways contributing to this resistance and determining ways to target these mechanisms is of utmost importance. In the recent publication in Cancer Research, Fong et al. identify a novel role for cytoplasmic CCN3 in prostate cancer progression and enzalutamide resistance. The authors demonstrate that CCN3 expression inhibits androgen receptor signaling and thereby suppresses enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, and xenograft tumor growth. The data from this manuscript highlight an intriguing potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CRPC and are a critical step forwards towards treating enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Armstrong
- Department of Urology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4645 2nd Ave, Research III, Suite 1300, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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