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Hu J, Fu S, Zhan Z, Zhang J. Advancements in dual-target inhibitors of PI3K for tumor therapy: Clinical progress, development strategies, prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116109. [PMID: 38183777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) modify lipids by the phosphorylation of inositol phospholipids at the 3'-OH position, thereby participating in signal transduction and exerting effects on various physiological processes such as cell growth, metabolism, and organism development. PI3K activation also drives cancer cell growth, survival, and metabolism, with genetic dysregulation of this pathway observed in diverse human cancers. Therefore, this target is considered a promising potential therapeutic target for various types of cancer. Currently, several selective PI3K inhibitors and one dual-target PI3K inhibitor have been approved and launched on the market. However, the majority of these inhibitors have faced revocation or voluntary withdrawal of indications due to concerns regarding their adverse effects. This article provides a comprehensive review of the structure and biological functions, and clinical status of PI3K inhibitors, with a specific emphasis on the development strategies and structure-activity relationships of dual-target PI3K inhibitors. The findings offer valuable insights and future directions for the development of highly promising dual-target drugs targeting PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Hu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zixuan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Li S, Chen JS, Li X, Bai X, Shi D. MNK, mTOR or eIF4E-selecting the best anti-tumor target for blocking translation initiation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115781. [PMID: 37669595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of eIF4E is common in patients with various solid tumors and hematologic cancers. As a potential anti-cancer target, eIF4E has attracted extensive attention from researchers. At the same time, mTOR kinases inhibitors and MNK kinases inhibitors, which are directly related to regulation of eIF4E, have been rapidly developed. To explore the optimal anti-cancer targets among MNK, mTOR, and eIF4E, this review provides a detailed classification and description of the anti-cancer activities of promising compounds. In addition, the structures and activities of some dual-target inhibitors are briefly described. By analyzing the different characteristics of the inhibitors, it can be concluded that MNK1/2 and eIF4E/eIF4G interaction inhibitors are superior to mTOR inhibitors. Simultaneous inhibition of MNK and eIF4E/eIF4G interaction may be the most promising anti-cancer method for targeting translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyi Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
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Posansee K, Liangruksa M, Termsaithong T, Saparpakorn P, Hannongbua S, Laomettachit T, Sutthibutpong T. Combined Deep Learning and Molecular Modeling Techniques on the Virtual Screening of New mTOR Inhibitors from the Thai Mushroom Database. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38373-38385. [PMID: 37867669 PMCID: PMC10586184 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and division and is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Many reports on finding alternative mTOR inhibitors available in a database contain a mixture of active compound data with different mechanisms, which results in an increased complexity for training the machine learning models based on the chemical features of active compounds. In this study, a deep learning model supported by principal component analysis (PCA) and structural methods was used to search for an alternative mTOR inhibitor from mushrooms. The mTORC1 active compound data set from the PubChem database was first filtered for only the compounds resided near the first-generation inhibitors (rapalogs) within the first two PCA coordinates of chemical features. A deep learning model trained by the filtered data set captured the main characteristics of rapalogs and displayed the importance of steroid cores. After that, another layer of virtual screening by molecular docking calculations was performed on ternary complexes of FKBP12-FRB domains and six compound candidates with high "active" probability scores predicted by the deep learning models. Finally, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and MMPBSA binding energy analysis were performed on two selected candidates in comparison to rapamycin, which confirmed the importance of ring groups and steroid cores for interaction networks. Trihydroxysterol from Lentinus polychrous Lev. was predicted as an interesting candidate due to the small but effective interaction network that facilitated FKBP12-FRB interactions and further stabilized the ternary complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewalin Posansee
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Monrudee Liangruksa
- National
Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National
Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Teerasit Termsaithong
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Learning
Institute, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | | | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Teeraphan Laomettachit
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Bioinformatics
and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Thana Sutthibutpong
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Center of
Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Faculty
of Science, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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4
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Gasimli R, Kayabasi C, Ozmen Yelken B, Asik A, Sogutlu F, Celebi C, Yilmaz Susluer S, Kamer S, Biray Avci C, Haydaroglu A, Gunduz C. The effects of PKI-402 on breast tumor models' radiosensitivity via dual inhibition of PI3K/mTOR. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1961-1970. [PMID: 37389464 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2232019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation causes relapse and resistance after radiotherapy in breast cancer (BC). We aimed to radiosensitize BC cell lines to irradiation (IR) by PKI-402, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. METHODS We performed cytotoxicity, clonogenicity, hanging drop, apoptosis and double-strand break detection, and phosphorylation of 16 essential proteins involved in the PI3K/mTOR pathway. RESULTS Our findings showed that PKI-402 has cytotoxic efficiency in all cell lines. Clonogenic assay results showed that PKI-402 plus IR inhibited the colony formation ability of MCF-7 and breast cancer stem cell lines. Results showed that PKI-402 plus IR causes more apoptotic cell death than IR alone in the MCF-7 cells but did not cause significant changes in the MDA-MB-231. γ-H2AX levels were increased in MDA-MB-231 in PKI-402 plus IR groups, whereas we did not observe any apoptotic and γ-H2AX induction in BCSCs and MCF-10A cells in all treatment groups. Some pivotal phosphorylated proteins of the PI3K/AKT pathway decreased, several proteins increased and others did not change. CONCLUSION In conclusion, if the combined use of PKI-402 with radiation is supported by in vivo studies, it can contribute to the treatment options and the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Gasimli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cagla Kayabasi
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Besra Ozmen Yelken
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bakircay University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aycan Asik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sogutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Caglar Celebi
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sunde Yilmaz Susluer
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serra Kamer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Haydaroglu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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5
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Occhiuzzi MA, Lico G, Ioele G, De Luca M, Garofalo A, Grande F. Recent advances in PI3K/PKB/mTOR inhibitors as new anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114971. [PMID: 36462440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical role of the PI3K/PKB/mTOR signalling pathway in cell-cycle regulation is now well known. During the onset and development of different forms of cancer it becomes overactive reducing apoptosis and allowing cell proliferation. Therefore, this pathway has become an important target for the treatment of various forms of malignant tumors, including breast cancer and follicular lymphoma. Recently, several more or less selective inhibitors targeting these proteins have been identified. In general, drugs that act on multiple targets within the entire pathway are more efficient than single targeting inhibitors. Multiple inhibitors exhibit high potency and limited drug resistance, resulting in promising anticancer agents. In this context, the present survey focuses on small molecule drugs capable of modulating the PI3K/PKB/mTOR signalling pathway, thus representing drugs or drug candidates to be used in the pharmacological treatment of different forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gernando Lico
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
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6
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Borsari C, De Pascale M, Wymann MP. Chemical and Structural Strategies to Selectively Target mTOR Kinase. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2744-2759. [PMID: 34114360 PMCID: PMC8518124 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is implicated in cancer and neurological disorder, which identifies mTOR inhibition as promising strategy for the treatment of a variety of human disorders. First-generation mTOR inhibitors include rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogs) which act as allosteric inhibitors of TORC1. Structurally unrelated, ATP-competitive inhibitors that directly target the mTOR catalytic site inhibit both TORC1 and TORC2. Here, we review investigations of chemical scaffolds explored for the development of highly selective ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKi). Extensive medicinal chemistry campaigns allowed to overcome challenges related to structural similarity between mTOR and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family. A broad region of chemical space is covered by TORKi. Here, the investigation of chemical substitutions and physicochemical properties has shed light on the compounds' ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). This work provides insights supporting the optimization of TORKi for the treatment of cancer and central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Borsari
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Martina De Pascale
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Matthias P. Wymann
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
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7
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Liu N, Wang X, Li X, Lv X, Xie H, Guo Z, Wang J, Dou G, Du Y, Song D. Identification of effective natural PIK3CA H1047R inhibitors by computational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20246-20257. [PMID: 34415239 PMCID: PMC8436935 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate. PIK3CA gene is frequently mutated in breast cancer, with PIK3CA H1047R as the hotspot mutation reported in TNBC. We used the ZINC database to screen natural compounds that could be structurally modified to develop drugs targeting the PIK3CA H1047R mutant protein in the PI3K pathway. The LibDock module showed that 2,749 compounds could strongly bind to the PIK3CA H1047R protein. Ultimately, the top 20 natural ligands with high LibDock scores were used for further analyses including assessment of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), toxicity, stability, and binding affinity. ZINC000004098448 and ZINC000014715656 were selected as the safest drug candidates with strong binding affinity to PIK3CA H1047R, no hepatotoxicity, less carcinogenicity, better plasma protein binding (PPB) properties, and enhanced intestinal permeability and absorption than the two reference drugs, PKI-402 and wortmannin. Moreover, their lower potential energies than those of PIK3CA H1047R confirmed the stability of the ligand-receptor complex under physiological conditions. ZINC000004098448 and ZINC000014715656 are thus safe and stable leads for designing drugs against PIK3CA H1047R as part of a targeted therapeutic approach for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimeng Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital of Xinxiang, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaye Lv
- Department of Hematology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haoqun Xie
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gaojing Dou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Du
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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PI3K/mTOR Dual Inhibitor PF-04691502 Is a Schedule-Dependent Radiosensitizer for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051261. [PMID: 34065268 PMCID: PMC8160730 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced-stage gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) have a poor overall prognosis despite chemotherapy and radiotherapy (e.g., peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)). Better treatment options are needed to improve disease regression and patient survival. The purpose of this study was to examine a new treatment strategy by combining PI3K/mTOR dual inhibition and radiotherapy. First, we assessed the efficacy of two PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors, PF-04691502 and PKI-402, to inhibit pAkt and increase apoptosis in NET cell lines (BON and QGP-1) and patient-derived tumor spheroids as single agents or combined with radiotherapy (XRT). Treatment with PF-04691502 decreased pAkt (Ser473) expression for up to 72 h compared with the control; in contrast, decreased pAkt expression was noted for less than 24 h with PKI-402. Simultaneous treatment with PF-04691502 and XRT did not induce apoptosis in NET cells; however, the addition of PF-04691502 48 h after XRT significantly increased apoptosis compared to PF-04691502 or XRT treatment alone. Our results demonstrate that schedule-dependent administration of a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, combined with XRT, can enhance cytotoxicity by promoting the radiosensitivity of NET cells. Moreover, our findings suggest that radiotherapy, in combination with timed PI3K/mTOR inhibition, may be a promising therapeutic regimen for patients with GEP-NET.
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9
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Gąsiorkiewicz BM, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Piska K, Pękala E. Autophagy modulating agents as chemosensitizers for cisplatin therapy in cancer. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:538-563. [PMID: 33159673 PMCID: PMC7960624 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although cisplatin is one of the most common antineoplastic drug, its successful utilisation in cancer treatment is limited by the drug resistance. Multiple attempts have been made to find potential cisplatin chemosensitisers which would overcome cancer cells resistance thus improving antineoplastic efficacy. Autophagy modulation has become an important area of interest regarding the aforementioned topic. Autophagy is a highly conservative cellular self-digestive process implicated in response to multiple environmental stressors. The high basal level of autophagy is a common phenomenon in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells which is thought to grant survival benefit. However current evidence supports the role of autophagy in either promoting or limiting carcinogenesis depending on the context. This encourages the search of substances modulating the process to alleviate cisplatin resistance. Such a strategy encompasses not only simple autophagy inhibition but also harnessing the process to induce autophagy-dependent cell death. In this paper, we briefly describe the mechanism of cisplatin resistance with a special emphasis on autophagy and we give an extensive literature review of potential substances with cisplatin chemosensitising properties related to autophagy modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Mateusz Gąsiorkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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Phan TN, Baek KH, Lee N, Byun SY, Shum D, No JH. In Vitro and in Vivo Activity of mTOR Kinase and PI3K Inhibitors Against Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081980. [PMID: 32340370 PMCID: PMC7221892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites, including Leishmania and Trypanosoma spp., are life threatening pathogens with a worldwide distribution. Next-generation therapeutics for treatment are needed as current treatments have limitations, such as toxicity and drug resistance. In this study, we examined the activities of established mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors against these tropical diseases. High-throughput screening of a library of 1742 bioactive compounds against intracellular L. donovani was performed, and seven mTOR/PI3K inhibitors were identified. Dose-dilution assays revealed that these inhibitors had half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 0.14 to 13.44 μM for L. donovani amastigotes and from 0.00005 to 8.16 μM for T. brucei. The results of a visceral leishmaniasis mouse model indicated that treatment with Torin2, dactolisib, or NVP-BGT226 resulted in reductions of 35%, 53%, and 54%, respectively, in the numbers of liver parasites. In an acute T. brucei mouse model using NVP-BGT226 parasite numbers were reduced to under the limits of detection by five consecutive days of treatment. Multiple sequence and structural alignment results indicated high similarities between mTOR and kinetoplastid TORs; the inhibitors are predicted to bind in a similar manner. Taken together, these results indicated that the TOR pathways of parasites have potential for the discovery of novel targets and new potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong-Nhat Phan
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (T.-N.P.); (K.-H.B.)
| | - Kyung-Hwa Baek
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (T.-N.P.); (K.-H.B.)
| | - Nakyung Lee
- Screening Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (N.L.); (S.Y.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Soo Young Byun
- Screening Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (N.L.); (S.Y.B.); (D.S.)
| | - David Shum
- Screening Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (N.L.); (S.Y.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (T.-N.P.); (K.-H.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Morpholine as ubiquitous pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry: Deep insight into the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103578. [PMID: 31978684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morpholine is a versatile moiety, a privileged pharmacophore and an outstanding heterocyclic motif with wide ranges of pharmacological activities due to different mechanisms of action. The ability of morpholine to enhance the potency of the molecule through molecular interactions with the target protein (kinases) or to modulate the pharmacokinetic properties propelled medicinal chemists and researchers to synthesize morpholine ring by the efficient ways and to incorporate this moiety to develop various lead compounds with diverse therapeutic activities. The present review primarily focused on discussing the most promising synthetic leads containing morpholine ring along with structure-activity relationship (SAR) to reveal the active pharmacophores accountable for anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticonvulsant, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antileishmanial activity. This review outlines some of the recent effective chemical synthesis for morpholine ring. The review also highlighted the metabolic liability of some clinical drugs containing this nucleus and various researches on modified morpholine to enhance the metabolic stability of drugs as well. Drugs bearing morpholine ring and those under clinical trials are also mentioned with the role of morpholine and their mechanism of action. This review will provide the necessary knowledge base to the medicinal chemists in making strategic structural changes in designing morpholine derivatives.
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12
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Patidar K, Panwar U, Vuree S, Sweta J, Sandhu MK, Nayarisseri A, Singh SK. An In silico Approach to Identify High Affinity Small Molecule
Targeting m-TOR Inhibitors for the Clinical Treatment of
Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1229-1241. [PMID: 31030499 PMCID: PMC6948900 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.4.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy among women. It is a heterogeneous disease with different subtypes defined by its hormone receptor. A hormone receptor is mainly concerned with the progression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway which is often dysregulated in breast cancer. This is a major signaling pathway that controls the activities such as cell growth, cell division, and cell proliferation. The present study aims to suppress mTOR protein by its various inhibitors and to select one with the highest binding affinity to the receptor protein. Out of 40 inhibitors of mTOR against breast cancer, SF1126 was identified to have the best docking score of -8.705, using Schrodinger Suite which was further subjected for high throughput screening to obtain best similar compound using Lipinski’s filters. The compound obtained after virtual screening, ID: ZINC85569445 is seen to have the highest affinity with the target protein mTOR. The same result based on the binding free energy analysis using MM-GBSA showed that the compound ZINC85569445 to have the the highest binding free energy. The next study of interaction between the ligand and receptor protein with the pharmacophore mapping showed the best conjugates, and the ZINC85569445 can be further studied for future benefits of treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Patidar
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. ,
| | - Umesh Panwar
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sugunakar Vuree
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Jajoriya Sweta
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. ,
| | - Manpreet Kaur Sandhu
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. ,
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. , ,Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu, India.,Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, LeGene Biosciences Pvt Ltd., Indore, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Yuan G, Lian Z, Liu Q, Lin X, Xie D, Song F, Wang X, Shao S, Zhou B, Li C, Li M, Yao G. Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mTOR inhibitor PKI-402 inhibits breast cancer induced osteolysis. Cancer Lett 2019; 443:135-144. [PMID: 30540926 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis causes bone pain and pathological bone fracture in breast cancer patients with a serious complication. Previous studies have demonstrated that a novel phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mTOR inhibitor PKI-402 suppressed the growth of breast cancer cells. However, the role of PKI-402 involved in osteolysis induced by breast cancer remains unclear. In this study, we showed that treatment of PKI-402 led to significant decreases in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast-specific gene expression in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and reduced proliferation, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by blocking the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Importantly, as evidenced by the observation that the administration of PKI-402 inhibited MDA-MB-231-induced osteolysis in vivo, PKI-402 exerted an inhibitory effect on osteoclast formation and bone resorption, critical for cancer cells-induced bone destruction. These results strongly suggest that PKI-402 might have a therapeutic potential to inhibit breast cancer induced osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Zhen Lian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Xixi Lin
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Dantao Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Fangming Song
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Xinjia Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Siyuan Shao
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Orthopaedic Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Chen Li
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Muyan Li
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Guanfeng Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
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Teng B, Zhao L, Gao J, He P, Li H, Chen J, Feng Q, Yi C. 20(s)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) increases the radiotherapy sensitivity of laryngeal carcinoma. Food Funct 2018; 8:4469-4477. [PMID: 29090703 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00853h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Laryngeal carcinoma (LC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors in the head and neck area. Due to its high morbidity and mortality, LC poses a serious threat to human life and health. Even with surgical removal, some patients were not sensitive to radiotherapy or experienced transfer or recurrence. 20(s)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a natural product from Panax ginseng, has been reported to have cytotoxic effects against several cancer cell lines. However, whether it can improve the radiation sensitivity and the underlying mechanism of PPD's sensitization effect is still unknown. Herein, from in vitro and in vivo experiments, we found that the combination of PPD and radiation not only significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis, but also suppressed the tumor growth in mouse models. These findings confirmed the role of PPD in enhancing the sensitivity of radiotherapy. Moreover, our work showed that the expression levels of mTOR and its downstream effectors decreased remarkably after PPD addition when compared to radiation only. This result suggested that PPD's excellent synergistic effects with radiation might be associated with the down-regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway in Hep-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Teng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China.
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Xie C, Chen X, Zheng M, Liu X, Wang H, Lou L. Pharmacologic characterization of SHR8443, a novel dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107977-107990. [PMID: 29296217 PMCID: PMC5746119 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway occurs frequently in human cancer and contributes to resistance to antitumor therapy. Inhibition of key signaling proteins in this pathway therefore represents an attractive targeting strategy for cancer therapy. Here, we show that SHR8443, an imidazo [4,5-c] quinoline derivative, inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase and PI3K, especially PI3Kα/δ/γ isoforms with picomolar potency, by binding to the ATP subunits of the respective enzymes. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling by SHR8443 induced G1 phase arrest, autophagy and apoptosis, and resulted in broad anti-proliferative activity against a panel of cancer cells with different genetic backgrounds. Furthermore, SHR8443 overcame resistance to RAF/MEK inhibitors and exhibited synergistic antitumor activity in combination with RAF/MEK inhibitors in vitro. Compared with the well-known PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235, SHR8443 showed broader and stronger efficacy against carcinoma xenografts, including those resistant to anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab, in association with the inhibition of AKT and S6 phosphorylation in tumor tissues, and also caused no noticeable toxicity. Thus, our preclinical data show that SHR8443 is a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor with pharmaceutical properties favorable for use as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangling Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liguang Lou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Preclinical therapeutic efficacy of a novel blood-brain barrier-penetrant dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor with preferential response in PI3K/PTEN mutant glioma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21741-21753. [PMID: 28423515 PMCID: PMC5400620 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an ideal candidate disease for signal transduction targeted therapy because the majority of these tumors harbor genetic alterations that result in aberrant activation of growth factor signaling pathways. Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 10, mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PTEN, and PI3K mutations are molecular hallmarks of GBM and indicate poor prognostic outcomes in many cancers. Consequently, inhibiting the PI3K pathway may provide therapeutic benefit in these cancers. PI3K inhibitors generally block proliferation rather than induce apoptosis. To restore the sensitivity of GBM to apoptosis induction, targeted agents have been combined with conventional therapy. However, the molecular heterogeneity and infiltrative nature of GBM make it resistant to traditional single agent therapy. Our objectives were to test a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor that may cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and provide the rationale for using this inhibitor in combination regimens to chemotherapy-induced synergism in GBM. Here we report the preclinical potential of a novel, orally bioavailable PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, DS7423 (hereafter DS), in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. DS was tested in mice, and DS plasma and brain concentrations were determined. DS crossed the BBB and led to potent suppression of PI3K pathway biomarkers in the brain. The physiologically relevant concentration of DS was tested in 9 glioma cell lines and 22 glioma-initiating cell (GIC) lines. DS inhibited the growth of glioma tumor cell lines and GICs at mean 50% inhibitory concentration values of less than 250 nmol/L. We found that PI3K mutations and PTEN alterations were associated with cellular response to DS treatment; with preferential inhibition of cell growth in PI3KCA-mutant and PTEN altered cell lines. DS showed efficacy and survival benefit in the U87 and GSC11 orthotopic models of GBM. Furthermore, administration of DS enhanced the antitumor efficacy of temozolomide against GBM in U87 glioma models, which shows that PI3K/mTOR inhibitors may enhance alkylating agent-mediated cytotoxicity, providing a novel regimen for the treatment of GBM. Our present findings establish that DS can specifically be used in patients who have PI3K pathway activation and/or loss of PTEN function. Further studies are warranted to determine the potential of DS for glioma treatment.
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Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin controls cell growth, metabolism, and aging in response to nutrients, cellular energy stage, and growth factors. In cancers including breast cancer, mechanistic target of rapamycin is frequently upregulated. Blocking mechanistic target of rapamycin with rapamycin, first-generation and second-generation mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors, called rapalogs, have shown potent reduction of breast cancer tumor growth in preclinical models and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the fundamental role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway in driving breast tumors. Moreover, we also review key molecules involved with aberrant mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway activation in breast cancer and current efforts to target these components for therapeutic gain. Further development of predictive biomarkers will be useful in the selection of patients who will benefit from inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Qing Li
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Xia Zhou
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Wen Yu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Ling Sun
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Hou Han
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
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Zhao HF, Wang J, Shao W, Wu CP, Chen ZP, To SST, Li WP. Recent advances in the use of PI3K inhibitors for glioblastoma multiforme: current preclinical and clinical development. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:100. [PMID: 28592260 PMCID: PMC5463420 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary tumor in the central nervous system. One of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs for GBM is temozolomide, which is a DNA-alkylating agent and its efficacy is dependent on MGMT methylation status. Little progress in improving the prognosis of GBM patients has been made in the past ten years, urging the development of more effective molecular targeted therapies. Hyper-activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is frequently found in a variety of cancers including GBM, and it plays a central role in the regulation of tumor cell survival, growth, motility, angiogenesis and metabolism. Numerous PI3K inhibitors including pan-PI3K, isoform-selective and dual PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have exhibited favorable preclinical results and entered clinical trials in a range of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Furthermore, combination of inhibitors targeting PI3K and other related pathways may exert synergism on suppressing tumor growth and improving patients' prognosis. Currently, only a handful of PI3K inhibitors are in phase I/II clinical trials for GBM treatment. In this review, we focus on the importance of PI3K/Akt pathway in GBM, and summarize the current development of PI3K inhibitors alone or in combination with other inhibitors for GBM treatment from preclinical to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-fu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang-peng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Zhong-ping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Shing-shun Tony To
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-ping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
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Ong PS, Wang LZ, Dai X, Tseng SH, Loo SJ, Sethi G. Judicious Toggling of mTOR Activity to Combat Insulin Resistance and Cancer: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:395. [PMID: 27826244 PMCID: PMC5079084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), via its two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTORC1, and mTORC2, plays a central role in the regulation of cellular growth, metabolism, and migration. A dysregulation of the mTOR pathway has in turn been implicated in several pathological conditions including insulin resistance and cancer. Overactivation of mTORC1 and disruption of mTORC2 function have been reported to induce insulin resistance. On the other hand, aberrant mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling via either genetic alterations or increased expression of proteins regulating mTOR and its downstream targets have contributed to cancer development. These underlined the attractiveness of mTOR as a therapeutic target to overcome both insulin resistance and cancer. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the notion of intermittent, low dose rapamycin for treating insulin resistance. It further highlights recent data on the continuous use of high dose rapamycin analogs and related second generation mTOR inhibitors for cancer eradication, for overcoming chemoresistance and for tumor stem cell suppression. Within these contexts, the potential challenges associated with the use of mTOR inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shi Ong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Z Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyun Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheng Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shang Jun Loo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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Lei F, Sun C, Xu S, Wang Q, OuYang Y, Chen C, Xia H, Wang L, Zheng P, Zhu W. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies of novel 2-substituted-4-morpholino-7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as dual PI3Kα/mTOR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 116:27-35. [PMID: 27043268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four series of 2-substituted-4-morpholino- 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives (9-28) were designed, synthesized and their structures were confirmed by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and MS spectrum. All compounds were evaluated for the IC50 values against three cancer cell lines (A549, PC-3 and MCF-7). And four selected compounds (10, 11, 24, 27) were further evaluated for the IC50 values against PI3Kα and mTOR kinases. Seven of the target compounds exhibited moderate to excellent antitumor activities against these three cancer cell lines. The most promising compound 11 showed good antitumor potency for A549, PC-3 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 0.52 ± 0.10 μM, 1.41 ± 0.10 μM, 4.82 ± 0.24 μM and moderate antitumor activities against PI3Kα/mTOR with IC50 values of 6.72 ± 0.30 μM and 0.94 ± 0.10 μM. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) and docking studies indicated that aryl urea scaffolds had a significant impact on the antitumor activities, and aryl pyridine urea scaffolds produced the best potency. Variations in substitutions of the aryl group had a significant impact on the activity and 3-Cl-4-F or 3-CF3-4-Cl substitution was more preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Chengyu Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Shan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Yiqiang OuYang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Hui Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Linxiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China
| | - Pengwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China.
| | - Wufu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, PR China; Key Laboratory of Original New Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Chen Y, Zhang L, Yang C, Han J, Wang C, Zheng C, Zhou Y, Lv J, Song Y, Zhu J. Discovery of benzenesulfonamide derivatives as potent PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors with in vivo efficacies against hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:957-66. [PMID: 26819001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is related to cellular activities. Abnormalities of this signaling pathway were discovered in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors were proposed to have enhanced antitumor efficacies by targeting multiple points of the signaling pathway. We synthesized a series of propynyl-substituted benzenesulfonamide derivatives as PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors. Compound 7k (NSC781406) was identified as a highly potent dual inhibitor, which exhibited potent tumor growth inhibition in the hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7404 xenograft model. Compound 7k may be a potential therapeutic drug candidate for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinsong Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chongqing Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Canhui Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Youjun Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiaguo Lv
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunlong Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ju Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Andrs M, Korabecny J, Jun D, Hodny Z, Bartek J, Kuca K. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) inhibitors: importance of the morpholine ring. J Med Chem 2014; 58:41-71. [PMID: 25387153 DOI: 10.1021/jm501026z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKKs) are two related families of kinases that play key roles in regulation of cell proliferation, metabolism, migration, survival, and responses to diverse stresses including DNA damage. To design novel efficient strategies for treatment of cancer and other diseases, these kinases have been extensively studied. Despite their different nature, these two kinase families have related origin and share very similar kinase domains. Therefore, chemical inhibitors of these kinases usually carry analogous structural motifs. The most common feature of these inhibitors is a critical hydrogen bond to morpholine oxygen, initially present in the early nonspecific PI3K and PIKK inhibitor 3 (LY294002), which served as a valuable chemical tool for development of many additional PI3K and PIKK inhibitors. While several PI3K pathway inhibitors have recently shown promising clinical responses, inhibitors of the DNA damage-related PIKKs remain thus far largely in preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andrs
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Sokolska 81, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Zhu L, Derijard B, Chakrabandhu K, Wang BS, Chen HZ, Hueber AO. Synergism of PI3K/Akt inhibition and Fas activation on colon cancer cell death. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:355-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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NVP-BEZ-235 enhances radiosensitization via blockade of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung carcinoma. Genes Cancer 2014; 5:293-302. [PMID: 25221647 PMCID: PMC4162139 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most drug resistant cancer cells also develop resistance to radiation therapy. In this study, we hypothesized that the dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin, NVP-BEZ-235, could potentially enhance radiosensitization in cisplatin-resistance (CDDP-R) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by disabling autophagy as a mechanism of self-preservation. METHODS We used both in vitro and in vivo approaches, including clonogenic assays, Western blotting, molecular analyses of autophagy and apoptosis, a xenograft model of tumor growth, and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Basal p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-S6R proteins were enhanced in CDDP-R NSCLC cells. CDDP-R-resistant NSCLC cells are less radiation sensitive in comparison to parental cells (DER=0.82, p=0.02); BEZ-235 enhanced the radiosensitivity (DER=1.2, p=0.01). In addition, combining BEZ-235/RT showed a dramatic tumor growth delay in a mouse xenograft model. Immunohistochemistry showed that combination therapy yielded 50% decrease in caspase-3 activity. Moreover, cell proliferation was reduced by 87.8% and vascular density by 86.1%. These results were associated with a downregulation of PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway and an increase in autophagy. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be utilized as a novel strategy to enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy in drug-selected non-small cell lung cancer exhibiting radioresistance.
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Houédé N, Pourquier P. Targeting the genetic alterations of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway: its potential use in the treatment of bladder cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 145:1-18. [PMID: 24929024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is the most frequent tumor of the urinary tract and represents the fifth cause of death by cancer worldwide. The current first line chemotherapy is a combination of cisplatin and gemcitabine with median survival not exceeding 15months. Vinflunine is the only drug approved by EMEA as second-line treatment and few progresses have been made for the past 20years to increase the survival of metastatic patients, especially those who are not eligible for cisplatin-based regimen. The recent studies characterizing the genetic background of urothelial cancers of the bladder, revealed chromosomal alterations that are not seen at the same level in other types of cancers. This is especially the case for mutations of genes involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that occupies a major place in the etiology of these tumors. Here, we describe the mutations leading to constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and discuss the potential use of the different classes of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of urothelial bladder cancers. Despite the recent pivotal study evidencing specific mutations of TSC1 in bladder cancer patients responding to everolimus and the encouraging results obtained with other derivatives than rapalogs, few clinical trials are ongoing in bladder cancers. Because of the genetic complexity of these tumors, the cross-talks of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway with other pathways, and the small number of eligible patients, it will be of utmost importance to carefully choose the drugs or drug combinations to be further tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Houédé
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes, France; INSERM U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier & Université de Montpellier 1, France.
| | - Philippe Pourquier
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes, France; INSERM U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier & Université de Montpellier 1, France
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26
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Santoni M, Pantano F, Amantini C, Nabissi M, Conti A, Burattini L, Zoccoli A, Berardi R, Santoni G, Tonini G, Santini D, Cascinu S. Emerging strategies to overcome the resistance to current mTOR inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:221-31. [PMID: 24480319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has emerged as an attractive cancer therapeutic target. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has improved significantly with the advent of agents targeting the mTOR pathway, such as temsirolimus and everolimus. Unfortunately, a number of potential mechanisms that may lead to resistance to mTOR inhibitors have been proposed. In this paper, we discuss the mechanisms underlying resistance to mTOR inhibitors, which include the downstream effectors of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway, the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), the PIM kinase family, PTEN expression, elevated superoxide levels, stimulation of autophagy, immune cell response and ERK/MAPK, Notch and Aurora signaling pathways. Moreover, we present an updated analysis of clinical trials available on PubMed Central and www.clinicaltrials.gov, which were pertinent to the resistance to rapalogs. The new frontier of inhibiting the mTOR pathway is to identify agents targeting the feedback loops and cross talks with other pathways involved in the acquired resistance to mTOR inhibitors. The true goal will be to identify biomarkers predictive of sensitivity or resistance to efficiently develop novel agents with the aim to avoid toxicities and to better choose the active drug for the right patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Francesco Pantano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Clinica di Urologia, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luciano Burattini
- Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alice Zoccoli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Medical Oncology, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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Zhang MH, Man HT, Zhao XD, Dong N, Ma SL. Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer molecular signatures and therapeutic potentials (Review). Biomed Rep 2013; 2:41-52. [PMID: 24649067 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the advances in the study of breast cancer molecular classifications and the molecular signatures of the luminal subtypes A and B of breast cancer were summarized. Effective clinical outcomes depend mainly on successful preclinical diagnosis and therapeutic decisions. Over the last few years, the ever-expanding investigations focusing on breast cancer diagnosis and the clinical trials have provided accumulating information on the molecular characteristics of breast cancer. Specifically, among the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive types of breast cancer, the luminal subtype A breast cancer has been shown to exhibit good clinical outcomes with endocrine therapy, whereas the luminal subtype B breast cancer represents the more complicated type, diagnostically as well as therapeutically. Furthermore, even in luminal subtype A breast cancer, the resistance to treatment has become the major limitation for endocrine-based therapy. Accumulating molecular data and further clinical trials may enable more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. The molecular signatures have emerged as a powerful tool for future diagnosis and therapeutic decisions, although currently available data are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hong Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
| | - Hong Tao Man
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Dan Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
| | - Ni Dong
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
| | - Shi Liang Ma
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, P.R. China
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Gao Q, Lei T, Ye F. Therapeutic targeting of EGFR-activated metabolic pathways in glioblastoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1023-40. [PMID: 23731170 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.806484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The highly divergent histological heterogeneities, aggressive invasion and extremely poor response to treatment make glioblastoma (GBM) one of the most lethal and difficult cancers in humans. Among key elements driving its behavior is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), however, neither traditional therapy including neurosurgery, radiation, temozolomide, nor targeted EGFR therapeutics in clinic has generated promising results to date. Strategies are now focusing on blocking the downstream EGFR-activated metabolic pathways and the key phosphorylated kinases. AREAS COVERED Here, we review two major EGFR-activated downstream metabolic pathways including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MAPK pathways and their key phosphorylated kinase alterations in GBMs. This review also discusses potential pharmacological progress from bench work to clinical trials in order to evaluate specific inhibitors as well as therapeutics targeting PI3K and RAS signaling pathways. EXPERT OPINION Several factors impede clinical progress in targeting GBM, including the high rates of acquired resistance, heterogeneity within and across the tumors, complexity of signaling pathways and difficulty in traversing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Substantial insight into genetic and molecular pathways and strategies to better tap the potential of these agents include rational combinatorial regimens and molecular phenotype-based patient enrichment, each of which will undoubtedly generate new therapeutic approaches to combat these devastating disabilities in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Gao
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Cancer Biology Research Center, wuhan, China
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Lv X, Ma X, Hu Y. Furthering the design and the discovery of small molecule ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors as an effective cancer treatment. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:991-1012. [PMID: 23668243 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.800479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase, which is the key component of two distinct signaling complexes in cells; these complexes are the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Given the importance of these complexes in cellular growth, survival, motility, proliferation, protein synthesis and transcription, it is not surprising that they are impacted in multiple types of cancer. Studies on a number of ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors have suggested that these inhibitors have a therapeutic superiority to rapalogs (rapamycin analogs) in a number of cancers. AREAS COVERED This review provides insight into the binding of mTOR inhibitors with the ATP-binding site, for the benefit of future mTOR inhibitor design and discovery. The authors, furthermore, deduce that a hypothetical binding mode is from docking studies, co-crystal structures and the structure-activity relationships (SARs). The authors also highlight the preclinical and clinical development of hit/lead compounds, and the selectivity for representative mTOR inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The structural analysis of mTOR is hampered by its large size and complexity. Further exploration of mTOR inhibitors may therefore require the combination of structure-based drug design (SBDD, based on the mTOR homology models), fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and analog synthesis. Recent studies suggested that the global inhibition of PI3Ks may be harmful to organisms. Therefore, the future discovery of dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitors needs to ensure that inhibitors are both efficacious and have reduced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lv
- Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Hangzhou 310058, China
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30
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McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Franklin RA, Montalto G, Cervello M, Libra M, Candido S, Malaponte G, Mazzarino MC, Fagone P, Nicoletti F, Bäsecke J, Mijatovic S, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Milella M, Tafuri A, Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, Cocco L, Martelli AM. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascade inhibitors: how mutations can result in therapy resistance and how to overcome resistance. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1068-111. [PMID: 23085539 PMCID: PMC3717945 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Targeting these pathways is often complex and can result in pathway activation depending on the presence of upstream mutations (e.g., Raf inhibitors induce Raf activation in cells with wild type (WT) RAF in the presence of mutant, activated RAS) and rapamycin can induce Akt activation. Targeting with inhibitors directed at two constituents of the same pathway or two different signaling pathways may be a more effective approach. This review will first evaluate potential uses of Raf, MEK, PI3K, Akt and mTOR inhibitors that have been investigated in pre-clinical and clinical investigations and then discuss how cancers can become insensitive to various inhibitors and potential strategies to overcome this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Wander SA, Zhao D, Besser AH, Hong F, Wei J, Ince TA, Milikowski C, Bishopric NH, Minn AJ, Creighton CJ, Slingerland JM. PI3K/mTOR inhibition can impair tumor invasion and metastasis in vivo despite a lack of antiproliferative action in vitro: implications for targeted therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138:369-81. [PMID: 23430223 PMCID: PMC3608882 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic PI3K/mTOR activation is frequently observed in human cancers and activates cell motility via p27 phosphorylations at T157 and T198. Here we explored the potential for a novel PI3K/mTOR inhibitor to inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis. An MDA-MB-231 breast cancer line variant, MDA-MB-231-1833, with high metastatic bone tropism, was treated with a novel catalytic PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PF-04691502, at nM doses that did not impair proliferation. Effects on tumor cell motility, invasion, p27 phosphorylation, localization, and bone metastatic outgrowth were assayed. MDA-MB-231-1833 showed increased PI3K/mTOR activation, high levels of cytoplasmic p27pT157pT198 and increased cell motility and invasion in vitro versus parental. PF-04691502 treatment, at a dose that did not affect proliferation, reduced total and cytoplasmic p27, decreased p27pT157pT198 and restored cell motility and invasion to levels seen in MDA-MB-231. p27 knockdown in MDA-MB-231-1833 phenocopied PI3K/mTOR inhibition, whilst overexpression of the phosphomimetic mutant p27T157DT198D caused resistance to the anti-invasive effects of PF-04691502. Pre-treatment of MDA-MB-231-1833 with PF-04691502 significantly impaired metastatic tumor formation in vivo, despite lack of antiproliferative effects in culture and little effect on primary orthotopic tumor growth. A further link between cytoplasmic p27 and metastasis was provided by a study of primary human breast cancers which showed cytoplasmic p27 is associated with increased lymph nodal metastasis and reduced survival. Novel PI3K/mTOR inhibitors may oppose tumor metastasis independent of their growth inhibitory effects, providing a rationale for clinical investigation of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in settings to prevent micrometastasis. In primary human breast cancers, cytoplasmic p27 is associated with worse outcomes and increased nodal metastasis, and may prove useful as a marker of both PI3K/mTOR activation and PI3K/mTOR inhibitor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Wander
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Korsse SE, Peppelenbosch MP, van Veelen W. Targeting LKB1 signaling in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:194-210. [PMID: 23287572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase LKB1 is a master kinase involved in cellular responses such as energy metabolism, cell polarity and cell growth. LKB1 regulates these crucial cellular responses mainly via AMPK/mTOR signaling. Germ-line mutations in LKB1 are associated with the predisposition of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in which patients develop gastrointestinal hamartomas and have an enormously increased risk for developing gastrointestinal, breast and gynecological cancers. In addition, somatic inactivation of LKB1 has been associated with sporadic cancers such as lung cancer. The exact mechanisms of LKB1-mediated tumor suppression remain so far unidentified; however, the inability to activate AMPK and the resulting mTOR hyperactivation has been detected in PJS-associated lesions. Therefore, targeting LKB1 in cancer is now mainly focusing on the activation of AMPK and inactivation of mTOR. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies show encouraging results regarding these approaches, which have even progressed to the initiation of a few clinical trials. In this review, we describe the functions, regulation and downstream signaling of LKB1, and its role in hereditary and sporadic cancers. In addition, we provide an overview of several AMPK activators, mTOR inhibitors and additional mechanisms to target LKB1 signaling, and describe the effect of these compounds on cancer cells. Overall, we will explain the current strategies attempting to find a way of treating LKB1-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Korsse
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical University Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Pal I, Mandal M. PI3K and Akt as molecular targets for cancer therapy: current clinical outcomes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1441-58. [PMID: 22983389 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K-Akt pathway is a vital regulator of cell proliferation and survival. Alterations in the PIK3CA gene that lead to enhanced PI3K kinase activity have been reported in many human cancer types, including cancers of the colon, breast, brain, liver, stomach and lung. Deregulation of PI3K causes aberrant Akt activity. Therefore targeting this pathway could have implications for cancer treatment. The first generation PI3K-Akt inhibitors were proven to be highly effective with a low IC(50), but later, they were shown to have toxic side effects and poor pharmacological properties and selectivity. Thus, these inhibitors were only effective in preclinical models. However, derivatives of these first generation inhibitors are much more selective and are quite effective in targeting the PI3K-Akt pathway, either alone or in combination. These second-generation inhibitors are essentially a specific chemical moiety that helps to form a strong hydrogen bond interaction with the PI3K/Akt molecule. The goal of this review is to delineate the current efforts that have been undertaken to inhibit the various components of the PI3K and Akt pathway in different types of cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Our focus here is on these novel therapies and their inhibitory effects that depend upon their chemical nature, as well as their development towards clinical trials.
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Cidado J, Park BH. Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway for breast cancer therapy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2012; 17:205-16. [PMID: 22865098 PMCID: PMC3724399 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-012-9264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics and genomics have revealed new pathways that are aberrantly activated in many breast cancers. Chief among these genetic changes are somatic mutations and/or gains and losses of key genes within the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Since breast cancer cell growth and progression is often dependent upon activation of the PI3K pathway, there has been intense research interest in finding therapeutic agents that can selectively inhibit one or more constituents of this signaling cascade. Here we review key molecules involved with aberrant PI3K pathway activation in breast cancers and current efforts to target these components for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Cidado
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
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Martelli AM, Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, Cappellini A, Buontempo F, Bressanin D, Fini M, McCubrey JA. Two hits are better than one: targeting both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin as a therapeutic strategy for acute leukemia treatment. Oncotarget 2012; 3:371-94. [PMID: 22564882 PMCID: PMC3380573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are two key components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This signal transduction cascade regulates a wide range of physiological cell processes, that include differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, motility, and exocytosis. However, constitutively active PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling characterizes many types of tumors where it negatively influences response to therapeutic treatments. Hence, targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling with small molecule inhibitors may improve cancer patient outcome. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade is overactive in acute leukemias, where it correlates with enhanced drug-resistance and poor prognosis. The catalytic sites of PI3K and mTOR share a high degree of sequence homology. This feature has allowed the synthesis of ATP-competitive compounds targeting the catalytic site of both kinases. In preclinical models, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors displayed a much stronger cytotoxicity against acute leukemia cells than either PI3K inhibitors or allosteric mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin. At variance with rapamycin, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors targeted both mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2, and inhibited the rapamycin-resistant phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, resulting in a marked inhibition of oncogenic protein translation. Therefore, they strongly reduced cell proliferation and induced an important apoptotic response. Here, we reviewed the evidence documenting that dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors may represent a promising option for future targeted therapies of acute leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
Conventional treatment of glioblastoma has advanced only incrementally in the last 30 years and still yields poor outcomes. The current strategy of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy has increased median survival to approximately 15 months. With the advent of molecular biology and consequent improved understanding of basic tumor biology, targeted therapies have become cornerstones for cancer treatment. Many pathways (RTKs, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, angiogenesis, etc.) have been identified in GBM as playing major roles in tumorigenesis, treatment resistance, or natural history of disease. Despite the growing understanding of the complex networks regulating GBM tumors, many targeted therapies have fallen short of expectations. In this paper, we will discuss novel therapies and the successes and failures that have occurred. One clear message is that monotherapies yield minor results, likely due to functionally redundant pathways. A better understanding of underlying tumor biology may yield insights into optimal targeting strategies which could improve the overall therapeutic ratio of conventional treatments.
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) control cell growth, proliferation, cell survival, metabolic activity, vesicular trafficking, degranulation, and migration. Through these processes, PI3Ks modulate vital physiology. When over-activated in disease, PI3K promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis or excessive immune cell activation in inflammation, allergy and autoimmunity. This chapter will introduce molecular activation and signaling of PI3Ks, and connections to target of rapamycin (TOR) and PI3K-related protein kinases (PIKKs). The focus will be on class I PI3Ks, and extend into current developments to exploit mechanistic knowledge for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wymann
- Institute Biochemistry & Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland,
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38
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Mellinghoff IK, Schultz N, Mischel PS, Cloughesy TF. Will kinase inhibitors make it as glioblastoma drugs? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 355:135-69. [PMID: 22015553 PMCID: PMC3784987 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Kinase inhibitors have emerged as effective cancer therapeutics in a variety of human cancers. Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, represents a compelling disease for kinase inhibitor therapy because the majority of these tumors harbor genetic alterations that result in aberrant activation of growth factor signaling pathways. Attempts to target the Ras-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) axis in GBM with first generation receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors and rapalogs have been disappointing. However, there is reason for renewed optimism given the now very detailed knowledge of the cancer genome in GBM and a wealth of novel compounds entering the clinic, including next generation RTK inhibitors, class I PI3K inhibitors, mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKinibs), and dual PI3(K)/mTOR inhibitors. This chapter reviews common genetic alterations in growth factor signaling pathways in GBM, their validation as therapeutic targets in this disease, and strategies for future clinical development of kinase inhibitors for high grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department and Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Rapamycin passes the torch: a new generation of mTOR inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:868-80. [PMID: 22037041 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an atypical protein kinase that controls growth and metabolism in response to nutrients, growth factors and cellular energy levels, and it is frequently dysregulated in cancer and metabolic disorders. Rapamycin is an allosteric inhibitor of mTOR, and was approved as an immuno-suppressant in 1999. In recent years, interest has focused on its potential as an anticancer drug. However, the performance of rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogues) has been undistinguished despite isolated successes in subsets of cancer, suggesting that the full therapeutic potential of targeting mTOR has yet to be exploited. A new generation of ATP-competitive inhibitors that directly target the mTOR catalytic site display potent and comprehensive mTOR inhibition and are in early clinical trials.
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Azad A, Jackson S, Cullinane C, Natoli A, Neilsen PM, Callen DF, Maira SM, Hackl W, McArthur GA, Solomon B. Inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase induces accelerated senescence in irradiated human cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1696-707. [PMID: 22009179 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a pivotal role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and is centrally involved in regulating cellular radiosensitivity. Here, we identify DNA-PK as a key therapeutic target for augmenting accelerated senescence in irradiated human cancer cells. We find that BEZ235, a novel inhibitor of DNA-PK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR, abrogates radiation-induced DSB repair resulting in cellular radiosensitization and growth delay of irradiated tumor xenografts. Importantly, radiation enhancement by BEZ235 coincides with a prominent p53-dependent accelerated senescence phenotype characterized by positive β-galactosidase staining, G(2)-M cell-cycle arrest, enlarged and flattened cellular morphology, and increased p21 expression and senescence-associated cytokine secretion. Because this senescence response to BEZ235 is accompanied by unrepaired DNA DSBs, we examined whether selective targeting of DNA-PK also induces accelerated senescence in irradiated cells. Significantly, we show that specific pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PK, but not PI3K or mTORC1, delays DSB repair leading to accelerated senescence after radiation. We additionally show that PRKDC knockdown using siRNA promotes a striking accelerated senescence phenotype in irradiated cells comparable with that of BEZ235. Thus, in the context of radiation treatment, our data indicate that inhibition of DNA-PK is sufficient for the induction of accelerated senescence. These results validate DNA-PK as an important therapeutic target in irradiated cancer cells and establish accelerated senescence as a novel mechanism of radiosensitization induced by DNA-PK blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Azad
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Yu CC, Chiang PC, Lu PH, Kuo MT, Wen WC, Chen P, Guh JH. Antroquinonol, a natural ubiquinone derivative, induces a cross talk between apoptosis, autophagy and senescence in human pancreatic carcinoma cells. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:900-7. [PMID: 21840189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas. A mutation and constitutive activation of K-ras occurs in more than 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. A successful approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancers is urgent. Antroquinonol, a ubiquinone derivative isolated from a camphor tree mushroom, Antrodia camphorata, induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content by propidium iodide staining showed that antroquinonol induced G1 arrest of the cell cycle and a subsequent apoptosis. Antroquinonol inhibited Akt phosphorylation at Ser(473), the phosphorylation site critical for Akt kinase activity, and blocked the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation at Ser(2448), a site dependent on mTOR activity. Several signals responsible for mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 signaling cascades have also been examined to validate the pathway. Moreover, antroquinonol induced the down-regulation of several cell cycle regulators and mitochondrial antiapoptotic proteins. In contrast, the expressions of K-ras and its phosphorylation were significantly increased. The coimmunoprecipitation assay showed that the association of K-ras and Bcl-xL was dramatically augmented, which was indicative of apoptotic cell death. Antroquinonol also induced the cross talk between apoptosis, autophagic cell death and accelerated senescence, which was, at least partly, explained by the up-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and K-ras. In summary, the data suggest that antroquinonol induces anticancer activity in human pancreatic cancers through an inhibitory effect on PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathways that in turn down-regulates cell cycle regulators. The translational inhibition causes G1 arrest of the cell cycle and an ultimate mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, autophagic cell death and accelerated senescence also explain antroquinonol-mediated anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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42
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Dehnhardt CM, Venkatesan AM, Chen Z, Delos-Santos E, Ayral-Kaloustian S, Brooijmans N, Yu K, Hollander I, Feldberg L, Lucas J, Mallon R. Identification of 2-oxatriazines as highly potent pan-PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4773-8. [PMID: 21763134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently described several highly potent, triazine (1) and triazolopyrimidine (2) scaffold-based, dual PI3K/mTOR-inhibitors (e.g., 1, PKI-587) that were efficacious in both in vitro and in vivo models. In order to further optimize these compounds we devised a novel series, the 2-oxatriazines, which also exhibited excellent potency and good metabolic stability. Some 2-oxatriazines showed promising in vivo biomarker suppression and induced apoptosis in the MDA-MB-361 breast cancer xenograft model.
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Hollander MC, Blumenthal GM, Dennis PA. PTEN loss in the continuum of common cancers, rare syndromes and mouse models. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:289-301. [PMID: 21430697 PMCID: PMC6946181 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is among the most frequently inactivated tumour suppressor genes in sporadic cancer. PTEN has dual protein and lipid phosphatase activity, and its tumour suppressor activity is dependent on its lipid phosphatase activity, which negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Germline mutations in PTEN have been described in a variety of rare syndromes that are collectively known as the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndromes (PHTS). Cowden syndrome is the best-described syndrome within PHTS, with approximately 80% of patients having germline PTEN mutations. Patients with Cowden syndrome have an increased incidence of cancers of the breast, thyroid and endometrium, which correspond to sporadic tumour types that commonly exhibit somatic PTEN inactivation. Pten deletion in mice leads to Cowden syndrome-like phenotypes, and tissue-specific Pten deletion has provided clues to the role of PTEN mutation and loss in specific tumour types. Studying PTEN in the continuum of rare syndromes, common cancers and mouse models provides insight into the role of PTEN in tumorigenesis and will inform targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christine Hollander
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Wander SA, Hennessy BT, Slingerland JM. Next-generation mTOR inhibitors in clinical oncology: how pathway complexity informs therapeutic strategy. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1231-41. [PMID: 21490404 DOI: 10.1172/jci44145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a PI3K-related kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation, and survival via mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. The mTOR pathway is often aberrantly activated in cancers. While hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and DNA damage restrain mTORC1 activity, multiple genetic events constitutively activate mTOR in cancers. Here we provide a brief overview of the signaling pathways up- and downstream of mTORC1 and -2, and discuss the insights into therapeutic anticancer targets - both those that have been tried in the clinic with limited success and those currently under clinical development - that knowledge of these pathways gives us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Wander
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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45
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Zhang YJ, Duan Y, Zheng XFS. Targeting the mTOR kinase domain: the second generation of mTOR inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:325-31. [PMID: 21333749 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mTOR signaling pathway is dysregulated in ∼50% of all human malignancies and is a major cancer drug target. Although rapamycin analogs (rapalogs) have shown clinical efficacy in a subset of cancers, they do not fully exploit the antitumor potential of mTOR targeting. Because the mTOR kinase domain is important for rapamycin-sensitive and -insensitive functions, mTOR catalytic inhibitors have been developed recently as the second generation of anti-mTOR agents. Importantly, they have shown marked improvement of antitumor activity in vivo and in vitro. This review will detail the potential therapeutic value and issues of these novel antineoplastic agents, with emphasis placed on those that have already entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Zhang
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Pharmacology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Mallon R, Feldberg LR, Lucas J, Chaudhary I, Dehnhardt C, Santos ED, Chen Z, dos Santos O, Ayral-Kaloustian S, Venkatesan A, Hollander I. Antitumor efficacy of PKI-587, a highly potent dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3193-203. [PMID: 21325073 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to show preclinical efficacy and clinical development potential of PKI-587, a dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR inhibitor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In vitro class 1 PI3K enzyme and human tumor cell growth inhibition assays and in vivo five tumor xenograft models were used to show efficacy. RESULTS In vitro, PKI-587 potently inhibited class I PI3Ks (IC(50) vs. PI3K-α = 0.4 nmol/L), PI3K-α mutants, and mTOR. PKI-587 inhibited growth of 50 diverse human tumor cell lines at IC(50) values of less than 100 nmol/L. PKI-587 suppressed phosphorylation of PI3K/mTOR effectors (e.g., Akt), and induced apoptosis in human tumor cell lines with elevated PI3K/mTOR signaling. MDA-MB-361 [breast; HER2(+), PIK3CA mutant (E545K)] was particularly sensitive to this effect, with cleaved PARP, an apoptosis marker, induced by 30 nmol/L PKI-587 at 4 hours. In vivo, PKI-587 inhibited tumor growth in breast (MDA-MB-361, BT474), colon (HCT116), lung (H1975), and glioma (U87MG) xenograft models. In MDA-MB-361 tumors, PKI-587 (25 mg/kg, single dose i.v.) suppressed Akt phosphorylation [at threonine(T)308 and serine(S)473] for up to 36 hours, with cleaved PARP (cPARP) evident up to 18 hours. PKI-587 at 25 mg/kg (once weekly) shrank large (∼1,000 mm(3)) MDA-MB-361 tumors and suppressed tumor regrowth. Tumor regression correlated with suppression of phosphorylated Akt in the MDA-MB-361 model. PKI-587 also caused regression in other tumor models, and efficacy was enhanced when given in combination with PD0325901 (MEK 1/2 inhibitor), irinotecan (topoisomerase I inhibitor), or HKI-272 (neratinib, HER2 inhibitor). CONCLUSION Significant antitumor efficacy and a favorable pharmacokinetic/safety profile justified phase 1 clinical evaluation of PKI-587.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mallon
- Department of Oncology, Discovery Medicinal Chemistry, and Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research now Pfizer, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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Savaskan NE, Eyüpoglu IY. xCT modulation in gliomas: relevance to energy metabolism and tumor microenvironment normalization. Ann Anat 2010; 192:309-13. [PMID: 20801625 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several nutrient transporters impacting the glutathione/redox cycle regulation and cell proliferation have been identified in cancer, which render these transporters potential prime targets for cytotoxic anticancer therapy. One promising transporter is system X(c)(-), also known as xCT (SLC7a11), which is expressed in various cancers including primary malignant brain tumors (gliomas). An important biological feature of these transporters, and in particular of xCT is its specific modulation of the tumor microenvironment leading to growth advantage for cancer. Thus, tumor microenvironment shaping by xCT inhibition revealed a so far neglected hallmark of gliomas, i.e. tumor-induced neurotoxicity and its impact on the development of peritumoral brain swelling. This review here discusses available pharmacological tools for the tumor microenvironment normalization, in the context of perifocal edema and the Warburg effect and highlights the implications of such metabolic normalization approach in the design of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic E Savaskan
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, CCM2, Charité-Medical School Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
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48
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PKI-179: an orally efficacious dual phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5869-73. [PMID: 20797855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of mono-morpholino 1,3,5-triazine derivatives (8a-8q) bearing a 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane were prepared and evaluated for PI3-kinase/mTOR activity. Replacement of one of the bis-morpholines in lead compound 1 (PKI-587) with 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and reduction of the molecular weight yielded 8m (PKI-179), an orally efficacious dual PI3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor. The in vitro activity, in vivo efficacy, and PK properties of 8m are discussed.
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