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Woodman TJ, Lloyd MD. Analysis of enzyme reactions using NMR techniques: A case study with α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR). Methods Enzymol 2023; 690:159-209. [PMID: 37858529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; P504S) catalyzes the conversion of R-2-methylacyl-CoA esters into their corresponding S-2-methylacyl-CoA epimers enabling their degradation by β-oxidation. The enzyme also catalyzes the key epimerization reaction in the pharmacological activation pathway of ibuprofen and related drugs. AMACR protein levels and enzymatic activity are increased in prostate cancer, and the enzyme is a recognized drug target. Key to the development of novel treatments based on AMACR inhibition is the development of functional assays. Synthesis of substrates and purification of recombinant human AMACR are described. Incubation of R- or S-2-methylacyl-CoA esters with AMACR in vitro resulted in formation of epimers (at a near 1-1 ratio at equilibrium) via removal of their α-protons to form an enolate intermediate followed by reprotonation. Conversion can be conveniently followed by incubation in buffer containing 2H2O followed by 1H NMR analysis to monitor conversion of the α-methyl doublet to a single peak upon deuterium incorporation. Incubation of 2-methylacyl-CoA esters containing leaving groups results in an elimination reaction, which was also characterized by 1H NMR. The synthesis of substrates, including a double labeled substrate for mechanistic studies, and subsequent analysis is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Woodman
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew D Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom.
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Mojanaga OO, Acharya KR, Lloyd MD. Recombinant protein production for structural and kinetic studies: A case study using M. tuberculosis α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (MCR). Methods Enzymol 2023; 690:1-37. [PMID: 37858526 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Modern drug discovery is a target-driven approach in which a particular protein such as an enzyme is implicated in the disease process. Commonly, small-molecule drugs are identified using screening, rational design, and structural biology approaches. Drug screening, testing and optimization is typically conducted in vitro, and copious amounts of protein are required. The advent of recombinant DNA technologies has resulted in a rise in proteins purified by affinity techniques, typically by incorporating an "affinity tag" at the N- or C-terminus. Use of these tagged proteins and affinity techniques comes with a host of issues. This chapter describes the production of an untagged enzyme, α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (MCR) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using a recombinant E. coli system. Purification of the enzyme on a 100 mg scale using tandem anion-exchange chromatographies (DEAE-sepharose and RESOURCE-Q columns), and size-exclusion chromatographies is described. A modified protocol allowing the purification of cationic proteins is also described, based on tandem cation-exchange chromatographies (using CM-sepharose and RESOURCE-S columns) and size-exclusion chromatographies. The resulting MCR protein is suitable for biochemical and structural biology applications. The described protocols have wide applicability to the purification of other recombinant proteins and enzymes without using affinity chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otsile O Mojanaga
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew D Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom.
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3
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Bearne SL. Design and evaluation of substrate-product analog inhibitors for racemases and epimerases utilizing a 1,1-proton transfer mechanism. Methods Enzymol 2023; 690:397-444. [PMID: 37858537 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Racemases and epimerases catalyze the inversion of stereochemistry at asymmetric carbon atoms to generate stereoisomers that often play important roles in normal and pathological physiology. Consequently, there is interest in developing inhibitors of these enzymes for drug discovery. A strategy for the rational design of substrate-product analog (SPA) inhibitors of racemases and epimerases utilizing a direct 1,1-proton transfer mechanism is elaborated. This strategy assumes that two groups on the asymmetric carbon atom remain fixed at active-site binding determinants, while the hydrogen and third, motile group move during catalysis, with the latter potentially traveling between an R- and S-pocket at the active site. SPAs incorporate structural features of the substrate and product, often with geminal disubstitution on the asymmetric carbon atom to simultaneously present the motile group to both the R- and S-pockets. For racemases operating on substrates bearing three polar groups (glutamate, aspartate, and serine racemases) or with compact, hydrophobic binding pockets (proline racemase), substituent motion is limited and the design strategy furnishes inhibitors with poor or modest binding affinities. The approach is most successful when substrates have a large, motile hydrophobic group that binds at a plastic and/or capacious hydrophobic site. Potent inhibitors were developed for mandelate racemase, isoleucine epimerase, and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase using the SPA inhibitor design strategy, exhibiting binding affinities ranging from substrate-like to exceeding that of the substrate by 100-fold. This rational approach for designing inhibitors of racemases and epimerases having the appropriate active-site architectures is a useful strategy for furnishing compounds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Bearne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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4
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Comparative Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of the Impact of Androgen Stimulation and Darolutamide Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010002. [PMID: 36611998 PMCID: PMC9817687 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) function are approved for prostate cancer treatment, and their impact on gene transcription has been described. However, the ensuing effects at the protein level are far less well understood. We focused on the AR signaling inhibitor darolutamide and confirmed its strong AR binding and antagonistic activity using the high throughput cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA HT). Then, we generated comprehensive, quantitative proteomic data from the androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell line VCaP and compared them to transcriptomic data. Following treatment with the synthetic androgen R1881 and darolutamide, global mass spectrometry-based proteomics and label-free quantification were performed. We found a generally good agreement between proteomic and transcriptomic data upon androgen stimulation and darolutamide inhibition. Similar effects were found both for the detected expressed genes and their protein products as well as for the corresponding biological programs. However, in a few instances there was a discrepancy in the magnitude of changes induced on gene expression levels compared to the corresponding protein levels, indicating post-transcriptional regulation of protein abundance. Chromatin immunoprecipitation DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) and Hi-C chromatin immunoprecipitation (HiChIP) revealed the presence of androgen-activated AR-binding regions and long-distance AR-mediated loops at these genes.
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Zuo Z, Yu Y, Ren B, Liu S, Nelson J, Wang Z, Tao J, Pradhan‐Sundd T, Bhargava R, Michalopoulos G, Chen Q, Zhang J, Ma D, Pennathur A, Luketich J, Satdarshan Monga P, Nalesnik M, Luo J. Oncogenic Activity of Solute Carrier Family 45 Member 2 and Alpha-Methylacyl-Coenzyme A Racemase Gene Fusion Is Mediated by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:209-222. [PMID: 34505419 PMCID: PMC8710797 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome rearrangement is one of the hallmarks of human malignancies. Gene fusion is one of the consequences of chromosome rearrangements. In this report, we show that gene fusion between solute carrier family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2) and alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) occurs in eight different types of human malignancies, with frequencies ranging from 45% to 97%. The chimeric protein is translocated to the lysosomal membrane and activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling cascade. The fusion protein promotes cell growth, accelerates migration, resists serum starvation-induced cell death, and is essential for cancer growth in mouse xenograft cancer models. Introduction of SLC45A2-AMACR into the mouse liver using a sleeping beauty transposon system and somatic knockout of phosphatase and TENsin homolog (Pten) generated spontaneous liver cancers within a short period. Conclusion: The gene fusion between SLC45A2 and AMACR may be a driving event for human liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze‐Hua Zuo
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Yan‐Ping Yu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center of University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Bao‐Guo Ren
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center of University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Joel Nelson
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Junyan Tao
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | | | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - George Michalopoulos
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center of University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of PharmacologyToxicology, and TherapeuticsUniversity of KansasKansas CityKSUSA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Present address:
Department of MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA
| | - Deqin Ma
- Department of PathologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Arjun Pennathur
- Thoracic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - James Luketich
- Thoracic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Paul Satdarshan Monga
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center of University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Michael Nalesnik
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Jian‐Hua Luo
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center of University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
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Abstract
Abstract
Ebselen is a well-known synthetic compound mimicking glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyses some vital reactions that protect against oxidative damage. Based on a large number of in vivo and in vitro studies, various mechanisms have been proposed to explain its actions on multiple targets. It targets thiol-related compounds, including cysteine, glutathione, and thiol proteins (e.g., thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase). Owing to this, ebselen is a unique multifunctional agent with important effects on inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, cell differentiation, immune regulation and neurodegenerative disease, with anti-microbial, detoxifying and anti-tumour activity. This review summarises the current understanding of the multiple biological processes and molecules targeted by ebselen, and its pharmacological applications.
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Lloyd MD, Yevglevskis M, Nathubhai A, James TD, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ. Racemases and epimerases operating through a 1,1-proton transfer mechanism: reactivity, mechanism and inhibition. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5952-5984. [PMID: 34027955 PMCID: PMC8142540 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Racemases and epimerases catalyse changes in the stereochemical configurations of chiral centres and are of interest as model enzymes and as biotechnological tools. They also occupy pivotal positions within metabolic pathways and, hence, many of them are important drug targets. This review summarises the catalytic mechanisms of PLP-dependent, enolase family and cofactor-independent racemases and epimerases operating by a deprotonation/reprotonation (1,1-proton transfer) mechanism and methods for measuring their catalytic activity. Strategies for inhibiting these enzymes are reviewed, as are specific examples of inhibitors. Rational design of inhibitors based on substrates has been extensively explored but there is considerable scope for development of transition-state mimics and covalent inhibitors and for the identification of inhibitors by high-throughput, fragment and virtual screening approaches. The increasing availability of enzyme structures obtained using X-ray crystallography will facilitate development of inhibitors by rational design and fragment screening, whilst protein models will facilitate development of transition-state mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lloyd
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Maksims Yevglevskis
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and CatSci Ltd., CBTC2, Capital Business Park, Wentloog, Cardiff CF3 2PX, UK
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and University of Sunderland, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sciences Complex, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael D Threadgill
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. and Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3BY, UK
| | - Timothy J Woodman
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Bearne SL. Through the Looking Glass: Chiral Recognition of Substrates and Products at the Active Sites of Racemases and Epimerases. Chemistry 2020; 26:10367-10390. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Bearne
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyDepartment of ChemistryDalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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9
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Kong G, Lee H, Tran Q, Kim C, Park J, Kwon SH, Kim SH, Park J. Current Knowledge on the Function of α-Methyl Acyl-CoA Racemase in Human Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:153. [PMID: 32760737 PMCID: PMC7372137 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched chain fatty acids perform very important functions in human diet and drug metabolism. they cannot be metabolized in mitochondria and are instead processed and degraded in peroxisomes due to the presence of methyl groups on the carbon chains. Oxidative degradation pathways for lipids include α- and β-oxidation and several pathways. In all metabolic pathways, α-methyl acyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) plays an essential role by regulating the metabolism of lipids and drugs. AMACR regulates β-oxidation of branched chain lipids in peroxisomes and mitochondria and promotes chiral reversal of 2-methyl acids. AMACR defects cause sensory-motor neuronal and liver abnormalities in humans. These phenotypes are inherited and are caused by mutations in AMACR. In addition, AMACR has been found to be overexpressed in prostate cancer. In addition, the protein levels of AMACR have increased significantly in many types of cancer. Therefore, AMACR may be an important marker in tumors. In this review, a comprehensive overview of AMACR studies in human disease will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeyeong Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chaeyeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Life Science, Hyehwa Liberal Arts College, LINC Plus Project Group, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are metabolic organelles involved in lipid metabolism and cellular redox balance. Peroxisomal function is central to fatty acid oxidation, ether phospholipid synthesis, bile acid synthesis, and reactive oxygen species homeostasis. Human disorders caused by genetic mutations in peroxisome genes have led to extensive studies on peroxisome biology. Peroxisomal defects are linked to metabolic dysregulation in diverse human diseases, such as neurodegeneration and age-related disorders, revealing the significance of peroxisome metabolism in human health. Cancer is a disease with metabolic aberrations. Despite the critical role of peroxisomes in cell metabolism, the functional effects of peroxisomes in cancer are not as well recognized as those of other metabolic organelles, such as mitochondria. In addition, the significance of peroxisomes in cancer is less appreciated than it is in degenerative diseases. In this review, I summarize the metabolic pathways in peroxisomes and the dysregulation of peroxisome metabolism in cancer. In addition, I discuss the potential of inactivating peroxisomes to target cancer metabolism, which may pave the way for more effective cancer treatment.
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11
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Sambri A, De Paolis M, Spinnato P, Donati DM, Bianchi G. The Biology of Myxofibrosarcoma: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Oncol Res Treat 2020; 43:314-322. [PMID: 32450554 DOI: 10.1159/000507334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is among the most highly complex sarcoma types. Molecular cytogenetic studies have identified a high level of genomic complexity. SUMMARY This review provides an update of the current research related to MFS, with particular emphasis on emerging mechanisms of tumorigenesis and their potential therapeutic impact. Many novel possible molecular markers have been identified, not only for prognostication in MFS, but also to serve as possible therapeutic targets, and thereby improve clinical outcomes. However, the molecular pathogenesis of MFS remains incompletely understood. Key Messages: Patients suffering from advanced MFS might benefit from expanded molecular evaluation in order to detect specific expression profiles and identify drug-able targets. Moreover, immunotherapy represents an intriguingly perspective due to the presence of "T-cell inflamed" tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sambri
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy, .,University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,
| | | | | | - Davide Maria Donati
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Lloyd
- Drug & Target Development, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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13
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Petrova YD, Wadda K, Nathubhai A, Yevglevskis M, Mitchell PJ, James TD, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ, Lloyd MD. Identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors of α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; P504S) and structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103264. [PMID: 31536955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; P504S; EC 5.1.99.4) catalyses epimerization of 2-methylacyl-CoAs and is important for the degradation of branched-chain fatty acids and the pharmacological activation of ibuprofen and related drugs. It is also a novel drug target for prostate and other cancers. However, development of AMACR as a drug target has been hampered by the difficulties in assaying enzyme activity. Consequently, reported inhibitors have been rationally designed acyl-CoA esters, which are delivered as their carboxylate prodrugs. The novel colorimetric assay for AMACR based on the elimination of 2,4-dinitrophenolate was developed for high-throughput screening and 20,387 'drug-like compounds' were screened, with a throughput of 768 compounds assayed per day. Pyrazoloquinolines and pyrazolopyrimidines were identified as novel scaffolds and investigated as AMACR inhibitors. The most potent inhibitors have IC50 values of ~2 µM. The pyrazoloquinoline inhibitor 10a displayed uncompetitive inhibition, whilst 10j displayed mixed competitive inhibition. The pyrazolopyrimidine inhibitor 11k displayed uncompetitive inhibition. This is the first report of the identification of specific drug-like small-molecule AMACR inhibitors by high-throughput screening. Pyrazoloquinolines and pyrazolopyrimidines may also be useful as inhibitors of other CoA-utilizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoana D Petrova
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Katty Wadda
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sciences Complex, City Campus, Dale Building, Room 121, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK(1)
| | - Maksims Yevglevskis
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Paul J Mitchell
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michael D Threadgill
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Timothy J Woodman
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Matthew D Lloyd
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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14
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Yevglevskis M, Nathubhai A, Wadda K, Lee GL, Al-Rawi S, Jiao T, Mitchell PJ, James TD, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ, Lloyd MD. Novel 2-arylthiopropanoyl-CoA inhibitors of α-methylacyl-CoA racemase 1A (AMACR; P504S) as potential anti-prostate cancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103263. [PMID: 31536953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; P504S) catalyses an essential step in the degradation of branched-chain fatty acids and the activation of ibuprofen and related drugs. AMACR has gained much attention as a drug target and biomarker, since it is found at elevated levels in prostate cancer and several other cancers. Herein, we report the synthesis of 2-(phenylthio)propanoyl-CoA derivatives which provided potent AMACR inhibitory activity (IC50 = 22-100 nM), as measured by the AMACR colorimetric activity assay. Inhibitor potency positively correlates with calculated logP, although 2-(3-benzyloxyphenylthio)propanoyl-CoA and 2-(4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenylthio)propanoyl-CoA were more potent than predicted by this parameter. Subsequently, carboxylic acid precursors were evaluated against androgen-dependent LnCaP prostate cancer cells and androgen-independent Du145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells using the MTS assay. All tested precursor acids showed inhibitory activity against LnCaP, Du145 and PC3 cells at 500 µM, but lacked activity at 100 µM. This is the first extensive structure-activity relationship study on the influence of side-chain interactions on the potency of novel rationally designed AMACR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksims Yevglevskis
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; University of Sunderland, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sciences Complex, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK(1)
| | - Katty Wadda
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Guat L Lee
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Suzanne Al-Rawi
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Tingying Jiao
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul J Mitchell
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michael D Threadgill
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Timothy J Woodman
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Matthew D Lloyd
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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15
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Zhang Z, Garzotto M, Davis EW, Mori M, Stoller WA, Farris PE, Wong CP, Beaver LM, Thomas GV, Williams DE, Dashwood RH, Hendrix DA, Ho E, Shannon J. Sulforaphane Bioavailability and Chemopreventive Activity in Men Presenting for Biopsy of the Prostate Gland: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:74-87. [PMID: 31155953 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1619783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest compounds such as sulforaphane (SFN) derived from cruciferous vegetables may prevent prostate cancer development and progression. This study evaluated the effect of broccoli sprout extract (BSE) supplementation on blood histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, prostate RNA gene expression, and tissue biomarkers (histone H3 lysine 18 acetylation (H3K18ac), HDAC3, HDAC6, Ki67, and p21). A total of 98 men scheduled for prostate biopsy were allocated into either BSE (200 µmol daily) or a placebo in our double-blind, randomized controlled trial. We used nonparametric tests to evaluate the differences of blood HDAC activity and prostate tissue immunohistochemistry biomarkers between treatment groups. Further, we performed RNA-Seq analysis on the prostate biopsies and identified 40 differentially expressed genes correlated with BSE treatment, including downregulation of two genes previously implicated in prostate cancer development, AMACR and ARLNC1. Although urine and plasma SFN isothiocyanates and individual SFN metabolites were statistically higher in the treatment group, our results did not show a significant difference in HDAC activity or prostate tissue biomarkers. This study indicates BSE supplementation correlates with changes in gene expression but not with several other prostate cancer biomarkers. More research is required to fully understand the chemopreventive effects of BSE supplementation on prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark Garzotto
- Department of Urology, Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Edward W Davis
- School of Biological and Population Health Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Motomi Mori
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Wesley A Stoller
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Paige E Farris
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological and Population Health Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Laura M Beaver
- School of Biological and Population Health Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - George V Thomas
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David E Williams
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Roderick H Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David A Hendrix
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,The School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily Ho
- School of Biological and Population Health Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jackilen Shannon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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16
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Exploiting the transcriptional specificity of the alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase AMACR promoter for the molecular imaging of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36693-36704. [PMID: 30613352 PMCID: PMC6291171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic protein alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is significantly overexpressed in prostate cancer compared to the normal prostate and other non-malignant tissue. Though an attractive target, there are no reports in the literature on leveraging the expression of AMACR for the molecular imaging of prostate cancer. Here, we used a molecular-genetic imaging strategy to exploit the transcriptional specificity of the AMACR promoter for the in vivo detection of prostate cancer using the reporter gene luciferase. We performed a stepwise truncation of the promoter and identified a 565 base pair minimal promoter for AMACR that retained both high activity and specificity. Following identification of the minimal promoter for AMACR, we used an advanced two-step transcriptional amplification system to maximize the promoter output. We showed that our optimized AMACR promoter can drive expression of luciferase for molecular imaging in subcutaneous xenograft models of androgen receptor-positive and androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer using a non-replicative adenovirus for gene delivery. Our results provide evidence that the AMACR promoter can be exploited to drive the cancer-specific expression of reporter genes and potentially even be incorporated into conditionally replicative adenoviruses for oncolytic therapy and other applications.
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17
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Peroxisomes and cancer: The role of a metabolic specialist in a disease of aberrant metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:103-121. [PMID: 30012421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is irrevocably linked to aberrant metabolic processes. While once considered a vestigial organelle, we now know that peroxisomes play a central role in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species, bile acids, ether phospholipids (e.g. plasmalogens), very-long chain, and branched-chain fatty acids. Immune system evasion is a hallmark of cancer, and peroxisomes have an emerging role in the regulation of cellular immune responses. Investigations of individual peroxisome proteins and metabolites support their pro-tumorigenic functions. However, a significant knowledge gap remains regarding how individual functions of proteins and metabolites of the peroxisome orchestrate its potential role as a pro-tumorigenic organelle. This review highlights new advances in our understanding of biogenesis, enzymatic functions, and autophagic degradation of peroxisomes (pexophagy), and provides evidence linking these activities to tumorigenesis. Finally, we propose avenues that may be exploited to target peroxisome-related processes as a mode of combatting cancer.
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18
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Yevglevskis M, Lee GL, Nathubhai A, Petrova YD, James TD, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ, Lloyd MD. Structure-activity relationships of rationally designed AMACR 1A inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2018; 79:145-154. [PMID: 29751320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; P504S) is a promising novel drug target for prostate and other cancers. Assaying enzyme activity is difficult due to the reversibility of the 'racemisation' reaction and the difficulties in the separation of epimeric products; consequently few inhibitors have been described and no structure-activity relationship study has been performed. This paper describes the first structure-activity relationship study, in which a series of 23 known and potential rational AMACR inhibitors were evaluated. AMACR was potently inhibited (IC50 = 400-750 nM) by ibuprofenoyl-CoA and derivatives. Potency was positively correlated with inhibitor lipophilicity. AMACR was also inhibited by straight-chain and branched-chain acyl-CoA esters, with potency positively correlating with inhibitor lipophilicity. 2-Methyldecanoyl-CoAs were ca. 3-fold more potent inhibitors than decanoyl-CoA, demonstrating the importance of the 2-methyl group for effective inhibition. Elimination substrates and compounds with modified acyl-CoA cores were also investigated, and shown to be potent inhibitors. These results are the first to demonstrate structure-activity relationships of rational AMACR inhibitors and that potency can be predicted by acyl-CoA lipophilicity. The study also demonstrates the utility of the colorimetric assay for thorough inhibitor characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksims Yevglevskis
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Guat L Lee
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Yoana D Petrova
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michael D Threadgill
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Timothy J Woodman
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Matthew D Lloyd
- Drug & Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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19
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Pal M, Easton NM, Yaphe H, Bearne SL. Potent dialkyl substrate-product analogue inhibitors and inactivators of α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by rational design. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:640-650. [PMID: 29502025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rational approaches for the design of enzyme inhibitors furnish powerful strategies for developing pharmaceutical agents and tools for probing biological mechanisms. A new strategy for the development of gem-disubstituted substrate-product analogues as inhibitors of racemases and epimerases is elaborated using α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtMCR) as a model enzyme. MtMCR catalyzes the epimerization at C2 of acyl-CoA substrates, a key step in the metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids. Moreover, the human enzyme is a potential target for the development of therapeutic agents directed against prostate cancer. We show that rationally designed, N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl-CoA substrate-product analogues inactivate MtMCR. Binding greatly exceeds that of the substrate, (S)-ibuprofenoyl-CoA, up to ∼250-fold and is proportional to the alkyl chain length (4-12 carbons) with the N,N-didecyl and N,N-didodecyl species having competitive inhibition constants with values of 1.9 ± 0.2 μM and 0.42 ± 0.04 μM, respectively. The presence of two decyl chains enhanced binding over a single decyl chain by ∼204-fold. Overall, the results reveal that gem-disubstituted substrate-product analogues can yield extremely potent inhibitors of an epimerase with a capacious active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nicole M Easton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Hannah Yaphe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stephen L Bearne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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20
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Exploration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis structural proteome: An in-silico approach. J Theor Biol 2018; 439:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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He HL, Lee YE, Chang MT, Shiue YL, Chang SL, Chen TJ, Chiu CT. AMACR overexpression acts as a negative prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:638-644. [PMID: 29725255 PMCID: PMC5930466 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is a key enzyme responsible for the metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids. It has been found to be an important prognostic factor in numerous types of cancers. This study was aimed to investigate the expression of AMACR and its prognostic significance in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods: Analysis of publicly available microarray data of oral SCC revealed that AMACR was significantly upregulated in tumor tissue compared with normal mucosa. We further assessed the protein expression of AMACR in 164 patients with oral SCC by immunohistochemistry. The prognostic impact of AMACR expression and its association with various clinicopathological parameters were statistically analyzed. Results: AMACR overexpression was significantly associated with advanced tumor status (P=0.001), advanced nodal status (P=0.036), increased vascular invasion (P=0.026) and increased perineural invasion (P=0.004). Patients with high expression level of AMACR had significantly worse disease-specific survival (DSS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) (all P<0.0001). In multivariate analysis, AMACR overexpression was also an independent negative prognostic factor for DSS (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.410, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.285-8.511, P<0.001), DMFS (HR: 5.157, 95% CI: 2.756-9.651, P<0.001) and LRFS (HR: 4.462, 95% CI: 2.429-8.198, P<0.001). Conclusions: High expression of AMACR was not only a key adverse prognostic factor but also a potential therapeutic target in oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lin He
- Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-En Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Te Chang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Lun Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Yongkang District, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ju Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ta Chiu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
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22
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Yang DK, Chou CF, Chen LC. Selection of aptamers for AMACR detection from DNA libraries with different primers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19067-19074. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates a library-based approach to obtain aptamers with different binding properties for flexible design of AMACR detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Kai Yang
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- R. O. C
- Institute of Physics
| | - Chia-Fu Chou
- Institute of Physics
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- R. O. C
| | - Lin-Chi Chen
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- R. O. C
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23
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A combinatorial approach for the discovery of cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitors from nature. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8071. [PMID: 28808272 PMCID: PMC5556109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme is part of phase-I metabolism and metabolizes at least 20% of all clinically relevant drugs. Therefore, it is an important target for drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. High-throughput screening (HTS) assays are commonly used tools to examine DDI, but show certain drawbacks with regard to their applicability to natural products. We propose an in silico - in vitro workflow for the reliable identification of natural products with CYP2D6 inhibitory potential. In order to identify candidates from natural product-based databases that share similar structural features with established inhibitors, a pharmacophore model was applied. The virtual hits were tested for the inhibition of recombinant human CYP2D6 in a bioluminescence-based assay. By controlling for unspecific interferences of the test compounds with the detection reaction, the number of false positives were reduced. The success rate of the reported workflow was 76%, as most of the candidates identified in the in silico approach were able to inhibit CYP2D6 activity. In summary, the workflow presented here is a suitable and cost-efficient strategy for the discovery of new CYP2D6 inhibitors with natural product libraries.
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24
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Induction of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase by miR-138 via up-regulation of β-catenin in prostate cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2201-2210. [PMID: 28741117 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and its transcriptional regulators include various transcription factors and CTNNB1/β-catenin. Our previous findings suggested a post-transcriptional regulation by the tumor-suppressive microRNA miR-138 in PCa. Thus, the aim of this study was to demonstrate the direct interaction of miR-138 with the 3'-UTR of AMACR. Furthermore, the influence of miR-138 on the expression of AMACR and selected AMACR regulators was investigated in PCa cells. METHODS Using DU-145, PC-3, and LNCaP PCa cells, the effect of exogenous miR-138 on AMACR and selected AMACR regulators was determined by quantitative PCR and Western blot. Luciferase reporter assays were used to verify target and promoter interaction. RESULTS Using a luciferase reporter assay a direct interaction of miR-138 with the AMACR-3'-UTR was confirmed. Surprisingly, AMACR expression was up-regulated by up to 125% by exogenous miR-138 in PCa cells. The lack of any miR-138 binding sites within the AMACR promoter suggested an indirect mechanism of up-regulation. Therefore, the effect of miR-138 on selected AMACR regulators including CTNNB1/β-catenin, RELA, SMAD4, SP1, and TCF4 was evaluated. MiR-138 solely evoked an up-regulation of CTNNB1 mRNA expression and β-catenin protein levels by up to 75%. Further in silico analysis revealed a binding site for miR-138 within the CTNNB1 promoter. MiR-138 could enhance the activity of the CTNNB1 promoter, which in turn could contribute to the observed AMACR up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that miR-138 can indirectly up-regulate AMACR via transcriptional induction of CTNNB1, at least in vitro in PCa cells.
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25
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Kovaleva OV, Samoilova DV, Shitova MS, Oleinikova NA, Danilova NV, Malkov PG, Gratchev A. A Novel Monoclonal Antibody Against Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase Applicable for Paraffin-Embedded Tissues and Diagnostics of Prostate Cancer. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:30-34. [PMID: 28234557 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2016.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AMACR (alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase) has been recently described as a prostate cancer-specific gene that encodes a protein involved in the beta-oxidation of branched chain fatty acids. Expression of AMACR protein is found in prostatic adenocarcinoma, but not in benign prostatic tissue. Thus, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for AMACR detection are an important tool for the diagnosis of AMACR-positive cancers. However, only a few mAbs, especially those applicable for immunohistochemistry (IHC), have been established to date. In this study, we describe the generation of a new hybridoma clone G8 producing anti-AMACR antibodies. G8 mAb specifically binds human AMACR and was successfully used in immunoblotting and immunofluorescence on paraformaldehyde-fixed cells and in IHC of paraffin-embedded tumor specimens. These results indicate that this new anti-AMACR mAb G8 would be useful in the diagnosis of AMACR-related cancers and would be a strong tool in both basic and clinical research on AMACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kovaleva
- 1 Institute of Carcinogenesis , NN Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria V Samoilova
- 1 Institute of Carcinogenesis , NN Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S Shitova
- 1 Institute of Carcinogenesis , NN Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Alexei Gratchev
- 1 Institute of Carcinogenesis , NN Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia .,3 Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg , Mannheim, Germany
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26
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Yevglevskis M, Lee GL, Nathubhai A, Petrova YD, James TD, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ, Lloyd MD. A novel colorimetric assay for α-methylacyl-CoA racemase 1A (AMACR; P504S) utilizing the elimination of 2,4-dinitrophenolate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5087-5090. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A versatile continuous colorimetric assay for AMACR is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksims Yevglevskis
- Drug & Target Development
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Guat L. Lee
- Drug & Target Development
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug & Target Development
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Yoana D. Petrova
- Drug & Target Development
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Tony D. James
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Michael D. Threadgill
- Drug & Target Development
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Timothy J. Woodman
- Drug & Target Development
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | - Matthew D. Lloyd
- Drug & Target Development
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
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27
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Pal M, Khanal M, Marko R, Thirumalairajan S, Bearne SL. Rational design and synthesis of substrate-product analogue inhibitors of α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2740-3. [PMID: 26759836 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08096g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
2,2-Bis(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoyl-CoA and 2,2-bis(4-t-butylphenyl)propanoyl-CoA are rationally designed, gem-disubstituted substrate-product analogues that competitively inhibit α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with Ki values of 16.9 ± 0.6 and 21 ± 4 μM, respectively, exceeding the enzyme's affinity for the substrate by approximately 5-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Pal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Mandar Khanal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Ryan Marko
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Srinath Thirumalairajan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Stephen L Bearne
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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28
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Sui X, Hu Y, Zhang C, Pan H, Li D. Prostate cancer metastasis to the distal phalanx of the left hallux: The first confirmed case and literature review. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1074-1078. [PMID: 27446396 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common carcinomas in Asia, as well as all over the world. The vast majority of prostate cancer patients present with bone metastases, which mainly involve the axial bones, with pain as the most common symptom. The present study reports the first case of prostate cancer metastasis to the hallux in a 73-year-old man who presented with pain and a swollen phalanx of the left hallux. This symptom developed gradually over a period of several months and could not be improved with the common treatments. Due to a pathological fracture, amputation of the left phalanx was performed. Notably, the immunohistochemical examinations of the surgical sample demonstrated the presence of a metastatic lesion from prostate cancer. The present study describes an unusual presentation involving phalangeal metastasis in a prostate cancer patient, and a systematic review of reported cases of rare metastatic events in prostate cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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Yevglevskis M, Lee GL, Sun J, Zhou S, Sun X, Kociok-Köhn G, James TD, Woodman TJ, Lloyd MD. A study on the AMACR catalysed elimination reaction and its application to inhibitor testing. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:612-622. [PMID: 26537174 PMCID: PMC4718014 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01541c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; P504S) catalyses a key step in the degradation of branched-chain fatty acids and is important for the pharmacological activation of Ibuprofen and related drugs. Levels of AMACR are increased in prostate and other cancers, and it is a drug target. Development of AMACR as a drug target is hampered by lack of a convenient assay. AMACR irreversibly catalyses the elimination of HF from 3-fluoro-2-methylacyl-CoA substrates, and this reaction was investigated for use as an assay. Several known inhibitors and alternative substrates reduced conversion of 3-fluoro-2-methyldecanoyl-CoA by AMACR, as determined by (1)H NMR. The greatest reduction of activity was observed with known potent inhibitors. A series of novel acyl-CoA esters with aromatic side chains were synthesised for testing as chromophoric substrates. These acyl-CoA esters were converted to unsaturated products by AMACR, but their use was limited by non-enzymatic elimination. Fluoride sensors were also investigated as a method of quantifying released fluoride and thus AMACR activity. These sensors generally suffered from high background signal and lacked reproducibility under the assay conditions. In summary, the elimination reaction can be used to characterise inhibitors, but it was not possible to develop a convenient colorimetric or fluorescent assay using 3-fluoro-2-methylacyl-CoA substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksims Yevglevskis
- Medicinal Chemistry , Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386114
| | - Guat L. Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry , Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386114
| | - Jenny Sun
- Medicinal Chemistry , Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386114
- Department of Pharmacy , Shandong University , People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Zhou
- Medicinal Chemistry , Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386114
- Department of Pharmacy , Shandong University , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Sun
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , UK
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , UK
| | - Tony D. James
- Department of Chemistry , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , UK
| | - Timothy J. Woodman
- Medicinal Chemistry , Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386114
| | - Matthew D. Lloyd
- Medicinal Chemistry , Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Claverton Down , Bath BA2 7AY , UK . ; Fax: +44 (0)1225 386114
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AMACR amplification and overexpression in primary imatinib-naïve gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a driver of cell proliferation indicating adverse prognosis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11588-603. [PMID: 25473890 PMCID: PMC4294386 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-random gains of chromosome 5p have been observed in clinically aggressive gastrointestinal stromal tumors, whereas the driving oncogenes on 5p remain to be characterized. We used an integrative genomic and functional approach to identify amplified oncogenes on 5p and to evaluate the relevance of AMACR amplification at 5p13.3 and its overexpression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Thirty-seven tumor samples, imatinib-sensitive GIST882 cell line, and imatinib-resistant GIST48 cell line were analyzed for DNA imbalances using array-based genomic profiling. Forty-one fresh tumor samples of various risk categories were enriched for pure tumor cells by laser capture microdissection and quantified for AMACR mRNA expression. AMACR-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were both informative in tissue microarray sections of 350 independent primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors, including 213 cases with confirmed KIT /PDGFRA genotypes. To assess the oncogenic functions of AMACR, GIST882 and GIST48 cell lines were stably silenced against their endogenous AMACR expression. In 59% of cases featuring 5p gains, two major amplicons encompassed discontinuous chromosomal regions that were differentially overrepresented in high-risk cases, including the one harboring the mRNA-upregulated AMACR gene. Gene amplification was detected in 19.7% of cases (69/350) and strongly related to protein overexpression (p<0.001), although 52% of AMACR-overexpressing cases exhibited no amplification. Both gene amplification and protein overexpression were significantly associated with epithelioid histology, larger size, increased mitoses, higher risk levels, and unfavorable genotypes (all p≤0.03). They were also independently predictive of decreased disease-free survival (overexpression, p<0.001; amplification, p=0.020) in the multivariate analysis. Concomitant with downregulated cyclin D1, cyclin E, and CDK4, AMACR knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and induced G1-phase arrest, but did not affect apoptosis in both GIST882 and GIST48 cells. In conclusion, AMACR amplification is a mechanism driving increased mRNA and protein expression and conferring aggressiveness through heightened cell proliferation in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
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Pal M, Bearne SL. Synthesis of coenzyme A thioesters using methyl acyl phosphates in an aqueous medium. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:9760-3. [PMID: 25355071 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective S-acylation of coenzyme A (CoA) is achieved under aqueous conditions using various aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids activated as their methyl acyl phosphate monoesters. Unlike many hydrophobic activating groups, the anionic methyl acyl phosphate mixed anhydride is more compatible with aqueous solvents, making it useful for conducting acylation reactions in an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Yevglevskis M, Lee GL, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ, Lloyd MD. The perils of rational design--unexpected irreversible elimination of fluoride from 3-fluoro-2-methylacyl-CoA esters catalysed by α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; P504S). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:14164-6. [PMID: 25277991 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06127f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; P504S) catalyses 'racemization' of 2-methylacyl-CoAs, the activation of R-ibuprofen and is a promising cancer drug target. Human recombinant AMACR 1A catalyses elimination of 3-fluoro-2-methyldecanoyl-CoAs to give E-2-methyldec-2-enoyl-CoA and fluoride anion, a previously unknown reaction. 'Racemization' of 2-methyldec-3-enoyl-CoAs was also catalysed, without double bond migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksims Yevglevskis
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Li CF, Fang FM, Lan J, Wang JW, Kung HJ, Chen LT, Chen TJ, Li SH, Wang YH, Tai HC, Yu SC, Huang HY. AMACR amplification in myxofibrosarcomas: a mechanism of overexpression that promotes cell proliferation with therapeutic relevance. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6141-52. [PMID: 25384383 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myxofibrosarcomas frequently display arm-level gains on 5p. We characterized the pathogenetic and therapeutic relevance of the α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) at 5p13.3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AMACR mRNA expression in myxofibrosarcomas was analyzed using the public transcriptome and laser-microdissected sarcoma cells. We performed florescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry in independent samples for clinical correlates. In AMACR-overexpressing myxofibrosarcoma cells and xenografts, we elucidated the biologic function of AMACR using RNA interference and explored the therapeutic effect and mechanism of an AMACR inhibitor, ebselen oxide. RESULTS AMACR protein overexpression and gene amplification were significantly associated with each other (P < 0.001), with higher tumor grades (both P ≤ 0.002), and univariately with worse metastasis-free survival (MFS; both P < 0.0001) and disease-specific survival (DSS; P = 0.0002 for overexpression; P = 0.0062 for amplification). AMACR protein overexpression also independently portended adverse outcome (DSS, P = 0.007; MFS, P = 0.001). However, 39% of AMACR-overexpression cases did not show gene amplification, implying alternative regulatory mechanisms. In myxofibrosarcoma cell lines, stable AMACR knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin T2. These growth-promoting attributes of AMACR were corroborated in the AMACR-silenced xenograft model and AMACR-underexpressed myxofibrosarcomas, showing decreased labeling for cyclin D1, cyclin T2, and Ki-67. Compared with fibroblasts, AMACR-expressing myxofibrosarcoma cells were more susceptible to ebselen oxide, which not only decreased viable cells, promoted proteasome-mediated degradation of AMACR protein, and induced cellular apoptosis in vitro, but also dose-dependently suppressed xenografted tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Overexpressed AMACR in myxofibrosarcomas can be amplification-driven, associated with tumor aggressiveness, and may be relevant as a druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan. Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Min Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jui Lan
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Wen Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ju Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- Institute of Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Tai
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chen Yu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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The seleno-organic compound ebselen impairs mitochondrial physiology and induces cell death in AR42J cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:465-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee YE, He HL, Lee SW, Chen TJ, Chang KY, Hsing CH, Li CF. AMACR overexpression as a poor prognostic factor in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7983-91. [PMID: 24833092 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular prognostic adjunct in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) still remains obscured. Through data mining from published transcriptomic database, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) was first identified as a differentially upregulated gene in NPC tissues, which is a key enzyme for isometric conversion of fatty acids entering the β-oxidation. Given the roles of AMACR in prognostication and frontline therapeutic regimen of common carcinomas, such as prostate cancer, we explored AMACR immunoexpression status and its clinical significance in NPC patients. AMACR immunohistochemistry was retrospectively performed and analyzed using H-score for biopsy specimens from 124 NPC patients who received standard treatment without distant metastasis at initial diagnosis. Those cases with H-score larger than the median value were construed as featuring AMACR overexpression. The findings were correlated with the clinicopathological variables, disease-specific survival (DSS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS). Endogenous AMACR protein expressions were assessed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting in NPC cells and non-neoplastic mucosal cells. AMACR overexpression was significantly associated with increment of primary tumor status (P = 0.009) and univariately predictive of adverse outcomes for DSS, DMFS, and LRFS. In the multivariate comparison, AMACR overexpression still remained prognostically independent to portend worse DSS (P = 0.006, hazard ratio = 2.129), DMFS (P = 0.001, hazard ratio = 2.795), and LRFS (P = 0.041, hazard ratio = 2.009), together with advanced American Joint of Cancer Committee (AJCC) stages III-IV. Compared with non-neoplastic cells, both HONE1 and TW01 NPC cells demonstrated markedly increased AMACR expression. AMACR overexpression was identified as an important prognosticator and a potential therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-En Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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The early research and development of ebselen. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1248-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fadare O, Parkash V, Gwin K, Hanley KZ, Jarboe EA, Liang SX, Quick CM, Zheng W, Rawish KR, Hecht JL, Desouki MM. Utility of α-methylacyl-coenzyme-A racemase (p504s) immunohistochemistry in distinguishing endometrial clear cell carcinomas from serous and endometrioid carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2814-21. [PMID: 24119561 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of α-methylacyl-coenzyme-A racemase (AMACR) has previously been reported in 75% to 100% of urethral/bladder clear cell carcinomas, tumors that are known to display broad phenotypic overlap with their identically named müllerian counterparts. Herein, we assess the utility of AMACR in distinguishing endometrial clear cell carcinomas (CCCs) from endometrial serous carcinomas (ESCs) and endometrial endometrioid carcinomas (EECs). A total of 111 endometrial carcinomas in a tissue microarray, including 49 CCCs, 13 ESCs, and 49 EECs, were assessed for AMACR immunoreactivity, with results scored semiquantitatively (scores 0, 1+, 2+, 3+ for 0%, 1%-5%, 6%-50%, >50% immunoreactive cells, respectively). Fifty (45%) of the 111 carcinomas were AMACR positive, with the following score distribution: CCC: 0 (n = 12), 1+ (n = 12), 2+ (n = 3), 3+ (n = 22); EEC: 0 (n = 38), 1+ (n = 4), 2+ (n = 4), 3+ (n = 3); ESC: 0 (n = 11), 1+ (n = 1), 2+ (n = 0), 3+ (n = 1). AMACR expression was significantly more frequent in CCC (75%) than in ESC (15%) or EEC (22%); P < .0001. The sensitivity and specificity of AMACR expression in classifying a carcinoma as CCC were 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.86) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.66-0.88), respectively, with an odds ratio of 11.62 (95% CI, 5-28; P < .001) and an area under the curve of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.68-0.88). These findings indicate that AMACR expression is strongly associated with CCC and displays a relatively robust diagnostic test performance. However, its practical utility may be limited by the focal nature of its expression in 32% of the AMACR-positive CCC cases as well as its expression in 15% to 22% of the non-CCC histotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Carnell AJ, Kirk R, Smith M, McKenna S, Lian LY, Gibson R. Inhibition of human α-methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR): a target for prostate cancer. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1643-7. [PMID: 23929631 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme α-methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR) is involved in the metabolism of branched-chain fatty acids and has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for prostate cancer. By using the recently available human AMACR from HEK293 kidney cell cultures, we tested a series of new rationally designed inhibitors to determine the structural requirements in the acyl component. An N-methylthiocarbamate (Ki=98 nM), designed to mimic the proposed enzyme-bound enolate, was found to be the most potent AMACR inhibitor reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Carnell
- Department of Chemistry, Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD (UK).
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Lloyd MD, Yevglevskis M, Lee GL, Wood PJ, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ. α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR): Metabolic enzyme, drug metabolizer and cancer marker P504S. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:220-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wissing MD, Mendonca J, Kim E, Kim E, Shim JS, Kaelber NS, Kant H, Hammers H, Commes T, Van Diest PJ, Liu JO, Kachhap SK. Identification of cetrimonium bromide and irinotecan as compounds with synthetic lethality against NDRG1 deficient prostate cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:401-10. [PMID: 23377825 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has been identified as a metastasis-suppressor gene in prostate cancer (PCa). Compounds targeting PCa cells deficient in NDRG1 could potentially decrease invasion/metastasis of PCa. A cell based screening strategy was employed to identify small molecules that selectively target NDRG1 deficient PCa cells. DU-145 PCa cells rendered deficient in NDRG1 expression by a lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown strategy were used in the primary screen. Compounds filtered from the primary screen were further validated through proliferation and clonogenic survival assays in parental and NDRG1 knockdown PCa cells. Screening of 3360 compounds revealed irinotecan and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) as compounds that exhibited synthetic lethality against NDRG1 deficient PCa cells. A three-dimensional (3-D) invasion assay was utilized to test the ability of CTAB to inhibit invasion of DU-145 cells. CTAB was found to remarkably decrease invasion of DU-145 cells in collagen matrix. Our results suggest that CTAB and irinotecan could be further explored for their potential clinical benefit in patients with NDRG1 deficient PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel D Wissing
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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