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Monu, Agnihotri P, Saquib M, Biswas S. Targeting TNF-α-induced expression of TTR and RAGE in rheumatoid arthritis: Apigenin's mediated therapeutic approach. Cytokine 2024; 179:156616. [PMID: 38626647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by TNF-α, which increases fibroblast-like synoviocytes inflammation, resulting in cartilage destruction. The current work sought to comprehend the pathophysiological importance of TNF-α stimulation on differential protein expression and their regulation by apigenin using in-vitro and in-vivo models of RA. METHODS The human RA synovial fibroblast cells were stimulated with or without TNF-α (10 ng/ml) and treated with 40 μM apigenin. In-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo studies were performed to confirm the pathophysiological significance of apigenin on pro-inflammatory cytokines and on differential expression of TTR and RAGE proteins. RESULTS TNF-α induced inflammatory response in synoviocytes revealed higher levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α cytokines and upregulated differential expression of TTR and RAGE. In-silico results demonstrated that apigenin has a binding affinity towards TNF-α, indicating its potential effect in the inflammatory process. Both in-vitro and in-vivo results obtained by Western Blot analysis suggested that apigenin reduced the level of p65 (p = 0.005), TTR (p = 0.002), and RAGE (p = 0.020). CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggested that TNF-α promotes the differential expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TTR, and RAGE via NF-kB pathways activation. Anti-inflammatory effect of apigenin impedes TNF-α mediated dysregulation or expression associated with RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monu
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prachi Agnihotri
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mohd Saquib
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sagarika Biswas
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi 110007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Naponelli V, Rocchetti MT, Mangieri D. Apigenin: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential against Cancer Spreading. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5569. [PMID: 38791608 PMCID: PMC11122459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to its propensity to metastasize, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Thanks in part to their intrinsic low cytotoxicity, the effects of the flavonoid family in the prevention and treatment of various human cancers, both in vitro and in vivo, have received increasing attention in recent years. It is well documented that Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone), among other flavonoids, is able to modulate key signaling molecules involved in the initiation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, including JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, as well as the oncogenic non-coding RNA network. Based on these premises, the aim of this review is to emphasize some of the key events through which Apigenin suppresses cancer proliferation, focusing specifically on its ability to target key molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), cell cycle arrest, and cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Naponelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Plesso Biotecnologico Integrato, Via Volturno 39, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Domenica Mangieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
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Sharma A, Chabloz S, Lapides RA, Roider E, Ewald CY. Potential Synergistic Supplementation of NAD+ Promoting Compounds as a Strategy for Increasing Healthspan. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020445. [PMID: 36678315 PMCID: PMC9861325 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted biological function, manifesting through the hallmarks of aging, poses one of the largest threats to healthspan and risk of disease development, such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular ailments, and neurodegeneration. In recent years, numerous geroprotectors, senolytics, and other nutraceuticals have emerged as potential disruptors of aging and may be viable interventions in the immediate state of human longevity science. In this review, we focus on the decrease in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) with age and the supplementation of NAD+ precursors, such as nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinamide riboside (NR), in combination with other geroprotective compounds, to restore NAD+ levels present in youth. Furthermore, these geroprotectors may enhance the efficacy of NMN supplementation while concurrently providing their own numerous health benefits. By analyzing the prevention of NAD+ degradation through the inhibition of CD38 or supporting protective downstream agents of SIRT1, we provide a potential framework of the CD38/NAD+/SIRT1 axis through which geroprotectors may enhance the efficacy of NAD+ precursor supplementation and reduce the risk of age-related diseases, thereby potentiating healthspan in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arastu Sharma
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Regeneration, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, ETH Zürich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- AVEA Life AG, Bahnhofplatz, 6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | | | - Rebecca A. Lapides
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Robert Larner, MD College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Elisabeth Roider
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Maximon AG, Bahnhofplatz, 6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | - Collin Y. Ewald
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Regeneration, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, ETH Zürich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Izuegbuna OO. Polyphenols: Chemoprevention and therapeutic potentials in hematological malignancies. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1008893. [PMID: 36386899 PMCID: PMC9643866 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1008893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are one of the largest plant-derived natural product and they play an important role in plants' defense as well as in human health and disease. A number of them are pleiotropic molecules and have been shown to regulate signaling pathways, immune response and cell growth and proliferation which all play a role in cancer development. Hematological malignancies on the other hand, are cancers of the blood. While current therapies are efficacious, they are usually expensive and with unwanted side effects. Thus, the search for newer less toxic agents. Polyphenols have been reported to possess antineoplastic properties which include cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis via multiple mechanisms. They also have immunomodulatory activities where they enhance T cell activation and suppress regulatory T cells. They carry out these actions through such pathways as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and the kynurenine. They can also reverse cancer resistance to chemotherapy agents. In this review, i look at some of the molecular mechanism of action of polyphenols and their potential roles as therapeutic agents in hematological malignancies. Here i discuss their anti-proliferative and anti-neoplastic activities especially their abilities modulate signaling pathways as well as immune response in hematological malignancies. I also looked at clinical studies done mainly in the last 10-15 years on various polyphenol combination and how they enhance synergism. I recommend that further preclinical and clinical studies be carried out to ensure safety and efficacy before polyphenol therapies be officially moved to the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu O. Izuegbuna
- Department of Haematology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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The Potential Role of Apigenin in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186051. [PMID: 36144783 PMCID: PMC9505045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. In spite of advances in the treatment of cancer, currently used treatment modules including chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy causes adverse effects and kills the normal cells. Therefore, the goal of more effective and less side effects-based cancer treatment approaches is still at the primary position of present research. Medicinal plants or their bioactive ingredients act as dynamic sources of drugs due to their having less side effects and also shows the role in reduction of resistance against cancer therapy. Apigenin is an edible plant-derived flavonoid that has received significant scientific consideration for its health-promoting potential through modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress and various other biological activities. Moreover, the anti-cancer potential of apigenin is confirmed through its ability to modulate various cell signalling pathways, including tumor suppressor genes, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, inflammation, apoptosis, PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK and STAT3 pathways. The current review mainly emphases the potential role of apigenin in different types of cancer through the modulation of various cell signaling pathways. Further studies based on clinical trials are needed to explore the role of apigenin in cancer management and explain the possible potential mechanisms of action in this vista.
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Cytotoxic activity of strawberry tree ( Arbutus unedo L.) honey, its extract, and homogentisic acid on CAL 27, HepG2, and Caco-2 cell lines. ARHIV ZA HIGIJENU RADA I TOKSIKOLOGIJU 2022; 73:158-168. [PMID: 35792769 PMCID: PMC9287835 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) honey (STH), also known as “bitter honey”, is a traditional medicine widely used in the Mediterranean area. Regardless of geographical origin, it usually has a very high content of phenolic compounds and strong antioxidant capacity. Yet, little is still known about the effects of STH, its phenolic extract (STHE), and its main bioactive compound – homogentisic acid (HGA) – at the cell level. The aim of this study was to estimate total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of STH made in Croatia and investigate cytotoxic and pro-oxidative effects of STH, STHE and HGA on three human cell lines: tongue squamous cell carcinoma (CAL 27), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) cells. These substances were tested at four concentrations (0.5–5× average human daily intake of STH) and over 30 min and 1 and 2 h. Croatian STH had a total phenolic content of 1.67 g gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per kg of honey, DPPH radical scavenging activity of 2.96 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE) per kg of honey, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 13.5 mmol Fe2+ per kg of honey. Our results show no clear and consistent time- or concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in any of the cell lines. ROS levels in all the three cell types at almost all exposure times were not significantly higher than control. The most important observation is that the tested substances have low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility, regardless of concentration, which is a good starting point for further research of their biological effects in other models.
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Apigenin in cancer prevention and therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal models. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 176:103751. [PMID: 35752426 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apigenin is being increasingly recognized as a cancer chemopreventive agent. We aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of Apigenin in in-vivo studies to know its present research status and how close or how far it is from the clinics. METHODS Several electronic databases such as PubMed, Springer, Cochrane, and ctri.gov.in were searched to fetch the relevant articles. We focused only on published animal studies that reported the anticancer effects of Apigenin against various cancers. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias for each analysis, and the conflicting views were resolved later by consensus. RESULTS A total of 25 studies focused on the anticancer effects of Apigenin on various cancer types, including liver, prostate, pancreatic, lung, nasopharyngeal, skin, colon, colorectal, colitis-associated carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, and breast cancer were included. Overall, Apigenin reduces tumor volume (SMD=-3.597, 95% CI: -4.502 to -2.691, p < 0.001), tumor-weight (SMD=-2.213, 95% CI: -2.897 to -1.529, p < 0.001), tumor number (SMD=-1.081, 95% CI: -1.599 to -0.563, p < 0.001) and tumor load (SMD=-1.556, 95% CI: -2.336 to -0.776, p < 0.001). Further, it has no significant effect on the animal's body-weight (SMD=-0.345, 95% CI: -0.832 to 0.143, p = 0.165). Apigenin exerts anti-tumor effects mainly by inducing apoptosis/cell-cycle arrest. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggests that Apigenin has potential anticancer effects against various cancers. However, the poor symmetry of the funnel plot suggested publication bias. Thus, it warrants further research to evaluate the potential of Apigenin alone or as an adjuvant for cancer treatment.
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The Effect of Encapsulated Apigenin Nanoparticles on HePG-2 Cells through Regulation of P53. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061160. [PMID: 35745733 PMCID: PMC9228521 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin (Ap) is one of the most important natural flavonoids that has potent anticancer activity. This study was designed, for the first time, to load Ap into chitosan to improve its hydrophobicity and then it was coated with albumin-folic acid to increase its stability and bioavailability and to target cancer cells. The newly developed encapsulated Ap (Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs) was characterized and tested in vitro. The zeta potential of −17.0 mV was within the recommended range (−30 mV to +30 mV), indicating that encapsulated apigenin would not quickly settle and would be suspended. The in vitro results proved the great anticancer activity of the encapsulated apigenin on HePG-2 cells compared to pure Ap. The treated HePG-2 cells with Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs demonstrated the induction of apoptosis by increasing p53 gene expression, arresting the cell cycle, increasing caspase-9 levels, and decreasing both the MMP9 gene and Bcl-2 protein expression levels. Moreover, the higher antioxidant activity of the encapsulated apigenin treatment was evident through increasing SOD levels and decreasing the CAT concentration. In conclusion, the Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs were easy to produce with low coast, continued drug release, good loading capacity, high solubility in physiological pH, and were more stable than the formerly Ap-loaded liposomes or PLGA. Moreover, Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs may be a promising chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of HCC.
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9
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The effect of apigenin and chemotherapy combination treatments on apoptosis-related genes and proteins in acute leukaemia cell lines. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8858. [PMID: 35614109 PMCID: PMC9132959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin is a dietary polyphenol found abundantly in fruit and vegetables, which sensitizes leukaemia cells to topoisomerase inhibitor agents (e.g., etoposide), and alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide), reducing ATP levels and inducing apoptosis; whilst being protective to control haematopoietic stem cells. This study analysed the expression profiles of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis-related genes and proteins to help elucidate the mechanisms of action of apigenin when used in combination with etoposide or cyclophosphamide in lymphoid and myeloid leukaemia cell lines (Jurkat and THP-1). Expression of apoptosis-related genes were measured using a TaqMan® Human Apoptosis Array and the StepOne Plus RT-qPCR System, whilst apoptosis-related proteins were determined using a protein profiler™-human apoptosis array and the LI-COR OdysseyR Infrared Imaging System. Apigenin when combined with etoposide or cyclophosphamide-induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic cytochrome c, SMAC/DIABLO, and HTRA2/OMI, which promoted caspase-9 and -3 activation. Targeting anti-apoptotic and/or pro-apoptotic members of the apoptotic pathways is a promising strategy to induce cancer cell death and improve sensitivity to chemotherapy agents. Here the apoptotic pathways induced by apigenin in combination with etoposide or cyclophosphamide were identified within human leukaemia cell lines, such applications could provide combination therapies for the treatment of leukaemia.
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Role of Induced Programmed Cell Death in the Chemopreventive Potential of Apigenin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073757. [PMID: 35409117 PMCID: PMC8999072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), which is one of the most widely distributed phytochemicals in the plant kingdom, is one of the most thoroughly investigated phenolic components. Previous studies have attributed the physiological effects of apigenin to its anti-allergic, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and blood-pressure-lowering properties, and its documented anticancer properties have been attributed to the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, the inhibition of inflammation, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation, and the regulation of cellular responses to oxidative stress and DNA damage. The most well-known mechanism for the compound’s anticancer effects in human cancer cell lines is apoptosis, followed by autophagy, and studies have also reported that apigenin induces novel cell death mechanisms, such as necroptosis and ferroptosis. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the therapeutic potential of apigenin as a chemopreventive agent, as well as the roles of programmed cell death mechanisms in the compound’s chemopreventive properties.
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Hosseinzadeh E, Hassanzadeh A, Marofi F, Alivand MR, Solali S. Flavonoid-Based Cancer Therapy: An Updated Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1398-1414. [PMID: 32324520 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200423071759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As cancers are one of the most important causes of human morbidity and mortality worldwide, researchers try to discover novel compounds and therapeutic approaches to decrease survival of cancer cells, angiogenesis, proliferation and metastasis. In the last decade, use of special phytochemical compounds and flavonoids was reported to be an interesting and hopeful tactic in the field of cancer therapy. Flavonoids are natural polyphenols found in plant, fruits, vegetables, teas and medicinal herbs. Based on reports, over 10,000 flavonoids have been detected and categorized into several subclasses, including flavonols, anthocyanins, flavanones, flavones, isoflavones and chalcones. It seems that the anticancer effect of flavonoids is mainly due to their antioxidant and anti inflammatory activities and their potential to modulate molecular targets and signaling pathways involved in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis and hormone activities. The main aim of this review is to evaluate the relationship between flavonoids consumption and cancer risk, and discuss the anti-cancer effects of these natural compounds in human cancer cells. Hence, we tried to collect and revise important recent in vivo and in vitro researches about the most effective flavonoids and their main mechanisms of action in various types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Immunology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alivand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Solali
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Eremina NV, Zhanataev AK, Durnev AD. Induced Cell Death as a Possible Pathway of Antimutagenic Action. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:1-14. [PMID: 34050413 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The existing concepts of antimutagenesis are briefly reviewed. Published reports on antimutagenic and proapoptotic properties of some polyphenols and compounds of other chemical groups obtained in representative in vitro and in vivo experiments on eukaryotic test systems are discussed. The relationships between the antimutagenic and proapoptotic properties of the analyzed compounds (naringin, apigenin, resveratrol, curcumin, N-acetylcysteine, etc.) are considered in favor of the hypothesis on induced cell death as an antimutagenic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Eremina
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A K Zhanataev
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A D Durnev
- V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Cheng Y, Han X, Mo F, Zeng H, Zhao Y, Wang H, Zheng Y, Ma X. Apigenin inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer through down-regulation of E2F1/3 by miRNA-215-5p. PHYTOMEDICINE 2021; 89:153603. [PMID: 34175590 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apigenin (API) is a naturally occurring plant-derived flavone, which is abundantly present in common fruits and vegetables, and shows little or no toxicity of daily diet. The treatment of colorectal cancer is limited by high recurrence rate and multidrug resistance. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore the potential therapeutic effect and possible mechanisms of API on colorectal cancer cells. METHODS Cell proliferation and apoptosis of human colon cancer cell line HCT116 was assessed after API treatment. A comprehensive transcriptome profile of API-treated HCT116 cells was acquired by high-throughput sequencing. The regulation of miRNA215-5p and E2F1/3 were identified by bioinformatics analyses. An inhibitor of miRNA215-5p, inhibitor 215, was applied to confirm the role of this microRNA played in the anti-cancer effect of API. Luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to identify targeting relationship between miRNA215-5p and E2F1/3. RESULT API significantly promoted cell apoptosis and anti-proliferation of HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Bioinformatics analyses identified several altered miRNAs among which the expression of miRNA-215-5p showed markedly increased. Meanwhile, the expression of E2F1 and E2F3 was decreased by API, which was associated with miRNA215-5p. Luciferase reporter gene assay showed miRNA-215-5p could directly bind to 3' UTR of E2F1/3. Inhibition of miRNA-215-5p significantly inhibited apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase induced by API. CONCLUSIONS The result of this study confirmed the anti-cancer effect of API on human colorectal cancer cells and investigated the underlying mechanism by a comprehensive transcriptome profile of API-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuejiao Han
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Department of Medical oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunuo Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Javed Z, Sadia H, Iqbal MJ, Shamas S, Malik K, Ahmed R, Raza S, Butnariu M, Cruz-Martins N, Sharifi-Rad J. Apigenin role as cell-signaling pathways modulator: implications in cancer prevention and treatment. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:189. [PMID: 33794890 PMCID: PMC8017783 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease orchestrated by various extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. In recent years, there has been a keen interest towards the development of natural extracts-based cancer therapeutics with minimum adverse effects. In pursuit of effective strategy, a wide variety of natural products-derived compounds have been addressed for their anticancer effects. Apigenin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid present abundantly in various fruits and vegetables. Decades of research have delineated the pharmacological and biological properties of apigenin. Specifically, the apigenin-mediated anticancer activities have been documented in various types of cancer, but the generalized scientific evidence encompassing various molecular interactions and processes, such as regulation of the apoptotic machinery, aberrant cell signaling and oncogenic protein network have not been comprehensively covered. In this sense, in this review we have attempted to focus on the apigenin-mediated regulation of oncogenic pathways in various cancers. We have also addressed the cutting-edge research which has unveiled the remarkable abilities of apigenin to interact with microRNAs to modulate key cellular processes, with special emphasis on the nano-formulations of apigenin that can help their targeted delivery and can be a therapeutic solution for the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Javed
- Office for Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Garrison University, Sector-C, Phase VI, DHA, Lahore, 54792 Pakistan
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Quetta, 87100 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shamas
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rais Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Raza
- Office for Research Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore Garrison University, Sector-C, Phase VI, DHA, Lahore, 54792 Pakistan
| | - Monica Butnariu
- Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” From Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timis, Romania
| | - Natalia Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hern.Ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
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Adham AN, Abdelfatah S, Naqishbandi AM, Mahmoud N, Efferth T. Cytotoxicity of apigenin toward multiple myeloma cell lines and suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression in STAT1-transfected HEK293 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 80:153371. [PMID: 33070080 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apigenin is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids that possesses multiple bio-functions. PURPOSE This study was designed to determine the influence of apigenin on gene expressions, cancer cells, as well as STAT1/COX-2/iNOS pathway mediated inflammation and tumorigenesis in HEK293-STAT1 cells. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity toward multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines was investigated. METHODS Bioinformatic analyses were used to predict the sensitivity and resistance of tumor cells toward apigenin and to determine cellular pathways influenced by this compound. The cytotoxic and ferroptotic activity of apigenin was examined by the resazurin reduction assay. Additionally, we evaluated apoptosis, and cell cycle distribution, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of integrity of mitochondrial membrane (MMP) by using the flow cytometry analysis. DAPI staining was used to detect characteristic apoptotic features. Furthermore, we verified its anti-inflammatory and additional mechanism of cell death by western blotting. RESULTS COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses exhibited that 29 of 55 tumor cell lines were sensitive against apigenin (p < 0.001). The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis data showed that important bio-functions affected by apigenin were: gene expression, cancer, hematological system development and function, inflammatory response, and cell cycle. The STAT1 transcription factor was chosen as target protein on the basis of gene promoter binding motif analyses. Apigenin blocked cell proliferation of wild-type HEK293 and STAT1 reporter cells (HEK293-STAT1), promoted STAT1 suppression and subsequent COX-2 and iNOS inhibition. Apigenin also exhibited synergistic activity in combination with doxorubicin toward HEK293-STAT1 cells. Apigenin exerted excellent growth-inhibitory activity against MM cells in a concentration-dependent manner with the greatest activity toward NCI-H929 (IC50 value: 10.73 ± 3.21 μM). Apigenin induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, ferroptosis and autophagy in NCI-H929 cells. CONCLUSION Apigenin may be a suitable candidate for MM treatment. The inhibition of the STAT1/COX-2/iNOS signaling pathway by apigenin is an important mechanism not only in the suppression of inflammation but also in induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aveen N Adham
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alaadin M Naqishbandi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Ahmed SA, Parama D, Daimari E, Girisa S, Banik K, Harsha C, Dutta U, Kunnumakkara AB. Rationalizing the therapeutic potential of apigenin against cancer. Life Sci 2020; 267:118814. [PMID: 33333052 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the remarkable advances made in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer during the past couple of decades, it remains the second largest cause of mortality in the world, killing approximately 9.6 million people annually. The major challenges in the treatment of the advanced stage of this disease are the development of chemoresistance, severe adverse effects of the drugs, and high treatment cost. Therefore, the development of drugs that are safe, efficacious, and cost-effective remains a 'Holy Grail' in cancer research. However, the research over the past four decades shed light on the cancer-preventive and therapeutic potential of natural products and their underlying mechanism of action. Apigenin is one such compound, which is known to be safe and has significant potential in the prevention and therapy of this disease. AIM To assess the literature available on the potential of apigenin and its analogs in modulating the key molecular targets leading to the prevention and treatment of different types of cancer. METHOD A comprehensive literature search has been carried out on PubMed for obtaining information related to the sources and analogs, chemistry and biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, biological activities, bioavailability and toxicity of apigenin. KEY FINDINGS The literature search resulted in many in vitro, in vivo and a few cohort studies that evidenced the effectiveness of apigenin and its analogs in modulating important molecular targets and signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, etc., which play a crucial role in the development and progression of cancer. In addition, apigenin was also shown to inhibit chemoresistance and radioresistance and make cancer cells sensitive to these agents. Reports have further revealed the safety of the compound and the adaptation of nanotechnological approaches for improving its bioavailability. SIGNIFICANCE Hence, the present review recapitulates the properties of apigenin and its pharmacological activities against different types of cancer, which warrant further investigation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semim Akhtar Ahmed
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Pan Bazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Enush Daimari
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Pan Bazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Uma Dutta
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Pan Bazar, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Ashrafizadeh M, Bakhoda MR, Bahmanpour Z, Ilkhani K, Zarrabi A, Makvandi P, Khan H, Mazaheri S, Darvish M, Mirzaei H. Apigenin as Tumor Suppressor in Cancers: Biotherapeutic Activity, Nanodelivery, and Mechanisms With Emphasis on Pancreatic Cancer. Front Chem 2020; 8:829. [PMID: 33195038 PMCID: PMC7593821 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the most lethal malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. Due to its propensity for early local and distant spread, affected patients possess extremely poor prognosis. Currently applied treatments are not effective enough to eradicate all cancer cells, and minimize their migration. Besides, these treatments are associated with adverse effects on normal cells and organs. These therapies are not able to increase the overall survival rate of patients; hence, finding novel adjuvants or alternatives is so essential. Up to now, medicinal herbs were utilized for therapeutic goals. Herbal-based medicine, as traditional biotherapeutics, were employed for cancer treatment. Of them, apigenin, as a bioactive flavonoid that possesses numerous biological properties (e.g., anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects), has shown substantial anticancer activity. It seems that apigenin is capable of suppressing the proliferation of cancer cells via the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Besides, apigenin inhibits metastasis via down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and the Akt signaling pathway. In pancreatic cancer cells, apigenin sensitizes cells in chemotherapy, and affects molecular pathways such as the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1). Herein, the biotherapeutic activity of apigenin and its mechanisms toward cancer cells are presented in the current review to shed some light on anti-tumor activity of apigenin in different cancers, with an emphasis on pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Bakhoda
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahmanpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khandan Ilkhani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Samaneh Mazaheri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Darvish
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Science, Arak, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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18
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Flavones and flavonols may have clinical potential as CK2 inhibitors in cancer therapy. Med Hypotheses 2020; 141:109723. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Imran M, Aslam Gondal T, Atif M, Shahbaz M, Batool Qaisarani T, Hanif Mughal M, Salehi B, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J. Apigenin as an anticancer agent. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1812-1828. [PMID: 32059077 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin is an edible plant-derived flavonoid that has been reported as an anticancer agent in several experimental and biological studies. It exhibits cell growth arrest and apoptosis in different types of tumors such as breast, lung, liver, skin, blood, colon, prostate, pancreatic, cervical, oral, and stomach, by modulating several signaling pathways. Apigenin induces apoptosis by the activation of extrinsic caspase-dependent pathway by upregulating the mRNA expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, and TNF-α. It induces intrinsic apoptosis pathway as evidenced by the induction of cytochrome c, Bax, and caspase-3, while caspase-8, TNF-α, and B-cell lymphoma 2 levels remained unchanged in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Apigenin treatment leads to significant downregulation of matrix metallopeptidases-2, -9, Snail, and Slug, suppressing invasion. The expressions of NF-κB p105/p50, PI3K, Akt, and the phosphorylation of p-Akt decreases after treatment with apigenin. However, apigenin-mediated treatment significantly reduces pluripotency marker Oct3/4 protein expression which might be associated with the downregulation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore-Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tanweer Aslam Gondal
- School of Exercise and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Batool Qaisarani
- Department of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hanif Mughal
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore-Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Singh D, Khan MA, Siddique HR. Apigenin, A Plant Flavone Playing Noble Roles in Cancer Prevention Via Modulation of Key Cell Signaling Networks. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2020; 14:298-311. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666191026095728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer is a global health problem and the continuous rise in incidence and
mortality due to cancer carries a real economic burden to all countries. Accumulation of genetic mutation,
exposure of environmental carcinogens and food habits due to change in lifestyles are the key
reasons for cancer. Targeting cancer cells, we need a multitargeting molecule with low/no toxicity.
Objective :
To review the current update of the research status of chemopreventive/therapeutic molecule,
Apigenin.
Methods:
Compare the results of the published articles and granted patents on this compound. We also
discuss the pros and cons of the present research and future direction.
Results:
Cancer cells have characteristic alterations and dysregulation of various cell signaling pathways
that control cell homeostasis, proliferation, motility, and survival in normal cells. Natural flavonoids
are the compounds well known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancerous
properties. Apigenin, along with several other physiological effects, has a very low intrinsic toxicity
and striking effects on the proliferation of cancer cells. Interestingly, this multitargeting molecule is
getting wide acceptance among researchers. It is evident from the recent patents filed in this compound.
At present, three patents have been granted only on the anticancer properties of apigenin.
Conclusion:
This mini-review will explain the present research status of apigenin and will further
shine some light on how apigenin performs its anti-cancerous actions by interfering with the key cellsignaling
pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Singh
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Mohammad A. Khan
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Hifzur R. Siddique
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
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21
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The Interaction of Flavonols with Membrane Components: Potential Effect on Antioxidant Activity. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:57-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Kasiri N, Rahmati M, Ahmadi L, Eskandari N. The significant impact of apigenin on different aspects of autoimmune disease. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:1359-1373. [PMID: 30229507 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are among the highest diseases to diagnose and treat. The current "gold standard" of care for these diseases is immunosuppressive drugs which interfere with overall immune responses; their long-term high-dose treatments would expose the patient to opportunistic, life-threatening and long-term malignant infections. Considering the side effects and toxicity of these drug and also the beneficial effects of herbal compounds among their consumers, the professional investigation on the exact mechanism of the plant's major element has grown much attention in the last years. Apigenin as an extracting compound of plants, such as parsley and celery, which has a variety of biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antioxidant effects. This review is intended to summarize the various effects of Apigenin on several autoimmune diseases which have been worked on so far. The pluralization of the obtained results has revealed Apigenin's effects on pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, chemokines such as ICAM-1, immune cells proliferation such as T cells, apoptosis, and various signaling pathways. According to these preclinical findings, we recommend that further robust unbiased studies should be done to use Apigenin as a supplementary or therapeutic element in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Kasiri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Box 8174673461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Rahmati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Box 8174673461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Ahmadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Box 8174673461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Box 8174673461, Isfahan, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Kashyap D, Sharma A, Tuli HS, Sak K, Garg VK, Buttar HS, Setzer WN, Sethi G. Apigenin: A natural bioactive flavone-type molecule with promising therapeutic function. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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24
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Zhang XL, Wang BB, Mo JS. Puerarin 6″-O-xyloside possesses significant antitumor activities on colon cancer through inducing apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5557-5564. [PMID: 30344709 PMCID: PMC6176249 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin 6″-O-xyloside (PRX) is a major compound found in the root of the Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. The present study aimed to investigate the antitumor activity of PRX against colon cancer and examine its possible mechanism. In the present study, the anti-proliferative effects of PRX against colon cell lines (SW480, LoVo and HCT-116) were evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration values of the SW480, LoVo and HCT-11 cells were 37.114, 49.213 and 43.022 µg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the apoptosis of SW480 cells was detected using flow cytometry with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. Subsequently, western blot analysis was performed to examine the expression of proteins associated with apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of tumors. The results showed that PRX possessed antitumor activity against colon cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. In addition, PRX significantly upregulated the expression levels of cleaved (c)-caspase-3, c-caspase-9, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein and phosphorylated c-Jun terminal kinase, and downregulated the expression levels of Bcl-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (P<0.01). Therefore, the present study demonstrated the PRX exerted antitumor activity against colon cancer cell lines and that the anticancer mechanisms of PRX may be associated with the induction of mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis. The present study provides a scientific basis for the clinical use of PRX for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Shu Mo
- Department of Oncology, Cixi City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315300, P.R. China
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The Effects of Synthetically Modified Natural Compounds on ABC Transporters. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030127. [PMID: 30096910 PMCID: PMC6161255 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major hurdle which must be overcome to effectively treat cancer. ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) play pivotal roles in drug absorption and disposition, and overexpression of ABC transporters has been shown to attenuate cellular/tissue drug accumulation and thus increase MDR across a variety of cancers. Overcoming MDR is one desired approach to improving the survival rate of patients. To date, a number of modulators have been identified which block the function and/or decrease the expression of ABC transporters, thereby restoring the efficacy of a range of anticancer drugs. However, clinical MDR reversal agents have thus far proven ineffective and/or toxic. The need for new, effective, well-tolerated and nontoxic compounds has led to the development of natural compounds and their derivatives to ameliorate MDR. This review evaluates whether synthetically modifying natural compounds is a viable strategy to generate potent, nontoxic, ABC transporter inhibitors which may potentially reverse MDR.
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Vrhovac Madunić I, Madunić J, Antunović M, Paradžik M, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Breljak D, Marijanović I, Gajski G. Apigenin, a dietary flavonoid, induces apoptosis, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29541820 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apigenin is found in several dietary plant foods such as vegetables and fruits. To investigate potential anticancer properties of apigenin on human breast cancer, ER-positive MCF-7 and triple-negative MDA MB-231 cells were used. Moreover, toxicological safety of apigenin towards normal cells was evaluated in human lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity of apigenin towards cancer cells was evaluated by MTT assay whereas further genotoxic and oxidative stress parameters were measured by comet and lipid peroxidation assays, respectively. In order to examine the type of cell death induced by apigenin, several biomarkers were used. Toxicological safety towards normal cells was evaluated by cell viability and comet assays. After the treatment with apigenin, we observed changes in cell morphology in a dose- (10 to 100 μM) and time-dependent manner. Moreover, apigenin caused cell death in both cell lines leading to significant toxicity and dominantly to apoptosis. Furthermore, apigenin proved to be genotoxic towards the selected cancer cells with a potential to induce oxidative damage to lipids. Of great importance is that no significant cytogenotoxic effects were detected in normal cells. The observed cytogenotoxic and pro-cell death activities of apigenin coupled with its low toxicity towards normal cells indicate that this natural product could be used as a future anticancer modality. Therefore, further analysis to determine the exact mechanism of action and in vivo studies on animal models are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vrhovac Madunić
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Madunić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a/2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Antunović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a/2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mladen Paradžik
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davorka Breljak
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Inga Marijanović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a/2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Maeda Y, Takahashi H, Nakai N, Yanagita T, Ando N, Okubo T, Saito K, Shiga K, Hirokawa T, Hara M, Ishiguro H, Matsuo Y, Takiguchi S. Apigenin induces apoptosis by suppressing Bcl-xl and Mcl-1 simultaneously via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in colon cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1661-1673. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Nozomu Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanagita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Nanako Ando
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Okubo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Kenta Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Shiga
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hirokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Masayasu Hara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishiguro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
| | - Shuji Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8602, Japan
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Genetically Transformed Root-Based Culture Technology in Medicinal Plant Cosmos bipinnatus. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.67182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Shankar E, Goel A, Gupta K, Gupta S. Plant flavone apigenin: An emerging anticancer agent. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 3:423-446. [PMID: 29399439 PMCID: PMC5791748 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research in cancer chemoprevention provides convincing evidence that increased intake of vegetables and fruits may reduce the risk of several human malignancies. Phytochemicals present therein provide beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that serve to improve the cellular microenvironment. Compounds known as flavonoids categorized anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and isoflavones have shown considerable promise as chemopreventive agents. Apigenin (4', 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone), a major plant flavone, possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties affecting several molecular and cellular targets used to treat various human diseases. Epidemiologic and case-control studies have suggested apigenin reduces the risk of certain cancers. Studies demonstrate that apigenin retain potent therapeutic properties alone and/or increases the efficacy of several chemotherapeutic drugs in combination on a variety of human cancers. Apigenin's anticancer effects could also be due to its differential effects in causing minimal toxicity to normal cells with delayed plasma clearance and slow decomposition in liver increasing the systemic bioavailability in pharmacokinetic studies. Here we discuss the anticancer role of apigenin highlighting its potential activity as a chemopreventive and therapeutic agent. We also highlight the current caveats that preclude apigenin for its use in the human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar Shankar
- Department of Urology, The James and Eilleen Dicke Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Urology, The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Aditi Goel
- Department of Biology, School of Undergraduate Studies, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Karishma Gupta
- Department of Urology, The James and Eilleen Dicke Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Urology, The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, The James and Eilleen Dicke Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Urology, The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Gomes LC, Ferrão ALM, Evangelista FCG, de Almeida TD, Barbosa RC, Carvalho MDG, de Paula Sabino A. Advances in chronic lymphocytic leukemia pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:349-358. [PMID: 29091884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disease that affects B lymphocytes in most cases. Leukemic lymphocytes have prolonged longevity, defined by resistance to apoptosis. These cells can accumulate in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and solid lymphoid organs. CLL may be indolent or aggressive and has a range of prognostic factors such as expression of CD38 and ZAP-70, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic changes, imbalanced apoptosis proteins, and others. Although CLL has a low mortality rate, this disease is generally not considered curable until today. CLL treatment involves alkylating agents and glucocorticoids, purine analogs, monoclonal antibody therapies, and bone marrow transplantation. In recent decades, new drugs have appeared focusing on new targets and specific molecules, such as the BCR receptor, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase, apoptosis proteins and microRNAs. The most appropriate treatment for CLL is one that involves in its protocol a combination of drugs according to the prognostic factors presented by each patient. In this sense, treatment individualization is essential. This article examines standard treatments for CLL and explores new treatments and potential new targets, as well as schematic protocols to understand where we are, how the treatment has evolved, and the advantages and disadvantages of new targets for CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Caixeta Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Address: 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Zip Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Lúcia Menezes Ferrão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Address: 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Zip Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cristina Gontijo Evangelista
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Address: 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Zip Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tâmara Dauare de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Address: 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Zip Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rayson Carvalho Barbosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Address: 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Zip Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Address: 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Zip Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriano de Paula Sabino
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Address: 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Zip Code 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Oliveira FS, Ribeiro A, Barros L, Calhelha RC, Barreira JC, Junior BD, Abreu RM, Barreiro MF, Ferreira IC. Evaluation of Arenaria montana L. hydroethanolic extract as a chemopreventive food ingredient: A case study focusing a dairy product (yogurt). J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Özdemir A, Yildiz M, Senol FS, Şimay YD, Ibişoglu B, Gokbulut A, Orhan IE, Ark M. Promising anticancer activity of Cyclotrichium niveum L. extracts through induction of both apoptosis and necrosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:898-909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yan X, Qi M, Li P, Zhan Y, Shao H. Apigenin in cancer therapy: anti-cancer effects and mechanisms of action. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:50. [PMID: 29034071 PMCID: PMC5629766 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin is a common dietary flavonoid that is abundantly present in many fruits, vegetables and Chinese medicinal herbs and serves multiple physiological functions, such as strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities and blood pressure reduction. Therefore, apigenin has been used as a traditional medicine for centuries. Recently, apigenin has been widely investigated for its anti-cancer activities and low toxicity. Apigenin was reported to suppress various human cancers in vitro and in vivo by multiple biological effects, such as triggering cell apoptosis and autophagy, inducing cell cycle arrest, suppressing cell migration and invasion, and stimulating an immune response. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in the anti-cancer effects of apigenin and their underlying mechanisms, and we summarize the signaling pathways modulated by apigenin, including the PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT, NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. We also discuss combinatorial strategies to enhance the anti-cancer effect of apigenin on various cancers and its use as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent to overcome cancer drug resistance or to alleviate other adverse effects of chemotherapy. The functions of apigenin against cancer stem cells are also summarized and discussed. These data demonstrate that apigenin is a promising reagent for cancer therapy. Apigenin appears to have the potential to be developed either as a dietary supplement or as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Miao Qi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Yihong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Huanjie Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119 China
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Mohamed SIA, Jantan I, Haque MA. Naturally occurring immunomodulators with antitumor activity: An insight on their mechanisms of action. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Seo HS, Ku JM, Choi HS, Woo JK, Lee BH, Kim DS, Song HJ, Jang BH, Shin YC, Ko SG. Apigenin overcomes drug resistance by blocking the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:715-724. [PMID: 28656316 PMCID: PMC5562081 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in chemotherapy is a serious obstacle for the successful treatment of cancer. Drug resistance is caused by various factors, including the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1). The development of new, useful compounds that overcome drug resistance is urgent. Apigenin, a dietary flavonoid, has been reported as an anticancer drug in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether apigenin is able to reverse drug resistance using adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells (MCF-7/ADR). In our experiments, apigenin significantly decreased cell growth and colony formation in MCF-7/ADR cells and parental MCF-7 cells. This growth inhibition was related to the accumulation of cells in the sub-G0/G1 apoptotic population and an increase in the number of apoptotic cells. Apigenin reduced the mRNA expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in MCF-7/ADR cells. Apigenin also downregulated the expression of P-gp. Apigenin reversed drug efflux from MCF-7/ADR cells, resulting in rhodamine 123 (Rho123) accumulation. Inhibition of drug resistance by apigenin is related to the suppression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Apigenin decreased STAT3 activation (p-STAT3) and its nuclear translocation and inhibited the secretion of VEGF and MMP-9, which are STAT3 target genes. A STAT3 inhibitor, JAK inhibitor I and an HIF-1α inhibitor decreased cell growth in MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that apigenin can overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sook Seo
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Mo Ku
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Sim Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kyu Woo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak‑gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Doh Sun Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jong Song
- Department of Applied Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyoung Jang
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Masuelli L, Benvenuto M, Mattera R, Di Stefano E, Zago E, Taffera G, Tresoldi I, Giganti MG, Frajese GV, Berardi G, Modesti A, Bei R. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-tumoral Effects of the Flavonoid Apigenin in Malignant Mesothelioma. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:373. [PMID: 28674496 PMCID: PMC5474957 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a tumor arising from mesothelium. MM patients’ survival is poor. The polyphenol 4′,5,7,-trihydroxyflavone Apigenin (API) is a “multifunctional drug”. Several studies have demonstrated API anti-tumoral effects. However, little is known on the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumoral effects of API in MM. Thus, we analyzed the in vitro effects of API on cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, pro-survival signaling pathways, apoptosis, and autophagy of human and mouse MM cells. We evaluated the in vivo anti-tumor activities of API in mice transplanted with MM #40a cells forming ascites. API inhibited in vitro MM cells survival, increased reactive oxygen species intracellular production and induced DNA damage. API activated apoptosis but not autophagy. API-induced apoptosis was sustained by the increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, increase of p53 expression, activation of both caspase 9 and caspase 8, cleavage of PARP-1, and increase of the percentage of cells in subG1 phase. API treatment affected the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPKs in a cell-type specific manner, inhibited AKT phosphorylation, decreased c-Jun expression and phosphorylation, and inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation. Intraperitoneal administration of API increased the median survival of C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally transplanted with #40a cells and reduced the risk of tumor growth. Our findings may have important implications for the design of MM treatment using API.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza",Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Benvenuto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata",Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mattera
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata",Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Di Stefano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza",Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Zago
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza",Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Taffera
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata",Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tresoldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata",Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Giganti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata",Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vanni Frajese
- Department of Sports Science, Human and Health, University of Rome "Foro Italico",Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Berardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "Sapienza",Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata",Rome, Italy.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata",Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata",Rome, Italy.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata",Rome, Italy
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Apigenin Attenuates Adriamycin-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:2590676. [PMID: 28684964 PMCID: PMC5480054 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2590676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with Adriamycin (ADR) is one of the major causes of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and therefore is the principal limiting factor in the effectiveness of chemotherapy for cancer patients. Apigenin (API) has been shown to play a cardioprotective role. The present study examined the effect of API on ADR-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Sixty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: a control group, ADR model group, low-dose API treatment group (125 mg·kg−1), and high-dose API treatment group (250 mg·kg−1). Blood samples were taken to evaluate a spectrum of myocardial enzymes. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was measured using a TUNEL assay, and cardiomyocyte autophagy was observed using electron microscopy. Moreover, apoptosis-related proteins, such as Bax and Bcl-2, autophagy-related proteins, including Beclin1 and LC3B, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins were examined with western blot. Our results demonstrate that ADR caused an increase in the serum levels of cardiac injury markers and enhanced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy. API administration prevented the effects associated with ADR-induced cardiotoxicity in mice and inhibited ADR-induced apoptosis and autophagy. API also promoted PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activity in ADR-treated mice. In conclusion, API may have a protective effect against ADR-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy via activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Lefranc F, Tabanca N, Kiss R. Assessing the anticancer effects associated with food products and/or nutraceuticals using in vitro and in vivo preclinical development-related pharmacological tests. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 46:14-32. [PMID: 28602819 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This review is part of a special issue entitled "Role of dietary pattern, foods, nutrients and nutraceuticals in supporting cancer prevention and treatment" and describes a pharmacological strategy to determine the potential contribution of food-related components as anticancer agents against established cancer. Therefore, this review does not relate to chemoprevention, which is analysed in several other reviews in the current special issue, but rather focuses on the following: i) the biological events that currently represent barriers against the treatment of certain types of cancers, primarily metastatic cancers; ii) the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological pre-clinical tests that can be used to analyse the potential anticancer effects of food-related components; and iii) several examples of food-related components with anticancer effects. This review does not represent a catalogue-based listing of food-related components with more or less anticancer activity. By contrast, this review proposes an original pharmacological strategy that researchers can use to analyse the potential anticancer activity of any food-related component-e.g., by considering the crucial characteristics of cancer biological aggressiveness. This review also highlights that cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy should restrict the use of "food complements" without supervision by a medical nutritionist. By contrast, an equilibrated diet that includes the food-related components listed herein would be beneficial for cancer patients who are not undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lefranc
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nurhayat Tabanca
- U.S Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station,13601 Old Cutler Rd., Miami, FL 33158, USA.
| | - Robert Kiss
- Retired-formerly at the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium), 5 rue d'Egmont, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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Apigenin inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting Akt in the A549 human lung cancer cell line. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:446-456. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sak K, Everaus H. Established Human Cell Lines as Models to Study Anti-leukemic Effects of Flavonoids. Curr Genomics 2016; 18:3-26. [PMID: 28503087 PMCID: PMC5321770 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160803165447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive work on pathological mechanisms and some recent advances in the treatment of different hematological malignancies, leukemia continues to present a significant challenge being frequently considered as incurable disease. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic agents with high efficacy and low toxicity is urgently needed to improve the overall survival rate of patients. In this comprehensive review article, the current knowledge about the anticancer activities of flavonoids as plant secondary polyphenolic metabolites in the most commonly used human established leukemia cell lines (HL-60, NB4, KG1a, U937, THP-1, K562, Jurkat, CCRF- CEM, MOLT-3, and MOLT-4) is compiled, revealing clear anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cell cycle arresting, and differentiation inducing effects for certain compounds. Considering the low toxicity of these substances in normal blood cells, the presented data show a great potential of flavonoids to be developed into novel anti-leukemia agents applicable also in the malignant cells resistant to the current conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hele Everaus
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Apigenin potentiates TRAIL therapy of non-small cell lung cancer via upregulating DR4/DR5 expression in a p53-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35468. [PMID: 27752089 PMCID: PMC5067669 DOI: 10.1038/srep35468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin (APG) is an edible plant-derived flavonoid that shows modest antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo. APG treatment results in cell growth arrest and apoptosis in various types of tumors by modulating several signaling pathways. In the present study, we evaluated interactions between APG and TRAIL in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. We observed a synergistic effect between APG and TRAIL on apoptosis of NSCLC cells. A549 cells and H1299 cells were resistant to TRAIL treatment alone. The presence of APG sensitized NSCLC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating the levels of death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5) in a p53-dependent manner. Consistently, the pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and Bax were upregulated, while the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 were downregulated. Meanwhile, APG suppressed NF-κB, AKT and ERK activation. Treatment with specific small-molecule inhibitors of these pathways enhanced TRAIL-induced cell death, mirroring the effect of APG. Furthermore, using a mouse xenograft model, we demonstrated that the combined treatment completely suppressed tumor growth as compared with APG or TRAIL treatment alone. Our results demonstrate a novel strategy to enhance TRAIL-induced antitumor activity in NSCLC cells by APG via inhibition of the NF-κB, AKT and ERK prosurvival regulators.
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Dai J, Van Wie PG, Fai LY, Kim D, Wang L, Poyil P, Luo J, Zhang Z. Downregulation of NEDD9 by apigenin suppresses migration, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 311:106-112. [PMID: 27664007 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apigenin is a natural flavonoid which possesses multiple anti-cancer properties such as anti-proliferation, anti-inflammation, and anti-metastasis in many types of cancers including colorectal cancer. Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 9 (NEDD9) is a multi-domain scaffolding protein of the Cas family which has been shown to correlate with cancer metastasis and progression. The present study investigates the role of NEDD9 in apigenin-inhibited cell migration, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD1 and SW480 cells. The results show that knockdown of NEDD9 inhibited cell migration, invasion, and metastasis and that overexpression of NEDD9 promoted cell migration and invasion of DLD1 cells and SW4890 cells. Apigenin treatment attenuated NEDD9 expression at protein level, resulting in reduced phosphorylations of FAK, Src, and Akt, leading to inhibition on cell migration, invasion, and metastasis of both DLD1 and SW480 cells. The present study has demonstrated that apigenin inhibits cell migration, invasion, and metastasis through NEDD9/Src/Akt cascade in colorectal cancer cells. NEDD9 may function as a biomarker for evaluation of cancer aggressiveness and for selection of therapeutic drugs against cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Dai
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter G Van Wie
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Leonard Yenwong Fai
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Donghern Kim
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Pratheeshkumar Poyil
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Bouchet S, Dauzonne D, Bauvois B, Piedfer M, Susin S. In vitro activity of some flavonoid derivatives on human leukemic myeloid cells: evidence for aminopeptidase-N (CD13) inhibition, antiproliferative and cell death properties. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.3.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
For the purpose of this work, insect biotechnology, which is also known as yellow biotechnology, is the use of insects as well as insect-derived cells or molecules in medical (red biotechnology), agricultural (green biotechnology), and industrial (white) biotechnology. It is based on the application of biotechnological techniques on insects or their cells to develop products or services for human use. Such products are then applied in agriculture, medicine, and industrial biotechnology. Insect biotechnology has proven to be a useful resource in diverse industries, especially for the production of industrial enzymes including chitinases and cellulases, pharmaceuticals, microbial insecticides, insect genes, and many other substances. Insect cells (ICs), and particularly lepidopteran cells, constitute a competitive strategy to mammalian cells for the manufacturing of biotechnology products. Among the wide range of methods and expression hosts available for the production of biotech products, ICs are ideal for the production of complex proteins requiring extensive posttranslational modification. The progress so far made in insect biotechnology essentially derives from scientific breakthroughs in molecular biology, especially with the advances in techniques that allow genetic manipulation of organisms and cells. Insect biotechnology has grown tremendously in the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Raman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas USA
| | - Marian R. Goldsmith
- Biological Sciences Department Center for Biotech. and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island USA
| | - Tolulope A. Agunbiade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut USA
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45
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Natural compounds for pediatric cancer treatment. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 389:131-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Apigenin Attenuates Melanoma Cell Migration by Inducing Anoikis through Integrin and Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibition. Molecules 2015; 20:21157-66. [PMID: 26633318 PMCID: PMC6332386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, a nonmutagenic flavonoid, has been found to have antitumor properties and is therefore particularly relevant for the development of chemotherapeutic agents for cancers. In this study, time- and dose-dependent cell viability and cytotoxicity were assessed to determine the effects of apigenin on A2058 and A375 melanoma cells. Melanoma cells were pretreated with different concentrations of apigenin and analyzed for morphological changes, anoikis induction, cell migration, and levels of proteins associated with apoptosis. Apigenin reduced integrin protein levels and inhibited the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), which induce anoikis in human cutaneous melanoma cells. Apigenin exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of melanoma cell migration, unlike untreated controls. Furthermore, apigenin treatment increased apoptotic factors such as caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating the metastasis of melanoma cells. Our results provide a new insight into the mechanisms by which apigenin prevents melanoma metastasis by sensitizing anoikis induced by the loss of integrin proteins in the FAK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. These findings elucidate the related mechanisms and suggest the potential of apigenin in developing clinical treatment strategies against malignant melanoma.
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Induction of caspase-dependent extrinsic apoptosis by apigenin through inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling in HER2-overexpressing BT-474 breast cancer cells. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150165. [PMID: 26500281 PMCID: PMC4708008 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogen intake is known to be beneficial to decrease breast cancer incidence and progression. But its molecular mechanisms of action are still unknown. The present study aimed to examine the effect of apigenin on proliferation and apoptosis in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. In our experiments, apigenin inhibited the proliferation of BT-474 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Apigenin also inhibited clonogenic survival (anchorage-dependent and -independent) of BT-474 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These growth inhibitions were accompanied with an increase in sub-G0/G1 apoptotic populations. Apigenin-induced extrinsic a caspase-dependent apoptosis up-regulating the levels of cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase-3, and inducing the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Whereas, apigenin did not induce apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway since this compound did not decrease mitochondrial membrane potential without affecting the levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX). Apigenin reduced the expression of phospho-JAK1, phospho-JAK2 and phospho-STAT3 and decreased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) dependent luciferase reporter gene activity in BT-474 cells. Apigenin inhibited CoCl2-induced VEGF secretion and decreased the nuclear translocation of STAT3. Our study indicates that apigenin induces apoptosis through inhibition of STAT3 signalling and could serve as a useful compound to prevent or treat HER2-overexpressing breast cancer.
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He J, Ning C, Wang Y, Ma T, Huang H, Ge Y, Liu J, Jiang Y. Natural plant flavonoid apigenin directly disrupts Hsp90/Cdc37 complex and inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Hu XY, Liang JY, Guo XJ, Liu L, Guo YB. 5-Fluorouracil combined with apigenin enhances anticancer activity through mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm)-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:146-53. [PMID: 25363523 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of chemoresistance may reduce the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, the effects of apigenin on intensifying the chemosensitivity of HCC cells and an HCC xenograft model in response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were investigated. Sub-toxic concentrations of apigenin (4 μmol/L) significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of 5-FU (100 μg/mL) in HCC cells. In vivo, combined treatment with apigenin (20 mg/kg, five times/week for 3 weeks) and 5-FU (20 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days) significantly inhibited the growth of HCC xenograft tumours. Annexin V-propidium iodide dual staining assays, terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling assays and western blotting analysis were used to confirm the synergistic effects of apigenin and 5-FU on HCC apoptosis. Coincubation of HCC cells with apigenin and 5-FU increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was followed by a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). In addition, combined triggered the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as indicated by decreased Bcl-2 expression and loss of ΔΨm, with significant activation of caspase 3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The present study is the first to demonstrate that apigenin may potentiate the cytotoxicity of 5-FU in HCC via inhibition of ROS-mediated drug resistance and concurrent activation of the mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sak K, Everaus H. Multi-Target Cytotoxic Actions of Flavonoids in Blood Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:4843-7. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.12.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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