LncRNA CCAT1 Promotes Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation by Interacting with DDX5 and MIR-28-5P

Mechanisms and progress of LncRNAs in prostate cancer development and diagnostic therapy

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in men worldwide. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, challenges such as late-stage detection, therapeutic resistance, and the complexity of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) persist. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play critical roles in PCa progression through epigenetic regulation, transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulation, and immune response regulation. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms by which LncRNAs influence PCa development, treatment resistance, and immune regulation, emphasizing their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also discuss future research directions to advance precision medicine in PCa.

Downregulation of LncRNA CCAT1 Enhances Chemosensitivity in Cisplatin-Resistant Gastric Cancer Cells

Chemotherapy is an effective treatment for gastric cancer. However, many patients develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents during clinical treatment. LncRNA CCAT1 has recently been shown to influence cellular resistance to specific chemotherapeutic drugs, but its role in gastric cancer remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the role of LncRNA CCAT1 in cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells and its potential underlying mechanisms. Gastric cancer cell lines with acquired resistance were established. The expression of CCAT1 was assessed in both cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant AGS cell lines. CCAT1 expression was knocked down in AGS/DDP cells, and the changes in IC50 values were measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Apoptosis in gastric cancer cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. Additionally, Western blotting was employed to measure the expression levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway proteins and apoptosis-related proteins in both interference and control groups. RT-qPCR results indicated that CCAT1 expression was significantly elevated in cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cells compared to non-resistant cells. Similarly, CCK-8 assay results demonstrated that knocking down CCAT1 in resistant cells increased their sensitivity to cisplatin treatment. Flow cytometry and Western blot results further confirmed that silencing CCAT1 promoted apoptosis in these cells. Additionally, the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway proteins was higher in resistant cells compared to their sensitive counterparts, and silencing CCAT1 in AGS/DDP cells resulted in reduced expression of these proteins. In conclusion, the above studies demonstrated that LncRNA CCAT1 induced cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells.

Role of long non-coding RNAs and natural products in prostate cancer: insights into key signaling pathways

Prostate cancer (PC) ranks among the most prevalent cancers in males. Recent studies have highlighted intricate connections between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), natural products, and cellular signaling in PC development. LncRNAs, which are RNA transcripts without protein-coding function, influence cell growth, programmed cell death, metastasis, and resistance to treatments through pathways like PI3K/AKT, WNT/β-catenin, and androgen receptor signaling. Certain lncRNAs, including HOTAIR and PCA3, are associated with PC progression, with potential as diagnostic markers. Natural compounds, such as curcumin and resveratrol, demonstrate anticancer effects by targeting these pathways, reducing tumor growth, and modulating lncRNA expression. For instance, curcumin suppresses HOTAIR levels, hindering PC cell proliferation and invasion. The interaction between lncRNAs and natural compounds may open new avenues for therapy, as these substances can simultaneously impact multiple signaling pathways. These complex interactions offer promising directions for developing innovative PC treatments, enhancing diagnostics, and identifying new biomarkers for improved prevention and targeted therapy. This review aims to map the multifaceted relationship among natural products, lncRNAs, and signaling pathways in PC pathogenesis, focusing on key pathways such as AR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, WNT/β-catenin, and MAPK, which are crucial in PC progression and therapy resistance. Regulation of these pathways by natural products and lncRNAs could lead to new insights into biomarker identification, preventive measures, and targeted PC therapies.

LncRNA OIP5-AS1 mediated miR-28-5p provides promising support for the diagnosis and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are major research factors in a variety of diseases, and lncRNA OIP5-AS1 (OIP5-AS1) was shown to mediate the progression of various tumors. This paper discusses how OIP5-AS1 could potentially be used for diagnosing and prognosticating cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL).

METHODS

The ENROCI project evaluated the OIP5-AS1 expression in CHOL samples and confirmed it using RT-qPCR. A bioinformatics database predicted the target gene of OIP5-AS1 in CHOL, which was then confirmed by luciferase activity assays. The CCK-8 and Transwell methods were employed to detect the changes in CHOL cell growth and migration levels after OIP5-AS1 knockdown. ROC and Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to examine the diagnostic and prognostic functions of OIP5-AS1.

RESULTS

In CHOL tissues and cells, OIP5-AS1 was enhanced compared to the controls. Reducing OIP5-AS1 hampered the regulatory capacity of CHOL cells, and miR-28-5p inhibitor repaired this inhibition. Notably, OIP5-AS1 was observed to sponge and downregulate miR-28-5p, exhibiting high sensitivity and specificity (84.4% and 81.3%) in CHOL. G3BP1 was a direct target of miR-28-5p. Decreased OIP5-AS1 level was beneficial for survival (HR = 2.391, P = 0.024).

CONCLUSION

OIP5-AS1 targets and negatively mediates miR-28-5p/G3BP1 axis to promote the activity of CHOL cells, which may be a potential marker for diagnosis and prognosis of CHOL patients.

Propofol attenuates prostate cancer progression by upregulating TRHDE-AS1 expression, and METTL14 could mediate its m6A modification

Propofol has become a microtubule-stabilizing drug for prostate cancer (PC) therapy, but propofol resistance impairs the therapeutic effect. This study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of propofol in the pathogenesis of PC through mechanisms involving N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. The changes in PC cell malignancy were evaluated by means of transwell, cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), western blotting and tumour xenograft model assays. Long noncoding RNA TRHDE-AS1 and m6A methyltransferase METTL14 expression levels were determined via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The m6A modification of TRHDE-AS1 which was mediated by METTL14 was confirmed by conducting methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) assay. We observed that propofol (200 μM) inhibited PC cell malignancy in vivo and in vitro, elucidating that it impaired cell proliferation, migration and tumour growth but induced apoptosis. TRHDE-AS1 expression was observed to be lower in PC cells and tissues, and propofol induced TRHDE-AS1 upregulation in PC cells. Propofol was capable of reversing the tumour-promoting effect of TRHDE-AS1 knockdown in PC cells. Additionally, METTL14 was upstream of TRHDE-AS1 to induce m6A modification of TRHDE-AS1 in PC cells. Collectively, our results show that propofol prevents PC progression by upregulating TRHDE-AS1 expression and METTL14 is involved in the m6A modification of TRHDE-AS1. These findings suggest that TRHDE-AS1 may be a potential therapeutic target for the improvement of propofol's therapeutic effect.

Long non-coding RNAs: regulators of autophagy and potential biomarkers in therapy resistance and urological cancers

The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a large part of human genome that mainly do not code for proteins. Although ncRNAs were first believed to be non-functional, the more investigations highlighted tthe possibility of ncRNAs in controlling vital biological processes. The length of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exceeds 200 nucleotidesand can be present in nucleus and cytoplasm. LncRNAs do not translate to proteins and they have been implicated in the regulation of tumorigenesis. On the other hand, One way cells die is by a process called autophagy, which breaks down proteins and other components in the cytoplasm., while the aberrant activation of autophagy allegedly involved in the pathogenesis of diseases. The autophagy exerts anti-cancer activity in pre-cancerous lesions, while it has oncogenic function in advanced stages of cancers. The current overview focuses on the connection between lncRNAs and autophagy in urological cancers is discussed. Notably, one possible role for lncRNAs is as diagnostic and prognostic variablesin urological cancers. The proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis and therapy response in prostate, bladder and renal cancers are regulated by lncRNAs. The changes in autophagy levels can also influence the apoptosis, proliferation and therapy response in urological tumors. Since lncRNAs have modulatory functions, they can affect autophagy mechanism to determine progression of urological cancers.

The lncRNA CADM2-AS1 promotes gastric cancer metastasis by binding with miR-5047 and activating NOTCH4 translation

Background

Multi-organ metastasis has been the main cause of death in patients with Gastric cancer (GC). The prognosis for patients with metastasized GC is still very poor. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) always been reported to be closely related to cancer metastasis.

Methods

In this paper, the aberrantly expressed lncRNA CADM2-AS1 was identified by lncRNA-sequencing in clinical lymph node metastatic GC tissues. Besides, the role of lncRNA CADM2-AS1 in cancer metastasis was detected by Transwell, Wound healing, Western Blot or other assays in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanism study was performed by RNA FISH, Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RT-qPCR. Finally, the relationship among lncRNA CADM2-AS1, miR-5047 and NOTCH4 in patient tissues was detected by RT-qPCR.

Results

In this paper, the aberrantly expressed lncRNA CADM2-AS1 was identified by lncRNA-sequencing in clinical lymph node metastatic GC tissues. Besides, the role of lncRNA CADM2-AS1 in cancer metastasis was detected in vitro and in vivo. The results shown that overexpression of the lncRNA CADM2-AS1 promoted GC metastasis, while knockdown inhibited it. Further mechanism study proved that lncRNA CADM2-AS1 could sponge and silence miR-5047, which targeting mRNA was NOTCH4. Elevated expression of lncRNA CADM2-AS1 facilitate GC metastasis by up-regulating NOTCH4 mRNA level consequently. What's more, the relationship among lncRNA CADM2-AS1, miR-5047 and NOTCH4 was further detected and verified in metastatic GC patient tissues.

Conclusions

LncRNA CADM2-AS1 promoted metastasis in GC by targeting the miR-5047/NOTCH4 signaling axis, which may be a potential target for GC metastasis.

DSCAM-AS1 promotes the development of prostate cancer

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of lncRNA DSCAM-AS1 in prostate cancer to find new therapeutic targets and promote the research progress of prostate cancer.

METHODS

RT-qPCR was used to detect DSCAM-AS1 expression in prostate cancer tissues, normal tissues, human normal prostate epithelial cells (RWPE), and four prostate cancer cell lines. The clinical and prognostic role of DSCAM-AS1 was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier curve and chi-square test. Secondly, a dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to study the regulatory mechanism between miR-338-3p and DSCAM-AS1. Finally, the roles of DSCAM-AS1 and miR-338-3p in prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis were explored by CCK-8 and Transwell assays.

RESULTS

It was found that DSCAM-AS1 upregulation could serve as a warning of deterioration and poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients, and that knockdown of DSCAM-AS1 expression inhibited the progression of prostate cancer cells. In addition, miR-338-3p, a target of DSCAM-AS1, was found to be down-regulated in prostate cancer cells and miR-338-3p knockdown could reverse the inhibitory effect of DSCAM-AS1 silencing on prostate cancer.

CONCLUSION

DSCAM-AS1 is up-regulated in prostate cancer and regulates the progression of prostate cancer cells by targeting miR-338-3p.

Long non-coding RNA CCAT1 acts as an oncogene to promote radiation resistance in lung adenocarcinoma: an epigenomics-based investigation

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) appear to be the crucial modulators in various processes and critically influence the oncogenesis. As one of the LncRNAs, LncRNA CCAT1 has been reported to be closely associated with the progression multiple cancers, but its role in modulating the radioresistance of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. In our present study, we screened the potential radioresistance related LncRNAs in LUAD based on the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Data suggested that CCAT1 was abundantly expressed in LUAD and CCAT1 was significantly associated with poor prognosis and radioresistance. Moreover, our in vitro experiments showed that radiation treatment could trigger elevated expression of CCAT1 in the human LUAD cell lines. Further loss/gain-of-function investigations indicated that CCAT1 knockdown significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and promoted cell apoptosis in NCI-H1299 cells under irradiation, whereas CCAT1 overexpression in A549 cells yield the opposite effects. In summary, we identified the promoting role of CCAT1 in radioresistance of LUAD, which may provide a theoretical basis for radiotherapy sensitization of LUAD.

Overcoming chemoresistance and radio resistance in prostate cancer: The emergent role of non-coding RNAs

Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be a major health concern worldwide, with its resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy presenting major hurdles in successful treatment. While patients with localized prostate cancer generally have a good survival rate, those with metastatic prostate cancer often face a grim prognosis, even with aggressive treatments using various methods. The high mortality rate in severe cases is largely due to the lack of treatment options that can offer lasting results, especially considering the significant genetic diversity found in tumors at the genomic level. This comprehensive review examines the intricate molecular mechanisms governing resistance in PCa, emphasising the pivotal contributions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). We delve into the diverse roles of microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and other non-coding elements as critical regulators of key cellular processes involved in CR & RR. The review emphasizes the diagnostic potential of ncRNAs as predictive biomarkers for treatment response, offering insights into patient stratification and personalized therapeutic approaches. Additionally, we explore the therapeutic implications of targeting ncRNAs to overcome CR & RR, highlighting innovative strategies to restore treatment sensitivity. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review not only provides a comprehension of the chemical basis of resistance in PCa but also identifies gaps in knowledge, paving the way for future research directions. Ultimately, this exploration of ncRNA perspectives offers a roadmap for advancing precision medicine in PCa, potentially transforming therapeutic paradigms and improving outcomes for patients facing the challenges of treatment resistance.

A thorough understanding of the role of lncRNA in prostate cancer pathogenesis; Current knowledge and future research directions

In the entire world, prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common and deadly cancers. Treatment failure is still common among patients, despite PCa diagnosis and treatment improvements. Inadequate early diagnostic markers and the emergence of resistance to conventional therapeutic approaches, particularly androgen-deprivation therapy, are the causes of this. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as an essential group of regulatory molecules, have been reported to be dysregulated through prostate tumorigenesis and hold great promise as diagnostic targets. Besides, lncRNAs regulate the malignant features of PCa cells, such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. These multifunctional RNA molecules interact with other molecular effectors like miRNAs and transcription factors to modulate various signaling pathways, including AR signaling. This study aimed to compile new knowledge regarding the role of lncRNA through prostate tumorigenesis in terms of their effects on the various malignant characteristics of PCa cells; in light of these characteristics and the significant potential of lncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for PCa. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: Not applicable.

Non-coding RNAs in enzalutamide resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Enzalutamide (Enz) is a next-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist used to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Unfortunately, the relapsing nature of CRPC results in the development of Enz resistance in many patients. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA molecules that do not encode proteins, which include microRNAs (miRNA), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and other ncRNAs with known and unknown functions. Recently, dysregulation of ncRNAs in CRPC, particularly their regulatory function in drug resistance, has attracted more and more attention. Herein, we introduce the roles of dysregulation of different ncRNAs subclasses in the development of CRPC progression and Enz resistance. Recently determined mechanisms of Enz resistance are discussed, focusing mainly on the role of AR-splice variant-7 (AR-V7), mutations, circRNAs and lncRNAs that act as miRNA sponges. Also, the contributions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and glucose metabolism to Enz resistance are discussed. We summarize the different mechanisms of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in the progression of CRPC and Enz resistance, and highlight the prospect of future therapeutic strategies against Enz resistance.

Construction and validation of N6-methyladenosine long non-coding RNAs signature of prognostic value for early biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer

PURPOSE

Early biochemical recurrence (eBCR) indicated a high risk for potential recurrence and metastasis in prostate cancer. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification played an important role in prostate cancer progression. This study aimed to develop a m6A lncRNA signature to accurately predict eBCR in prostate cancer.

METHODS

Pearson correlation analysis was first conducted to explore m6A lncRNAs and univariate Cox regression analysis was further performed to identify m6A lncRNAs of prognostic roles for predicting eBCR in prostate cancer. The m6A lncRNA signature was constructed by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis (LASSO) in training cohort and further validated in test cohort. Furthermore, half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were utilized to explore potential effective drugs for high-risk group in this study.

RESULTS

Five hundred and thirty-eighth m6A lncRNAs were searched out through Pearson correlation analysis and 25 out of 538 m6A lncRNAs were identified to pose prediction roles for eBCR in prostate cancers. An m6A lncRNA signature including 5 lncRNAs was successfully built in training cohort. The high-risk group derived from m6A lncRNA signature could efficiently predict eBCR occurrence in both training (p < 0.001) and test cohort (p = 0.002). ROC analysis also confirmed that lncRNA signature in this study posed more accurate prediction roles for eBCR occurrence when compared with PSA, TNM stages and Gleason scores. Drug sensitivity analysis further discovered that various drugs could be potentially utilized to treat high-risk samples in this study.

CONCLUSIONS

The m6A lncRNA signature in this study could be utilized to efficiently predict eBCR occurrence, various clinical characteristic and immune microenvironment for prostate cancer.

LINC01232 promotes lung squamous cell carcinoma progression through modulating miR-181a-5p/SMAD2 axis

BACKGROUND

LINC01232 has been implicated in the progression of multiple malignancies. Yet, the function of LINC01232 in the carcinogenesis of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remains unclear. This study aims to examine the role LINC01232 plays in LUSC progression.

METHODS

mRNA and protein levels were assessed using qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated by transwell assay. The interactions between LINC01232, miR-181a-5p, and SMAD2 were assessed using luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down, and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The subcellular distribution of LINC01232 was examined by cytosolic/nuclear fractionation assay RESULTS: LINC01232 was upregulated in both LUSC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of LINC01232 impaired cell proliferation, migration and invasion capability in H1229 and A549 cells, a phenotype that could be reversed by miR-181a-5p silencing. In addition, LINC01232 silencing reduced levels of N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail in H1229 and A549 cells, but increased the level of E-cadherin, which can be abrogated by miR-181a-5p inhibitors.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, our study demonstrates that LINC01232 expression increases in LUSC tissues and cell lines and promotes LUSC progression by modulating the miR-181a-5p/SMAD2 signaling, providing new potential drug targets for LUSC treatment.

The importance of hsa-miR-28 in human malignancies

MicroRNA production in tumorigenesis is dysregulated by a variety of processes, such as proliferation and removal of microRNA genes, aberrant transcriptional regulation of microRNAs, disrupted epigenetic alterations, and failures in the miRNA biogenesis machinery. Under some circumstances, miRNAs may act as tumorigenic and maybe anti-oncogenes. Tumor aspects such as maintaining proliferating signals, bypassing development suppressors, delaying apoptosis, stimulating metastasis and invasion, and promoting angiogenesis have been linked to dysfunctional and dysregulated miRNAs. MiRNAs have been found as possible biomarkers for human cancer in a great deal of research, which requires additional evaluation and confirmation. It is known that hsa-miR-28 can function as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in many malignancies, and it does this by modulating the expression of several genes and the downstream signaling network. MiR-28-5p and miR-28-3p, which originate from the same RNA hairpin precursor miR-28, have essential roles in a variety of cancers. This review outlines the function and mechanisms of miR-28-3p and miR-28-5p in human cancers and illustrates the miR-28 family's potential utility as a diagnostic biomarker for prognosis and early detection of cancers.

DDX5 mRNA-targeting antisense oligonucleotide as a new promising therapeutic in combating castration-resistant prostate cancer

The heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) has emerged as a principal factor of the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression. Also, an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against Hsp27 (OGX-427 or apatorsen) has been assessed in different clinical trials. Here, we illustrate that Hsp27 highly regulates the expression of the human DEAD-box protein 5 (DDX5), and we define DDX5 as a novel therapeutic target for CRPC treatment. DDX5 overexpression is strongly correlated with aggressive tumor features, notably with CRPC. DDX5 downregulation using a specific ASO-based inhibitor that acts on DDX5 mRNAs inhibits cell proliferation in preclinical models, and it particularly restores the treatment sensitivity of CRPC. Interestingly, through the identification and analysis of DDX5 protein interaction networks, we have identified some specific functions of DDX5 in CRPC that could contribute actively to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. We first present the interactions of DDX5 and the Ku70/80 heterodimer and the transcription factor IIH, thereby uncovering DDX5 roles in different DNA repair pathways. Collectively, our study highlights critical functions of DDX5 contributing to CRPC progression and provides preclinical proof of concept that a combination of ASO-directed DDX5 inhibition with a DNA damage-inducing therapy can serve as a highly potential novel strategy to treat CRPC.

Clinicopathological and prognostic value of long non-coding RNA CCAT1 expression in patients with digestive system cancer

Colon cancer associated transcript-1 (CCAT1) is known to play an important role in numerous types of human cancer, including bladder, prostate and ovarian cancer. However, a consistent perspective has not been established in digestive system cancer (DSC). To explore the prognostic value of CCAT1 in patients with DSC, a meta-analysis was performed. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biological Medical Literature database, Cochrane Library and WanFang database was applied to select eligible articles. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the effects of CCAT1 on pathological or clinical features. A total of 1,719 patients from 12 eligible articles were enrolled in the meta-analysis. The results revealed that elevated CCAT1 expression was significantly related to larger tumor size (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.31-2.48), poorer differentiation (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.31-0.64), earlier lymph node metastasis (OR, 3.14; 95% CI, 2.34-4.22) and advanced TNM stage (OR, 3.08; 95% CI, 2.07-4.59). In addition, high CCAT1 expression predicted a poorer outcome for overall survival rate (HR, 2.37; 95% CI, 2.11-2.67) and recurrence-free survival rate (HR, 2.16, 95% CI, 1.31-3.57). High expression levels of CCAT1 were therefore related to unfavorable clinical outcomes of patients with DSC. These results demonstrated that CCAT1 could serve as a prognostic predictor in human DSC.

CCAT 1- A Pivotal Oncogenic Long Non-Coding RNA in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the third most common cancer and second deadliest cancer in both men and women in the world. Currently, the cure rate and 5-year survival rate of CRC patients remain relatively low. Therefore, discovering a novel molecular biomarker that can be used to improve CRC screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment would be beneficial. Long non-coding RNA colon cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT 1) has been found overexpressed in CRC and is associated with CRC tumorigenesis and treatment outcome. CCAT 1 has a high degree of specificity and sensitivity, it is readily detected in CRC tissues and is significantly overexpressed in both premalignant and malignant CRC tissues. Besides, CCAT 1 is associated with clinical manifestation and advanced features of CRC, such as lymph node metastasis, high tumor node metastasis stage, differentiation, invasion, and distant metastasis. In addition, they can upregulate oncogenic c-MYC and negatively modulate microRNAs via different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, dysregulated CCAT 1 also enhances the chemoresistance in CRC cells while downregulation of them reverses the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. In brief, CCAT 1 serves as a potential screening, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in CRC, it also serves as a potential therapeutic marker to treat CRC patients.

The Androgen Regulated lncRNA NAALADL2-AS2 Promotes Tumor Cell Survival in Prostate Cancer

Castration resistance is the leading cause of death in men with prostate cancer. Recent studies indicate long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to be important drivers of therapy resistance. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and to functionally characterize them in vitro. Tumor-derived RNA-sequencing data were used to quantify and compare the expression of 11,469 lncRNAs in benign, primary prostate cancer, and CRPC samples. CRPC-associated lncRNAs were selected for semi-quantitative PCR validation on 68 surgical tumor specimens. In vitro functional studies were performed by antisense-oligonucleotide-mediated lncRNA knockdown in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) and CRPC cell line models. Subsequently, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, transcriptome and pathway analyses were performed using the appropriate assays. Transcriptome analysis of a prostate cancer tumor specimens unveiled NAALADL2-AS2 as a novel CRPC-upregulated lncRNA. The expression of NAALADL2-AS2 was found to be particularly high in HSPC in vitro models and to increase under androgen deprived conditions. NAALADL2-AS2 knockdown decreased cell viability and increased caspase activity and apoptotic cells. Cellular fractionization and RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization identified NAALADL2-AS2 as a nuclear transcript. Transcriptome and pathway analyses revealed that NAALADL2-AS2 modulates the expression of genes involved with cell cycle control and glycogen metabolism. We hypothesize that the nuclear lncRNA, NAALADL2-AS2, functions as a pro-survival signal in prostate cancer cells under pressure of targeted hormone therapy.

The effects of endosulfan on cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer cells via the KCNQ1OT1/miR-137-3p/PTP4A3 axis

Endosulfan belongs to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), closely related to an increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa). The existing evidence shows that lncRNAs compete with miRNAs for binding sites and contribute to the onset and progression of human malignancies. In this study we investigate how endosulfan promotes cell migration and invasion in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells through epigenetic mechanism of lncRNA-miRNA regulation. Based on our past research we focused on PTP4A3 and constructed wild-type (WT) and mutant PTP4A3 plasmids for further analysis. Our results revealed that transfection of PTP4A3-WT can lead to changes in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers and critical proteins in the TGF-β signaling pathway, and promote cell migration and invasion in PCa cells. Bioinformatics analysis shows that there were complementary sequences in PTP4A3 3'-UTR and KCNQ1OT1 3'-UTR to the seed sequence of hsa-miR-137-3p, and dual luciferase reporter assay indicates the potential binding capacity of miR-137-3p to 3'-UTR of PTP4A3 and KCNQ1OT1. We found that miR-137-3p mimic inhibited cell migration and invasion, as well as repressed alterations of EMT biomarkers and critical proteins in the TGF-β signaling pathway. Rescue experiment results revealed that co-transfection of miR-137-3p mimic and PTP4A3-WT plasmid reversed these changes following transfection with miR-137-3p mimic alone. We found that KCNQ1OT1 was predominantly distributed in the cytoplasm from a subcellular fractionation assay. Functionally, silencing of KCNQ1OT1 repressed cell migration and invasion, and caused alterations of EMT biomarkers and critical proteins in the TGF-β signaling pathway, which were all restored by co-transfection with anti-miR-137-3p or PTP4A3-WT plasmid. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-137-3p or silencing of KCNQ1OT1 dramatically rescued the effects of endosulfan on promoting cell migration and invasion. These findings suggest that endosulfan can indeed promote cell migration and invasion via the KCNQ1OT1/miR-137-3p/PTP4A3 axis in PCa cells.

Enhancer RNA (eRNA) in Human Diseases

Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) transcribed from enhancer regions, serve as a type of critical regulatory element in gene expression. There is increasing evidence demonstrating that the aberrant expression of eRNAs can be broadly detected in various human diseases. Some studies also revealed the potential clinical utility of eRNAs in these diseases. In this review, we summarized the recent studies regarding the pathological mechanisms of eRNAs as well as their potential utility across human diseases, including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. It could help us to understand how eRNAs are engaged in the processes of diseases and to obtain better insight of eRNAs in diagnosis, prognosis or therapy. The studies we reviewed here indicate the enormous therapeutic potency of eRNAs across human diseases.

Investigation of Transcriptome Patterns in Endometrial Cancers from Obese and Lean Women

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in developed countries. One of the largest risk factors for endometrial cancer is obesity. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the transcriptome of endometrial cancers from obese vs. lean women. Here we investigate the transcriptome of endometrial cancer between obese and lean postmenopausal women using rRNA-depleted RNA-Seq data from endometrial cancer tissues and matched adjacent non-cancerous endometrial tissues. Differential expression analysis identified 12,484 genes (6370 up-regulated and 6114 down-regulated) in endometrial cancer tissues from obese women, and 6219 genes (3196 up-regulated and 3023 down-regulated) in endometrial cancer tissues from lean women (adjusted p-value < 0.1). A gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the top 1000 up-regulated genes (by adjusted p-value) were enriched for growth and proliferation pathways while the top 1000 down-regulated genes were enriched for cytoskeleton restructure networks in both obese and lean endometrial cancer tissues. In this study, we also show perturbations in the expression of protein coding genes (HIST1H2BL, HIST1H3F, HIST1H2BH, HIST1H1B, TTK, PTCHD1, ASPN, PRELP, and CDH13) and the lncRNA MBNL1-AS1 in endometrial cancer tissues. Overall, this study has identified gene expression changes that are similar and also unique to endometrial cancers from obese vs. lean women. Furthermore, some of these genes may serve as prognostic biomarkers or, possibly, therapeutic targets for endometrial cancer.

The AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway Was Mediated through the LINC00514/miR-28-5p/TRIM44 Axis

Objective. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the essential role of lncRNAs in tumorigenesis. LINC00514, a novel lncRNA, was reported to be a promoter of malignant behaviors in cancer, but in pituitary adenoma (PA), its biological functions remain unclear. Methods. Herein, we measured LINC00514 expression by RT-qPCR analysis which indicated a significant elevation of LINC00514 expression in human PA tissues. Moreover, the effect of LINC00514 silencing on PA cell proliferation and invasion was, respectively, examined by CCK-8 and transwell assays. Results. The results showed that LINC00514 deletion markedly inhibited PA cell proliferation and invasion. Besides, investigation on the molecular mechanisms showed that LINC00514 might function as an endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR-28-5p and TRIM44 was mediated by LINC00514-derived miR-28-5p in PA cells. Furthermore, the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was mediated through the LINC00514/miR-28-5p/TRIM44 axis. Conclusion. To sum up, we suggested LINC00514 as a novel therapeutic target for PA treatment.

DEAD-Box RNA Helicases DDX3X and DDX5 as Oncogenes or Oncosuppressors: A Network Perspective

Simple Summary

The transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous one is caused by the deregulation of different metabolic pathways, involving a complex network of protein–protein interactions. The cellular enzymes DDX3X and DDX5 play important roles in the maintenance of normal cell metabolism, but their deregulation can accelerate tumor transformation. Both DDX3X and DDX5 interact with hundreds of different cellular proteins, and depending on the specific pathways in which they are involved, both proteins can either act as suppressors of cancer or as oncogenes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the roles of DDX3X and DDX5 in different tumors. In addition, we present a list of interacting proteins and discuss the possible contribution of some of these protein–protein interactions in determining the roles of DDX3X and DDX5 in the process of cancer proliferation, also suggesting novel hypotheses for future studies.

Abstract

RNA helicases of the DEAD-box family are involved in several metabolic pathways, from transcription and translation to cell proliferation, innate immunity and stress response. Given their multiple roles, it is not surprising that their deregulation or mutation is linked to different pathological conditions, including cancer. However, while in some cases the loss of function of a given DEAD-box helicase promotes tumor transformation, indicating an oncosuppressive role, in other contexts the overexpression of the same enzyme favors cancer progression, thus acting as a typical oncogene. The roles of two well-characterized members of this family, DDX3X and DDX5, as both oncogenes and oncosuppressors have been documented in several cancer types. Understanding the interplay of the different cellular contexts, as defined by the molecular interaction networks of DDX3X and DDX5 in different tumors, with the cancer-specific roles played by these proteins could help to explain their apparently conflicting roles as cancer drivers or suppressors.

DDX5 and DDX17—multifaceted proteins in the regulation of tumorigenesis and tumor progression

DEAD-box (DDX)5 and DDX17, which belong to the DEAD-box RNA helicase family, are nuclear and cytoplasmic shuttle proteins. These proteins are expressed in most tissues and cells and participate in the regulation of normal physiological functions; their abnormal expression is closely related to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. DDX5/DDX17 participate in almost all processes of RNA metabolism, such as the alternative splicing of mRNA, biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs) and ribosomes, degradation of mRNA, interaction with long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and coregulation of transcriptional activity. Moreover, different posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, endow DDX5/DDX17 with different functions in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Indeed, DDX5 and DDX17 also interact with multiple key tumor-promoting molecules and participate in tumorigenesis and tumor progression signaling pathways. When DDX5/DDX17 expression or their posttranslational modification is dysregulated, the normal cellular signaling network collapses, leading to many pathological states, including tumorigenesis and tumor development. This review mainly discusses the molecular structure features and biological functions of DDX5/DDX17 and their effects on tumorigenesis and tumor progression, as well as their potential clinical application for tumor treatment.

Advances in the Current Understanding of the Mechanisms Governing the Acquisition of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Despite aggressive treatment and androgen-deprivation therapy, most prostate cancer patients ultimately develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is associated with high mortality rates. However, the mechanisms governing the development of CRPC are poorly understood, and androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been shown to be important in CRPC through AR gene mutations, gene overexpression, co-regulatory factors, AR shear variants, and androgen resynthesis. A growing number of non-AR pathways have also been shown to influence the CRPC progression, including the Wnt and Hh pathways. Moreover, non-coding RNAs have been identified as important regulators of the CRPC pathogenesis. The present review provides an overview of the relevant literature pertaining to the mechanisms governing the molecular acquisition of castration resistance in prostate cancer, providing a foundation for future, targeted therapeutic efforts.

The ferroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs signature predicts biochemical recurrence and immune cell infiltration in prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

Findings from numerous studies have revealed that ferroptosis is closely related to tumorigenesis and immune cell infiltration. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are reportedly involved in the progression of various cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). This study was designed to establish a ferroptosis-related lncRNA (frlncRNA) signature to predict PCa prognosis.

METHODS

The frlncRNAs were identified by studying their expression by Pearson's correlation analysis. Differentially expressed prognosis related frlncRNAs were identified by the Wilcoxon test and univariate Cox regression analysis. The LASSO Cox regression model was used to build a model to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) based on frlncRNAs. The GSEA software (version 4.1.0) was used to explore the enriched pathways in high- and low- risk groups. Patients with PCa were clustered into different subgroups by unsupervised clustering based on the frlncRNAs considered in the prognostic model. Real-time PCR and CCK8 assays were performed to verify the expression and function of frlncRNAs.

RESULTS

We identified 35 differentially expressed prognosis related frlncRNAs based on data on PCa from TCGA. A risk signature based on five frlncRNAs (AP006284.1, AC132938.1, BCRP3, AL360181.4 and AL135999.1), was confirmed to perform well in predicting BCR. The high-risk group had higher disease grades and a greater number of infiltrating immune cells. Besides this, we found that the five frlncRNAs were connected with typical immune checkpoints. With respect to molecular mechanisms, several metabolic pathways were found to enriched in the low-risk group. Furthermore, patients could be classified into different subtypes with different PSA-free times using the five frlncRNAs. Notably, AP006284.1, AC132938.1, BCRP3 and AL135999.1 were upregulated in PCa cells and tissues, whereas AL360181.4 exhibited the opposite trend. The downregulation of BCRP3 and AP006284.1 impaired the proliferation of 22RV1 cells.

CONCLUSION

We generated a prognostic model based on five frlncRNAs, with clinical usefulness, and thus provided a novel strategy for predicting the BCR of patients with PCa.

Molecular Landscape of LncRNAs in Prostate Cancer: A focus on pathways and therapeutic targets for intervention

Background

One of the most malignant tumors in men is prostate cancer that is still incurable due to its heterogenous and progressive natures. Genetic and epigenetic changes play significant roles in its development. The RNA molecules with more than 200 nucleotides in length are known as lncRNAs and these epigenetic factors do not encode protein. They regulate gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels. LncRNAs play vital biological functions in cells and in pathological events, hence their expression undergoes dysregulation.

Aim of review

The role of epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer development are emphasized here. Therefore, lncRNAs were chosen for this purpose and their expression level and interaction with other signaling networks in prostate cancer progression were examined.

Key scientific concepts of review

The aberrant expression of lncRNAs in prostate cancer has been well-documented and progression rate of tumor cells are regulated via affecting STAT3, NF-κB, Wnt, PI3K/Akt and PTEN, among other molecular pathways. Furthermore, lncRNAs regulate radio-resistance and chemo-resistance features of prostate tumor cells. Overexpression of tumor-promoting lncRNAs such as HOXD-AS1 and CCAT1 can result in drug resistance. Besides, lncRNAs can induce immune evasion of prostate cancer via upregulating PD-1. Pharmacological compounds such as quercetin and curcumin have been applied for targeting lncRNAs. Furthermore, siRNA tool can reduce expression of lncRNAs thereby suppressing prostate cancer progression. Prognosis and diagnosis of prostate tumor at clinical course can be evaluated by lncRNAs. The expression level of exosomal lncRNAs such as lncRNA-p21 can be investigated in serum of prostate cancer patients as a reliable biomarker.

Identification of Metabolism-Related Gene-Based Subgroup in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is still the main male health problem in the world. The role of metabolism in the occurrence and development of prostate cancer is becoming more and more obvious, but it is not clear. Here we firstly identified a metabolism-related gene-based subgroup in prostate cancer. We used metabolism-related genes to divide prostate cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas into different clinical benefit populations, which was verified in the International Cancer Genome Consortium. After that, we analyzed the metabolic and immunological mechanisms of clinical beneficiaries from the aspects of functional analysis of differentially expressed genes, gene set variation analysis, tumor purity, tumor microenvironment, copy number variations, single-nucleotide polymorphism, and tumor-specific neoantigens. We identified 56 significant genes for non-negative matrix factorization after survival-related univariate regression analysis and identified three subgroups. Patients in subgroup 2 had better overall survival, disease-free interval, progression-free interval, and disease-specific survival. Functional analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes in subgroup 2 were enriched in the xenobiotic metabolic process and regulation of cell development. Moreover, the metabolism and tumor purity of subgroup 2 were higher than those of subgroup 1 and subgroup 3, whereas the composition of immune cells of subgroup 2 was lower than that of subgroup 1 and subgroup 3. The expression of major immune genes, such as CCL2, CD274, CD276, CD4, CTLA4, CXCR4, IL1A, IL6, LAG3, TGFB1, TNFRSF4, TNFRSF9, and PDCD1LG2, in subgroup 2 was almost significantly lower than that in subgroup 1 and subgroup 3, which is consistent with the results of tumor purity analysis. Finally, we identified that subgroup 2 had lower copy number variations, single-nucleotide polymorphism, and neoantigen mutation. Our systematic study established a metabolism-related gene-based subgroup to predict outcomes of prostate cancer patients, which may contribute to individual prevention and treatment.

The E6 Oncoprotein of HPV16 AA-c Variant Regulates Cell Migration through the MINCR/miR-28-5p/RAP1B Axis

The E6 oncoprotein of HPV16 variants differentially alters the transcription of the genes involved in migration and non-coding RNAs such as lncRNAs. The role of the lncRNA MINCR in cervical cancer and its relationship with variants of oncogenic HPV remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the E6 oncoprotein of the AA-c variant of HPV16 in cell migration through the MINCR/miR-28-5p/RAP1B axis. To explore the functional role of MINCR in CC, we used an in vitro model of C33-A cells with exogenous expression of the E6 oncoprotein of the AA-c variant of HPV16. Interfering RNAs performed MINCR silencing, and the expression of miR-28-5p and RAP1B mRNA was analyzed by RT-qPCR. We found that C33-A/AA-c cells expressed MINCR 8-fold higher compared to the control cells. There is an inverse correlation between the expression of miR-28-5p and RAP1B in C33-A/AA-c cells. Our results suggest that MINCR might regulate the expression of RAP1B through the inhibition of miR-28-5p in CC cells expressing the E6 oncoprotein of HPV16 AA-c. We report, for the first time, that the MINCR/miR-28-5p/RAP1B axis positively regulates cell migration in CC-derived cells that express the E6 oncoprotein of the AA-c variant of HPV16.

EpCAM as a Novel Biomarker for Survivals in Prostate Cancer Patients

Background: Due to the insufficient understanding of the biological mechanisms, the improvement of therapeutic effects of prostate cancer (PCa) is limited. There is an urgent need to find the molecular mechanisms and underlying PCa to improve its early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.

Methods: The mRNA expression profiles, survival and methylation data of PRAD were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses were performed by R software. Subsequently, we identified the key gene and validated its prognostic role from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database, UALCAN and the LinkedOmics database. We performd correlation analysis and constructed the ceRNA network based on the data obtained from miRbase and starBase. Finally, we performed methylation analysis and evaluated the immune cell infiltration by Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER).

Results: A total of 567 DEGs were identified in PCa. ARHGEF38, SLPI, EpCAM, C1QTNF1, and HBB were regarded as target genes related to favorable overall survival (OS). Among them, EpCAM was considered as the most significant gene through the HPA database and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. A prognostic ceRNA network was constructed with EBLN3P, miR-204-5p, and EpCAM. EpCAM was found to be related to DNA methylation and tumor-infiltrating immune cells.

Conclusion: Our findings provide novel insights into the tumorigenesis mechanism of PCa and contribute to the development of EpCAM as a potential prognostic biomarker in PCa.

Prognostic Value of Long Noncoding RNA SNHG11 in Patients with Prostate Cancer

The present study was aimed to explore the prognostic value of long noncoding RNA SNHG11 in prostate cancer, study its expression, and assess its effect on tumor progression. One hundred and twenty prostate cancer patients and 45 cases of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients were collected. RT-qPCR was used to test the expression of SNHG11 in prostate cancer and BPH tissues, as well as in cell lines. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression assays were introduced to evaluate the prognostic meaning of SNHG11 in prostate cancer. The CCK-8 assays were performed to explore the effect of SNHG11 on prostate cancer cell proliferation, and a Transwell assay was conducted to access the influence of SNHG11 on prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. SNHG11 expression level was upregulated both in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of SNHG11 was significantly associated with Gleason score, clinical T stage, surgical margin status, and lymph node metastasis. Patients with high SNHG11 expression levels led to a shorter overall survival time and biochemical recurrence-free survival when compared with those of low expression levels. Multivariate Cox regression results suggested that SNHG11 has the potential to act as a prognostic marker for prostate cancer patients. Knockdown of SNHG11 suppressed 22RV1 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In conclusion, SNHG11 is upregulated in prostate cancer patients and predicts an unfavorable prognosis for prostate cancer patients. Its knockdown can weaken prostate cancer cell metastasis and growth in vitro.

Lung cancer metastasis-related protein 1 promotes the transferring from advanced metastatic prostate cancer to castration-resistant prostate cancer by activating the glucocorticoid receptor α signal pathway

Androgen deprivation therapy is currently the main therapeutic strategy for the treatment of advanced metastatic prostate cancer (ADPC). However, the tumor type in ADPC patients transforms into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after 18–24 months of treatments, the underlying mechanism of which remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the potential pathological mechanism of the conversion from ADPC to CRPC by exploring the function of lung cancer metastasis-related protein 1 (LCMR1). We found that LCMR1 and glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) were highly expressed in CRPC tissues, compared to ADPC tissues, and were accompanied by high concentrations of inflammatory factors. Knocking down LCMR1 or GRα in CRPC cells led to inhibition of metastasis and proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The expression of HSP90 and IL-6 was upregulated and that of androgen receptor was downregulated by knocking down LCMR1 or GRα in CRPC cells. Luciferase assay results indicated that the transcription of GRα was promoted by the LCMR1 promoter. The growth rate of CRPC cells in vivo was greatly decreased by knocking down LCMR1 or GRα. Lastly, CRPC cell sensitivity to enzalutamide treatment was found significantly enhanced by the knockdown of LCMR1. Taken together, LCMR1 might regulate the conversion of ADPC to CRPC by activating the GRα signaling pathway.

LncRNA HCG11 represses ovarian cancer cell growth via AKT signaling pathway

AIM

Ovarian cancer is a main contributor of cancer-relevant deaths among women worldwide due to high incidence and mortality. Mounting evidence has unveiled that lncRNAs play critical roles in malignancies, including ovarian cancer. Although the tumor suppressor function of HCG11 in prostate cancer and glioma has been proved, investigations on HCG11 role in ovarian cancer are still scarce.

METHODS

Gene or protein expression was quantified by RT-qPCR or western blot. HCG11 effects on ovarian cancer were assessed by functional assays. Bioinformatics analysis and mechanism experiments were implemented to identify the association among HCG11, miR-1270, and PTEN.

RESULTS

HCG11 was weakly expressed in ovarian cancer and functioned as a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer by retarding cell proliferation, migration, and EMT. Besides, HCG11 could bind to miR-1270 and PTEN was a target gene of miR-1270. Mechanically, HCG11 competitively bound with miR-1270 to upregulate PTEN. From rescue experiments, HCG11 impeded AKT/mTOR pathway to retard ovarian cancer cell growth by miR-1270/PTEN.

CONCLUSIONS

HCG11 was a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer cells and additionally, HCG11 regulated AKT/mTOR pathway to hinder ovarian cancer cell growth via modulating miR-1270/PTEN, indicating that HCG11 may represent a promising target for effective treatment of ovarian cancer patients.

The Crosstalk of Long Non-Coding RNA and MicroRNA in Castration-Resistant and Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer: Their Interaction and Clinical Importance

Prostate cancer is featured by its heterogeneous nature, which indicates a different prognosis. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a hallmark of the treatment-refractory stage, and the median survival of patients is only within two years. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive variant that arises from de novo presentation of small cell carcinoma or treatment-related transformation with a median survival of 1–2 years from the time of diagnosis. The epigenetic regulators, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), have been proven involved in multiple pathologic mechanisms of CRPC and NEPC. LncRNAs can act as competing endogenous RNAs to sponge miRNAs that would inhibit the expression of their targets. After that, miRNAs interact with the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs to repress the step of translation. These interactions may modulate gene expression and influence cancer development and progression. Otherwise, epigenetic regulators and genetic mutation also promote neuroendocrine differentiation and cancer stem-like cell formation. This step may induce neuroendocrine prostate cancer development. This review aims to provide an integrated, synthesized overview under current evidence to elucidate the crosstalk of lncRNAs with miRNAs and their influence on castration resistance or neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer. Notably, we also discuss the mechanisms of lncRNA–miRNA interaction in androgen receptor-independent prostate cancer, such as growth factors, oncogenic signaling pathways, cell cycle dysregulation, and cytokines or other transmembrane proteins. Conclusively, we underscore the potential of these communications as potential therapeutic targets in the future.

The Role of Critical N6-Methyladenosine-Related Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Correlations with Immune Checkpoints in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the functions of critical N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their correlations with immunotherapeutic targets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).

Methods

m6A-related lncRNAs were analyzed using the dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas database via Pearson correlation analysis. Then, their prognostic functions in patients with ccRCC were determined via univariate Cox analysis. A prognostic m6A-related lncRNA signature (MRLS) in ccRCC was established using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model. In addition, the correlations between these prognostic m6A-related lncRNAs with immune checkpoints were further evaluated in clinical samples.

Results

MRLS was established by the LASSO Cox regression model on the basis of seven prognostic m6A-related lncRNAs. The risk score for each patient was calculated using the MRLS model, and the patients were further stratified into high- and low-risk subgroups. The MRLS model was validated with a robust prognostic ability by the stratification analysis. On the basis of age, grade, stage, and risk score, a nomogram was developed with a strong reliability in forecasting the overall survival percentages of the patients with ccRCC. Moreover, seven prognostic m6A-related lncRNAs enrolled in the MRLS model were found to be correlated with various immunotherapeutic targets, namely, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4, and LAG3, and the expression levels of which in the high-risk subgroup were significantly higher than those in the low-risk subgroup. The significant correlations between LINC00342 and the aforementioned immunotherapeutic targets were also confirmed in clinical samples.

Conclusion

In this study, seven m6A-related lncRNAs were identified as potential biomarkers for forecasting the prognosis of patients with ccRCC and evaluating the efficacy of immunotherapy for these patients. Furthermore, a prognostic and predictive MRLS model with a high reliability was constructed to predict the overall survival probability of patients with ccRCC.

Interaction between Non-Coding RNAs and Androgen Receptor with an Especial Focus on Prostate Cancer

The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and has three functional domains, namely the N-terminal, DNA binding, and C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain harbors potent transactivation functions, whereas the C-terminal domain binds to androgens and antiandrogens used to treat prostate cancer. AR has genomic activity being DNA binding-dependent or through interaction with other DNA-bound transcription factors, as well as a number of non-genomic, non-canonical functions, such as the activation of the ERK, AKT, and MAPK pathways. A bulk of evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs have functional interactions with AR. This type of interaction is implicated in the pathogenesis of human malignancies, particularly prostate cancer. In the current review, we summarize the available data on the role of microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs on the expression of AR and modulation of AR signaling, as well as the effects of AR on their expression. Recognition of the complicated interaction between non-coding RNAs and AR has practical importance in the design of novel treatment options, as well as modulation of response to conventional therapeutics.

Modulation of Long Non-Coding RNAs by Different Classes of Secondary Metabolites from Plants: A Mini-Review on Antitumor Effects

The broad pharmacological spectrum of plants is related to their secondary metabolism, which is responsible for the synthesis of different compounds that have multiple effects on cellular physiology. Among the biological effects presented by phytochemicals, their use for the prevention and treatment of cancer can be highlighted. This occurs due to several mechanisms of antitumor action demonstrated by these compounds, including regulation of the cell signaling pathways and inhibition of tumor growth. In this way, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) appear to be promising targets for the treatment of cancer. Their deregulation has already been related to a variety of clinical-pathological parameters. However, the effects of secondary metabolites on lncRNAs are still restricted. For this reason, the present review aimed to gather data on phytochemicals with action on lncRNAs in order to confirm their possible antitumor potential. According to the literature, terpenoid and flavonoid are the main examples of secondary metabolites involved with lncRNAs activity. In addition, the lncRNAs H19, CASC2, HOTAIR, NKILA, CCAT1, MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1, MEG3, and CDKN2B-AS1 can be highlighted as important targets in the search for new anti-tumor agents since they act as modulating pathways related to cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell migration and invasion. Finally, challenges for the use of natural products as a commercial drug were also discussed. The low yield, selectivity index and undesirable pharmacokinetic parameters were emphasized as a difficulty for obtaining these compounds on a large scale and for improving the potency of its biological effect. However, the synthesis and/or development of formulations were suggested as a possible approach to solve these problems. All of these data together confirm the potential of secondary metabolites as a source of new anti-tumor agents acting on lncRNAs.

LncRNA FGF14-AS2 represses growth of prostate carcinoma cells via modulating miR-96-5p/AJAP1 axis

OBJECTIVE

This investigation devoted to lncRNA FGF14 antisense RNA 2 (FGF14-AS2) in prostate carcinoma progression.

METHODS

The levels of lncRNA FGF14-AS2, miR-96-5p, and Adherens junction-associated protein-1 (AJAP1) in prostate carcinoma were tested by Western blot and qRT-PCR. How these two genes interacted was confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation and dualluciferase gene methods. The effect of FGF14-AS2/miR-96-5p/AJAP1 axis in prostate carcinoma progression was determined by MTT, Transwell, and nude mice tumor model.

RESULTS

FGF14-AS2 was a downregulated lncRNA in prostate carcinoma tissue and cells. FGF14-AS2 could restrain miR-96-5p expression while miR-96-5p hampered AJAP1. FGF14-AS2 could effectively decrease the biological behaviors of prostate carcinoma cells, while knock-down of FGF14-AS2 triggered opposite results. Moreover, miR-96-5p mimic presented a cancer promoter role in prostate carcinoma cells. AJAP1 expression level could affect levels of proteins related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In vivo experiment suggested that overexpressing FGF14-AS2 could reverse the promotion of silenced AJAP1 on prostate carcinoma cell metastasis, thus to inhibit tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

lncRNA FGF14-AS2 was a downregulated lncRNA in prostate carcinoma and influenced cell proliferation and metastasis. The influence relied on modulating miR-96-5p and its target gene AJAP1.

Long non-coding RNAs in oncourology

For several decades, research in tumor biology has focused on the involvement of genes encoding a protein. Only recently has it been discovered that a whole class of molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a key regulatory role in health and disease. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. It has been found that lncRNAs play a fundamental role in the biology of many types of tumors, including tumors of the genitourinary system. As a result, hundreds of clinical trials dedicated to oncourology have begun, using lncRNA as new biomarkers or treatments. Identifying new specific biomarkers, in the form of lncRNAs, will increase the ability to differentiate the tumor and other processes, determine the localization and extent of the tumor, and the ability to predict the course of the disease, and plan treatment. Therapy of tumors, especially malignant ones, is also a difficult task. When surgery and chemotherapy fail, radiation therapy becomes the treatment choice. Therefore, the possibility that lncRNAs could represent innovative therapeutic agents or targets is an exciting idea. However, the possibility of their use in modern clinical practice is limited, and this is associated with several problems at the pre-, analytical and post-analytical stages. Another problem in the study of lncRNAs is the large number and variety of their functions in tumors. Therefore, solving technological problems in lncRNAs study in oncourology may open up new possibilities for lncRNAs use in modern clinical practice.

Action and function of helicases on RNA G-quadruplexes

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Methodological progresses and piling evidence prove the rG4 biology in vivo.

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rG4s step in virtually every aspect of RNA biology.

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Helicases unwinding of rG4s is a fine regulatory layer to the downstream processes and general cell homeostasis.

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The current knowledge is however limited to a few cell lines.

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The regulation of helicases themselves is delineating as a important question.

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Non-helicase rG4-processing proteins likely play a role.

The nucleic acid structure called G-quadruplex (G4) is currently discussed to function in nucleic acid-based mechanisms that influence several cellular processes. They can modulate the cellular machinery either positively or negatively, both at the DNA and RNA level. The majority of what we know about G4 biology comes from DNA G4 (dG4) research. RNA G4s (rG4), on the other hand, are gaining interest as researchers become more aware of their role in several aspects of cellular homeostasis. In either case, the correct regulation of G4 structures within cells is essential and demands specialized proteins able to resolve them. Small changes in the formation and unfolding of G4 structures can have severe consequences for the cells that could even stimulate genome instability, apoptosis or proliferation. Helicases are the most relevant negative G4 regulators, which prevent and unfold G4 formation within cells during different pathways. Yet, and despite their importance only a handful of rG4 unwinding helicases have been identified and characterized thus far. This review addresses the current knowledge on rG4s-processing helicases with a focus on methodological approaches. An example of a non-helicase rG4s-unwinding protein is also briefly described.

LncRNA RP11-116G8.5 promotes the progression of lung squamous cell carcinoma through sponging miR-3150b-3p/miR-6870-5p to upregulate PHF12/FOXP4

BACKGROUND

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one of the commonest malignancies worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been revealed to engage in cancer development. LncRNA RP11-116G8.5 is a new founded lncRNA that has not been clearly elucidated in LUSC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Expression levels of RNAs in LUSC cells were measured through qRT-PCR. To identify the functions of RP11-116G8.5, CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay and EdU assay were conducted in indicated LUSC cells. Mechanism experiments, including RNA pull down assay, Ago2-RIP assay and luciferase reporter assay were performed to demonstrate the interaction between RP11-116G8.5 and miR-3150b-3p/miR-6870-5p. Meanwhile, the interaction between miR-3150b-3p/miR-6870-5p and their downstream targets PHD finger protein 12 (PHF12), and forkhead box P4 (FOXP4) were also proven in the same methods.

RESULTS

RP11-116G8.5 was expressed at high level in LUSC cell lines. Down-regulated RP11-116G8.5 repressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but accelerated apoptosis. Furthermore, it was proven that RP11-116G8.5 could act as sponges for miR-3150b-3p and miR-6870-5p these miRNAs were found to act as cancer suppressors in LUSC cells. PHF12 and FOXP4 were verified as the target gene of miR-3150b-3p and miR-6870-5p separately. Overexpression of PHF12 and FOXP4 could reverse the repressive effect of RP11-116G8.5 knockdown on LUSC progression. Additionally, Paired Box 5 (PAX-5) was proven to be the transcription factor for RP11-116G8.5 in LUSC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

LncRNA RP11-116G8.5 promotes malignant behaviors of LUSC through sponging miR-3150b-3p/miR-6870-5p to upregulate PHF12/FOXP4 expression.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA

The research data is confidential.

Manuscript Title: Analysis of tripartite motif (TRIM) family gene expression in prostate cancer bone metastases

Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are post-translational protein modifiers with E3-ubiquitin ligase activity, thereby involved in various biological processes. The molecular mechanisms driving prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastasis (BM) are incompletely understood, and targetable genetic alterations are lacking in the majority of cases. Therefore, we aimed to explore the expression and potential functional relevance of 71 TRIM members in bone metastatic PCa. We performed transcriptome analysis of all human TRIM family members and 770 cancer-related genes in 29 localized PCa and 30 PCa BM using Nanostring. KEGG, STRING and Ubibrowser were used for further bioinformatic gene correlation and pathway enrichment analyses. Compared to localized tumors, six TRIMs are under-expressed while nine TRIMs are over-expressed in BM. The differentially expressed TRIM proteins are linked to TNF-, TGFβ-, PI3K/AKT- and HIF-1-signaling, and to features such as proteoglycans, platelet activation, adhesion and ECM-interaction based on correlation to cancer-related genes. The identification of TRIM-specific E3-ligase-substrates revealed insight into functional connections to oncogenes, tumor suppressors and cancer-related pathways including androgen receptor- and TGFβ signaling, cell cycle regulation and splicing. In summary, this is the first study that comprehensively and systematically characterizes the expression of all TRIM members in PCa BM. Our results describe post-translational protein modification as an important regulatory mechanism of oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and pathway molecules in PCa progression. Therefore, this study may provide evidence for novel therapeutic targets, in particular for the treatment or prevention of BM.

LncRNA SOX2-OT regulates miR-192-5p/RAB2A axis and ERK pathway to promote glioblastoma cell growth

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent tumor in the central nervous system. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been widely accepted as essential participators in cancer progression. Nonetheless, the specific role and mechanism of lncRNA SRY-box transcription factor 2 overlapping transcript (SOX2-OT) in GBM have not been studied. We evaluated expression levels of SOX2-OT, miR-192-5p and Ras-related protein Rab-2A (RAB2A) in GBM cells via qRT-PCR. To investigate the roles of SOX2-OT in GBM cells, CCK-8, JC-1, EdU, and western blot assays were performed. The connection among SOX2-OT, miR-192-5p and RAB2A in GBM cells was explored through pull down, luciferase reporter, and RIP assays. Western blot and qRT-PCR were employed to analyze the activity of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. SOX2-OT expression was higher in GBM cell lines than in normal cells. SOX2-OT knockdown repressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis of GBM cells. Mechanism assays revealed that SOX2-OT could sponge miR-192-5p. Moreover, RAB2A was certified to be the target gene of miR-192-5p. Overexpression of RAB2A reversed the repressive function of SOX2-OT knockdown on GBM cell growth. Furthermore, SOX2-OT activated ERK signaling pathway in GBM cells. SOX2-OT regulated miR-192-5p/RAB2A axis and ERK pathway to promote GBM cell growth.

Self-assembled fluorescent hybrid nanoparticles-mediated collaborative lncRNA CCAT1 silencing and curcumin delivery for synchronous colorectal cancer theranostics

Background

Cancer synergistic therapy strategy in combination with therapeutic gene and small molecule drug offers the possibility to amplify anticancer efficiency. Colon cancer-associated transcript-1 (CCAT1) is a well identified oncogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) exerting tumorigenic effects in a variety of cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC).

Results

In the present work, curcumin (Cur) and small interfering RNA targeting lncRNA CCAT1(siCCAT1) were co-incorporated into polymeric hybrid nanoparticles (CSNP), which was constructed by self-assembling method with two amphiphilic copolymers, polyethyleneimine-poly (d, l-lactide) (PEI-PDLLA) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol) (DSPE-mPEG). Owing to the multicolor fluorescence characteristics of PEI-PDLLA, the constructed CSNP could be served as a theranostic nanomedicine for synchronous therapy and imaging both in vitro and in vivo. Resultantly, proliferation and migration of HT-29 cells were efficiently inhibited, and the highest apoptosis ratio was induced by CSNP with coordination patterns. Effective knockdown of lncRNA CCAT1 and concurrent regulation of relevant downstream genes could be observed. Furthermore, CSNP triggered conspicuous anti-tumor efficacy in the HT-29 subcutaneous xenografts model with good biosafety and biocompatibility during the treatment.

Conclusion

On the whole, our studies demonstrated that the collaborative lncRNA CCAT1 silencing and Cur delivery based on CSNP might emerge as a preferable and promising strategy for synergetic anti-CRC therapy.

Graphic abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00981-7.

The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of the Proto-Oncogene MYC in Different Types of Cancer

Alterations in the expression level of the MYC gene are often found in the cells of various malignant tumors. Overexpressed MYC has been shown to stimulate the main processes of oncogenesis: uncontrolled growth, unlimited cell divisions, avoidance of apoptosis and immune response, changes in cellular metabolism, genomic instability, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Thus, controlling the expression of MYC is considered as an approach for targeted cancer treatment. Since c-Myc is also a crucial regulator of many cellular processes in healthy cells, it is necessary to find ways for selective regulation of MYC expression in tumor cells. Many recent studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNAs play an important role in the regulation of the transcription and translation of this gene and some RNAs directly interact with the c-Myc protein, affecting its stability. In this review, we summarize current data on the regulation of MYC by various non-coding RNAs that can potentially be targeted in specific tumor types.

lncRNA SNHG11 facilitates prostate cancer progression through the upregulation of IGF‑1R expression and by sponging miR‑184

Long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 11 (SNHG11) has been shown to play an important role in the development and progression of numerous types of cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of SNHG11 in prostate cancer (PCa) development and metastasis remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the functional role and molecular mechanisms of SNHG11 in PCa progression. It was revealed that the SNHG11 expression levels were significantly upregulated in PCa tissues, in comparison with those in adjacent normal tissues. Functionally, SNHG11 knockdown significantly suppressed PCa cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, SNHG11 was found to positively regulate insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‑1R) expression by sponging microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑184 in PCa cells. The results of rescue experiments demonstrated that IGF‑1R overexpression reversed the suppressive effects of SNHG11 knockdown on the proliferation, migration and invasion of PCa cells. On the whole, the findings of the present study suggest that SNHG11 expression is upregulated in PCa and that it facilitates PCa progression, at least in part, via the modulation of the miR‑184/IGF‑1R signaling axis.

LncRNA CCAT1 promotes prostate cancer cells proliferation, migration, and invasion through regulation of miR-490-3p/FRAT1 axis

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent cancer in males, with high incidence and mortality. Recent studies have shown the crucial role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in PCa. Here, we aimed to explore the functional roles and inner mechanisms of lncRNA CCAT1 in PCa cells. qRT-PCR results showed that CCAT1 was upregulated in PCa tissues and cells. Functional assays demonstrated that CCAT1 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion, yet promoted apoptosis, while CCAT1 promotion showed the opposite results. We also found that CCAT1 negatively regulated miR-490-3p expression and subsequently regulated FRAT1 expression. Inhibition of miR-490-3p or up-regulation of FRAT1 reversed the suppressive effects of CCAT1 knockdown on the PCa cells. In conclusion, CCAT1 regulated FRAT1 expression through miR-490-3p and then promote the PCa cells proliferation, migration, and invasion, which reveals the oncogenic function of CCAT1 in PCa progress.

Circular RNA circEGFR regulates tumor progression via the miR-106a-5p/DDX5 axis in colorectal cancer

Recently, an increasing number of studies have reported that dysregulation of circular RNA (circRNA) expression plays critical roles in the progression of several cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of circRNAs involvement in CRC remain largely unknown. Here, we confirmed that the level of circEGFR was significantly increased in CRC tissues compared to matched adjacent non-tumor tissues, and a high level of circEGFR was correlated with poor clinicopathological characteristics and poor prognosis in patients with CRC. Moreover, increased circEGFR expression promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, circEGFR acted as a ceRNA for miR-106a-5p to relieve the repressive effect of miR-106a-5p on DDX5 mRNA. Moreover, circEGFR enhanced DDX5 expression, thereby upregulating p-AKT levels. Together, these findings showed that circEGFR promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through the miR-106a-5p/DDX5/AKT axis, and may serve as a promising diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for CRC patients.