1
|
Quach AT, Oluwole O, King WA, Revay T. The Porcine TSPY Gene Is Tricopy but Not a Copy Number Variant. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131745. [PMID: 26133983 PMCID: PMC4489747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The testis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) gene is situated on the mammalian Y-chromosome and exhibits some remarkable biological characteristics. It has the highest known copy number (CN) of all protein coding genes in the human and bovine genomes (up to 74 and 200, respectively) and also shows high individual variability. Although the biological function of TSPY has not yet been elucidated, its specific expression in the testis and several identified binding domains within the protein suggests roles in male reproduction. Here we describe the porcine TSPY, as a multicopy gene with three copies located on the short arm of the Y-chromosome with no variation at three exon loci among 20 animals of normal reproductive health from four breeds of domestic pigs (Piétrain, Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire). To further investigate the speculation that porcine TSPY is not a copy number variant, we have included five Low-fertility boars and five boars with exceptional High-fertility records. Interestingly, there was no difference between the High- and Low-fertile groups, but we detected slightly lower TSPY CN at all three exons (2.56-2.85) in both groups, as compared to normal animals, which could be attributed to technical variability or somatic mosaicism. The results are based on both relative quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Chromosomal localization of the porcine TSPY was done using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with gene specific PCR probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh T. Quach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olutobi Oluwole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Allan King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamas Revay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Molecular mining of alleles in water buffalo Bubalus bubalis and characterization of the TSPY1 and COL6A1 genes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24958. [PMID: 21949806 PMCID: PMC3174239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minisatellites are an integral part of eukaryotic genomes and show variation in the complexity of their organization. Besides their presence in non-coding regions, a small fraction of them are part of the transcriptome, possibly participating in gene regulation, expression and silencing. We studied the minisatellite (TGG)n tagged transcriptome in the water buffalo Bubalus bubalis across various tissues and the spermatozoa, and characterized the genes TSPY1 and COL6A1 discovered in the process. Results Minisatellite associated sequence amplification (MASA) conducted using cDNA and oligonucleotide primer (TGG)5 uncovered 38 different mRNA transcripts from somatic tissues and gonads and 15 from spermatozoa. These mRNA transcripts corresponded to several known and novel genes. The majority of the transcripts showed the highest level of expression either in the testes or spermatozoa with exception of a few showing higher expression levels in the lungs and liver. Transcript SR1, which is expressed in all the somatic tissues and gonads, was found to be similar to the Bos taurus collagen type VI alpha 1 gene (COL6A1). Similarly, SR29, a testis-specific transcript, was found to be similar to the Bos taurus testis-specific Y-encoded protein-1 representing cancer/testis antigen 78 (CT78). Subsequently, full length coding sequences (cds) of these two transcripts were obtained. Quantitative PCR (q-PCR) revealed 182-202 copies of theTSPY1 gene in water buffalo, which localized to the Y chromosome. Conclusions The MASA approach enabled us to identify several genes, including two of clinical significance, without screening an entire cDNA library. Genes identified with TGG repeats are not part of a specific family of proteins and instead are distributed randomly throughout the genome. Genes showing elevated expression in the testes and spermatozoa may prove to be potential candidates for in-depth characterization. Furthermore, their possible involvement in fertility or lack thereof would augment animal biotechnology.
Collapse
|
3
|
Paria N, Raudsepp T, Pearks Wilkerson AJ, O'Brien PCM, Ferguson-Smith MA, Love CC, Arnold C, Rakestraw P, Murphy WJ, Chowdhary BP. A gene catalogue of the euchromatic male-specific region of the horse Y chromosome: comparison with human and other mammals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21374. [PMID: 21799735 PMCID: PMC3143126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the Y chromosome in primates, rodents and carnivores provide compelling evidence that the male specific region of Y (MSY) contains functional genes, many of which have specialized roles in spermatogenesis and male-fertility. Little similarity, however, has been found between the gene content and sequence of MSY in different species. This hinders the discovery of species-specific male fertility genes and limits our understanding about MSY evolution in mammals. Here, a detailed MSY gene catalogue was developed for the horse – an odd-toed ungulate. Using direct cDNA selection from horse testis, and sequence analysis of Y-specific BAC clones, 37 horse MSY genes/transcripts were identified. The genes were mapped to the MSY BAC contig map, characterized for copy number, analyzed for transcriptional profiles by RT-PCR, examined for the presence of ORFs, and compared to other mammalian orthologs. We demonstrate that the horse MSY harbors 20 X-degenerate genes with known orthologs in other eutherian species. The remaining 17 genes are acquired or novel and have so far been identified only in the horse or donkey Y chromosomes. Notably, 3 transcripts were found in the heterochromatic part of the Y. We show that despite substantial differences between the sequence, gene content and organization of horse and other mammalian Y chromosomes, the functions of MSY genes are predominantly related to testis and spermatogenesis. Altogether, 10 multicopy genes with testis-specific expression were identified in the horse MSY, and considered likely candidate genes for stallion fertility. The findings establish an important foundation for the study of Y-linked genetic factors governing fertility in stallions, and improve our knowledge about the evolutionary processes that have shaped Y chromosomes in different mammalian lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandina Paria
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BPC); (TR)
| | - Alison J. Pearks Wilkerson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | | - Charles C. Love
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Arnold
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Rakestraw
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - William J. Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bhanu P. Chowdhary
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BPC); (TR)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schöner A, Adham I, Mauceri G, Marohn B, Vaske B, Schmidtke J, Schubert S. Partial rescue of the KIT-deficient testicular phenotype in KitW-v/KitW-v Tg(TSPY) mice. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:20-6. [PMID: 20237334 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TSPY encodes the testis-specific protein Y-linked. In man, expression of TSPY is restricted to the testis, where TSPY is expressed in spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and round spermatids, and to the prostate gland. There is circumstantial evidence that TSPY is involved in spermatogonial proliferation and gonadal tumorigenesis. Because the laboratory mouse carries the Tspy gene in a naturally silenced state (Tspy-ps), we previously restored TSPY activity in mice and generated a TSPY transgenic mouse line in which the organization and expression of the human TSPY transgene follow the human pattern. In the present study, we generated TSPY transgenic KIT-deficient Kit(W-v)/Kit(W-v) mice and analyzed the histology of the testes and epididymides in order to contribute to understanding TSPY function in early germ cell development and spermatogenesis. The KIT receptor and its ligand KITL, previously called stem cell factor, have an indispensable role in hematopoiesis, melanogenesis, and gametogenesis. Homozygous Kit(W-v) mutant male mice on a C57BL/6J background with a mutation in the Kit gene are infertile due to an almost total loss of germ cells in the testes. In this study, histological analyses of testes and epididymides showed an increased number of meiotic and postmeiotic germ cells in Kit(W-v)/Kit(W-v) Tg(TSPY) mice compared with age-matched Kit(W-v)/Kit(W-v) controls. TSPY was able to restore fertility of some but not all TSPY transgenic Kit(W-v)/Kit(W-v) males. Our findings show that TSPY is able to partially rescue spermatogenesis and fertility of Kit(W-v)/Kit(W-v) mutants and thereby point to a putative role of TSPY in fetal and adult germ cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schöner
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Biometry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lau YFC, Li Y, Kido T. Gonadoblastoma locus and the TSPY gene on the human Y chromosome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 87:114-22. [PMID: 19306348 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The gonadoblastoma (GBY) locus is the only oncogenic locus on the human Y chromosome. It is postulated to serve a normal function in the testis, but could exert oncogenic effects in dysgenetic gonads of individuals with intersex and/or dysfunctional testicular phenotypes. Recent studies establish the testis-specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) gene to be the putative gene for GBY. TSPY serves normal functions in male stem germ cell proliferation and differentiation, but is ectopically expressed in early and late stages of gonadoblastomas, testicular carcinoma in situ (the premalignant precursor for all testicular germ cell tumors), seminomas, and selected nonseminomas. Aberrant TSPY expression stimulates protein synthetic activities, accelerates cell proliferation, and promotes tumorigenicity in athymic mice. TSPY binds to type B cyclins, enhances an activated cyclin B-CDK1 kinase activity, and propels a rapid G(2)/M transition in the cell cycle. TSPY also counteracts the normal functions of its X-homologue, TSPX, which also binds to cyclin B and modulates the cyclin B-CDK1 activity to insure a proper G(2)/M transition in the cell cycle. Hence, ectopic expression and actions of the Y-located TSPY gene in incompatible germ cells, such as those in dysgenetic or ovarian environments and dysfunctional testis, disrupt the normal cell cycle regulation and predispose the host cells to tumorigenesis. The contrasting properties of TSPY and TSPX suggest that somatic cancers, such as intracranial germ cell tumors, melanoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma, with detectable TSPY expression could exhibit sexual dimorphisms in the initiation and/or progression of the respective oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fai Chris Lau
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Akbal C, Türker P, Ozyürek M, Erkanli G, Simşek F, Türkeri L. A new cause of male infertility after cisplatin exposure: the effect of cisplatin on Y chromosomes. Urology 2008; 73:1145-9. [PMID: 18407334 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of cisplatin (CP) on the testes-specific protein, Y-linked (TSPY) gene situated on the Y chromosome. METHODS The control group consisted of 10 rats. Group IIA consisted of 15 rats that underwent orchiectomy and received three cycles of 1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, or 5 mg/kg CP. Group IIB was exposed to the same doses of three cycles of chemotherapy but was examined after 3 months of chemotherapy. Group III was exposed to the same doses of chemotherapy without initial orchiectomy. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for TSPY messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and immunohistochemical staining for histone 2B were performed on the testes. Results were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Compared with the controls, the expression of TSPY mRNA in Group IIA after exposure to 1 mg/kg CP did not change; however, mRNA levels after exposure to 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg CP were decreased by 40% and 78%, respectively. In Group III after exposure to the same doses of CP, mRNA levels decreased by 30%, 87.5%, and 88%, respectively. The expression of TSPY was at normal levels except in rats that received 5 mg/kg CP in Group IIB. Immunohistochemical study revealed that histone 2B expression was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. None of the rats from any of the groups died during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Decreased TSPY expression after CP exposure might be another mechanism for male infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cem Akbal
- Department of Urology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul/Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kido T, Lau YFC. The rat Tspy is preferentially expressed in elongated spermatids and interacts with the core histones. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350:56-67. [PMID: 16996029 PMCID: PMC1885557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The testis specific protein Y encoded (TSPY) gene is a tandemly repeated gene on the mammalian Y chromosome. It encodes several slightly variant proteins that harbor a conserved domain of approximately 170 amino acids, termed TSPY/SET/NAP1 domain, capable of binding to cyclin B. The human TSPY is preferentially expressed in spermatogonia and to lesser extent in the spermatids. Although rat harbors a single functional Tspy gene on its Y chromosome, the human and rat genes differ in their expression patterns, suggesting that they might serve different or variant functions in the testis. Transcripts of rTspy were first detected in the testis of 28-day-old rats, at which time the first wave of meiotic division was occurring. The rTspy protein was initially detected in stage-9 elongating spermatids and peaked at stage-13 spermatids in adult testis, but not in spermatogonia, unlike the expression pattern of the human TSPY gene. Using a GST pull-down assay, we demonstrated that rTspy could bind to the core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Rat Tspy co-localized with the histones in the cytoplasm of selected elongated spermatids. Our results suggest that the rTspy may play critical roles as a histone chaperone during maturation of the elongating spermatids in the rat testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kido
- Division of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Karwacki V, Kovac J, Mauceri G, Backhaus A, Föhse L, Schmidtke J, Schubert S. Tspy is nonfunctional in the Mongolian gerbil but functional in the Syrian hamster. Genomics 2006; 88:65-73. [PMID: 16626932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The TSPY gene is conserved in placental mammals and encodes the testis-specific protein, Y encoded. Within the testis, TSPY expression is restricted to germ cells, and it is assumed that TSPY plays a role in the proliferation of germ cells. Since it was first discovered in humans, TSPY orthologous gene families have been subsequently characterized in many mammalian lineages. In contrast to the situation in cattle and primates, in which TSPY is organized in a moderately repetitive cluster, including functional members and pseudogenes, a peculiar situation is observed in rodents, in which Tspy has been become low or single copy and degenerated to a pseudogene in some species of the subgenus Mus. We have extended this approach and investigated Tspy gene evolution in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Whereas the Syrian hamster Tspy is functionally conserved, organized in multiple copies, and expressed only in testis, the closely related Mongolian gerbil possesses a single-copy pseudogene that is unable to generate a functional transcript. Thus, the Tspy locus has degenerated at least twice at different points of rodent evolution, strongly supporting the hypothesis that the decay of Y-chromosomal genes is an intrinsic evolutionary process. TSPY is the first example of a Y-chromosomal tandem repetitive gene whose decay could be studied in two independent mammalian lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Karwacki
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oram SW, Liu XX, Lee TL, Chan WY, Lau YFC. TSPY potentiates cell proliferation and tumorigenesis by promoting cell cycle progression in HeLa and NIH3T3 cells. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:154. [PMID: 16762081 PMCID: PMC1526451 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TSPY is a repeated gene mapped to the critical region harboring the gonadoblastoma locus on the Y chromosome (GBY), the only oncogenic locus on this male-specific chromosome. Elevated levels of TSPY have been observed in gonadoblastoma specimens and a variety of other tumor tissues, including testicular germ cell tumors, prostate cancer, melanoma, and liver cancer. TSPY contains a SET/NAP domain that is present in a family of cyclin B and/or histone binding proteins represented by the oncoprotein SET and the nucleosome assembly protein 1 (NAP1), involved in cell cycle regulation and replication. Methods To determine a possible cellular function for TSPY, we manipulated the TSPY expression in HeLa and NIH3T3 cells using the Tet-off system. Cell proliferation, colony formation assays and tumor growth in nude mice were utilized to determine the TSPY effects on cell growth and tumorigenesis. Cell cycle analysis and cell synchronization techniques were used to determine cell cycle profiles. Microarray and RT-PCR were used to investigate gene expression in TSPY expressing cells. Results Our findings suggest that TSPY expression increases cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. Ectopic expression of TSPY results in a smaller population of the host cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Using cell synchronization techniques, we show that TSPY is capable of mediating a rapid transition of the cells through the G2/M phase. Microarray analysis demonstrates that numerous genes involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis are affected by TSPY expression in the HeLa cells. Conclusion These data, taken together, have provided important insights on the probable functions of TSPY in cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane W Oram
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Xing Xing Liu
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Tin-Lap Lee
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Fai Chris Lau
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Genetics, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, 111C5, 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Verkaar ELC, Zijlstra C, van 't Veld EM, Boutaga K, van Boxtel DCJ, Lenstra JA. Organization and concerted evolution of the ampliconic Y-chromosomal TSPY genes from cattle. Genomics 2005; 84:468-74. [PMID: 15498454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Y-chromosomal gene TSPY (testis-specific protein Y-encoded) is probably involved in early spermatogenesis and has a variable copy number in different mammalian species. Analysis of bovine BAC clones leads to an estimate of 90 TSPY loci on the bovine Y chromosome. Half of these loci (TSPY-M1 and TSPY-M2) contain a single copy, while the other loci (TSPY-C) contain a cluster of three, possibly four, truncated pseudogenes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that the TSPY loci are located mainly on the short arm (Yp). The TSPY genes appear to account for about 2.5% of the Y chromosome and contain several published bovine Y-chromosomal microsatellites. The homology of TSPY and the major Y-chromosomal repetitive elements BRY.2 from cattle and OY.1 from sheep (80-85% similarity) further illustrates how the Y chromosome is shaped by rearrangements and horizontal spreading of the most abundant sequences. A comparison of TSPY-M1 sequences from different BAC clones and from related bovine species suggests concerted evolution as one of the mechanisms of the rapid evolution of the mammalian Y chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward L C Verkaar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arakawa Y, Nishida-Umehara C, Matsuda Y, Sutou S, Suzuki H. X-chromosomal localization of mammalian Y-linked genes in two XO species of the Ryukyu spiny rat. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 99:303-9. [PMID: 12900579 DOI: 10.1159/000071608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2002] [Accepted: 02/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ryukyu spiny rats (genus Tokudaia), which are endemic to the central part of the Nansei Shoto archipelago in Japan, have unique karyotypes with odd numbers of chromosomes and no cytologically recognizable Y chromosome. The chromosome numbers of Tokudaia osimensis from Amamioshima and of Tokudaia sp. from Tokunoshima are 2n = 25 and 2n = 45, respectively, with a putative single X chromosome. The mouse X probe hybridized to the unpaired X chromosome, except for the distal part of the short arm in a female specimen of T. osimensis and in one male and one female of Tokudaia sp. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with the Tspy (testis-specific protein, Y-encoded) gene from both male and female cells of Tokudaia sp. by PCR localized Tspy to the distal part of the long arm of the X chromosome. Another Y-related gene, Zfy, from Tokudaia sp. was also localized to the same region in both species. Although the Sry gene is absent in this species, the present results suggest that the Y-chromosome segment carrying functional Y-linked genes, such as Tspy and Zfy, is translocated onto the distal part of the long arm of the X chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Arakawa
- Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schubert S, Skawran B, Dechend F, Nayernia K, Meinhardt A, Nanda I, Schmid M, Engel W, Schmidtke J. Generation and characterization of a transgenic mouse with a functional human TSPY. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:968-75. [PMID: 12773407 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.016501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To generate an animal model that is suitable for the analysis of regulation and expression of human testis-specific protein, Y-encoded TSPY, a transgenic mouse line, TgTSPY9, harboring a complete structural human TSPY gene was generated. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and Southern analyses show that approximately 50 copies of the human TSPY transgene are integrated at a single chromosomal site that maps to the distal long arm of the Y chromosome. The transgene is correctly transcribed and spliced according to the human pattern and is mainly expressed in testicular tissue, with spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes (leptotene and zygotene) as expressing germ cells. TSPY transgenic mice are phenotypically normal, and spermatogenesis is neither impaired nor enhanced by the human transgene. The present study shows that a human TSPY gene integrated into the mouse genome follows the human expression pattern although murine tspy had lost its function in rodent evolution millions of years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Schubert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schubert S, Dechend F, Skawran B, Krawczak M, Schmidtke J. Molecular evolution of the murine tspy genes. CYTOGENETICS AND CELL GENETICS 2001; 91:239-42. [PMID: 11173864 DOI: 10.1159/000056852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular aspects of murine evolution were studied by sequencing, and subsequently comparing, introns of the Y-chromosomal tspy genes from Apodemus agrarius, A. sylvaticus, A. flavicollis, Mus platythrix (subgenus Pyromys), M. booduga (subgenus Leggada), and from species of the subgenus Mus, including M. cervicolor, M. macedonicus and M. spretus. Estimates of nucleotide substitution rates in these lineages were in perfect agreement with phylogenetic data previously published by She et al. (1990), Catzeflis et al. (1992; 1993), and Lyon et al. (1996). The only exception was provided by a comparatively late divergence of M. spretus and M. macedonicus. Our data also suggest that M. booduga diverged from the subgenus Mus about 3 Myr ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Schubert
- Institut für Humangenetik, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover , Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|