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Lan CCE, Hung YT, Fang AH, Ching-Shuang W. Effects of irradiance on UVA-induced skin aging. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 94:220-228. [PMID: 30956032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation is the most relevant component of solar radiation-induced skin aging. Sunscreens were used to minimize the harmful effects of UV radiation on our skin by reducing UV irradiance. We previously found that at equivalent fluence, UVB radiation at low irradiance (LI) has higher photocarcinogenic potential as compared to its high irradiance (HI) counterpart. OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of equivalent fluence of UVA radiation administered at different irradiance on photoaging. METHODS Both the hairless mice (SKH-1) and human dermal fibroblasts were irradiated with high irradiance UVA (HIUVA) or low irradiance UVA (LIUVA; 50% irradiance of HIUVA) at equivalent fluence. Parameters related to skin photoaging were evaluated. RESULTS For hairless mice receiving equivalent fluence of UVA radiation, LIUVA treated mice showed prominent skin aging as compared to its HIUVA treated counterpart. In addition, LIUVA radiation induced higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation as compared to their HIUVA treated counterparts. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abrogate the difference between HI and LIUVA radiation on fibroblasts in terms of intracellular ROS, JNK phosphorylation, MMP-1 expression and type I collagen expression. CONCLUSION UVA radiation administered at LI (a scenario similar to sunscreen use) led to more severe aging process as compared to its HI counterpart. Unexpected negative effect may be imposed on the skin if sunscreen use is accompanied by longer duration spent under the sun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Che E Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Hui Fang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wu Ching-Shuang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Imokawa G. The Xanthophyll Carotenoid Astaxanthin has Distinct Biological Effects to Prevent the Photoaging of the Skin Even by its Postirradiation Treatment. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:490-500. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Genji Imokawa
- Center for Bioscience Research & Education Utsunomiya University Utsunomiya Japan
- Research Institute for Biological Functions Chubu University Kasugai Japan
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Kuwano T, Kawano S, Kagawa D, Yasuda Y, Inoue Y, Murase T. Dietary intake of glucono-δ-lactone attenuates skin inflammation and contributes to maintaining skin condition. Food Funct 2018; 9:1524-1531. [PMID: 29431785 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01548h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin properties are influenced by both external (e.g., ultraviolet [UV], chemicals, and bacteria) and internal factors (e.g., nutrition and hormones). Therefore, some dietary supplements are expected to improve skin conditions. Glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) is widely used as a food additive and is naturally present in wine, honey, and other foods. The aim of this study was to assess whether GDL improves skin condition and inflammation. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 40 healthy Japanese male volunteers were randomly assigned to either the GDL (2000 mg day-1) or placebo group. A significant difference was found in the rates of change in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) from the baseline to 6 months between the placebo and GDL groups (P < 0.05). Facial lightness (L*) significantly increased by 1.6% only in the GDL group at 6 months compared with the baseline. The value of the elasticity parameter, Ua/Uf, of dietary GDL significantly increased (6.2% at 2 months and 5.4% at 6 months). Besides these, dietary GDL suppressed UVB-induced erythema (a*) and pigmentation (L*). Dietary GDL has anti-inflammatory effects on the skin and prevents/improves skin disorders caused by seasonal change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kuwano
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Sawako Kawano
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Daiji Kagawa
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Analytical Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yosuke Inoue
- Analytical Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Murase
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
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Nakajima H, Terazawa S, Niwano T, Yamamoto Y, Imokawa G. The Inhibitory Effects of Anti-Oxidants on Ultraviolet-Induced Up-Regulation of the Wrinkling-Inducing Enzyme Neutral Endopeptidase in Human Fibroblasts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161580. [PMID: 27648570 PMCID: PMC5029912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the over-expression of skin fibroblast-derived neutral endopeptidase (NEP) plays a pivotal role in impairing the three-dimensional architecture of dermal elastic fibers during the biological mechanism of ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin wrinkling. In that process, a UVB-associated epithelial-mesenchymal cytokine interaction as well as a direct UVA-induced cellular stimulation are associated with the up-regulation of NEP in human fibroblasts. In this study, we characterized the mode of action of ubiquinol10 which may abrogate the up-regulation of NEP by dermal fibroblasts, resulting in a reported in vivo anti-wrinkling action, and compared that with 3 other anti-oxidants, astaxanthin (AX), riboflavin (RF) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Post-irradiation treatment with all 4 of those anti-oxidants elicited an interrupting effect on the UVB-associated epithelial-mesenchymal cytokine interaction leading to the up-regulation of NEP in human fibroblasts but with different modes of action. While AX mainly served as an inhibitor of the secretion of wrinkle-inducing cytokines, such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulatory factor (GM-CSF) in UVB-exposed epidermal keratinocytes, ubiquinol10, RF and FMN predominantly interrupted the IL-1α and GM-CSF-stimulated expression of NEP in dermal fibroblasts. On the other hand, as for the UVA-associated mechanism, similar to the abrogating effects reported for AX and FMN, ubiquinol10 but not RF had the potential to abrogate the increased expression of NEP and matrix-metalloproteinase-1 in UVA-exposed human fibroblasts. Our findings strongly support the in vivo anti-wrinkling effects of ubiquinol10 and AX on human and animal skin and provide convincing proof of the UV-induced wrinkling mechanism that essentially focuses on the over-expression of NEP by dermal fibroblasts as an intrinsic causative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nakajima
- Toyo Beauty Co. Ltd., R&D Division, Osaka, Japan
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuko Terazawa
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Niwano
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yorihiro Yamamoto
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genji Imokawa
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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5
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Imokawa G. Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction mechanisms leading to the over-expression of neprilysin are involved in the UVB-induced formation of wrinkles in the skin. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25 Suppl 3:2-13. [PMID: 27539896 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In clinical studies, the formation of facial wrinkles has been closely linked to the loss of elastic properties of the skin. Repetitive UVB irradiation of animal skin at suberythemal doses significantly reduces its elastic properties, resulting in the formation of wrinkles. That also elicits a marked alteration in the three-dimensional structure of elastic fibres, which is closely associated with a subsequent reduction in the elastic properties of the skin. While UVB irradiation stimulates the activity of skin fibroblast-derived elastase in the dermis, a synthetic inhibitor specific for skin fibroblast-derived elastase as well as an extract of Zingiber officinale (L.) Rose capable of inhibiting skin fibroblast-derived elastase, but not neutrophil elastase, prevented wrinkle formation in our studies of animal and human facial skin, respectively. The close interrelationship among wrinkle formation, elastic properties and elastic fibre linearity is revealed by the effects of different concentrations of the elastase inhibitor, which indicates that enhanced elastase activity by dermal fibroblasts plays a pivotal role in the UVB wrinkling mechanism. Fortunately, we were able to identify human skin fibroblast-derived elastase as the previously known enzyme neprilysin/neutral endopeptidase. Using both a UVB-conditioned medium assay and a co-culture system, we characterized the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction between keratinocytes and fibroblasts which leads to increased expression of neprilysin at the transcriptional, translational and enzymatic levels. Our results demonstrate that interleukin-1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are intrinsic cytokines secreted by UVB-exposed keratinocytes that stimulate the expression of neprilysin by skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genji Imokawa
- Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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Saito M, Tanaka M, Misawa E, Yao R, Nabeshima K, Yamauchi K, Abe F, Yamamoto Y, Furukawa F. Oral administration of Aloe vera gel powder prevents UVB-induced decrease in skin elasticity via suppression of overexpression of MMPs in hairless mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1416-24. [PMID: 27045316 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1156480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the effects of oral Aloe vera gel powder (AVGP) containing Aloe sterols on skin elasticity and the extracellular matrix in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated hairless mice. Ten-week-old hairless mice were fed diets containing 0.3% AVGP for 8 weeks and irradiated UVB for 6 weeks. Mice treated with AVGP showed significant prevention of the UVB-induced decrease in skin elasticity. To investigate the mechanism underlying this suppression of skin elasticity loss, we measured the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -9, and -13. AVGP prevented both the UVB-induced increases in MMPs expressions. Moreover, we investigated hyaluronic acid (HA) content of mice dorsal skin and gene expression of HA synthase-2 (Has2). In the results, AVGP oral administration prevented UVB-induced decreasing in skin HA content and Has2 expression and attenuates the UVB-induced decrease in serum adiponectin, which promotes Has2 expression. These results suggested that AVGP has the ability to prevent the skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saito
- a Functional Food Ingredients Department, Food Ingredients & Technology Institute , Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. , Zama , Japan
| | - Miyuki Tanaka
- a Functional Food Ingredients Department, Food Ingredients & Technology Institute , Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. , Zama , Japan
| | - Eriko Misawa
- a Functional Food Ingredients Department, Food Ingredients & Technology Institute , Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. , Zama , Japan
| | - Ruiquing Yao
- a Functional Food Ingredients Department, Food Ingredients & Technology Institute , Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. , Zama , Japan
| | - Kazumi Nabeshima
- a Functional Food Ingredients Department, Food Ingredients & Technology Institute , Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. , Zama , Japan
| | - Kouji Yamauchi
- a Functional Food Ingredients Department, Food Ingredients & Technology Institute , Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. , Zama , Japan
| | - Fumiaki Abe
- a Functional Food Ingredients Department, Food Ingredients & Technology Institute , Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd. , Zama , Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- b Department of Dermatology , Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama , Japan
| | - Fukumi Furukawa
- b Department of Dermatology , Wakayama Medical University , Wakayama , Japan
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Sevilla GP, Dhurat RS, Shetty G, Kadam PP, Totey SM. Safety and Efficacy of Growth Factor Concentrate in the Treatment of Nasolabial Fold Correction: Split Face Pilot Study. Indian J Dermatol 2015; 60:520. [PMID: 26538718 PMCID: PMC4601439 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.159628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Growth factors have long been known as an effective treatment for facial wrinkles. We developed growth factor concentrate (GFC) from the platelets and evaluated their clinical outcome in nasolabial folds. Aims and Objectives: We evaluated safety and efficacy of autologous GFC on patients with nasolabial folds. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted on 80 patients for nasolabial folds in two groups. Group I (20) received bilateral single injection of GFC and group II (60) received single injection of GFC on the right side of the face and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the left side of the face. Severity of nasolabial folds was determined at the baseline and 3 months of follow-up visits based on wrinkle severity rating scale (WSRS), Global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) and atlas photographic grading at rest and at full smile. Objective clinical assessment and subjective satisfaction scale was determined for overall improvement at the end of the study. Results: In group I, 2 subjects showed improvement after GFC treatment with the score of 3.1–4 (76–100%), 3 subjects with the score of 2.1–3 (51–75%), 14 with the score of 1.1–2 (26–50%) and 1 subject with the score of 0–1 (<25%) at the end of study. In group II, 51 subjects were evaluated at the end of study where, 34 (66%) showed superior improvements after GFC, 6 (11%) patients showed similar improvement on both side of the face, 10 (19.6%) patients showed no noticeable improvement on the either side of the face and only 1 patient (1.96%) showed superior improvement for PRP at the end of the study. Overall improvement score analysis showed that GFC was significantly superior to PRP (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Present study is a strong evidence to support the use of GFC for nasolabial folds. The results showed that the single application of GFC is highly effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema P Sevilla
- Medico Laser, Paseo General Martinez Campos, 33, 28010 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rachita S Dhurat
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India
| | - Geetanjali Shetty
- Geetanjali Shetty's clinic, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Goregaon, Mumbai, India
| | - Prashant P Kadam
- Kasiak Research Pvt Ltd, DIL Complex, Ghodbunder Road, Thane, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satish M Totey
- Kasiak Research Pvt Ltd, DIL Complex, Ghodbunder Road, Thane, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Bonaparte JP, Ellis D. Alterations in the Elasticity, Pliability, and Viscoelastic Properties of Facial Skin After Injection of Onabotulinum Toxin A. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2015; 17:256-63. [DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2015.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Bonaparte
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Ellis
- Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Biological mechanisms underlying the ultraviolet radiation-induced formation of skin wrinkling and sagging I: reduced skin elasticity, highly associated with enhanced dermal elastase activity, triggers wrinkling and sagging. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7753-75. [PMID: 25856675 PMCID: PMC4425048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The repetitive exposure of skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) preferentially elicits wrinkling while ultraviolet A (UVA) predominantly elicits sagging. In chronically UVB or UVA-exposed rat skin there is a similar tortuous deformation of elastic fibers together with decreased skin elasticity, whose magnitudes are greater in UVB-exposed skin than in UVA-exposed skin. Comparison of skin elasticity with the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the dermis of ovariectomized rats after UVB or UVA irradiation demonstrates that skin elasticity is more significantly decreased in ovariectomized rats than in sham-operated rats, which is accompanied by a reciprocal increase in elastase activity but not in the activities of collagenases I or IV. Clinical studies using animal skin and human facial skin demonstrated that topical treatment with a specific inhibitor or an inhibitory extract of skin fibroblast-derived elastase distinctly attenuates UVB and sunlight-induced formation of wrinkling. Our results strongly indicated that the upregulated activity of skin fibroblast-derived elastase plays a pivotal role in wrinkling and/or sagging of the skin via the impairment of elastic fiber configuration and the subsequent loss of skin elasticity.
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10
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Watson REB, Gibbs NK, Griffiths CEM, Sherratt MJ. Damage to skin extracellular matrix induced by UV exposure. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1063-77. [PMID: 24124905 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Chronic exposure to environmental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays a key role in both photocarcinogenesis and induction of accelerated skin aging. Although the spatiotemporal consequences of UVR exposure for the composition and architecture of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) are well characterized, the pathogenesis of photoaging remains poorly defined. Given the compelling evidence for the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as mediators of photoaging, UVR-exposed human skin may be an accessible model system in which to characterize the role of oxidative damage in both internal and external tissues. RECENT ADVANCES Although the cell-mediated degradation of dermal components via UVR-induced expression of ECM proteases has long been identified as an integral part of the photoaging pathway, the relative importance and identity of cellular and extracellular photosensitizers (direct hit and bystanders models, respectively) in initiating this enzymatic activity is unclear. Recently, both age-related protein glycation and relative amino-acid composition have been identified as potential risk factors for photo-ionization and/or photo-sensitization. Here, we propose a selective multi-hit model of photoaging. CRITICAL ISSUES Bioinformatic analyses can be employed to identify candidate UVR targets/photosensitizers, but the action of UVR on protein structure and/or ROS production should be verified experimentally. Crucially, in the case of biochemically active ECM components such as fibronectin and fibrillin, the downstream effects of photo-degradation on tissue homeostasis remain to be confirmed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Both topical antioxidants and inhibitors of detrimental cell signaling may be effective in abrogating the effects of specific UVR-mediated protein degradation in the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E B Watson
- 1 The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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11
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Bonaparte JP, Ellis D. Skin Biomechanical Changes after Injection of Onabotulinum Toxin A: Prospective Assessment of Elasticity and Pliability. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 150:949-55. [PMID: 24664544 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814526558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the administration of onabotulinum toxin A will result in an increase in skin pliability and elasticity. STUDY DESIGN A prospective case series with planned data collection in which patients were treated with onabotulinum toxin and assessed at baseline, 2 weeks post-injection, and 2 months post-injection. SETTING A private cosmetic surgery clinic associated with a tertiary academic hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty women were prospectively enrolled to receive onabotulinum toxin A into their glabella, forehead, and lateral orbit. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks posttreatment, and 2 months posttreatment using the Cutometer MPA 580. Skin pliability (Uf) and the elastic recoil (Ua/Uf) were recorded as the 2 primary outcome measures. RESULTS There was a significant effect of onabotulinum toxin on skin elasticity (f = 47.8, P = .001) with a mean (+/- SE) increase in elastic recoil of 20% (4.4%) for the glabellar region (P < .001) and 18% (4.0%) for the lateral orbit (P < .0001). There was a significant effect of the treatment on skin pliability (f = 46.9, P < .001) with a mean (+/- SE) increase of 26% (5.4%) for the lateral orbit (P = .001) and 52% (8.3%) for the glabellar region (P < .001). CONCLUSION Injection of onabotulinum toxin into the lateral orbital, forehead, and glabellar regions results in skin that has increased pliability as well as increased elastic recoil. Although this study demonstrates the positive effect of onabotulinum toxin on biomechanical parameters, it is unclear what specific histological changes are occurring within the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Bonaparte
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Ellis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Nakajima H, Yoshioka R, Ezaki Y, Nagai T, Genji Imokawa. RETRACTED: Paracrine cytokine interaction between UVB-exposed epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in stimulating expression of skin fibroblast-derived elastase. Cytokine 2012; 59:166-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during UVB-induced up-regulation of neutral endopeptidase. Biochem J 2012; 443:297-305. [PMID: 22417750 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that overexpression of the elastase NEP (neutral endopeptidase) by fibroblasts plays a pivotal role in the mechanism of UVB-induced skin wrinkling by degrading dermal elastic fibres. Since UVB does not penetrate to the dermis, we hypothesized that factors secreted by UVB-exposed keratinocytes in the epidermis trigger fibroblasts in the dermis to increase their expression of NEP which then degrades the elastic fibres. In the present study, we characterized the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction between keratinocytes and fibroblasts which leads to increased expression of NEP. Human fibroblasts co-cultured with UVB-exposed human keratinocytes in cell inserts significantly increased their expression of NEP at the transcriptional, translational and enzymatic levels. Neutralizing antibodies to IL (interleukin)-1α or GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor) significantly abolished the increased expression of NEP at the enzymatic levels in human fibroblasts co-cultured with UVB-exposed human keratinocytes, whereas neutralizing antibodies to IL-6, IL-8 or TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) had no such effect. The addition of IL-1α or GM-CSF, but not TNFα, IL-6 or IL-8, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 nM, significantly stimulated the expression of NEP in human fibroblasts at the transcriptional and translational levels. These findings suggest that IL-1α and GM-CSF are intrinsic cytokines secreted by UVB-exposed keratinocytes that stimulate expression of NEP by fibroblasts.
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14
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Hirota A, Kawachi Y, Yamamoto M, Koga T, Hamada K, Otsuka F. Acceleration of UVB-induced photoageing in nrf2 gene-deficient mice. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:664-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Morisaki N, Moriwaki S, Sugiyama-Nakagiri Y, Haketa K, Takema Y, Imokawa G. Neprilysin is identical to skin fibroblast elastase: its role in skin aging and UV responses. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39819-27. [PMID: 20876573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.161547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human skin fibroblast (HSF) elastase has been characterized as a membrane-bound metalloproteinase, little is known about its structure, amino acid sequence, and encoding gene. As there are similarities in the molecular weights and inhibitory profiles of HSF elastase and neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP)), in this study we tested the hypothesis that they are identical using immunoprecipitation and transfection methods. An immunoprecipitation study demonstrated that HSF elastase activity co-immunoprecipitated with anti-NEP in lysates of cultured HSF. Transfection of an NEP cDNA expression vector into COS-1 cells elicited the expression of HSF elastase and NEP activities in the transfected cells. These findings strongly suggest that HSF elastase is identical to NEP, which functions mainly in neuron-associated cells to degrade neuropeptides. Analysis of the expression pattern of NEP revealed that its expression was remarkably up-regulated at the gene, protein, and enzymatic activity levels during the replicative senescence of cultured HSF. Further, the activity of NEP was markedly enhanced in a pattern similar to elastase activity during the intrinsic aging of mouse skin, in UVA-exposed HSF as well as in HSF treated with conditioned medium from UVB-exposed human keratinocytes. Analysis of the cytokine profile for the stimulation of NEP and HSF elastase activities in HSF demonstrated that among the 11 cytokines tested, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF had the potential to significantly stimulate both activities similarly, again supporting the identity of HSF elastase and NEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Morisaki
- Kao Biological Science Laboratories, 2606 Akabane, Ichikaimachi, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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Sherratt MJ. Tissue elasticity and the ageing elastic fibre. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 31:305-25. [PMID: 19588272 PMCID: PMC2813052 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-009-9103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability of elastic tissues to deform under physiological forces and to subsequently release stored energy to drive passive recoil is vital to the function of many dynamic tissues. Within vertebrates, elastic fibres allow arteries and lungs to expand and contract, thus controlling variations in blood pressure and returning the pulmonary system to a resting state. Elastic fibres are composite structures composed of a cross-linked elastin core and an outer layer of fibrillin microfibrils. These two components perform distinct roles; elastin stores energy and drives passive recoil, whilst fibrillin microfibrils direct elastogenesis, mediate cell signalling, maintain tissue homeostasis via TGFβ sequestration and potentially act to reinforce the elastic fibre. In many tissues reduced elasticity, as a result of compromised elastic fibre function, becomes increasingly prevalent with age and contributes significantly to the burden of human morbidity and mortality. This review considers how the unique molecular structure, tissue distribution and longevity of elastic fibres pre-disposes these abundant extracellular matrix structures to the accumulation of damage in ageing dermal, pulmonary and vascular tissues. As compromised elasticity is a common feature of ageing dynamic tissues, the development of strategies to prevent, limit or reverse this loss of function will play a key role in reducing age-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sherratt
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Mechanism of UVB-induced wrinkling of the skin: paracrine cytokine linkage between keratinocytes and fibroblasts leading to the stimulation of elastase. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2009; 14:36-43. [PMID: 19675551 DOI: 10.1038/jidsymp.2009.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In clinical studies, the formation of facial wrinkles has been closely linked to the loss of elastic properties of the skin. Repetitive irradiation of animal skin with UVB radiation at suberythemal doses significantly reduces its elastic properties, resulting in the formation of wrinkles. Repetitive UVB irradiation elicits a marked alteration in the three-dimensional structure of elastic fibers, which is closely associated with a subsequent reduction in the elastic properties of the skin. Although UVB irradiation stimulates the activity of fibroblast elastases in the dermis, a synthetic inhibitor specific for fibroblast elastases prevents wrinkle formation. The close interrelationships among wrinkle formation, elastic properties, and elastic fiber linearity are revealed by the effects of different concentrations of the elastase inhibitor (R(2)>0.9), suggesting that enhanced elastase activity by dermal fibroblasts plays a pivotal role in the UVB wrinkling mechanism. In in vitro studies we identified a paracrine linkage between keratinocytes and fibroblasts that leads to wrinkle formation through the upregulation of fibroblast elastases. These studies support our hypothesis for a mechanism of wrinkle formation by which cytokine expression is activated in epidermal keratinocytes by UVB radiation and triggers dermal fibroblasts to increase their expression of elastase.Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings (2009) 14, 36-43; doi:10.1038/jidsymp.2009.11.
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Hachiya A, Sriwiriyanont P, Fujimura T, Ohuchi A, Kitahara T, Takema Y, Kitzmiller WJ, Visscher MO, Tsuboi R, Boissy RE. Mechanistic effects of long-term ultraviolet B irradiation induce epidermal and dermal changes in human skin xenografts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:401-13. [PMID: 19147832 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.070500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UVB irradiation has been reported to induce photoaging and suppress systemic immune function that could lead to photocarcinogenesis. However, because of the paucity of an UVB-induced photodamaged skin model, precise and temporal mechanism(s) underlying the deleterious effects of long-term UVB exposure on human skin have yet to be delineated. In this study, we established a model using human skin xenografted onto severe combined immunodeficient mice, which were subsequently challenged by repeated UVB irradiation for 6 weeks. Three-dimensional optical image analysis of skin replicas and noninvasive biophysical measurements illustrated a significant increase in skin surface roughness, similar to premature photoaging, and a significant loss of skin elasticity after long-term UVB exposure. Resembling authentically aged skin, UVB-exposed samples exhibited significant increases in epithelial keratins (K6, K16, K17), elastins, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-12) as well as degradation of collagens (I, IV, VII). The UVB-induced deterioration of fibrous keratin intermediate filaments was also observed in the stratum corneum. Additionally, similarities in gene expression patterns between our model and chronologically aged skin substantiated the plausible relationship between photodamage and chronological age. Furthermore, severe skin photodamage was observed when neutralizing antibodies against TIMP-1, an endogenous inhibitor of MMPs, were administered during the UVB exposure regimen. Taken together, these findings suggest that our skin xenograft model recapitulates premature photoaged skin and provides a comprehensive tool with which to assess the deleterious effects of UVB irradiation.
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Sano T, Kume T, Fujimura T, Kawada H, Higuchi K, Iwamura M, Hotta M, Kitahara T, Takema Y. Long-term alteration in the expression of keratins 6 and 16 in the epidermis of mice after chronic UVB exposure. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 301:227-37. [PMID: 18979106 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influences of chronic UVB exposure on epidermal differentiation have been poorly studied compared to dermal photo-aging although those effects are very important in terms of photo-damage to the skin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic UVB exposure on keratin expression in the epidermis. The effects on murine skin of chronic exposure to weak UVB (below 1 MED) was examined by immunoblotting for keratins K10, K5, K6, and K16, by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to K6, K16, and Ki67 as well as by conventional HE staining of skin sections. Alterations of keratin expression induced by the chronic UVB exposure were distinct from those elicited by a single acute UVB exposure. The expression of keratins K6 and K16 was quite long-lasting, continuing for 7 weeks after 6 weeks of chronic UVB exposure and for 6 weeks after 9 weeks of chronic UVB exposure. In contrast, K6 and K16 expression induced by a single UVB exposure at 0.5 MED or 3 MED almost ceased within 2 weeks after that exposure. Furthermore, the expression of the constructive keratins, K5 and K10, remained almost unchanged by chronic UVB exposure. Epidermal thickness was increased significantly immediately after the 9 weeks of chronic UVB exposure; however, it had returned to normal level 6 weeks later. The alterations in keratin expression accompanied the marked disruption of the ordered ultrastructure of keratin intermediate filaments, which were observed by TEM. Thus, chronic exposure to UVB has a deep impact on the biosynthetic regulation of different keratins in the epidermis, thereby interfering with the ordered ultrastructure of keratin intermediate filaments. Those events could have relevance to the mechanism of photo-damage, such as fine wrinkles observed in chronically UV-exposed skin in addition to dermal photo-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Sano
- Beauty Care Research Center, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka Sumidaku, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Tsukahara K, Kakuo S, Moriwaki S, Hotta M, Ohuchi A, Kitahara T, Harada N. The characteristics of aromatase deficient hairless mice indicate important roles of extragonadal estrogen in the skin. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 108:82-90. [PMID: 17951050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The roles of extragonadal estrogen in the skin are poorly understood, due to the lack of proper animal models. We examined the skin phenotypes of aromatase-knockout hairless (ArKO) mice and wild-type hairless (WT) mice, both of which were obtained through crossbreeding of Ar+/- mice and hairless mice. Differences in the skins of ArKO and WT mice were compared with those of ovariectomized (OVX) and control (Sham) mice. A difference was observed in the skin tone of ArKO mice, which is pale white and differs from the pinkish tone of all other mice. However, both ArKO and OVX mice similarly exhibited deteriorations of skin properties as compared to their respective controls. Furthermore, all the deteriorations were similarly amplified by chronic UVB irradiation in both ArKO and OVX mice as compared to their respective controls. The unique skin phenotype of ArKO mice was observed in sunburn reactions. Specifically, skins of ArKO mice showed no reaction after an acute UVB irradiation at dose intensities caused sunburn in others. However, follow-up observation found delayed reactions associated with brownish skin color and swelling only in ArKO mice, thereby suggesting that the role of extragonadal estrogen may be connected with the protective reactions of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Tsukahara
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi, Japan
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Imokawa G. Recent advances in characterizing biological mechanisms underlying UV-induced wrinkles: a pivotal role of fibrobrast-derived elastase. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 300 Suppl 1:S7-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Tsuji N, Moriwaki S, Suzuki Y, Takema Y, Imokawa G. The Role of Elastases Secreted by Fibroblasts in Wrinkle Formation: Implication Through Selective Inhibition of Elastase Activity¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740283troesb2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Tsukahara K, Nakagawa H, Moriwaki S, Takema Y, Fujimura T, Imokawa G. Inhibition of ultraviolet-B-induced wrinkle formation by an elastase-inhibiting herbal extract: implication for the mechanism underlying elastase-associated wrinkles. Int J Dermatol 2006; 45:460-8. [PMID: 16650179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we have demonstrated that fibroblast-derived elastase plays an essential role in the increased three-dimensional tortuosity of elastic fibers, contributing to the loss of skin elasticity in UV-B-exposed skin. This decrease in skin elasticity is closely associated with the formation of wrinkles induced by UV exposure. OBJECTIVE To further clarify the role of elastase in the formation of wrinkles induced by UV exposure, we assessed the effects of an extract of Zingiber officinale (L.) Rose (which inhibits fibroblast-derived elastase) on the wrinkle formation induced by chronic UV-B irradiation. RESULTS Topical application of an extract of Zingiber officinale (L.) Rose to rat or hairless mouse skin significantly inhibited the wrinkle formation induced by chronic UV-B irradiation at a suberythemal dose, which was accompanied by a significant prevention of the decrease in skin elasticity in both types of animal skin. In the rat hind limb skin, consistent with the inhibition of reduced skin elasticity, wrinkle prevention occurred concomitantly with a significant decrease in the curling and three-dimensional tortuosity of dermal elastic fibers. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that herbal extracts with an ability to inhibit fibroblast-derived elastase may prove to be effective as anti-wrinkling agents, confirming the important role of elastase in UV-B-induced wrinkle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Tsukahara
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical School, and Kao Biological Science Laboratories, Tochigi, Japan
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Tsukahara K, Nakagawa H, Moriwaki S, Kakuo S, Ohuchi A, Takema Y, Imokawa G. Ovariectomy is sufficient to accelerate spontaneous skin ageing and to stimulate ultraviolet irradiation-induced photoageing of murine skin. Br J Dermatol 2005; 151:984-94. [PMID: 15541076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wrinkling and sagging of the skin during photoageing is physiologically associated with diminished elasticity, which can be attributed to increased fibroblast-derived elastase activity. This degrades the dermal elastic fibres needed to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the skin. We previously reported that ovariectomy accelerates ultraviolet (UV)B-induced wrinkle formation in rat hind limb skin by altering the three-dimensional structure of elastic fibres. OBJECTIVES In this study, we used hairless mice to assess the effects of ovariectomy with or without chronic UVA or UVB radiation on sagging and wrinkling of skin, on the elasticity of skin, as well as on matrix metalloproteinase activities in the skin. METHODS Ovariectomies or sham operations were performed on 6-week-old female ICR/HR hairless mice. RESULTS Even in the ovariectomy group without UV irradiation, the skin elasticity was significantly decreased during the 3-13 weeks after ovariectomy, which was accompanied by a significant increase in elastase activity in the skin. After UVA or UVB irradiation, skin elasticity was significantly decreased to a greater extent in the ovariectomy group than in the sham operation group, and this was accompanied by a reciprocal increase in elastase activity but not in the activities of collagenases I or IV in the skin. Consistent with the decreased skin elasticity, UVA irradiation for 12 weeks elicited more marked sagging in the ovariectomy group than in the sham operation group. UVB irradiation for 12 weeks also induced more marked wrinkle formation in the ovariectomy group than in the sham operation group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ovariectomy alone is sufficient to accelerate skin ageing and to increase UV sensitivity, which results in the further deterioration of the skin and photoageing, and may account for the accelerated skin ageing seen in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsukahara
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Tsukahara K, Nakagawa H, Moriwaki S, Takema Y, Fujimura T, Imokawa G. Inhibition of ultraviolet-B-induced wrinkle formation by an elastase-inhibiting herbal extract: implication for the mechanism underlying elastase-associated wrinkles. Int J Dermatol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Tsukahara K, Moriwaki S, Hotta M, Fujimura T, Sugiyama-Nakagiri Y, Sugawara S, Kitahara T, Takema Y. The Effect of Sunscreen on Skin Elastase Activity Induced by Ultraviolet-A Irradiation. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:2302-7. [PMID: 16327169 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that application of sunscreens prevents the photoaging of skin in animal models and in humans. We irradiated the dorsal skin of hairless mice with ultraviolet-A (UVA), and investigated the effects of sunscreens on skin elastase activity and on skin properties. Six-week-old female HR/ICR hairless mice were used in these experiments. After being treated with either a UVA sunscreen (also containing ultraviolet-B (UVB) sunscreen to eliminate any slight UVB in the UVA lamps; Protection Factor of UVA (PFA)=6, Sun Protection Factor (SPF)=20) or a vehicle, the dorsal skins of mice were irradiated with the UVA lamps at 22.3 J/cm(2)/d, 5 times a week. At the end of 15 weeks skin properties were evaluated and elastase activities were measured. In the vehicle control group, UVA irradiation increased the brightness and yellowing of the skin, decreased the water content of the stratum corneum, increased skin thickness, decreased skin elasticity, increased skin elastase activity, and decreased the ability of the skin to recover in a pinch test, as compared to an unirradiated group. All these differences were statistically significant. In the UVA sunscreen group, both the UVA induced skin damage and the increase in skin elastase activity were significantly inhibited, as compared to the vehicle group. However, as compared to the unirradiated group, skin elastase activity was significantly increased and immediate extensibility of skin (Ue) was significantly decreased, thereby indicating that the UVA sunscreen did not prevent photoaging to the same level as the unirradiated group. These results suggest the partial efficacy of the topical photoprotection from UVA by the sunscreen in inhibiting elastase activation, and also suggest the possibility of reducing photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Tsukahara
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Ichikai, Haga, Japan.
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Sano T, Kume T, Fujimura T, Kawada H, Moriwaki S, Takema Y. The formation of wrinkles caused by transition of keratin intermediate filaments after repetitive UVB exposure. Arch Dermatol Res 2004; 296:359-65. [PMID: 15599582 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-004-0533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the formation of wrinkles involves changes in the elastic properties of the dermis due to the denaturation of elastic fibers. Several studies have shown that the hydration condition of the stratum corneum is also important in wrinkle formation. It is, however, still unclear how the stratum corneum contributes to wrinkle formation. Here we investigated the relationship between the formation of wrinkles and changes in the physical properties and condition of the skin after repetitive ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation of hairless mice (HR/ICR). Repetitive UVB irradiation caused wrinkles on the dorsal skin of the mice. The elasticity (E') of the stratum corneum of UVB-irradiated mice was significantly lower than that of age-matched control (unirradiated) mice. UVB exposure also caused a deterioration of the fibrous ultrastructure of keratin intermediate filaments (KIFs) in the skin. We conclude that the deterioration of KIFs in the stratum corneum caused by repetitive UVB irradiation decreases the elastic properties of the stratum corneum, resulting in the formation of wrinkles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Sano
- Skin Care Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka Sumidaku, 131-8501, Tokyo, Japan.
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NOMURA Y, TANIGUCHI M, MIYATA M, ARIYASU T, YAMAUCHI H, IKEDA M, KURIMOTO M. Interferon-gamma liniment protects hairless mice against ultraviolet irradiation-induced skin damage. Biomed Res 2004. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.25.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Isoda M, Ueda S, Imayama S, Tsukahara K. New formulation of chemical peeling agent: histological evaluation in sun-damaged skin model in hairless mice. J Dermatol Sci 2001; 27 Suppl 1:S60-7. [PMID: 11514126 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(01)00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND chemical peelings injure the superficial skin, which is then restored by healing of the wound. OBJECTIVES to document the acute and chronic histological changes produced by applying chemical peeling agents used clinically to the UVB-irradiated skin of hairless mice, which served as a model of sun-damaged skin. DESIGN three chemical peeling agents, 30% salicylic acid, dissolved in macrogol (a new formulation), 35% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) dissolved in distilled water and 20% glycolic acid dissolved in glycerin were applied to the backs of UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Untreated, irradiated areas of skin served as controls. Specimens were evaluated histologically at 3, 14, 28, and 70 days. RESULTS chronic UVB irradiation produced an irregular hypertrophy of the epidermis. The treated areas of irradiated skin recovered by day 70. At 28 days, all skin specimens treated with chemical peeling agents exhibited a unique connective tissue layer composed of fine collagen fibers beneath the epidermis. While 35% TCA produced severe tissue damage marked by inflammation up to day 14, no inflammatory infiltrates were seen with 30% salicylic acid in macrogol at 70 days. CONCLUSIONS chemical peeling with 30% salicylic acid dissolved in macrogol led to reorganization of the epidermis and a rebuilding of the superficial dermal connective tissue important in reducing wrinkles, and without evidence of inflammatory infiltrates in an animal model of sun-damaged skin. Findings suggest a possible clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isoda
- Tenjin-Clinic, 2-12-1, Tenjin, Chuou-ku, 810-0001, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Tsuji N, Moriwaki S, Suzuki Y, Takema Y, Imokawa G. The role of elastases secreted by fibroblasts in wrinkle formation: implication through selective inhibition of elastase activity. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:283-90. [PMID: 11547567 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0283:troesb>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that decreases in skin elasticity, accompanied by increases in the tortuosity of elastic fibers, are important early events in wrinkle formation. In order to study the role of elastases in the degeneration of elastic fibers during wrinkle formation we examined the effects of an inhibitor of skin fibroblast elastase, N-phenethylphosphonyl-L-leucyl-L-tryptophane (NPLT), on wrinkle formation in hairless mice skin following UV irradiation. Dorsal skins of hairless mice were exposed daily to UV light for 18 weeks at doses of 65-95 mJ/cm2 and treated topically with 100 microL of 1 mM NPLT immediately after each UV irradiation. Wrinkles on dorsal skins were evaluated from week 6 through week 18. The daily exposure of mouse skin to UV light with less than 1 minimal erythemal dose significantly enhanced the activity of elastase in the exposed skin by week 4, and the elevated levels of elastase activity were significantly reduced by the in vitro incubation with NPLT in a dose-dependent manner to a level similar to that in unexposed mice skin, indicating that NPLT can efficiently inhibit the UV-inducible elastase activity. Topical application of NPLT significantly suppressed wrinkle formation when compared with vehicle controls by week 15 of treatment (P < 0.05). Histochemistry of elastic fibers with Orcein staining demonstrated that there were no obvious decreases of the fine elastic fibers in UV-exposed NPLT-treated skin in contrast to their marked decreases in the UV-exposed vehicle-treated skin. These findings suggest that skin fibroblast elastase plays a decisive role in wrinkle formation through the degeneration of elastic fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsuji
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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