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Blegen K, Samaniego M, Stetson C, Sturgeon A. A Rapidly Growing Forearm Pilomatricoma in an Elderly Patient. Cureus 2023; 15:e39043. [PMID: 37323331 PMCID: PMC10266695 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pilomatricoma is a benign skin tumor of epithelial hair matrix cells that typically presents as a solitary nodule on the head or upper trunk. It occurs most often in children and young adults. While considered uncommon in middle-aged and elderly patients, there are reports of elderly patients with histopathologically diagnosed pilomatricomas; however, these cases primarily occurred on the face. We present a case of an 88-year-old female with a history of non-melanoma skin cancer who presented with a new, rapidly enlarging, biopsy-proven pilomatricoma on the forearm. This case highlights a unique age of onset and location for this skin tumor, suggesting that pilomatricomas are not limited to children and young adults and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of rapidly growing skin lesions in elderly patients. Diagnosis should be confirmed with biopsy in elderly patients, as pilomatricomas may mimic malignant skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Blegen
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Michelle Samaniego
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, USA
| | - Cloyce Stetson
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
| | - Ashley Sturgeon
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
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Abstract
We present a case report of the exceptionally rare pilomatrical carcinosarcoma in an even rarer pediatric age group, a 9-year-old female patient. The tumor showed biphasic pilomatrical carcinoma and malignant sarcomatous transformation. To date, the patient is healing well without signs of recurrence. Although limited clinical follow-up is available due to the recent diagnosis, this case may provide a rare look at the clinical outcome of this very rare tumor.
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Fernandez-Flores A, Cassarino DS. Sarcomatoid pilomatrix carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2018; 45:508-514. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernandez-Flores
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Hospital El Bierzo; Ponferrada Spain
- Biomedical Investigation Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), Group of Translational Investigation in Cellular Comunication and Signaling (CellCOM-SB); A Coruña Spain
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Hospital de la Reina; Ponferrada Spain
| | - David S. Cassarino
- Department of Dermatology; Los Angeles Medical Center (LAMC), Southern California Kaiser Permanente; Los Angeles California
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Han G, Kim AR, Song HJ, Oh CH, Jeon J. Updated view on epidemiology and clinical aspects of pilomatricoma in adults. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:1032-1036. [PMID: 28895117 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, pilomatricoma offers potential for a wide spectrum of differential diagnoses. It typically occurs in pediatric patients with the head being the most common location. A second peak of clinical presentation occurs in adults at age 50-65 years, suggesting a bimodal pattern of occurrence. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical and epidemiological features of pilomatricoma in adults over 20 years old, as it is a common and frequently misdiagnosed tumor. METHODS This was a retrospective study of pilomatricomas surgically removed at a tertiary hospital between January 1994 and December 2014. A search of the all-pathological database of patients aged over 20 years old with a pathological diagnosis of pilomatricoma was carried out. RESULTS The clinical preoperative diagnosis of pilomatricoma was made in 34.0% of cases. Tumor location showed a predilection to the head and neck. Of the reported concomitant neoplasm, a majority had accompanying skin tumors. CONCLUSION We conclude that clinical features in adults were similar to those of children. This study outlines clinical presentations that should help to guide differential diagnoses. Additionally, because of similarities between the distribution and depth of vellus hair follicles and pilomatricomas, it is probable that vellus hair bulbs may be the origin of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geo Han
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ae-Ree Kim
- Derpartment of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Jun Song
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chil Hwan Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiehyun Jeon
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Martin BR, Neiderer K, Dancho JF. Pilomatrixoma: an infrequently encountered lesion on the lower extremity. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2013; 102:417-8. [PMID: 23001736 DOI: 10.7547/1020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the clinical presentation and treatment of pilomatrixoma as it occurs in the lower extremity. Although pilomatrixoma is far more common on the head, neck, and upper extremity, it can be found on the lower extremity. Treatment is aimed primarily at excision if the lesion is symptomatic or suspicious for malignancy. The authors present a case of a 73-year-old male who presented to the diabetic foot center with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy R Martin
- Department of Surgery, Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Gorovoy IR, Layer N, Kim HJ, Nobles SM, Stewart PJ, Vagefi MR, Kersten RC. Pilomatrixoma in a patient with bilateral retinoblastoma. J AAPOS 2013; 17:103-4. [PMID: 23313048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old girl with a history of bilateral retinoblastoma presented with a new right lower periorbital mass that showed calcifications on ultrasound. She had previously undergone systemic and intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma but had no evidence of active disease for at least 6 months previously. Her family and oncologists feared that this mass was an extraocular metastasis of her retinoblastoma. On excision, it was diagnosed as a pilomatrixoma, an uncommon benign neoplasm that originates from the matrix of the hair root. This is the first reported case of pilomatrixoma in a patient with retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Gorovoy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
AIM To delineate and characterize the cytomorphologic features of pilomatrixoma (PMX) helpful in correct diagnosis of the lesion on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Archival records of clinical findings, FNAC and histopathological reports of PMX cases were analyzed. Aspirate findings in 14 cases of PMX were correlated with detailed clinical data and subsequent histopathology on excisional biopsy. Different morphological findings were graded semiquantitatively from 0 to 3+. RESULTS The series showed female preponderance, with head and neck being the commonest site. Majority patients had a single tumor with mean size of 1.6 cm. Out of 14 biopsy proven cases of PMX, cytology findings revealed PMX in 7 cases on the basis of ghost cells, groups of basaloid cells, squamous cells in combination with multinucleated giant cells and calcium deposits in a background of debris. The main reasons for erroneous diagnosis were predominance of one component over the others and non-representative aspirated material. CONCLUSIONS The cytological features of PMX are characteristic and allow a conclusive diagnosis provided the smears are examined keenly bearing in mind the diagnostic traps that can mislead a cytopathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry Bansal
- Department of Pathology, Eras Medical College and Hospital, Hardoi Road, Lucknow, India
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Pilomatricomas: the diagnostic value of ultrasound. Skeletal Radiol 2010; 39:243-50. [PMID: 19296101 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-009-0678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze statistically significant diagnostic factors for pilomatricoma on the basis of ultrasonographic features. METHODS Sonographic images were retrospectively reviewed from 44 pilomatricomas, and from 43 control subjects with other subcutaneous tumors. Two radiologists determined the tumoral shape, margin, echotexture, echogenicity, posterior shadowing, posterior enhancement, hypoechoic rim, internal calcification, and vascularity. RESULTS The reliable diagnostic factors for pilomatricoma were hypoechogenicity (P < 0.001), heterogenicity (P < 0.05), internal calcification (P < 0.001), hypoechoic rim (P < 0.001), and posterior shadowing (P < 0.001). Scattered dots were the most common patterns of internal calcification. A combination of hypoechogenicity, heterogenicity, internal calcification of scattered-dot pattern, and a hypoechoic rim was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001; odds ratio, 21). CONCLUSIONS The features of heterogeneous echotexture, internal echogenic foci in scattered-dot pattern, and a hypoechoic rim or posterior shadowing itself could be discriminative ultrasonographic criteria for differentiating pilomatricomas from other subcutaneous tumors.
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Golpour M. Evaluation of characteristics of patients with pilomatricoma in Mazandaran Province, 1996-2006. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 12:548-550. [PMID: 19580010 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.548.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of patients with pilomatricoma in Mazandaran Province, 1996-2006. In this study 46 case of pilomatricoma, with asymptomic, single and firm nodule referred to dermatology clinic of Boo-Ali Sina Hospital in Sari (1996-2006). A Biopsy was taken from suspicious lesions and histopathology assessments were done for cases with pilomatricoma impression. 69.56% patients were female. Mean age of the patients was 20.1 years .The most frequent sites of the tumor were the forearm (41.30%). It can be concluded, because the pilomatricoma is a benign cutaneous neoplasm with differentiation toward hair matrix, so that it is not seen in palm or plantar surface, but could present in any other area. Since, few of pilomatricoma lesions converted to malignant, so that it is better we resects total lesion by surgical excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Golpour
- Department of Dermatology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Boo-Ali-Sina Hospital, Pasdaran Boulevard, P.O. Box 48158-38477, Sari, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Pilomatrixoma is a common tumor of skin appendages in children. The aim of the study was to assess the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and factors contributing to misdiagnosis. METHODS A retrospective case note review of patients who had pilomatrixoma excised during a 5-year period in a tertiary referral children's hospital in the UK. RESULTS From 75 patients, 78 pilomatrixomata were excised. The diagnosis was achieved preoperatively in 46% of patients. Other diagnoses included sebaceous and dermoid cysts, foreign body reaction, calcification in lymph gland, and fat necrosis. CONCLUSION Factors contributing to misdiagnosis include cystic lesions with varying consistency, punctum-like appearance, atypical location, and absence of clinically recognizable calcification. Despite close excision, the recurrence rate is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kumaran
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Yorkhill Royal Hospital for Sick Children, G3 8SJ Glasgow, UK
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Cribier B, Worret WI, Braun-Falco M, Peltre B, Langbein L, Schweizer J. Expression patterns of hair and epithelial keratins and transcription factors HOXC13, LEF1, and beta-catenin in a malignant pilomatricoma: a histological and immunohistochemical study. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33:1-9. [PMID: 16441405 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2006.00308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that benign pilomatricomas not only maintain the sequential expression of the hair matrix and precortex keratins hHa5 and hHa1 of normal hair follicles in their transitional cell compartment, but also preserve the association of hHa5 expression with that of its regulatory homeoprotein HOXC13 in the lower transitional cell compartment. In contrast, hHa1 expression in the upper transitional cell compartment is uncoupled from the nuclear co-expression of the LEF1/beta-catenin complex seen in normal hair follicles (Cribier et al., J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122: 1078). METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin sections of the tumor were examined using a panel of mono- and polyclonal hair and epithelial keratin antibodies as well as antibodies against HOXC13, LEF1, and beta-catenin. RESULTS Morphologically, the malignant pilomatricoma investigated here clearly deviated from the described major tumor type by a large number of differently sized parakeratotic squamoid whorls emerging within the mass of basaloid cells and surrounded by cells remembering transitional cells, but only rarely containing shadow cells and signs of calcification. We show that hHa5/HOXC13 co-expression was maintained in transitional cell areas, in which hHa1 expression was much stronger than in benign pilomatricomas, but again uncoupled from concomitant nuclear LEF1/beta-catenin expression. Surprisingly, however, and in clear contrast to benign pilomatricomas, these transitional cells co-expressed the epithelial keratins K5, K14, and K17, with the latter being as strongly expressed as hHa1, both also staining the entire inner mass of the parakeratotic whorls. CONCLUSIONS Although the malignant pilomatricoma investigated here was distinctive in that it contained a multitude of parakeratinizing whorls and no signs of calcification, it shared both hHa5/HOXC13 co-expression and disrupted hHa1/beta-catenin-LEF1 expression in its transitional cell compartment around the whorls with benign pilomatricomas. However, in clear contrast to the latter, transitional cells of the malignant tumor also strongly expressed the epithelial keratins K5, K14, and K17. We speculate that the observed dominance of the epithelial differentiation pathway over the competing conventional shadow cell differentiation pathway may prevent massive calcification of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Cribier
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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Lazar AJF, Calonje E, Grayson W, Dei Tos AP, Mihm MC, Redston M, McKee PH. Pilomatrix carcinomas contain mutations in CTNNB1, the gene encoding beta-catenin. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32:148-57. [PMID: 15606674 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in beta-catenin are present in benign pilomatrixomas. beta-catenin is a downstream effector in the WNT-signalling pathway, acting as a signal for differentiation and proliferation. Mutations in CTNNB1, the gene encoding beta-catenin, are present in a wide variety of benign and malignant neoplasms. We examined beta-catenin in a series of pilomatrix carcinomas (15 cases) by using immunohistochemistry and DNA sequencing of exon 3 from CTNNB1, and compared these to a series of benign pilomatrixomas (13 cases). All 11 pilomatrix carcinomas available for examination showed nuclear localization of beta-catenin and mutations in exon 3 similar to those demonstrated in benign pilomatrixomas. Two of 11 pilomatrix carcinomas showed significant nuclear accumulation of p53, whereas this was absent in all 13 benign pilomatrixomas. Expression of nuclear cyclin D1 was similar in both benign pilomatrixomas and pilomatrix carcinomas. Clinical follow-up from the 15 malignant cases reported in this study and by others indicates that wide excision offers superior control of local recurrence, compared to simple excision. Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of beta-catenin reveals that both pilomatrix carcinomas and benign pilomatrixomas harbour mutations in beta-catenin. This implies a common initial pathogenesis and is compatible with the proposition that pilomatrix carcinomas may at least on occasion arise from their benign counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J F Lazar
- Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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