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Grohmann M, Kirchebner J, Lau S, Sonnweber M. Delusions and Delinquencies: A Comparison of Violent and Non-Violent Offenders With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024:306624X241248356. [PMID: 38708899 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x241248356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and violent offending has long been the subject of research. The present study attempts to identify the content of delusions, an understudied factor in this regard, that differentiates between violent and non-violent offenses. Limitations, clinical relevance, and future directions are discussed. Employing a retrospective study design, machine learning algorithms and a comprehensive set of variables were applied to a sample of 366 offenders with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder in a Swiss forensic psychiatry department. Taking into account the different contents and affects associated with delusions, eight variables were identified as having an impact on discriminating between violent and non-violent offenses with an AUC of 0.68, a sensitivity of 30.8%, and a specificity of 91.9%, suggesting that the variables found are useful for discriminating between violent and non-violent offenses. Delusions of grandiosity, delusional police and/or army pursuit, delusional perceived physical and/or mental injury, and delusions of control or passivity were more predictive of non-violent offenses, while delusions with aggressive content or delusions associated with the emotions of anger, distress, or agitation were more frequently associated with violent offenses. Our findings extend and confirm current research on the content of delusions in patients with SSD. In particular, we found that the symptoms of threat/control override (TCO) do not directly lead to violent behavior but are mediated by other variables such as anger. Notably, delusions traditionally seen as symptoms of TCO, appear to have a protective value against violent behavior. These findings will hopefully help to reduce the stigma commonly and erroneously associated with mental illness, while supporting the development of effective therapeutic approaches.
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Lemonde AC, Iyer SN, Malla A, Rangaswamy T, Padmavati R, Mohan G, Taksal A, Gariepy G, Joober R, Boksa P, Shah JL. Differential Trajectories of Delusional Content and Severity Over 2 Years of Early Intervention for Psychosis: Comparison Between Chennai, India, and Montréal, Canada. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1032-1041. [PMID: 36897303 PMCID: PMC10318872 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There exist few direct studies of delusional content in psychosis across geo-cultural contexts, especially those in which treatment protocols and measures are comparable. To directly examine an illness outcome that is potentially culturally mediated, this study investigated the baseline presentation and longitudinal trajectory of delusions in first-episode psychosis (FEP) across 2 similar treatment settings in Montréal (Canada) and Chennai (India). STUDY DESIGN Patients entering an early intervention program for FEP in Chennai (N = 168) and Montréal (N = 165) were compared on site-level differences in the presentation of delusions across specific time points over 2 years of treatment. Delusions were measured using the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms. Chi-square and regression analyses were conducted. STUDY RESULTS At baseline, delusions were more frequent in Montréal than in Chennai (93% vs 80%, respectively; X2(1) = 12.36, P < .001). Thematically, delusions of grandiosity, religiosity, and mind reading were more common in Montréal than in Chennai (all P < .001); however, these baseline differences did not persist over time. Regression revealed a significant time-by-site interaction in the longitudinal course of delusions, which differs from the trajectory of other FEP-positive symptom domains. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct comparison of delusions in similar programs for FEP across 2 different geo-cultural contexts. Our findings support the notion that delusion themes follow consistent ordinal patterns across continents. Future work is needed to unpack the differences in severity that present at baseline and minor differences in content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Catherine Lemonde
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Srividya N Iyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ashok Malla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Greeshma Mohan
- Schizophrenia Research Foundation (SCARF), Chennai, India
| | - Aarati Taksal
- Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Ridha Joober
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Patricia Boksa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jai L Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
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Grunfeld G, Lemonde AC, Gold I, Iyer SN, Malla A, Lepage M, Joober R, Boksa P, Shah JL. "The more things change…"? Stability of delusional themes across 12 years of presentations to an early intervention service for psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:35-41. [PMID: 35907013 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While the prevalence of delusional themes appears to be consistent across geographic contexts, little is known about the relative prevalence of such themes within a given setting over periods of time. We therefore investigated delusional themes across 12 years of presentation to a catchment-based early intervention service for first episode psychosis (FEP). METHODS Systematically collected data from 500 patients at an early intervention service for FEP were analyzed. Four cohorts of 3 years each, from 2006 to 2017, were used to compare the frequency of delusion themes across cohorts. We also integrated into the analysis baseline sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, and highest level of education and clinical factors such as anxiety, depression, suicidality, hallucinations, and primary diagnosis (affective or non-affective psychosis). RESULTS Sex and education level were stable across cohorts, while patient age varied (p = 0.047). Clinical anxiety, depression, and suicidality at entry were also stable. Across cohorts, the proportion of patients with affective versus non-affective diagnosis differed (p = 0.050), with no differences in global rating of delusion severity or theme prevalence except for delusions of guilt or sin (p = 0.001). This single theme difference was not correlated with age or diagnosis. CONCLUSION Our study suggests relatively stable prevalence of delusion themes across cohorts of individuals experiencing FEP. This demonstrates the potential utility of studying thematic content both for understanding delusions in clinical populations and in research. Future explorations of the relationships between delusion themes and across individual patient episodes should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Grunfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ann-Catherine Lemonde
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Srividya N Iyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ashok Malla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Boksa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jai L Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Mamah D, Mutiso VN, Ndetei DM. Psychotic-like experiences among 9,564 Kenyan adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry Res 2021; 302:113994. [PMID: 34029986 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of psychotic-like experiences (PLE) in a large cohort of Kenyan adolescents and young adults. METHOD The Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis (WERCAP) Screen was used to the study the 12-month prevalence of PLE's among 9,564 Kenyan youths (aged 15-25 yrs), and the rates of psychosis high-risk (HR) and medium-risk (MR) cases, based on cut-off scores. Relationships with clinical, demographic and economic profiles were investigated. RESULTS Across all participants, 72% reported having had at least one PLE over the last year. 4.6% and 30.6% were HR and MR based on symptom scores. There were similar PLE rates in females and males. PLE severity correlated with mood (r=0.67), stress (r=0.46), and autistic traits (r=0.18). PLE severity was also related to poverty, lower education attainment, and underemployment. Compared to controls, HR and MR youths were more likely to report lifetime substance use and to have more significant use. CONCLUSION Psychosis screening can provide valuable information about individuals and may help identify those who may require clinical assessment and intervention to improve outcomes. This is particularly relevant in many parts of Africa where the resources are limited for treating more advanced illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mamah
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, 660 S. Euclid, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA.
| | - Victoria N Mutiso
- Africa Mental Health Research and Training Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David M Ndetei
- Africa Mental Health Research and Training Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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“Dies Irae?” The Role of Religiosity in Dealing with Psychological Problems Caused by The COVID-19 Pandemic—Studies on a Polish Sample. RELIGIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rel12040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Based on Huber’s centrality of religiosity concept, a non-experimental research project was designed in a group of 178 women and 72 men, voluntary participants in online studies, quarantined at home during the first weeks (the first wave) of the pandemic, to determine whether and to what extent religiosity, understood as a multidimensional construct, was a predictor of the worsening of PTSD and depression symptoms in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study made use of CRS Huber’s scale to study the centrality of religiosity, Spitzer’s PHQ-9 to determine the severity of depression, and Weiss and Marmar’s IES-R to measure the symptoms of PTSD. Our study, which provided interesting and non-obvious insights into the relationship between the studied variables, did not fully explain the protective nature of religiosity in dealing with pandemic stress. Out of five components of religiosity understood in accordance with Huber’s concept (interest in religious issues, religious beliefs, prayer, religious experience, and cult), two turned out to contribute to modifications in the severity of psychopathological reactions of the respondents to stress caused by the pandemic during its first wave. A protective role was played by prayer, which inhibited the worsening of PTSD symptoms, whereas religious experience aggravated them. This means that in order to interpret the effect of religiosity on the mental functioning of the respondents in a time of crisis (the COVID-19 pandemic), we should not try to explain this effect in a simple and linear way, because religious life may not only bring security and solace, but also be a source of stress and an inner struggle.
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Grover S, Davuluri T, Chakrabarti S. Development of a semi-structured instrument to assess religious beliefs and practices in patients with schizophrenia. ANNALS OF INDIAN PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/aip.aip_70_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Kudva KG, El Hayek S, Gupta AK, Kurokawa S, Bangshan L, Armas-Villavicencio MVC, Oishi K, Mishra S, Tiensuntisook S, Sartorius N. Stigma in mental illness: Perspective from eight Asian nations. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2020; 12:e12380. [PMID: 31922363 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma against those who suffer from mental illness is a major issue in many nations. Stigma, which is comprised of prejudice, ignorance, and discrimination, serves as a barrier to seeking help and staying in contact with mental health services. It is thus imperative that concerted efforts are taken against stigma. METHODS Eight young psychiatrists from eight Asian nations offer a narrative review of the state of stigma in their respective nations, the sociocultural reasons behind this stigma, recent anti-stigma efforts and the effects, if any, of such efforts. RESULTS Despite these eight nations lying varying significantly in terms of economic developmental levels, there are sociocultural commonalities that undergird stigma across these nations. It is also evident that there have been more recent concerted efforts to combat this stigma, and in some countries, there has been a change in the perceptions of mental illness. CONCLUSION The causes of stigma tend to be similar across various nations, and this perhaps suggests that international collaboration and a concerted global effort to combat this problem might thus be a possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundadak Ganesh Kudva
- Early Psychosis Intervention Program, Institution of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samer El Hayek
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Shunya Kurokawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liu Bangshan
- Mental Health Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Kengo Oishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Saumya Mishra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Trait paranoia shapes inter-subject synchrony in brain activity during an ambiguous social narrative. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2043. [PMID: 29795116 PMCID: PMC5966466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals often interpret the same event in different ways. How do personality traits modulate brain activity evoked by a complex stimulus? Here we report results from a naturalistic paradigm designed to draw out both neural and behavioral variation along a specific dimension of interest, namely paranoia. Participants listen to a narrative during functional MRI describing an ambiguous social scenario, written such that some individuals would find it highly suspicious, while others less so. Using inter-subject correlation analysis, we identify several brain areas that are differentially synchronized during listening between participants with high and low trait-level paranoia, including theory-of-mind regions. Follow-up analyses indicate that these regions are more active to mentalizing events in high-paranoia individuals. Analyzing participants’ speech as they freely recall the narrative reveals semantic and syntactic features that also scale with paranoia. Results indicate that a personality trait can act as an intrinsic “prime,” yielding different neural and behavioral responses to the same stimulus across individuals. Reactions to the same event can vary vastly based on multiple factors. Here the authors show that people with high trait-level paranoia process ambiguous information in a narrative differently and this can be attributed to greater activity in mentalizing brain regions during the moments of ambiguity.
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Campbell MM, Sibeko G, Mall S, Baldinger A, Nagdee M, Susser E, Stein DJ. The content of delusions in a sample of South African Xhosa people with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:41. [PMID: 28118821 PMCID: PMC5259874 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the relationship between cultural beliefs and schizophrenia has received some attention, relatively little work has emerged from African contexts. In this study we draw from a sample of South African Xhosa people with schizophrenia, exploring their cultural beliefs and explanations of illness. The purpose of the article is to examine the relationship between this cultural context and the content of delusions. METHODS A sample comprising 200 Xhosa people with schizophrenia participating in a South African schizophrenia genomics study were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). Participant delusions were thematically analyzed for recurring themes. RESULTS The majority of participants (n = 125 72.5%) believed that others had bewitched them in order to bring about their mental illness, because they were in some way jealous of the participant. This explanation aligns well with the understanding of jealousy-induced witchcraft in Southern African communities and highlights the important role that culture plays in their content of delusions. CONCLUSIONS Improved knowledge of these explanatory frameworks highlights the potential value of culturally sensitive assessment tools and stigma interventions in patient recovery. Furthermore such qualitative analyses contribute towards discussion about aspects of delusional thought that may be more universally stable, and those that may be more culturally variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Goodman Sibeko
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Sumaya Mall
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Adam Baldinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Mohamed Nagdee
- Department of Psychology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa
| | - Ezra Susser
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
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Gecici O, Kuloglu M, Guler O, Ozbulut O, Kurt E, Onen S, Ekinci O, Yesilbas D, Caykoylu A, Emül M, Alatas G, Albayrak Y. Phenomenology of Delusions and Hallucinations in Patients with Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10177833.2010.11790661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Gecici
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Antalya-Turkey
| | - Murat Kuloglu
- Fırat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Elazig-Turkey
| | - Ozkan Guler
- Afyonkarahisar Kocatepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Afyonkarahisar-Turkey
| | - Omer Ozbulut
- Afyonkarahisar Kocatepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Afyonkarahisar-Turkey
| | - Erhan Kurt
- Bakırköy Education and Research Hospital for Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul-Turkey
| | - Sinay Onen
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara-Turkey
| | - Okan Ekinci
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara-Turkey
| | - Dilek Yesilbas
- Bakırköy Education and Research Hospital for Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul-Turkey
| | - Ali Caykoylu
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara-Turkey
| | - Murat Emül
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Cerrahpaşa, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul-Turkey
| | - Gazi Alatas
- Bakırköy Education and Research Hospital for Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul-Turkey
| | - Yakup Albayrak
- Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara-Turkey
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McIntyre JC, Elahi A, Bentall RP. Social identity and psychosis: Explaining elevated rates of psychosis in migrant populations. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. McIntyre
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - Anam Elahi
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - Richard P. Bentall
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
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12
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Ishikawa R, Ishigaki T, Kikuchi A, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi S, Morishige S, Hosono M, Nakamura Y, Kase A, Morimoto T, Haga D. Cross-Cultural Validation of the Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for Psychosis in Japan and Examination of the Relationships Between Cognitive Biases and Schizophrenia Symptoms. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Dziwota E, Żmuda D, Dubiel R, Dziwota K, Markiewicz R, Makara-Studzińska M, Olajossy M. On the border of deep spirituality and psychosis… A case study. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cpp-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This article is a case study of a 28-year-old patient diagnosed with F23. The report is preceded by an extensive literature review describing the situation of the mentally ill, in which psychiatry intermingles with spirituality and the sacrum.
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between religion/spirituality and schizophrenia as well as to draw attention to the complex problem of differential diagnosis of religious and spiritual problems. When is psychiatric treatment enough and when is intervention of a priest really essential?
The authors discuss the problem of mental disorders in connection with religion and spirituality in the clinical context. The article shows that it is very important that the processes of diagnosis and treatment take into account the patients’ individual traits, beliefs, values and spirituality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Dziwota
- 2 nd Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Diana Żmuda
- 2 nd Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Dubiel
- 2 nd Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Dziwota
- Department of Psychotherapy Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Poland
| | - Renata Markiewicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Olajossy
- 2 nd Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Koelkebeck K, Uwatoko T, Tanaka J, Kret ME. How culture shapes social cognition deficits in mental disorders: A review. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:102-112. [PMID: 26899265 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1155482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Social cognitive skills are indispensable for successful communication with others. Substantial research has determined deficits in these abilities in patients with mental disorders. In neurobiological development and continuing into adulthood, cross-cultural differences in social cognition have been demonstrated. Moreover, symptomatic patterns in mental disorders may vary according to the cultural background of an individual. Cross-cultural studies can thus help in understanding underlying (biological) mechanisms and factors that influence behavior in health and disease. In addition, studies that apply novel paradigms assessing the impact of culture on cognition may benefit and advance neuroscience research. In this review, the authors give an overview of cross-cultural research in the field of social cognition in health and in mental disorders and provide an outlook on future research directions, taking a neuroscience perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Koelkebeck
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , School of Medicine, University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany
| | - Teruhisa Uwatoko
- b Department of Psychiatry , Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan.,c Kyoto University Health Service , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , Japan
| | - Jiro Tanaka
- d Faculty of Modern Languages and Cultures , Santa Monica College , Santa Monica , CA , USA.,e Adjunct Faculty in Foreign Languages , Los Angeles Valley College , Valley Glen , CA , USA
| | - Mariska Esther Kret
- f The Cognitive Psychology Unit , Leiden University, Institute of Psychology , AK , Leiden
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Hofer A, Mizuno Y, Frajo-Apor B, Kemmler G, Suzuki T, Pardeller S, Welte AS, Sondermann C, Mimura M, Wartelsteiner F, Fleischhacker WW, Uchida H. Resilience, internalized stigma, self-esteem, and hopelessness among people with schizophrenia: Cultural comparison in Austria and Japan. Schizophr Res 2016; 171:86-91. [PMID: 26805413 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Resilience is becoming an important topic in people with schizophrenia since there is evidence that it increases the probability for long-term recovery. The current study investigated transcultural differences in resilience across schizophrenia patients from two different geographical regions, Austria and Japan. Another objective was to examine transcultural differences in internalized stigma, self-esteem, and hopelessness, which can be expected to be relevant in this context, as well as the interrelations between these subjective elements of recovery and symptom severity. To this end, patients from outpatient mental health services in Innsbruck, Austria (N=52) and Tokyo, Japan (N=60) as well as 137 healthy comparison subjects from both countries were included into this cross-sectional study. Notably, we detected a significant country effect with markedly lower resilience (F=74.4, p<0.001) and self-esteem scores (F=226.0, p<0.001) as well as higher hopelessness scores (F=37.4, p<0.001) among Japanese subjects in general. In addition, both Austrian and Japanese patients indicated significantly lower degrees of resilience (F=57.5, p<0.001), self-esteem (F=51.8, p<0.001), and hope (F=29.5, p<0.001) compared to healthy control subjects. The inter-correlations between subjective elements of recovery were comparable in size in the two patient samples, but the inter-correlations between these issues and residual symptoms of schizophrenia as objective domains of recovery were markedly higher in Austrian subjects. This suggests that schizophrenia patients from Western European and Japanese cultures may have different needs to achieve recovery. In conclusion, it will be critical to develop culture-specific psychosocial programs and to examine their feasibility and effectiveness among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hofer
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Yuya Mizuno
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Beatrice Frajo-Apor
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Kemmler
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Takefumi Suzuki
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Silvia Pardeller
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Sophia Welte
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catherine Sondermann
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fabienne Wartelsteiner
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - W Wolfgang Fleischhacker
- Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Cook CCH. Religious psychopathology: The prevalence of religious content of delusions and hallucinations in mental disorder. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015; 61:404-25. [PMID: 25770205 PMCID: PMC4440877 DOI: 10.1177/0020764015573089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Religious themes are commonly encountered in delusions and hallucinations associated with major mental disorders, and the form and content of presentation are significant in relation to both diagnosis and management. AIMS This study aimed to establish what is known about the frequency of occurrence of religious delusions (RD) and religious hallucinations (RH) and their inter-relationship. METHODS A review was undertaken of the quantitative empirical English literature on RD and RH. RESULTS A total of 55 relevant publications were identified. The lack of critical criteria for defining and classifying RD and RH makes comparisons between studies difficult, but prevalence clearly varies with time and place, and probably also according to personal religiosity. In particular, little is known about the content and frequency of RH and the relationship between RH and RD. CONCLUSION Clearer research criteria are needed to facilitate future study of RD and RH, and more research is needed on the relationship between RD and RH.
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Connors MH, Halligan PW. A cognitive account of belief: a tentative road map. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1588. [PMID: 25741291 PMCID: PMC4327528 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, delusions have become the subject of growing and productive research spanning clinical and cognitive neurosciences. Despite this, the nature of belief, which underpins the construct of delusions, has received little formal investigation. No account of delusions, however, would be complete without a cognitive level analysis of belief per se. One reason for this neglect is the assumption that, unlike more established and accessible modular psychological process (e.g., vision, audition, face-recognition, language-processing, and motor-control systems), beliefs comprise more distributed and therefore less accessible central cognitive processes. In this paper, we suggest some defining characteristics and functions of beliefs. Working back from cognitive accounts of delusions, we consider potential candidate cognitive processes that may be involved in normal belief formation. Finally, we advance a multistage account of the belief process that could provide the basis for a more comprehensive model of belief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Connors
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its DisordersSydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW Australia
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter W. Halligan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its DisordersSydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
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Ellersgaard D, Mors O, Thorup A, Jørgensen P, Jeppesen P, Nordentoft M. Prospective study of the course of delusional themes in first-episode non-affective psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2014; 8:340-7. [PMID: 23773323 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The stability of delusional themes in psychotic disorders is only sparsely lit. The study aims to investigate the stability of delusional themes over a period of time in patients with first-episode non-affective psychosis. METHODS The data were drawn from a randomized controlled trial of 547 first-episode patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, the OPUS trial. A subsample of 411 patients met our inclusion criteria. They were interviewed at the time of first treatment contact, and at years 1, 2 and 5 after onset. The delusional themes of the 411 patients were classified by applying principal component analysis to the patients' scores on 12 items of delusions from the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia, SAPS. The course of the patients' predominant delusional themes was analysed afterwards. RESULTS The 12 delusional themes from SAPS were converted into five groups using principal component analysis. At all three follow ups there were almost equal proportions of patients with the predominant delusion being from the same group of delusional themes as at baseline and of patients with the predominant delusion being from another group of delusional themes than at baseline. CONCLUSIONS The predominant delusional theme at the time of first treatment contact was seen to be only of some predictive value to the predominant delusional theme at the later follow-up points in patients with first-episode non-affective psychosis. This stresses the importance of a systematic assessment of different delusional themes in the continued monitoring of early signs of psychotic relapse and at each psychotic episode.
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Abstract
Religion and spirituality exert a significant role in the lives of many individuals, including people with schizophrenia. However, the contribution of religion and spirituality to various domains (psychopathology, explanatory models, treatment seeking, treatment adherence, outcome, etc.) has not received much attention. In this article, we review the exiting data with regards to the relationship of religion, spirituality, and various domains in patients with schizophrenia. Available evidence suggests that for some patients, religion instills hope, purpose, and meaning in their lives, whereas for others, it induces spiritual despair. Patients with schizophrenia also exhibit religious delusions and hallucinations. Further, there is some evidence to suggest that religion influences the level of psychopathology. Religion and religious practices also influence social integration, risk of suicide attempts, and substance use. Religion and spirituality also serves as an effective method of coping with the illness. Religion also influences the treatment compliance and outcome in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Triveni Davuluri
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subho Chakrabarti
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Richards M, Hori H, Sartorius N, Kunugi H. Cross-cultural comparisons of attitudes toward schizophrenia amongst the general population and physicians: a series of web-based surveys in Japan and the United States. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:300-7. [PMID: 24374117 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cross-cultural differences in attitudes toward schizophrenia are suggested, while no studies have compared such attitudes between the United States and Japan. In our previous study in Japan (Hori et al., 2011), 197 subjects in the general population and 112 physicians (excluding psychiatrists) enrolled in a web-based survey using an Internet-based questionnaire format. Utilizing the identical web-based survey method in the United States, the present study enrolled 172 subjects in the general population and 45 physicians. Participants' attitudes toward schizophrenia were assessed with the English version of the 18-item questionnaire used in our previous Japanese survey. Using exploratory factor analysis, we identified four factors labeled "social distance," "belief of dangerousness," "underestimation of patients' abilities," and "skepticism regarding treatment." The two-way multivariate analysis of covariance on the four factors, with country and occupation as the between-subject factors and with potentially confounding demographic variables as the covariates, revealed that the general population in the US scored significantly lower than the Japanese counterparts on the factors "social distance" and "skepticism regarding treatment" and higher on "underestimation of patients' abilities." Our results suggest that culture may have an important role in shaping attitudes toward mental illness. Anti-stigma campaigns that target culture-specific biases are considered important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty Richards
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Fulbright Foundation, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Norman Sartorius
- Association for the Improvement of Mental Health Programmes, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
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Oh HY, Kim D, Park YC. Nature of Persecutors and Their Behaviors in the Delusions of Schizophrenia: Changes between the 1990s and the 2000s. Psychiatry Investig 2012; 9:319-24. [PMID: 23251194 PMCID: PMC3521106 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2012.9.4.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research suggests that the contents of delusions in schizophrenia are influenced by culture and social environment. However, few studies have investigated the chronological change of such delusions within a society. To investigate specifically the changes in the persecutory delusions of schizophrenia that have occurred over time, we compared the nature of the persecutors and their persecutory behaviors among inpatients with schizophrenia. METHODS All admissions to the psychiatric unit of Hanyang University Guri Hospital with discharge diagnoses of schizophrenia during two different five-year time frames (1996-2000 and 2006-2010) were reviewed. From their inpatient medical records, we investigated the descriptions of persecutors and their persecutory behaviors in the delusions of 124 patients (54 in the1990s and 72 in the 2000s). RESULTS Overall, persecutory behaviors and nature of persecutors in the delusions of schizophrenia did not differ between the two time frames. However, subgroup analysis revealed that in women but not in men, rejection as a persecutory behavior was significantly higher in the 1990s (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The ten-year time interval may be too short to find significant changes in delusional content in general. However, our additional finding in women may be a result of the tremendous change in status of Korean women during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report a novel delusion, primarily persecutory in form, in which the patient believes that he is being filmed, and that the films are being broadcast for the entertainment of others. METHODS We describe a series of patients who presented with a delusional system according to which they were the subjects of something akin to a reality television show that was broadcasting their daily life for the entertainment of others. We then address three questions, the first concerning how to characterise the delusion, the second concerning the role of culture in delusion, and the third concerning the implications of cultural studies of delusion for the cognitive theory of delusion. RESULTS Delusions are both variable and stable: Particular delusional ideas are sensitive to culture, but the broad categories of delusion are stable both across time and culture. This stability has implications for the form a cognitive theory of delusion can take. CONCLUSIONS Cultural studies of delusion have important contributions to make to the cognitive theory of delusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10007, USA.
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Viswanath B, Chaturvedi SK. Cultural aspects of major mental disorders: a critical review from an Indian perspective. Indian J Psychol Med 2012; 34:306-12. [PMID: 23723536 PMCID: PMC3662125 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major mental disorders such as schizophrenia and affective disorders are highly disabling illnesses. The cultural factors that influence the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders are of paramount clinical significance. We attempted to critically review the cultural factors in relation to the epidemiology, phenomenology, treatment, and outcome of major mental disorders from an Indian perspective, and tried to compare these with the cultural factors identified in major international studies. The clinical expression of major mental disorders was noted to vary across cultures in the review. In addition, the outcome of major mental disorders is reported to be better in developing nations than in the developed countries. Transcultural variations are also noted to exist in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, traditional healing practices, and psychotherapeutic approaches. The role of cultural factors in severe mental illnesses needs adequate attention from mental health professionals. Continued research on the cultural aspects is required to understand the interplay of all social, cultural, and biological factors. It is important to consider other cultural, traditional, and folk methods for understanding and management of mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in delusion content have been studied across time periods and in various international samples, with variations reflecting sociocultural influences. A similar analysis of delusion content in an American sample has yet to be reported. AIMS : The current study seeks to contribute to this growing database by reporting delusion content from a sample in the US across a 100-year period. METHODS Archival medical records of 102 patients hospitalized for psychosis across the 20th century were examined for types of delusion content. Random samples were selected from each decade. All patients were hospitalized at the same state psychiatric facility in the US. RESULTS Persecutory was the most common delusion category, followed by religious, somatic and grandiose. Greater frequency of persecutory delusions occurred after 1950. Delusion content also reflected sociocultural factors during the associated time period. CONCLUSIONS As in most samples internationally, persecutory was the most common delusion type. Delusion content paralleled sociocultural changes, as has been reported in non-American samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke J Cannon
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, Marywood University, Scranton, PA, USA.
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Association of religion with delusions and hallucinations in the context of schizophrenia: implications for engagement and adherence. Schizophr Res 2011; 126:150-63. [PMID: 21131180 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship of religion and schizophrenia is widely acknowledged, but often minimized by practitioners and under investigated by researchers. In striving to help fill this gap, this paper focuses on examining four aims: 1) how research has investigated the association between religiosity and schizophrenia; 2) how is religiosity associated with delusions and hallucinations; 3) what are the risk and protective factors associated with religiosity and schizophrenia; and 4) does religion influence treatment adherence with individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic literature search of PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases from January 1, 1980 through January 1, 2010 was conducted using the terms schizophrenia, schizoaffective, schizophreniform, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) and religion, religiosity, spirituality, or faith. Seventy (n=70) original research studies were identified. RESULTS Religion can act as both a risk and protective factor as it interacts with the schizophrenia symptoms of hallucination and delusions. Cultural influences tend to confound the association of religion and schizophrenia. Adherence to treatment has a mixed association with religiosity. CONCLUSION The relationship between religion and schizophrenia may be of benefit to both clinicians and researchers through enhancing adherence to treatment, and enhancement of the protective aspects while minimizing associated risk. The relationship of religion and schizophrenia needs further research that is more nuanced and methodologically rigorous, specifically concerning its influence on engagement and adherence to treatment.
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Green C, Garety PA, Freeman D, Fowler D, Bebbington P, Dunn G, Kuipers E. Content and affect in persecutory delusions. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 45:561-77. [PMID: 17076964 DOI: 10.1348/014466506x98768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to explore the content of persecutory delusions and its potential links with levels of affective disturbance. Detailed examinations of the phenomenology of delusional beliefs have been rare, but are important for furthering theoretical and clinical understanding. DESIGN A cross-sectional investigation of 70 individuals with current persecutory delusions was conducted. METHODS Taped semi-structured clinical interviews were transcribed for each participant. Using a coding frame devised for the current study, a detailed description of persecutory content was made. Scores on the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales were used as indicators of emotional distress. RESULTS Data were gathered on the identity and type of persecutor, pervasiveness of threat and the power of the persecutor. Reliability was good. Beliefs involving multiple persecutors, human in nature and identifiable to the individual were common. For the majority threat was severe, ongoing and enduring and coupled with frequent feelings of vulnerability. Specific aspects of delusional content were found to be associated with emotional distress. For example, if participants felt more power in the face of persecution this was coupled with lower depression and higher self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Persecutory delusions are beliefs concerning severe threat, particularly of physical harm including death, which is personally significant, frequently involving multiple persecutors known to the individual. Depression is higher in those who felt less powerful than their persecutors. Associations, such as this, with emotional distress support a direct role for emotion in delusion formation and maintenance. It is consistent with cognitive models of delusions which emphasize the importance of considering emotional distress in the context of belief appraisal, although interpretation of the results is limited by the cross-sectional study design. Recognizing these links may in turn aid therapists in identifying aspects of beliefs that might be targeted to facilitate emotional change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Green
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, UK.
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Yamauchi T, Sudo A, Tanno Y. Perceptions of Paranoid Thoughts in a Nonclinical Group of College Students. Psychol Rep 2009; 104:699-710. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.104.3.699-710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have focused on the distinction between paranoid and social anxious thoughts for eliciting characteristics of paranoid thoughts in greater detail, which may aid theoretical development and understanding of persecutory delusions with regard to continuity between nonclinical and clinical symptoms. This is a report of characteristics of paranoid thoughts compared to social anxious thoughts in a sample of 128 college students. Nine dimensions concerning how individuals perceive their paranoid and social anxious thoughts were assessed as self-ratings for each on resistance, distress, absurdity, conviction, corrigibility, controllability, perception of intended harm, anger, and frequency. These dimensions for the two thoughts were generally independent of each other. Analyses suggested that paranoid thoughts might be characterized by higher distress, absurdity, corrigibility, perception of intended harm, and anger, and by lower conviction compared to social anxious thoughts in this nonclinical group.
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Koenig HG. Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: a review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2009; 54:283-91. [PMID: 19497160 DOI: 10.1177/070674370905400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Religious and spiritual factors are increasingly being examined in psychiatric research. Religious beliefs and practices have long been linked to hysteria, neurosis, and psychotic delusions. However, recent studies have identified another side of religion that may serve as a psychological and social resource for coping with stress. After defining the terms religion and spirituality, this paper reviews research on the relation between religion and (or) spirituality, and mental health, focusing on depression, suicide, anxiety, psychosis, and substance abuse. The results of an earlier systematic review are discussed, and more recent studies in the United States, Canada, Europe, and other countries are described. While religious beliefs and practices can represent powerful sources of comfort, hope, and meaning, they are often intricately entangled with neurotic and psychotic disorders, sometimes making it difficult to determine whether they are a resource or a liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold G Koenig
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Anders SL. Improving community-based care for the treatment of schizophrenia: lessons from native Africa. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2003; 27:51-8. [PMID: 12967232 DOI: 10.2975/27.2003.51.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent innovations in the treatment of schizophrenia reflect a growing trend towards community-based care, such as Assertive Community Treatment (ACT). These programs reduce psychiatric hospitalization rates, improve residential stability, and result in improved satisfaction with care; however, they fail to show any consistent reduction in psychiatric symptoms or long-term improvement in social adjustment. As growing evidence suggests that the course and outcome of schizophrenia is significantly more favorable in undeveloped countries where community interventions are primary, this paper is an attempt to identify key factors in native African healing practices and their potential application to community-based treatment in the West.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Anders
- Genetics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Stompe T, Ortwein-Swoboda G, Ritter K, Schanda H. Old wine in new bottles? Stability and plasticity of the contents of schizophrenic delusions. Psychopathology 2003; 36:6-12. [PMID: 12679586 DOI: 10.1159/000069658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent case reports published during the last 20 years described a quick inclusion of new technologies and cultural innovations into schizophrenic delusions which led many of the authors to the conclusion that the 'Zeitgeist' is creating new delusional contents. On the other hand, long-term comparisons and comparative transcultural studies on delusions showed, despite a certain degree of variability, a stability of delusional themes over longer periods of time. Combining anthropological and historical theories of the development of societies with a differentiated psychopathological approach (Klosterkötter's three-stage model of the formation of schizophrenic delusions), we were able to resolve the problem of the ostensibly divergent results: there are only a few themes of extraordinary anthropological importance for the organization of human relationships which can be found in every epoch and in different cultures (persecution, grandiosity, guilt, religion, hypochondria, jealousy, and love). With the exception of persecution and grandiosity, these themes showed a certain variability over time and between cultures. The 'new' themes, referring to the development of modern technology and the rapid changes of 'cultural patterns' turned out to be only the shaping of the basic delusional themes on the 3rd stage of Klosterkötter's phase model (concretization).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stompe
- University Hospital for Psychiatry Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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